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PSYCHOSOMATIC PSYCHOSOMATIC ( ( MIND-BODY) MIND-BODY) MEDICINE MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center Psychosomatic Research Center [email protected] [email protected]
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PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center [email protected].

Dec 25, 2015

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Page 1: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

PSYCHOSOMATICPSYCHOSOMATIC((MIND-BODY)MIND-BODY) MEDICINEMEDICINE

Hamid Afshar MD.Hamid Afshar MD.Associate Professor of Psychiatry Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research CenterPsychosomatic Research Center

[email protected]@mui.ac.ir

Page 2: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

تني روان تني پزشکی روان پزشکی) (سايكوسوماتيك) سايكوسوماتيك)

و ارتباط انسان بدن و ذهن و بین ارتباط انسان بدن و ذهن بینوجود پویایی و پیچیده وجود تعامل پویایی و پیچیده تعامل

““دارددارد . است شده سویه دو ارتباط و تعامل این متوجه انسان هاست . قرن است شده سویه دو ارتباط و تعامل این متوجه انسان هاست قرن

وضعیت بر جسم طرف از که ای طرفه دو تاثیرات واقع وضعیت در بر جسم طرف از که ای طرفه دو تاثیرات واقع درفقط شود می اعمال جسمی عملکرد بر روان طرف از و فقط روانی شود می اعمال جسمی عملکرد بر روان طرف از و روانی

از که نیز متخصص غیر افراد بلکه نیست آشکار پزشکان از برای که نیز متخصص غیر افراد بلکه نیست آشکار پزشکان برایهای زمان در که کنند می تصدیق باشند برخوردار کافی های دقت زمان در که کنند می تصدیق باشند برخوردار کافی دقت

و جسمی عملکرد و فعالیت ، روانی های تنش و استرس و افزایش جسمی عملکرد و فعالیت ، روانی های تنش و استرس افزایشبه ها بیماری بهبود یا و گیرد می قرار تاثیر تحت ، بدنی به سالمت ها بیماری بهبود یا و گیرد می قرار تاثیر تحت ، بدنی سالمت

افتد می افتد تاخیر می . .تاخیر

Page 3: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

فرايندهاي متقابل تأثير و تعامل بر تني روان فرايندهاي پزشکی متقابل تأثير و تعامل بر تني روان پزشکی ، تشدید گیری، شکل در اجتماعي و روانی ، جسمی، تشدید گیری، شکل در اجتماعي و روانی جسمی،

. دارد تاکید بيماريها پيامد و درمان .سير دارد تاکید بيماريها پيامد و درمان سير

ذهنی های فعالیت تاثیر چگونگی تنی روان پزشکی ذهنی در های فعالیت تاثیر چگونگی تنی روان پزشکی درجهت در تدبیرها گیری کار به چگونگی و سالمت جهت بر در تدبیرها گیری کار به چگونگی و سالمت بر

هیجانی یا و شناختی تغییر طریق از استرس هیجانی کاهش یا و شناختی تغییر طریق از استرس کاهش . است سالمت راستای . در است سالمت راستای در

Page 4: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

A holistic approach to medicineA holistic approach to medicine

RelationRelation between psychological factors and between psychological factors and physiological phenomena in general and physiological phenomena in general and disease pathogenesis and illnesses disease pathogenesis and illnesses in particular.in particular.

Unity of mind and bodyUnity of mind and body Dynamic interacting systemsDynamic interacting systems

Page 5: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

دهنده نشان اخیر قرن در بیماریها الگوی دهنده تغییر نشان اخیر قرن در بیماریها الگوی تغییرو عفونی های بیماری ومیر مرگ و کاهش عفونی های بیماری ومیر مرگ کاهشو مزمن های بیماری افزایش و و مسری مزمن های بیماری افزایش و مسری

است است غیرواگیر . .غیرواگیرنیز تنی روان اختالالت و مزمن های بیماری اخیر، دهه چند در علت همین نیز به تنی روان اختالالت و مزمن های بیماری اخیر، دهه چند در علت همین به

. شدن رنگ پر تغییر، این اساسی ویژگی گرفتند قرار توجه مورد . بیشتر شدن رنگ پر تغییر، این اساسی ویژگی گرفتند قرار توجه مورد بیشترو ساختارها تاثیر یافتن اهمیت و فرهنگی و اجتماعی روانی عوامل و نقش ساختارها تاثیر یافتن اهمیت و فرهنگی و اجتماعی روانی عوامل نقش

