1 EMOTION CHAPTER 11.4 1 LEARNING GOALS Discuss the Function of Emotions Differentiate Attitudes, Mood, and Emotion Examine the evidence for and against basic emotions • Discuss the cross-cultural research concerning facial expressions and emotion • Explain the facial-feedback hypothesis Differentiate among the various theories on how emotions occur • Explain the components of each theory • Critique each theory 2
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EMOTION
CHAPTER 11.4
1 LEARNING GOALS Discuss the Function of Emotions Differentiate Attitudes, Mood, and Emotion Examine the evidence for and against basic emotions
• Discuss the cross-cultural research concerning facial expressions and emotion
• Explain the facial-feedback hypothesis
Differentiate among the various theories on how emotions occur
• Explain the components of each theory
• Critique each theory
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OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation
Emotion and the Brain
OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation
Emotion and the Brain
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WHY HAVE EMOTIONS?
Would we be better off if we just relied on our reasoning capabilities?
WHY HAVE EMOTIONS?
Communication Survival value Enhancing memory
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OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain Gender, Culture, and Emotion
WHAT IS EMOTION? Emotion is a type of affect Affect includes:
Attitudes Evaluation of something’s “goodness” or “badness”
Mood General Long-lasting Not regarding a specific stimulus
Emotion Short-lived In response to a particular stimulus
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OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain Gender, Culture, and Emotion
HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS Families of emotions:
To have an emotion, both factors are required Bears are
dangerous!
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SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY High Bridge study (Dutton & Aron) • Bridge induces feelings of
physiological arousal • Attractive female experimenter approached males either on or off the bridge to complete a survey • How many males from each group later called the experimenter to ask her for a date? Men approached ON the bridge were more likely
to call the experimenter back.
SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY High Bridge study (Dutton & Aron) Men on the bridge attributed their physiological arousal (being “lovestruck”) to the female experimenter, rather than the height of the bridge
• Demonstrates that cognitive interpretation coupled with physiological response leads to emotional response
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LAZARUS THEORY
Lazarus theory • cognitive appraisal is the first step
in an emotional response • all other aspects of an emotion,
including physiological arousal, depend on it
LAZARUS THEORY
Stimulus
Emotion
Physiological and
behavioral changes
Cognitive Appraisal
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LAZARUS THEORY
You think the bear could be
dangerous and
possibly attack you.
OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation
Emotion and the Brain
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EMOTION REGULATION Can we change our emotional responses? Emotion regulation refers to the processes by which we change the emotions we have and when we have them (Gross, 1998)
At least two forms:
• Reappraisal • Suppression
EMOTION REGULATION: REAPPRAISAL Changing the way that you think about an emotional stimulus Changing your reaction toward an emotional stimulus
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REAPPRAISAL
You think the bear could be dangerou
s and possibly attack you.
You think that the bear is
far enough
away that it won’t get to you.
Appraisal Re-appraisal
REAPPRAISAL Leads to a reduction in physiological responses and subjective emotional experience
• Ex: reduced heart rate Chronic use of reappraisal is associated with higher levels of subjective well-being
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SUPPRESSION Changing the behavioral outcome of an emotional response
• Ex: • Hiding facial expression
SUPPRESSION
You think the bear could be dangerou
s and possibly attack you.
Appraisal Suppression
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SUPPRESSION Unlike reappraisal, suppression does not lead to a reduction in either physiology or subjective emotional experience Chronic use of suppression is associated with lower levels of subjective well-being
OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation
Emotion and the Brain
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EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
amygdala
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN Amygdala:
• Responds to emotional information • Most often associated with fear • More recently, evidence points to the amygdala’s
role in responding to any emotionally arousing information
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EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
The amygdala is stimulated when fearful eyes are flashed too briefly for conscious recognition A fast route to emotional recognition?
Whalen et al., 2004
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
Prefrontal Cortex
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EMOTION AND THE BRAIN Prefrontal Cortex:
• Important for appraisals and regulation of emotional information
• Shares reciprocal connections with the amygdala • Can dampen the response of the amygdala (for