Quick Water: Update on the water related indicators for sustainable crop-livestock intensification planning in Ethiopia ‘early win’ project Charlotte MacAlister (IWMI) Africa Rising Quick Water Early Win Project Final Workshop, Addis Ababa, 14 September 2012
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Quick Water: Update on the water related indicators for sustainable crop-livestock intensification planning in Ethiopia ‘early win’ project
Presented by Charlotte MacAlister (IWMI) at the Africa Rising Quick Water Early Win Project Final Workshop, Addis Ababa, 14 September 2012.
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Quick Water: Update on the water related indicators for sustainable crop-livestock intensification planning
in Ethiopia ‘early win’ project
Charlotte MacAlister (IWMI)
Africa Rising Quick Water Early Win Project
Final Workshop, Addis Ababa, 14 September 2012
• Introduction to Africa Rising
• Introduction to Quick Water approach: scope and objectives
• Methodology for development of intensification trajectories in Ethiopia
• Ethiopian context: development and intensification planning and policy background from food for work/MERIT to FEWsnet
• Selection of trajectories and indicators for Ethiopia
• Roundtable discussion and feedback
• Mapping trajectories-indicators and development of toolbox
• Demonstration of tool
• Roundtable testing of toolbox
• Feedback and future development
Management Structure
Program Coordination Team (IITA, ILRI, IFPRI, USAID)
• Increase above- and below-ground biomass to improve soil
health & system productivity (e.g., fertilizer trees, legumes, N/P
fertilization)
• Diversification (crop & enterprise) for greater resilience,
productivity, and nutrition
• Integrating livestock and mechanization into conservation
agriculture
• Improve water productivity to reduce risk & enhance investment
Beyond tradeoffs?
Africa RISING
• Improving the evidence for targeting agricultural management interventions
in Ethiopia
• Targeting research design for technology integration at farm scale
• Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian
climate resilient green economy
• Regionalizing fertilizer rate recommendation for wheat-teff production
systems
• Fodder and feed as a key opportunity for driving sustainable intensification of
crop-livestock systems
• Improving productivity and rural livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the
Bale highlands by integrating pulses in crop-livestock production systems
Quick Wins in the Ethiopian Highlands:
Africa RISING
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Malawi Ethiopia Nigeria Uganda Mali Mozambique
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Average national yield Average yield from on-farm demonstration
Why Agricultural Intensification in Ethiopia?
Objective: to provide a tool which can be used to support the spatial targeting of agricultural intensification practices to areas where the biophysical and livelihood conditions are likely to sustain long term development. Water is the entry point. Project scope and limitations: proof of concept/demonstration of what is possible; short term project with limited time/resources Team: Economist/policy – Gebre; Crop specialist – Teklu; Livestock – Amare; Water – Charlotte; Spatial – Catherine/Yenenesh/An/Abisalom Process: identification of trajectories and indicators; consultation with line agencies at regional level– feedback on both Development of simple tool which produces national maps of selected trajectories and targets
• Do agricultural intensification initiatives account for water
centered issues?
• Is there consistency across different initiatives / policies
locally and nationally?
• Are the indicators for agricultural intensification planning
strategies based on local and global experience?
• Are ongoing intensification efforts embedded in the
livelihood of local communities?
Some key challenges to making intensification sustainable:
Identifying Development Trajectories for Ethiopia:
Principles
Identifying Development Trajectories for Ethiopia: Process
Identifying Development Trajectories for Ethiopia: Process
Approaches Key indicators Comments
Land capability
assessment
Soil, landscape, land use/land cover, hydrology,
climate
Lacks social & environmental
dimensions
Agro-ecological
zones
Mainly climatic parameters & associated
agricultural practices
Land suitability
analysis
Land cover, climate, soil, topography, land uses,
distance to village, streams & springs, cost-benefit
analysis
Target certain use types
Land suitability
& livelihood
zoning
Based on geography, production & markets, i.e.
includes livelihood assets & land suitability
Includes some social dimensions
Vulnerability &
resilience to
climate change
Indicators related to exposure, sensitivity &
adaptive capacity
Similar to land suitability &
livelihood but incorporates global
CC phenomena
Development
domains
Agricultural potential, access to markets,
population density
Includes socio-economic
indicators; Targeting broad,
generic development strategies
Global Development of Land Use Planning
Identifying Development Trajectories for Ethiopia: Process
Introduction:
• The history of planned agricultural development in Ethiopia goes back to the late 19th century with the introduction of agricultural innovation systems of better farming practices and new tree species.