و توزیع و سیر پیدایش، بر اجتماعی و رفتارهای توزیع و سیر پیدایش، بر اجتماعی رفتارهای

است انسانها ناخوشی و بیماری است درمان انسانها ناخوشی و بیماری ..درمان

موثر و مهم عامل یک عنوان به زندگی سبک و موثر استرس و مهم عامل یک عنوان به زندگی سبک و استرستنی روان اختالالت تمامی در دیگر عوامل همراه تنی به روان اختالالت تمامی در دیگر عوامل همراه به

می شود می شود دیده . .دیده

Page 6: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

THE STRESS MODELTHE STRESS MODEL

StressStress disturbs or is likely to disturbdisturbs or is likely to disturb normal normal physiological or psychological function.physiological or psychological function.

The body reacts to stressesThe body reacts to stresses (real, symbolic, or (real, symbolic, or

imagined); imagined); threatens an individual's survival by threatens an individual's survival by putting into motion a set of responses that seeks to putting into motion a set of responses that seeks to diminish the impact of the stressor and restore diminish the impact of the stressor and restore homeostasis. homeostasis.

Page 7: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.
Page 8: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Endocrine Responses to StressEndocrine Responses to Stress

Two major facets of stress response:Two major facets of stress response:

““Fight or Flight”Fight or Flight” response is mediated by hypothalamus, the response is mediated by hypothalamus, the sympathetic nervous system, and the adrenal medullasympathetic nervous system, and the adrenal medulla..

If chronic, this response can have serious health consequences.If chronic, this response can have serious health consequences.

The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, the adrenal cortex The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, the adrenal cortex (HPA) (HPA) mediate the second facet.mediate the second facet. CRF/ CRF/ ACTHACTH

Page 9: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Immune Response to StressImmune Response to Stress

Immune activation release of (cytokines) Immune activation release of (cytokines) interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6.interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6.

These cytokines release of CRF increase These cytokines release of CRF increase glucocorticoid effects and thereby self-limit the glucocorticoid effects and thereby self-limit the immune activation.immune activation.

High level of Cortisol results in suppression of High level of Cortisol results in suppression of immunity which can cause susceptibility to immunity which can cause susceptibility to infectionsinfections and possibly also in many types of and possibly also in many types of cancercancer..

Psycho-Neuro-ImmunologyPsycho-Neuro-Immunology

Page 10: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Psycho-NeuroImmunology (PNI)

The link between the Nervous System, the Immune System and

Behavior

PNI

The NervousSystem

(Neurobiology)

The ImmuneSystem

(Immunology)

Behavior(Psychology)

Weintraub, 2007

Page 11: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

  تنی روان بيماريهائي تنی چه روان بيماريهائي چه

) (سايكوسوماتيك) سايكوسوماتيك)هستند؟ هستند؟

روانی عوامل بیماریهایی چه روانی در عوامل بیماریهایی چه درندارند؟ نقش ندارند؟ وذهنی نقش وذهنی

Page 12: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

دليل( به جسمی بيماريهاي از برخي دليل( الف به جسمی بيماريهاي از برخي الفمثل رواني مثل عوامل رواني عوامل

مي تشديد یا ایجاد اضطراب يا مي استرس تشديد یا ایجاد اضطراب يا استرس..شوندشوند

فشار پسوریازيس، معده، زخم ا�گزما، مثال فشار براي پسوریازيس، معده، زخم ا�گزما، مثال برايبا روماتیسمی یا قلبي بيماريهاي وبرخی با خون روماتیسمی یا قلبي بيماريهاي وبرخی خون

اگرچه . دارند تنگاتنگی ارتباط رواني اگرچه . وضعيت دارند تنگاتنگی ارتباط رواني وضعيتروحي – وضعيت هستند مدعي بيماران از روحي – بسياري وضعيت هستند مدعي بيماران از بسياري

. ولی است آنها جسمي بيماري دلیل به آنها . رواني ولی است آنها جسمي بيماري دلیل به آنها روانياست سویه دو تعامل و رابطه این حقیقت است در سویه دو تعامل و رابطه این حقیقت . .در

Page 13: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

را( بدن ايمني سيستم تواند مي استرس را( ب بدن ايمني سيستم تواند مي استرس بكند مهار آن از پس و تحريك ابتدا كند در مهار آن از پس و تحريك ابتدا ..در

