Quick Chemistry Review Potential Energy stored energy Covalent Bonding sharing e - Nonpolar = equal sharing Polar = unequal sharing Ionic Bonding

Quick Chemistry Review

Potential Energy stored energyCovalent Bonding sharing e-

Nonpolar = equal sharing

Polar = unequal sharing

Ionic Bonding charged particlesAnions = negative charge

Cations = positive charge

Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds

Important because molecules can come together, bond temporarily and than separate

I. POLYMERS repeating unitsA. Carbohydrates

* Usually in ring form in aqueous solution

1.Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

2. Disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose

3. Polysacharides: starch, chitin, glycogen

B. Fats Glycerol + 3 Fatty AcidsSaturated = all single bonds

Unsaturated = one or more double or triple bonds

1. Phospholipids

2. Steroids: cholesterol

C. ProteinsAmino group + R’ group + carboxyl group

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary Quaternary

Proteins may be DENATURED by

•heat• pH

D. Nucleic Acids

• DNA• RNA

II. METABOLISM

Catabolic = exergonicAnabolic = endergonic

III. ENZYMESProteins = biological catalysts

•Enzyme-Substrate Complex

• Cofactors

•Enzyme Specificity

•Induced Fit

•Competitive Inhibitors

•Noncompetitive Inhibitors

•Allosteric Regulation

IV. WATER• polar and asymmetrical

1. Cohesive •cohesion

•surface tension

•adhesion

2. Stabilizes Temperature

• high specific heat

• acts as a heat sink

3. High Heat of Evaporation• evaporative cooling

4. Expands when it freezes• contributes to its use in

the environment

5. Versatile Solvent• due to polarity

V. ORGANIC COMPOUNDSA. Isomers

•Structural

• Geometric

• Stereoisomers

B. Functional Groups• Hydroxyl

(-OH) alcohols

• Carbonyl(-C=O) at end = aldehyde

in middle = ketone

• Carboxyl(-COOH) carboxylic acid

• Amino

(-NH2) amines

• Sulfhydryl (-SH) thiol

•Phosphate(-PO4) organic phosphate