Property, Plant and Equipment: IAS 16. JOIN KHALID AZIZ ECONOMICS OF ICMAP, ICAP, MA-ECONOMICS, B.COM. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 1,3,4 ICAP.

Property, Plant and Property, Plant and Equipment: IAS 16Equipment: IAS 16

JOIN KHALID AZIZJOIN KHALID AZIZ

ECONOMICS OF ICMAP, ICAP, MA-ECONOMICS, ECONOMICS OF ICMAP, ICAP, MA-ECONOMICS, B.COM.B.COM.FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 1,3,4 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 1,3,4 ICAP MODULE B, B.COM, BBA, MBA & PIPFA.ICAP MODULE B, B.COM, BBA, MBA & PIPFA.COST ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 2,3 ICAP COST ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 2,3 ICAP MODULE D, BBA, MBA & PIPFA.MODULE D, BBA, MBA & PIPFA.

CONTACT:CONTACT:0322-33857520322-3385752R-1173,ALNOOR SOCIETY, BLOCK 19,F.B.AREA, R-1173,ALNOOR SOCIETY, BLOCK 19,F.B.AREA, KARACHI, PAKISTAN.KARACHI, PAKISTAN.

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Property, Plant and EquipmentProperty, Plant and Equipment

Related standardsRelated standards

IAS 16IAS 16

Current GAAP comparisonsCurrent GAAP comparisons

IFRS financial statement examplesIFRS financial statement examples

Looking aheadLooking ahead

End-of-chapter practiceEnd-of-chapter practice

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Related StandardsRelated StandardsIAS 17 LeasesIAS 17 LeasesIAS 20 Accounting for government grantsIAS 20 Accounting for government grants

and disclosure of government and disclosure of government assistanceassistance

IAS 23 Borrowing costsIAS 23 Borrowing costsIAS 36 Impairment of assetsIAS 36 Impairment of assetsIAS 40 Investment propertyIAS 40 Investment propertyIFRS 2 Share-based paymentIFRS 2 Share-based paymentIFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and

discontinued operationsdiscontinued operations

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IAS 16 - OverviewIAS 16 - Overview

Objective and scopeObjective and scope

RecognitionRecognition

Measurement at recognitionMeasurement at recognition

Measurement after recognition (CM, RM)Measurement after recognition (CM, RM)

DerecognitionDerecognition

DisclosureDisclosure

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IAS 16 - Objective and ScopeIAS 16 - Objective and Scope

IAS 16 objective: standards for the IAS 16 objective: standards for the recognition and derecognition of PP&E recognition and derecognition of PP&E assets, measurement at and after assets, measurement at and after acquisition, and disclosuresacquisition, and disclosuresScoped out: assets held for sale, agricultural Scoped out: assets held for sale, agricultural biological assets, non-renewable natural biological assets, non-renewable natural resource rights and reservesresource rights and reservesIncludes investment property under Includes investment property under construction and when ready, if cost model construction and when ready, if cost model appliedapplied

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IAS 16 - Objective and ScopeIAS 16 - Objective and Scope

Property, plant and equipment (IAS 16.6):Property, plant and equipment (IAS 16.6):

““Tangible items that:Tangible items that:

(a) are held for use in the production or (a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes; andothers, or for administrative purposes; and

(b) are expected to be used during more (b) are expected to be used during more than one period”than one period”

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IAS 16 - RecognitionIAS 16 - Recognition

Costs are recognized as PP&E only if:Costs are recognized as PP&E only if:

1.1. probableprobable that future economic benefits that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the associated with the item will flow to the entity, andentity, and

2.2. the cost can be measured the cost can be measured reliablyreliably..

Applies to costs Applies to costs atat acquisition and acquisition and afterafter

acquisition.acquisition.

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The government requires HTY Ltd. to The government requires HTY Ltd. to affix new pollution reduction equipment affix new pollution reduction equipment to existing equipment. Is this a PP&E to existing equipment. Is this a PP&E cost…or an expense?cost…or an expense?