به منجر كه طالق و جدائي نزديكان، به مرگ منجر كه طالق و جدائي نزديكان، مرگافسردگي، اضطراب، شوند مي افسردگي، تنهائي اضطراب، شوند مي تنهائيمي اثر ايمني سيستم روي ها مي استرس اثر ايمني سيستم روي ها استرس

مثل. وخیم بیماریهای گیری شکل در مثل. گذارد وخیم بیماریهای گیری شکل در گذاردهای ناخوشی و استرس ها، های سرطان ناخوشی و استرس ها، سرطانو گرفتند قرار جدی توجه مورد و روانی گرفتند قرار جدی توجه مورد روانی

حال در مورد این در زیادی های حال پژوهش در مورد این در زیادی های پژوهشاست است پیشرفت ..پیشرفت

Page 14: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

مختلف( های دستگاه عملکردی اختالالت مختلف( پ های دستگاه عملکردی اختالالت پحساس، بدن بدن روده سندرم جمله حساس، از روده سندرم جمله از

، مزمن تهوع غيرزخمي، ، سوءهاضمه مزمن تهوع غيرزخمي، سوءهاضمهغيرقلبي دردهای فيبروميالژي، غيرقلبي كمردرد، دردهای فيبروميالژي، كمردرد،تنفس وحمالت تنگی نفس ، سینه تنفس قفسه وحمالت تنگی نفس ، سینه قفسه

اضطراب، يا استرس با مرتبط اضطراب، سريع يا استرس با مرتبط سريعسردردهاي مزمن، خستگي سردردهاي سندرم مزمن، خستگي سندرم

، تنشی وسردردهای ميگرن ، عصبي، تنشی وسردردهای ميگرن عصبي،بلع سختي صورت، غيراختصاصي بلع دردهاي سختي صورت، غيراختصاصي دردهاي

) (گلوبوس ) گلوبوس ) . .

Page 15: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Functional somatic syndromes by Functional somatic syndromes by specialtyspecialty

Page 16: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System Psychological factors have been closely studied as part of the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular diseases.

Depression is an independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease.

Depression increases mortality rates following myocardial infarction (MI).

Hyperactivity of (HPA) , immune activation with release of proinflammatory cytokines, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system and of

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) pathways in the central nervous system (CNS).

Page 17: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Gastrointestinal SystemGastrointestinal System Functional disorders represent 50% of

complaints in GI clinics

There is a strong & consistent association between functional gastrointestinal disorders and

psychological factors

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Brain-Gut axis

Hypersensitivity of GI tract

Role of stress

Page 18: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

توانند مي رواني های استرس و ها توانند فشار مي رواني های استرس و ها فشاريك حاليكه در آورند بوجود جسمي يك عالئم حاليكه در آورند بوجود جسمي عالئم

داد تشخيص توان نمي را خاص داد بيماري تشخيص توان نمي را خاص . .بيماري

درد استرس دليل به گاهي افراد درد مثال� استرس دليل به گاهي افراد مثال�هيچ ولي كنند مي پيدا سينه هيچ قفسه ولي كنند مي پيدا سينه قفسه

. یا شود نمي يافت آنها در قلبي . بيماري یا شود نمي يافت آنها در قلبي بيماريو استفراغ دچار را فرد وحشت و و ترس استفراغ دچار را فرد وحشت و ترسبیماری یک اینکه بدون کند می درد بیماری دل یک اینکه بدون کند می درد دل

شود کشف واضح شود گوارشی کشف واضح ..گوارشی

Page 19: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Somatic symptom disorderSomatic symptom disorder

A. A. One or more One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing and/or somatic symptoms that are distressing and/or result in significant disruption of daily life.result in significant disruption of daily life.

B. B. Excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to these related to these

somatic symptoms or associated health concerns: At least two of somatic symptoms or associated health concerns: At least two of the following are required to meet this criterion: the following are required to meet this criterion:

(1) Disproportionate and persistent concerns about the medical (1) Disproportionate and persistent concerns about the medical seriousness of one’s symptoms.seriousness of one’s symptoms.

(2) High level of health-related anxiety (2) High level of health-related anxiety

(3) Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health (3) Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concernsconcerns

C. Chronicity: Although any one symptom C. Chronicity: Although any one symptom may not bemay not be continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is chronic continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is chronic ((at least 6 monthsat least 6 months).).

Page 20: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Predominant Pain* (previously Predominant Pain* (previously pain disorderpain disorder): individuals ): individuals presenting predominantly with pain complaints.presenting predominantly with pain complaints.

