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PSYC1013
BS ECE 1-1
CHAPTER II:
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
TOPICS: NAMES PAGE1. Definition of Biopsychology ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat
TOUCH/TACTILE: is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa.
BALANCE/VESTIBULAR: is the sense that allows an organism to sense body movement, direction, and acceleration, and to attain and maintain postural equilibrium and balance.
PROPRIOCEPTION/KINESTHETIC: provides the parietal cortex of the brain with information on the relative positions of the parts of the body
INTEROCEPTION: is "any sense that is normally stimulated from within the body". These involve numerous sensory receptors in internal organs, such as stretch receptors that are neurologically linked to the brain.
1. The basic structural unit of the Nervous System is calleda. Neuron b. Brain c. Lungs d. Psychology
2. Part of a neuron that contains the nucleus, which in turn contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes that provides nourishment and insulation.a. brain b. Dendrite c. Soma/ cell body d. Axon
3. It is hard to distinguish from the dendrites.a. axon b. myelin c. dendrites d. brain4. Thin fatty tissues and protein cells that protects themselves around the axon in
preventing messages from short- circuiting one another.a. Myelin sheath b. Dendrites c. Axon d. Glial cells
5. A Greek word meaning glue.a. Myelin b. Glial c. Axon d. sheath
Answers:
1. A2. C3. A4. A5. B
TOPIC: NERVE TRANSMISSION
1. A neuron has a polarized membrane, which means it is relatively positive on the outside of the membrane to relatively negative on the inside. Which of the following creates
this opposite charge characteristic of a neuron's membrane?
a. sodium ions on the outside and proteins on the inside
b. sodium ions on the outside and potassium ions on the inside
c. sodium and potassium ions on the outside and proteins on the inside
2. When a neuron is depolarized, the gated channels of the membrane open to allow __________ to enter the neuron. A neuron becomes hyperpolarized when the gated
channels of the membrane open thus allowing __________ to exit the neuron
a. K +; Na +
b. Na +; K +
c. Na +; protein
3. A resting membrane is measured at __________ while a depolarized membrane will measure at __________.
a. +30 mV; –70 mV
b. –70 mV; +30 mV
c. 0 mV; –70 mV
4. __________ is the term used to describe the movement of potassium ions to the outside of a neuron, and __________ is the term used to describe excess potassium ions
moving to the outside of a neuron.
a. Repolarization; hyperpolarization
b. Hyperpolarization; depolarization
c. Polarization; hyperpolarization
5. During repolarization, the sodium channels are closed. How does this affect a neuron?
a. The neuron cannot respond to new stimuli.
b. The neuron becomes more sensitive to new stimuli.
c. It does not affect the neuron; it can still respond to stimuli.
Ans. a, b, b, c, c
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TOPIC: SYNAPSE AND SYNAPTIC CONNECTION
1. ___________ is a nerve junction in which the nerve impulse passes through in order to reach its final destination.
a. Synapse
b. Axon
c. Receptor site
2. Are tiny bubbles of chemicals
a. Vesicles
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Mitochondria
3. Are the chemicals inside the tiny bubbles
a. Vesicles
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Mitochondria
4. Special place on the cell membrane of the next neuron that are like little locks.
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Receptor Sites
5. Space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings.
a. Vesicles
b. Axon
c. Synaptic gap
Answer Key: 1.) A 2.) A 3.) B 4.) C 5.) C
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TOPIC: REFLEX ACTION
1. _______ are automatic, involuntary responses to incoming stimuli.
a. Reflex arc
b. Reflex action
c. Neuron
2. What are the components of reflex arc?
3. Afferent
a. Sensory
b. Motor
c. Interneuron
4. Efferent
a. Sensory
b. Motor
c. Interneuron
5. _______ are electro-chemical impulses transmitted to the spinal cord up to the brain.
a. Sensory-motor arc
b. Withdrawal reflex
c. Stimuli
Answer Key: 1.) B
2.) sensory neuron; motor neuron,
interneuron, sensory receptors and effector
3.) A 4.) B 5.) C
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I. TYPES OF NEURON
NAME OTHER TERM MEANING / FUNCTION1. 4. 7.2. 5. 8.3. 6. 9.
II. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND CONNECTORS1. Write the meaning of Neurotransmitters.2. Write the meaning of Connectors3. What is the other term for connectors?4. What is an effectors?5. What is a receptors?6. Give at least four connectors.
III. CRANIAL NERVES
NERVE FUNCTION1.2.3.4.5.6.7.
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ANSWERS:
I. TYPES OF NEURON
NAME OTHER TERM MEANING / FUNCTION1. Sensory Neuron 4. Afferent or Bipolar 7. –Sensitive to various non-neural stimuli
- transmit impulses initiated by receptors to the spinal cord and brain
2. Motor Neuron 5. Efferent or Multipolar 8. -Carry impusles away from the brain and spinal cord to
the effectors
3. Interneuron 6. Association, Central, Adjusting or Pseudopolare 9. - Receive impulses from the sensory neurons and carry impulses to other interneurons
II. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND CONNECTORS7. Chemical that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite or cell body of a receiver neuron. They are important link between the nervous system and behavior8. Mechanisms that integrate receptors and effectors causing an individual to respond as a coordinated organism which act as a response over efferent or motor neurons9. Nervous System10. Muscles and glands which act as a response over efferent or motor neuron11. Specialized structures of the sense organs which are sensitive to the particular stimuli12. Acetylcholine, Nor-epinephrine, Glutamate, Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid, Dopamine, Serotonin & Endorphins
III. CRANIAL NERVES
NERVE FUNCTION1.Olfactory Smell2.Optic Vision3.Oculomotor Eyelid and eyeball movement4.Trochlear Superior oblique and turns eye downward and laterally5.Trigeminal Chewing6.Abducens Turns eye laterally7.Facial Facial expressionsVestibulocochlear Hearing and balance sensationGlossopharyngeal Taste and senses carotid blood pressureVagus senses aortic blood pressure, slows heart rate, stimulates digestive organs, and taste
Spinal Accessory Controls trapezius and swallowing movements
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Hypoglossal Tongue movements
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1. The massive soft, spongy, mottled nervous tissue and pinkish-gray in color found inside the skull.a. Neuron b. Brain c. Lungs d. Psychology
2. Part of a brain that is responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness, and voluntary movement.
a. Cerebrum b. cerebellum c. thalamus d. hypothalamus
3. The relay center for cortex and it distributes incoming and outgoing impulses.
a. Corpus callosum b. hypothalamus c. thalamus d. Brainstem
4. The part of the Limbic System that is responsible for “learning” and “memory.”a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. pons d. brainstem
5. The master gland.b. Endocrine gland b. Pituitary gland c. thalamus d. pons
Quiz: The Brain
Answers:
1. b2. a3. c4. a5. b
TOPIC: LAYERS OF THE BRAIN
1. The meninges cover the __________.
a. Brain
b. spinal cord
c. brain and spinal cord
2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the layers of meningeal membranes beginning with the brain and going to the skull?
a. pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
b. pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
c. dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
3. Associated with the anterior fontanel of a newborn, the parietal and frontal bones are separated. There is a membrane covering the “exposed” area that one can feel if one
touches the fontanel area lightly. This membrane would be the __________ mater.
a. Pia
b. Dura
c. Arachnoid
4. What is the space between the dura and the arachnoid mater?
a. Subdural space
b. Subarachnoid space
c. Cerebrospinal fluid
5. It is the general term for the three protective layers of the brain.
a. Arachnoid
b. Meninges
c. Tissue
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Ans. c, b, b, a, b
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TOPIC: SPINAL CORD
1. __________ composed of a series of bones called vertebrae.
