1 Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D. Abnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/e McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2005. This McGraw-Hill multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. A PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation for Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D. John H. Riskind, Ph.D. Margaret B. Manos
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Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D.Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D.
Abnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/eAbnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/e
McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2005. This McGraw-Hill multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2005. This McGraw-Hill multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
A PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation forA PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation for
Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.John H. Riskind, Ph.D.Margaret B. Manos
Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.John H. Riskind, Ph.D.Margaret B. Manos
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
The Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sociocultural Perspectives
The Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sociocultural Perspectives
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Chapter Main PointsChapter Main Points
The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective
The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective
44
Behavioral PerspectivesBehavioral Perspectives
Behavioral Perspective: Views behavior as the result of environmental
experience Learning:
The process whereby behavior changes in response to the environment
Behavioral Perspective: Views behavior as the result of environmental
experience Learning:
The process whereby behavior changes in response to the environment
55
Background of BehaviorismBackground of Behaviorism
Pavlov: Conditioned Reflex If a neutral stimulus is paired with a non-neutral
stimulus, the organism will eventually respond to the neutral stimulus as it does to the non-neutral stimulus
Watson: Began the Foundation of American Behaviorism
Pavlov: Conditioned Reflex If a neutral stimulus is paired with a non-neutral
stimulus, the organism will eventually respond to the neutral stimulus as it does to the non-neutral stimulus
Watson: Began the Foundation of American Behaviorism
66
Background of BehaviorismBackground of Behaviorism
E.L. Thorndike: Law of Effect Responses that lead to “satisfying” consequences
are more likely to be repeated than responses that lead to “unsatisfying” consequences
B.F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism Everything a person does, says, and feels
constitutes behavior and can be subject to experimental analysis
E.L. Thorndike: Law of Effect Responses that lead to “satisfying” consequences
are more likely to be repeated than responses that lead to “unsatisfying” consequences
B.F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism Everything a person does, says, and feels
constitutes behavior and can be subject to experimental analysis
77
Assumptions of Behavioral Psychology
Assumptions of Behavioral Psychology
The task of psychology is the study of behavior
Behavior can and must be both observable and measurable
The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior
The real causes of behavior may be found outside rather than inside the organism
The task of psychology is the study of behavior
Behavior can and must be both observable and measurable
The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior
The real causes of behavior may be found outside rather than inside the organism
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Basic Mechanisms of LearningBasic Mechanisms of Learning
Respondent Conditioning (Classical Conditioning) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Unconditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)
Respondent Conditioning (Classical Conditioning) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Unconditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)
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Basic Mechanisms of LearningBasic Mechanisms of Learning
Operant Conditioning: The likelihood of a response is increased or
decreased by virtue of its consequences Contingency:
The association between action and consequences
Operant Conditioning: The likelihood of a response is increased or
decreased by virtue of its consequences Contingency:
The association between action and consequences
1010
Basic Mechanisms of LearningBasic Mechanisms of Learning
Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement:
The process by which events in the environment increase the probability of the behavior that precede it
Primary reinforcers Conditioned reinforcers
Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement:
The process by which events in the environment increase the probability of the behavior that precede it
Primary reinforcers Conditioned reinforcers
1111
Basic Mechanisms of LearningBasic Mechanisms of Learning
Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement
response followed by a consequence in the environment
Negative reinforcement avoidance or removal of an aversive stimulus
Punishment suppression of behavior by introduction of aversive
consequences
Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement
response followed by a consequence in the environment
Negative reinforcement avoidance or removal of an aversive stimulus
Punishment suppression of behavior by introduction of aversive
consequences
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Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning
Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning
Extinction: The elimination of a response by withdrawing
whatever reinforcer was maintaining it Generalization:
An organism responds to stimuli that are similar to a previously learned stimulus
Extinction: The elimination of a response by withdrawing
whatever reinforcer was maintaining it Generalization:
An organism responds to stimuli that are similar to a previously learned stimulus
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Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning
Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning
Discrimination Learning: Learning to distinguish among similar stimuli
and to respond only to the appropriate one Shaping:
The reinforcement of “successive approximations” of a desired response
Discrimination Learning: Learning to distinguish among similar stimuli
and to respond only to the appropriate one Shaping:
The reinforcement of “successive approximations” of a desired response
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Behavioral Approach to TherapyBehavioral Approach to Therapy
Respondent Conditioning and Extinction: Systematic Desensitization Exposure Therapy
Operant Conditioning: contingency management
Respondent Conditioning and Extinction: Systematic Desensitization Exposure Therapy
Operant Conditioning: contingency management
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Evaluating BehaviorismEvaluating Behaviorism
Criticisms of Behaviorism: Oversimplification Determinism The issue of “control”
Criticisms of Behaviorism: Oversimplification Determinism The issue of “control”
1616
The Cognitive PerspectiveThe Cognitive Perspective
Cognitive Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of
mental functioning Cognition:
The mental processing of stimuli
Cognitive Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of
mental functioning Cognition:
The mental processing of stimuli
1717
The Cognitive PerspectiveThe Cognitive Perspective
Cognitive-Behaviorism: Albert Ellis, Ph.D. - irrational belief’s Aaron T. Beck, M.D. - cognitive distortions
Cognitive Appraisal: Attributions
Cognitive-Behaviorism: Albert Ellis, Ph.D. - irrational belief’s Aaron T. Beck, M.D. - cognitive distortions
Cognitive Appraisal: Attributions
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The Cognitive PerspectiveThe Cognitive Perspective
Cognitive Variables Affecting Behavior: competence encoding strategies expectancies values plans and goals
Cognitive Variables Affecting Behavior: competence encoding strategies expectancies values plans and goals
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The Cognitive PerspectiveThe Cognitive Perspective
Self-reinforcement Information Processing
Attention Organizing Structures:
schemas beliefs
Self-reinforcement Information Processing
Attention Organizing Structures:
schemas beliefs
2020
The Cognitive Perspective: Approach to Therapy
The Cognitive Perspective: Approach to Therapy
Cognitive Restructuring Self-instructional Training
Rational-emotive therapy (RET) Strategies:
Hypothesis testing Reattribution training Decatastrophizing
Cognitive Restructuring Self-instructional Training
Rational-emotive therapy (RET) Strategies:
Hypothesis testing Reattribution training Decatastrophizing
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The Sociocultural PerspectiveThe Sociocultural Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of
broad social forces
Sociocultural Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of
broad social forces
2222
The Sociocultural PerspectiveThe Sociocultural Perspective
Mental illness and social ills Mental illness and labeling Class, race, and diagnosis Prevention as a social issue
Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention
Mental illness and social ills Mental illness and labeling Class, race, and diagnosis Prevention as a social issue
Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention
2323
Recapping the Main PointsRecapping the Main Points
The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective
The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective
2424
End of Chapter 4End of Chapter 4
The Behavioral, Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives
The Behavioral, Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives
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