1 LEARNING CHAPTER 7 2 LEARNING GOALS Define learning Describe the basic elements of classical conditioning • Define the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response Describe the basic elements of operant conditioning • Define reinforcement and punishment, both positive and negative • Describe schedules of reinforcement, shaping, and extinction of learning Describe how organisms learn without direct experience 3
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PSY150 Ch07 Learn 2012 - Wofford Collegewebs.wofford.edu/steinmetzkr/teaching/Psy150/Lecture PDFs/Learning.pdf · • Super Nanny on television Primary reinforcers • Biologically
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LEARNING
CHAPTER 7
2 LEARNING GOALS Define learning Describe the basic elements of classical conditioning
• Define the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response
Describe the basic elements of operant conditioning
• Define reinforcement and punishment, both positive and negative
• Describe schedules of reinforcement, shaping, and extinction of learning
Describe how organisms learn without direct experience
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OUTLINE Introduction to Learning Habituation & Sensitization Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
4 INTRODUCTION Learning:
• is the shorthand for a collection of procedures, techniques
and outcomes that produce a change in an organisms behavior
Learning involves some relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
• Learning is based on experience • Learning produces change • Learning needs an overt behavior to demonstrate the
change
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LEARNING Learning is a process that can be conscious (deliberate) OR unconscious
• Memorizing the names of President’s • Associating logos
Learning and Memory
• Learning produces memories • Memory also affects our learning
• Makes it easier in some instances • Harder in others
Learning is important because we need it in order to adapt to the environment
6 OUTLINE Introduction to Learning Habituation & Sensitization Classical Conditioning
• Learn to ignore • White Noise maker in the bedroom
• Notice novel stimuli • Orient to novelty then ignore • Adaptive?
Repeated exposure leads to vigilance and increased responding - Sensitization
• Negative outcomes • Fear • Adaptive?
8 OUTLINE Introduction to Learning Habituation & Sensitization Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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SIGNALS • One event “announces” another, it assumes the
value of the other Ivan Pavlov
• Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1904 for his work on digestive processes in dogs
• Also discovered serendipitously classical conditioning
• Tone and food
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING n CS = Conditioned (learned stimulus) (Bell) n US = Unconditioned stimulus (one for which response is already present) (Food) n UCR = Unconditioned response (naturally occurring response to US) (salivation) n CR = Conditioned response (learned response to CS) (salivation)
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING n With repeated pairing, a neutral stimulus can be linked with a US n This stimulus becomes a CS
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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Neutral stimulus (tone)
UCS (food powder in mouth)
Neutral stimulus (tone) CS
UCS (food powder)
CS (tone)
Prior to conditioning
Conditioning
After conditioning
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(Orientation to sound but no response)
UCR (salivation)
CR (salivation)
CR (salivation)
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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PROCESSES OF CONDITIONING Acquisition Timing (Meaning)
• Delayed conditioning • Trace conditioning • Simultaneous conditioning – no learning • Backward conditioning – no learning
Contingency • Random presentation ≠ learning
Second-order conditioning
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Extinction Spontaneous Recovery
Classical Conditioning
Definition: learning that one event predicts another
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Worksheet
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PROCESSES OF CONDITIONING Stimulus Generalization
• Spread of learning (association) to stimuli that are similar • Adaptive to get learning without new process • Little Albert and the learning of phobias
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LITTLE ALBERT
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APPLICATIONS Disgusting situations
• Chocolate cake? • Friend and stranger
Drug addiction
• Victims of overdose • Environment is important
PTSD Chemotherapy
• Anticipatory nausea • Food aversions
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OUTLINE Introduction to Learning Habituation & Sensitization Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
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WATSON’S EXTREME ENVIRONMENTALISM “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”
• John Broadus Watson, 1928
OPERANT CONDITIONING Law of Effect
• Edward Thorndike • Cats in a box
CONSEQUENCES
• Trial and Error • Organism must interact with the environment
Instrumental Conditioning Fixed Ratio: Reward comes after a particular number of responses, so animal pauses after reward receipt and then increases responding until next reward
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Instrumental Conditioning Variable Ratio: Reward comes after a variable number of responses, so animal responds relatively continuously (since one reward can follow another)
Instrumental Conditioning Fixed Interval: Reward comes after a specified period of time, regardless of responses. Animal learns this and responds right around the reinforcement time.
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Instrumental Conditioning Variable Interval: Reward comes after a variable period of time, regardless of responses. Animal responds at a relatively continuous rate.
SHAPING AND CHAINING Shaping
• Successive approximations to the desired behavior are reinforced
• Progress must be defined Escape-Avoidance
• Escape negative stimulus
• Avoid – give signal before negative stimulus starts
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Worksheet
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Superstitious behavior • Do you have a ritual or superstitious
behavior? • What is it? • Why do you do it? • Do you play the lottery? • Do you pick your own numbers or let
the computer pick your numbers? • Why might this have happened?
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Vicarious learning
• Rats that were allowed to explore without reinforcement learned faster than naïve rats
Children imitate adult models
• Albert Bandura and the Bobo Doll
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BOBO DOLLS 41
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Characteristics of models • Model is reinforced for behavior • Model is liked • Similarities with model • Rewarded for paying attention to model • Observer can imitate
Television, video games, and violence • Debate in society about role models • Psychic numbing • Increased aggression