Question 1 Are viruses alive?
Jan 19, 2016
Study of viral DNA helped unravel the key to the inheritable chemical.
Protein – vs- nucleic acid
Virus has both and not much else.
1944 Avery, MacLeod, McCarty
Announced that the transforming agent in Griffith’s work was DNA.
Worked with bacterial transformation techniques.
The world was still skeptical.
1947 Chargaff
DNA is species specific
The ratio of Adenine equals that of Thymine, and Guanine equals that of Cytosine.(Chargaff’s rule)
1952 Hershey & Chase
Radioactively label viral coats and then viral DNA to track where those isotopes end up in the host.
Questions 2,3,42. Who used bacterial
transformation to show DNA is the genetic material?
3. Who showed viral DNA enters its host cell.
4. Who injected mice w/ rough and smooth streptococcus cells?
a. structure1) double helix2) sides mad of alternating deoxyribose
sugar & phosphate3) rungs made of nitrogenous bases
Purines (A, G) & pyrimidines (C, T)4) 2 sides of ladder are held together by
hydrogen bonds between the bases!!
5) sides of ladder are directional –5’ end – free phosphate attached to the #5 C of
the sugar3’ end – free hydroxyl group attached to the #3
C of the sugar6) 2 sides are up-side-down from each
other7) 1 unit of DNA is called a nucleotide
Sugar, phosphate & 1 base
DNA is made of nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of
Sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base.
Bases are G, A, T, C
Obj. 1
A. occurs during which phase of interphase? S phase (synthesis)
B. Semiconservative process- parent strand splits in ½ & each ½ is used to build a new whole
C. Controlled & Driven by Enzymes
1. helicase- unwinds the DNA helix
2. DNA polymerase- lays down the bases (5’ 3’) a. it also – proofreads the strand as it goes
3. primase – brings the RNA primer into position (for the lagging strand)a. rna primer – starting point for lagging strand
4. DNA ligase – joins the Okazaki fragments togethera. Okazaki fragments – lagging strand pieces
5. Gyrase – winds the DNA molecule up
D. Direction of replication is always from the 5’ end to the 3’ end1. problem since 1 side is up-side-down
from the other
a. leading strand – grows in a continuous stream 5’ to 3’
b. lagging strand – grows in short segments as the DNA opens1) short segments are called – Okazaki
fragments2) needs an RNA primer to use as a
template because it doesn’t have a free 3’ OH group to start on!
E. Process
1. helicase- unwinds DNA opening an area called a replication forka. topoisomerase prevents twists & knots
2. primase – brings in the RNA primer to the correct bases for the lagging strand
3. DNA polymerase – attaches to RNA primer & begins elongation of lagging strand – it doesn’t need the intermediary on the leading strand
4. leading strand is assembled continuously
5. lagging strand is assembled in short Okazaki fragments
6. ligase joins the Okazaki fragments
7. RNA primers are replaced by nucleotides (on the lagging strand)
p.298
III. Problems – Mutations must be dealt with
A. mismatch repair – DNA polymerase checks everything as it makes it
B. Excision Repair System1. uses enzymes to scan the DNA, detect
damage, cut it out, & replace cut out section a. more than 50+ enzymes to do this
only 1 in every 100000000 base
pairs has an error!
b. error rate is reduced to 1/109 base pairs or…..