Persistent: A Persistent course is characterized by severe Persistent: A Persistent course is characterized by severe symptoms, marked impairments, and long duration(>6mo).symptoms, marked impairments, and long duration(>6mo).

Severity: Mild (only one symptom with criterion B …) – Moderate Severity: Mild (only one symptom with criterion B …) – Moderate (two or more with criterion B) –Severe(two or more in Critrion B (two or more with criterion B) –Severe(two or more in Critrion B plus multiple somatic complaints )plus multiple somatic complaints )

**Patients with other presentations of pain may better fit ;Patients with other presentations of pain may better fit ; adjustment disorder

psychological factors affecting a medical condition depressive disorders

Page 21: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Functional Neurological Disorder Functional Neurological Disorder ( Conversion disorder )( Conversion disorder )

Neurological symptoms / regardless appropriate medical assessment/ Neurological symptoms / regardless appropriate medical assessment/ iincompatiblncompatible with a neurological condition:e with a neurological condition:

weakness or paralysis, events resembling epilepsy or syncope, abnormal weakness or paralysis, events resembling epilepsy or syncope, abnormal movements, sensory symptoms (including loss of vision and hearing), or movements, sensory symptoms (including loss of vision and hearing), or speech and swallowing difficulties. speech and swallowing difficulties.

The symptoms may be acute or chronic.The symptoms may be acute or chronic.

Psychological stressors or personally meaningful life events Psychological stressors or personally meaningful life events maymay often be associated with onset of symptoms, but their identification often be associated with onset of symptoms, but their identification is not necessary for the diagnosis.is not necessary for the diagnosis.

Co-morbid neurological disease Co-morbid neurological disease may also be present and does not may also be present and does not exclude the diagnosis. exclude the diagnosis.

Page 22: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Criteria A, B, C and D must all be fulfilled to make the Criteria A, B, C and D must all be fulfilled to make the FND diagnosis: FND diagnosis:

A. One or more neurologic symptoms such as altered A. One or more neurologic symptoms such as altered voluntary motor, sensory function, or seizure-like episodesvoluntary motor, sensory function, or seizure-like episodes

B. The symptom, after appropriate medical assessment, is not B. The symptom, after appropriate medical assessment, is not found to be due to a general medical condition, the direct found to be due to a general medical condition, the direct effects of a substance, or a culturally sanctioned behavior. effects of a substance, or a culturally sanctioned behavior.

C. The physical signs or diagnostic findings are internally C. The physical signs or diagnostic findings are internally inconsistent or incongruent with recognized neurological inconsistent or incongruent with recognized neurological disorder.disorder.

D. The symptom causes clinically significant distress or D. The symptom causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning or warrants medical evaluation.functioning or warrants medical evaluation.

Page 23: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Illness worries Illness worries Illness worries are thoughts about illness or symptoms that make Illness worries are thoughts about illness or symptoms that make

patient worry that he/she may be seriously ill. patient worry that he/she may be seriously ill.

Page 24: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Illness anxiety disorder Illness anxiety disorder A. Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness.A. Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness. B. Somatic symptoms are not present or, if present, are B. Somatic symptoms are not present or, if present, are

only mild in intensity. only mild in intensity. If a general medical condition or high If a general medical condition or high risk for developing a general medical condition is presentrisk for developing a general medical condition is present, , the preoccupation is clearly excessive or disproportionate.the preoccupation is clearly excessive or disproportionate.

C. There is a C. There is a high level of anxiety about health or having or high level of anxiety about health or having or acquiring a serious illness and the iacquiring a serious illness and the individuals is easily ndividuals is easily alarmed about personal health state. alarmed about personal health state.

D. D. Excessive behaviors Excessive behaviors (e.g. checking one's body for signs (e.g. checking one's body for signs of disease, repeatedly seeking information and of disease, repeatedly seeking information and reassurance from the internet or other sources), or exhibits reassurance from the internet or other sources), or exhibits maladaptive avoidance maladaptive avoidance (e.g. avoiding doctor's (e.g. avoiding doctor's appointments and hospitals, avoiding visiting sick friends appointments and hospitals, avoiding visiting sick friends or relatives, avoiding triggers of illness fears such as or relatives, avoiding triggers of illness fears such as exercise). exercise).

Page 25: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

E. Illness preoccupation has been present for at least 6 mo, E. Illness preoccupation has been present for at least 6 mo, but the specific illness that is feared may change over the but the specific illness that is feared may change over the time period. time period.

