Quarterly Test Review Test Review Enlightenment Ideas opposed absolute monarchy Influenced by the Scientific Revolutions use of reason and natural law.

Quarterly Test ReviewQuarterly Test Review

Test ReviewTest Review

EnlightenmentEnlightenment • Ideas opposed absolute monarchy• Influenced by the Scientific Revolutions

use of reason and natural law• John Locke believed all people had

natural rights of Life, Liberty, and property; gov’t protects peoples basic rights and if not can be overthrown; influenced Jefferson and the writing of the Declaration of Independence

EnlightenmentEnlightenment • Montesquieu: separation o powers

and 3 branches of government • Voltaire: Freedom of speech and

press; religious freedom and toleration

• Rousseau: supported the statement that all men are created equal; people make agreement to follow the “general will”

1.1. According to John Locke, the According to John Locke, the chief role of government was to:chief role of government was to: A. Protect natural rights B. Fight territorial wars C. Ensure the wealth of citizens D. Redistribute land

2.2. Which idea became a central Which idea became a central belief of the Enlightenment?belief of the Enlightenment?

A. The use of reason would lead to human progress.

B. Mathematics could be used to solve all human problems.

C. The ancient Romans had the best form of government.

D. People should give up their natural rights to their rulers.

3.3. Locke’s Locke’s Two Treatises of Two Treatises of GovernmentGovernment, Rousseau’s , Rousseau’s The The Social ContractSocial Contract, and , and Montesquieu’s Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the The Spirit of the Laws Laws were works written during were works written during which time period?which time period?

A. Middle AgesB. RenaissanceC. EnlightenmentD. Reformation

4.4. Philosophers of the Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed Enlightenment period believed that society could best be that society could best be improved by:improved by:

A. relying on faith and divine rightB. borrowing ideas from ancient Greece

and RomeC. applying reason and the laws of natureD. studying the practices of successful

leaders ruling cities of 100,000 to 300,000 people

5.5. The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu most and Montesquieu most influenced:influenced:

A. the growing power of priests in the Roman Catholic Church

B. improvements in the working conditions of factory workers

C. the rise of industrial capitalism D. movements for political reform

6.6. The Enlightenment philosophers The Enlightenment philosophers believed that the power of believed that the power of government is derived from:government is derived from:

A. divine right rulerB. the middle classC. a strong military D. those who are governed

Causes of the French Causes of the French RevolutionRevolution

• The wars and debt of Louis XIV • Weak leadership of Louis XVI • inequalities in the tax structure– Third Estate paid ALL the taxes, First

and Second paid no taxes • Inspired by the American Revolution

and Enlightenment

Robespierre and the Reign of Robespierre and the Reign of TerrorTerror

• After a few years of an unstable gov’t the radical Jacobin Club comes to power

• Robespierre and other radicals started Reign of Terror– Committee of Public Safety – purged and violently killed his opponents

(anti-revolutionaries) • Reign of Terror ended after

Robespierre’s death

NapoleonNapoleon • Nationalist leader that provided stability for France• Created the Napoleonic Code-codified laws of France;

included enlightenment ideas but limited some freedoms

• Expanded the French Empire (1799-1815) with the Napoleonic Wars

• Continental System-countries could not trade with Britain• Finally defeated in Russia because of the harsh winter and

large size• loss at the Battle of Waterloo ended the Age of Napoleon• Followed by the Congress of Vienna• Increased Nationalism and spread ideals of the revolution

through Europe

1.1. What was a major cause of the What was a major cause of the French Revolution?French Revolution?

A. inequalities in the tax structure B. economic success of mercantilism C. failure of the Congress of ViennaD. Continental System in Europe

2.2. Which factors protected Russia Which factors protected Russia from control by Napoleon’s from control by Napoleon’s army?army? A. religious and cultural similaritiesB. industrialization and modernizationC. geographic size and location D. political and economic instability

3.3. Which geographic factor in Which geographic factor in Russia played a role in Russia played a role in Napoleon’s defeat in 1812 and Napoleon’s defeat in 1812 and Hitler’s defeat at Stalingrad in Hitler’s defeat at Stalingrad in 1943?1943?