• Since then, agricultural modernization undergone several stages with some disruptions (such as the Italian occupation).
• During the 1960s, the modernization process was mainly based on elites’ (landlord) commercial farms followed by the command economy that discouraged private investment during the 1970s and 1980s.
• Following the change of government in 1991, most strategies focused on the balance between poverty reduction, economic development and equity.
• As stipulated in the PASDEP, the agricultural development strategy revolves around the intensification of marketable farm products.
• In line with the development strategies, different programs and projects have been initiated which some of them are reviewed as follows.
MERET: Land Regeneration In Ethiopia
• Response to the drought and famine of 1973/74 in the northern part of the country.
• Gradually shifted to development program with the objective of linking short-term food assistance with long-term development opportunities and sustainable livelihoods.
• Supports more than 50 activities and technical packages implemented in chronically food-insecure areas
• Participants are from food-insecure households.
• The project provides opportunities through long-term food security measures, but is limited to a specified range of livelihood systems.
Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty - PASDEP (1)
Main objectives of PASDEP:
• Accelerate the transformation of the subsistence smallholder agriculture.
• Increased productivity and share of marketed production.
• Support to pro-poor basic agriculture within the framework of the national food security program.
• Smallholder capacity building through training, development and adoption of a high yielding technology.
PASDEP (2)
• Strengthened agricultural research and extension service delivery mechanisms
• Promotion of increased diversification of agriculture through high value added commodities
• Promotion of commercialization of agriculture and establishment of a marketing system
• Development of small-scale irrigation and water harvesting technologies and sustainable use/management of natural resources.
PASDEP (3)
Recognized three main agro-ecological zones based on rainfall, land type and altitude to respond to the particular conditions:
Zone 1: High rainfall areas
• Efficient utilization of available rainwater for improved agricultural production with a special emphasis on high value crops for export.
• Natural resources conservation, agro-forestry and livestock development.
Zone 2: Moisture stress areas
• Food security measures and increased off-farm income opportunities. • Soil and water conservation livestock resources development (small
ruminants) and small-scale irrigation.
Zone 3: Pastoral areas
• Livestock production and marketing was given importance.
Agricultural Growth Program (AGP)
• Food security and poverty reduction remains at the heart of agriculture and water resources development.
• Facilitates the commercialization of agriculture where it is feasible .
• Integrates farmers with both local and global markets.
• Although AGP uses relatively comprehensive indicators (both bio-physical and socio-economic), focus is given to selected high-potential areas.
Sustainable Land Management (SLM)
• Parallel to the AGP, the Sustainable Land Management (SLM) program was crafted to ensure sustainability of the natural resource base focusing on the high potential less degraded areas.
• Unlike the MERET project that operates in degraded and food insecure areas, SLM targets the food secured and less degraded areas, but food security is still the major objective
Growth Corridors
Regional focus, based largely on resource endowment.
For example:
• Tigray Region has delineated the Raya Valley-Humera lowland growth corridors based on their ground and surface water potentials.
• Oromia regional state acknowledge that the lowland parts of the region are vulnerable to recurrent droughts but supposed to have sufficient surface/ground water and good development potential .
• Amhara followed different approach to classify the region into six growth corridors/poles (namely Central, Eastern, North-West, South-West, Tana-Beles and Tekeze catchments) .
• In general the growth corridor approach was based on water and water based investment potentials.
AgWater Solutions Project
• Water as the entry point.
• Addresses pro-poor needs rather than on the development of potentially suitable areas/resources.
• Different people in different places have different needs.
• Demand for investment in water likened to availability of water and needs.
• Livelihood mapping was essentially based on three criteria, hence it is likely to reach at different livelihood settings if other criteria are considered.