F. Not better accounted for by another mental disorder such F. Not better accounted for by another mental disorder such as as somatic symptom disorder, panic disorder, generalized somatic symptom disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or obsessive compulsive disorder or anxiety disorder, or obsessive compulsive disorder or delusional disorder ( somatic type).delusional disorder ( somatic type).

Specify whether:Specify whether:

Care seeking typeCare seeking type

Care avoidant typeCare avoidant type

Page 26: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

های جنبه که جسمی اختالالت های بعضی جنبه که جسمی اختالالت بعضیتوجه قابل آن در تنی روان و توجه روانی قابل آن در تنی روان و روانی

::استاست

آکنه، و جوش آسم، اولسرو، آکنه، کولیت و جوش آسم، اولسرو، کولیتقند کاهش کهیر، آلرژی، های قند واکنش کاهش کهیر، آلرژی، های واکنش

دیابت داخلی، غدد ترشح افزایش دیابت خون، داخلی، غدد ترشح افزایش خون،اساسی، خون فشار چاقی، دو، اساسی، نوع خون فشار چاقی، دو، نوع

ضربان نظمی بی و قلب کرونر ضربان بیماری نظمی بی و قلب کرونر بیماری..قلبقلب

Page 27: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Psychological DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Psychological Factors Affecting Medical ConditionFactors Affecting Medical Condition

A. A general medical condition A general medical condition (coded on Axis III) is present.

B. Psychological factors adversely affect the general medical condition in one of one of the following ways:the following ways:

(1) the factors have influenced the coursecourse of the general medical condition as shown by a close temporal association between the psychological factors and the development or exacerbation of, or delayed recovery from, the general medical condition.

(2) the factors interfere with the treatmenttreatment of the general medical condition.(3) the factors constitute additional health risks for the individual.

(4) stress-related physiological responses precipitate or exacerbate symptoms of a general medical condition.

Page 28: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Mental disorder affecting medical condition (e.g., an Axis I disorder such as major depressive disorder delaying recovery from a myocardial infarction)

Psychological symptoms affecting medical condition (e.g., depressive symptoms delaying recovery from surgery; anxiety exacerbating asthma)

Personality traits or coping style affecting medical condition (e.g., pathological denial of the need for surgery in a patient with cancer, hostile, pressured behavior contributing to cardiovascular disease)

Page 29: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Maladaptive health behaviors affecting medical condition (e.g., lack of exercise, unsafe sex, overeating)

Stress-related physiological response affecting general medical condition (e.g., stress-related exacerbations of ulcer, hypertension, arrhythmia, or tension headache)

Other unspecified psychological factors affecting medical condition (e.g., interpersonal, cultural, or religious factors)

Page 30: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Consultation Liaison Consultation Liaison PsychiatryPsychiatry

The subspecialty of psychiatry that incorporates clinical service, teaching, and research at the borderland of psychiatry and medicine.

Liaison refers to interactions withLiaison refers to interactions with non psychiatrist physicians for teaching non psychiatrist physicians for teaching

psychosocial aspects of medical carepsychosocial aspects of medical care.. knowledge of psychotherapeutic and knowledge of psychotherapeutic and

psychopharmacological interventionspsychopharmacological interventions

Page 31: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

MEDICAL ILLNESS

PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS MEDICAL ILLNESS

PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS

MODELS OF COMORBIDITY

Page 32: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

TREATMENT FOR MEDICAL ILLNESS PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS

TREATMENT FORPSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS MEDICAL ILLNESS

PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS MEDICAL ILLNESS

SMOKING AND NICOTINEDEPENDENCE

Page 33: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

Mind – Body interaction

Functional disorders

Somatoforms (somatic symptoms disorders)

CLP

Medical illnesses

Psychological state Psychiatric disorders

stre

ss

Health

Page 34: PSYCHOSOMATIC ( MIND-BODY) MEDICINE Hamid Afshar MD. Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Research Center PSRC@mui.ac.ir.

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTCaring rather than curingCaring rather than curing

Management is more realistic than treatmentManagement is more realistic than treatment

Therapeutic relationshipTherapeutic relationship

Nature of symptoms in psychosomatic Nature of symptoms in psychosomatic contextcontext

Rule out depression and anxiety disordersRule out depression and anxiety disorders

Avoid investigations without indicationsAvoid investigations without indications

Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy

Coping skillsCoping skills

Lifestyle changesLifestyle changes