A. Siberian tundraB. Caspian Sea C. arid land D. harsh climate

4.4. Which description most accurately Which description most accurately describes the Reign of Terrordescribes the Reign of Terror

A. limited the power of absolute leadersB. illustrated the power of public opinion in

forming national policy C. established social stability and economic

growth D. used violent methods to eliminate their

opponents

5.5.Which document created during Which document created during the French Revolution expressed the French Revolution expressed reflected enlightenment ideas of reflected enlightenment ideas of natural law?natural law?

A. The Magna CartaB. The Petition of RightC. The Declaration of Rights of Man and

Citizen D. The Declaration of Independence

6.6. Which European ruler was most Which European ruler was most responsible for stirring responsible for stirring nationalistic feelings across nationalistic feelings across Europe and Latin AmericaEurope and Latin America

A. King Louis XVIB. George Washington C. Czar Alexander II D. Napoleon

Latin American RevolutionsLatin American Revolutions

• Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas spread from Europe and the United States to Latin America

• Inspired by the American and French Revolutions

• Enlightenment ideas• Nationalistic feelings

Latin American Revolutionary Latin American Revolutionary LeadersLeaders

• Lead liberation movements in their countries

• Encouraged nationalistic feelings within their countries

• Haiti- Toussaint L’ Ouverture • South America- Simon Bolivar • South America- Jose de San Martin • Mexico-Miguel Hidalgo

1) Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, and Toussaint L’ Ouverture are best known as:

A. Scientists who supported the heliocentric theory

B. Leaders of the Latin American Independence movements

C. Early Spanish explorers D. Communist leaders of the 19th century

2) The Enlightenment and the American Revolution were both major influences on 19th century uprisings in:

A. Latin AmericaB. The Middle EastC. Austria D. Japan

Congress of Vienna/ Congress of Vienna/ Nationalism Matching Nationalism Matching

• Nation State- I• Zollverein-G• Sovereignty-E• Autonomy-A• The Sick Man of

Europe-B• Blood and Iron-F• Liberalism-C

• Self Determination-K • Conservatism-J • Balkans-D• Kaiser-H

European Ideologies Conservatis

m Liberalism

Saw Congress of Vienna as a

success

Set of beliefs that wanted to preserve traditional

ways

Supported traditional monarchs

Opposed to the power

of monarchs

Supported Democratic

reforms

Educated middle

class and merchants

Usually nobles & wealthy

landowners

strong nationalistic feelings

Liberalism

Nationalism

New Revolutions in Europe

1830France Greece

Belgium Italy

Germany

1848FranceAustria

Italy Germany

Successful Unsuccessful

Prevent future French aggression

Protect the new system and prevent future wars

To return France and Europe to the way it was before Napoleon

Strengthen countries around France

Restored European monarchs to their thrones

Created the Concert of Europe: an organization to maintain peace

Re-drew boundaries of Europe

Impact of the

Congress of

Vienna

Maintained peace between European nations

Revolutionaries angered by restoration of monarchies

Redrew Europea

n borders

Nationalism grows in

areas under foreign control

Revolutions develop

within European nations

Restored European monarchs

French Revolution and War

Napoleon & Napoleonic

Wars

Congress of Vienna

Strong sense of national

unity in France

Increased nationalism

among people conquered by

Napoleon

Nationalism among people

placed under foreign rule

Sources of

Nationalism in

Europe

Prince Metternich

Austria

GiuseppeMazzini

Camillo Cavour

Italy

Italy Leader of the nationalist Red Shirts; gained control of Southern Italy; United S. Italy with N. Italy

Germany Leader of German Unification movement; master of realpolitik, developed “Blood and Iron” policy

Nationalism Nationalism • Nationalism can

be a unifying force

• Nationalism can be a force that separates

Tensions between different groups of people lead to conflicts which divide an empire

Austrian

EmpireOttoman Empire

• Unified people of a similar heritage

Italy Germany

Laissez Faire Karl Marx

Command Economy

Adam Smith

Government ownership

Private Ownership

Free Market Laws of Supply and Demand

Competition

Laissez Faire

Proletariat Revolution

Capitalism exploits the poor

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