Gap Analysis (1)
The gap analysis is based on the following principles:
• Whether agricultural intensification initiatives in Ethiopia are planned with the perception of water centered problems and sustainable intensification trajectories
• Whether there is consistencies across different initiatives in terms of indicators used to plan and monitor the intensification process and paths to make the exchange of information between projects simpler
• Whether these indicators for agricultural intensification planning and post implementation monitoring are drawn based on global experiences
• Whether the ongoing efforts of intensification embedded the livelihood of local community into agricultural intensification process.
Gap Analysis (2)
• Almost all programs and projects have targeted agricultural production and poverty reduction.
• Water as entry point has been given due emphasis in all projects/programs
• They lack consistency in terms of livelihood systems.
• PASDEP: indicators used to characterize livelihood zones were mainly bio-physical characteristics with little consideration to socio-economic characteristics.
• PASDEP and Agwater solution project were more comprehensive to address all production/livelihood systems
• Livestock as livelihood system did not come bold except in PASDEP
Gap Analysis (3)
In terms of trajectories:
• MERET project targets degraded and chronically food insecure areas where soil and water conservation is the main intervention.
• AGP aims to transform the agricultural sector from subsistance to surplus production.
• AGP overlooks the individual potential of different areas given a limited investment capacity implying that priority must be given to high return investments.
• Unlike MERET, SLM targets less fragile areas.
• AgWater Solutions project identified different trajectories based on which of the 17 livelihood systems were suggested.
Identifying Development Trajectories for Ethiopia: Process
Description of the selected trajectories and key indicators: 1-4
Trajectories Description Some key indicators
Integrated Natural Resources Conservation based crop- livestock systems intensification
Soil erosion and nutrient depletion is the major focus Crop, livestock and trees are system components with a number of sub trajectories
Soil erosion rate and extent of area affected Human and livestock population
Small-Scale Irrigation Based Crop-Livestock Intensification
Highly populated area with access to surface or ground water for irrigation with access to market
Potential suitable areas Market access
Large-Scale Irrigation Based Crop-Livestock Intensification
Areas with large irrigable land (>3000 hectares), with high value commercial or industrial crops, where crops and livestock are major components
Potential suitable areas Market access and roads
Agro-Pastoral Rainfed Based Crop-Livestock Intensification
Receives sufficient rainfall, soil is relatively deep and fertile, crop, livestock and trees are major components
Amount of rainfall, human and livestock population, land use land cover
Trajectories Description Some key indicators
Pastoral Livestock Based Intensification
Livestock are the major components where feed, water, veterinary services and market are major issues
Aridity index, LGP, availability of surface water Human and livestock population
Peri-Urban Dairy Based Crop-Livestock Intensification
Dairy, fattening and vegetable farming on small plots are the major components; poultry may also be integrated
Access to market
Vertisol Management Based Intensification
Water logged vertisol areas receiving high rainfall, especially where temperature is mild to induce high evaporation. Crop and livestock are both major components.
Area covered by vertisols and annual precipitation
Rainfed commercial farming intensification in crop-livestock systems
Extensive arable land sparsely populated and receiving sufficient rainfall, where commercial/high value and industrial crops are suitable
Rainfall, human population density, and land use land cover (protected areas)
Description of the selected trajectories and key indicators: 5-8
Trajectory Indicator / proxy Simplified reason for selection
Soil & water conservation
in crop livestock systems
erosion rate Major process of land degradation
population density Driver of land use pressure / competition; resource demand
livestock density Driver of land use pressure / competition; resource demand
Small-medium scale
irrigation in crop livestock
systems
irrigable area OR Area suitable for irrigation (potential for small/ medium)
presence of shallow ground water (15-20m) Based on geological data
protected forest area Avoid protected forest areas
access to market Necessary for sale of cash crop and access to inputs
Suitable livelihood zone for a given intensification trajectory
Spatial processing 1. Aggregates indicator maps to livelihood maps (by zonal statistic) 2. Selects livelihood zones where all of conditions of the indicators are met
Live demonstration of tool
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