a. Spinal cords
b. Spinal column
c. Spinal nerves
2. The root that brings the sensory nerve.
a. Square root
b. Dorsal root
c. Ventral root
3. The root that brings the motor nerve.
a. Square root
b. Dorsal root
c. Ventral root
4. _________ consists of the nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to the other parts of the body.
a. Peripheral Nervous System
b. Central Nervous System
c. Sympathetic Nervous System
5. _________ a part of the Peripheral Nervous System that sends voluntary messages from Central Nervous System to the skeletal muscles.
a. Autonomic system
b. Somatic system
c. Soma
Answer Key: 1.) B 2.) B 3.) C 4.) A 5.) B
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Answers:
1. a2. a3. d4. a5. b
Quiz: Spinal Nerves
1. It serve as sensory and motor nerves for shoulder, chest, trunk, and upper and lower extremities.
a. Spinal Nerves b. Brain c. Lungs d. Psychology2. The nerve fibers that is, the nerve fibers make connections and specialized
clusters of neurons termed ganglia.a. Sympathetic Nerous System b. Parasympathetic Nerous System c. Soma/ cell body d. Spinal
3. Structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.
a. fibers b. myelin c. nerves d. ganglia4. The fight-or-flight response
a.Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System c. ganglia d. Nerve
5. The house-keeping responsea.Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System c. ganglia d. Nerve
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Quiz: Muscular system
1. Responsible for movements of the appendages, bones, trunk, head, jaw, eyes, etc.b. Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles
2. Muscles found in the heart.a.Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles
3. Muscle that is responsible for contraction and relaxation. a.Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles
4. Located on the walls of the digestive, tract, arteries, veins, uterus, bladder, etc.c. Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles
5. Skeletal, striped or voluntary musclesa. Striated muscles b. Cardiac muscles c. Unstriated muscles
d. Brain
Answers:
1. a2. d3. d4. c5. a
I. GLANDULAR SYSTEMFill the table:
A. Exocrine System
Glands Location Fluid Secreted1.2.3.4.5.
B. Endocrine System
Glands Location Hormones Secreted1.2.3.4.5.6.
II. RECEPTOR
Answer the following:
1. What is receptor?
2. Give and explain the three types of receptors.
3. Enumerate the primary senses.
4. Enumerate the secondary senses.
5. What are the General Conditions of Sensory Processes? Explain.
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ANSWER KEY:
I. GLANDULAR SYSTEMA. Exocrine System
Glands Location Fluid Secreted1.Lacrimal Gland upper outer part of each socket tears2.Salivary Gland in and around the mouth and throut saliva3.Sebaceous Gland beside the hair roots sebum4.Mammary Gland in the chest milk5.Gastric Gland in the stomach gastric juices
B. Endocrine System
Glands Location Hormones Secreted1.Pituitary Gland bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the
brain TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH, ADH, Oxytocin
2.Thyroid Gland lower part of the neck just below the larynx Triodothyronine, Thyroxine, Calcitocin3.Parathyroid Gland psurface of the thyroid gland PTH4.Adrenal Gland on top of each kidneys Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Cortisol,
Androgen, Estrogen, Adrenaline, Noradrenaline5.Pancreatic Gland posterior of the stomach Glucagon, Insulin6.Gonadal Glands in the sex organs Testes: Testosterone
Ovary: Estrogen and Progesterone
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TOPIC: 8 MAJOR SENSES
1. Rods and cones of the eye are __________.
a. Nociceptors
b. Proprioceptors
c. Photoreceptors
2. In order to initiate an action potential regarding olfaction, which of the following must occur first?
a. The olfactory bulbs must be activated.
b. The synaptic areas within the brain must be activated.
c. The molecules of the vapor must dissolve in the mucus that covers the nasal epithelium.
3. The vestibular apparatus is involved in maintaining equilibrium. The vestibular apparatus consists of the __________ and the __________.
a. vestibule; semi-circular canals
b. eyes; inner ear
c. vestibule; cochlea
4. As sound waves travel through the ear canal, they cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate and in turn cause the ossicles to also vibrate. Which of the following is the correct
sequence of the ossicles going from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?