Apply general principle:Apply general principle:1.1. Future economic benefitsFuture economic benefits

2.2. Reliable measureReliable measure

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Meets the future economic benefits Meets the future economic benefits criterion if costs are incurred to obtain the criterion if costs are incurred to obtain the economic benefits or to increase the economic benefits or to increase the economic benefits from other assetseconomic benefits from other assets

Cost of pollution reduction equipment = Cost of pollution reduction equipment = PP&E asset costPP&E asset cost

Same criteria apply to major repairs and Same criteria apply to major repairs and overhaulsoverhauls

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Works in combination with a “components Works in combination with a “components approach”approach”

- Recognize major components as separate Recognize major components as separate PP&E assets and depreciate separatelyPP&E assets and depreciate separately

- When major overhaul or replacement When major overhaul or replacement takes place, remove old component’s takes place, remove old component’s remaining undepreciated costremaining undepreciated cost

- Recognize new component as PP&E assetRecognize new component as PP&E asset- Gain/loss to income statementGain/loss to income statement

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IAS 16 - Measurement at IAS 16 - Measurement at RecognitionRecognition

Need to know:Need to know:

1.1. What elements of cost are includedWhat elements of cost are included

2.2. How to measure costHow to measure cost

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Cost elements to Cost elements to includeinclude::

1.1. Purchase price net of discounts, rebates, Purchase price net of discounts, rebates, and add non-recoverable taxes, dutiesand add non-recoverable taxes, duties

2.2. Costs to get in place and ready to use as Costs to get in place and ready to use as management intendedmanagement intended

3.3. Costs of obligation to decommission Costs of obligation to decommission asset and restore site as a result of asset and restore site as a result of acquiringacquiring the asset the asset

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Cost elements to Cost elements to excludeexclude::

1.1. Costs after asset in place and ready for Costs after asset in place and ready for use as management intendeduse as management intended

2.2. Costs to open a new facility, introduce a Costs to open a new facility, introduce a product, move to new locationproduct, move to new location

3.3. General and administrative overhead General and administrative overhead type coststype costs

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If self constructed:If self constructed:

1.1. Apply same principlesApply same principles

2.2. Charge abnormal costs to P or LCharge abnormal costs to P or L

3.3. Interest costs during construction: IAS 23Interest costs during construction: IAS 23

4.4. Government assistance: IAS 20Government assistance: IAS 20

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Situation-equipment:Situation-equipment:$100 cost, 7% sales tax, 5% GST$100 cost, 7% sales tax, 5% GST$10 to transport to plant, $5 storage cost (plant $10 to transport to plant, $5 storage cost (plant not ready)not ready)$3 labour, $2 materials to calibrate machine. $4 $3 labour, $2 materials to calibrate machine. $4 recovered from trial run productionrecovered from trial run productionUsed at 50% of capacity: costs = $50, sales = $55Used at 50% of capacity: costs = $50, sales = $55$11 to consultant for services related to choice of $11 to consultant for services related to choice of machine and calibrationmachine and calibration$1 interest cost during one month storage $1 interest cost during one month storage

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Equipment cost:Equipment cost:

Invoice and tax: 100 + 7 =Invoice and tax: 100 + 7 = $107$107

TransportationTransportation 10 10

Calibration: 3 + 2 – 4 =Calibration: 3 + 2 – 4 = 1 1

Professional feesProfessional fees 11 11

$129$129

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How to measure cost?How to measure cost?

““Cost” is defined (IAS 16.6) as: Cost” is defined (IAS 16.6) as: Cash or cash equivalents paid or the FV Cash or cash equivalents paid or the FV of other consideration given to acquire of other consideration given to acquire asset when acquired or constructed…asset when acquired or constructed…

Other IFRS such as IFRS 2: Other IFRS such as IFRS 2: Share-based Share-based paymentpayment may have other specific may have other specific requirementsrequirements

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If non-monetary transaction, exception to If non-monetary transaction, exception to FV principle if:FV principle if:

1.1. FV cannot be reliably determined, orFV cannot be reliably determined, or

2.2. Transaction lacks commercial substance Transaction lacks commercial substance – i.e., transaction has no economic effect – i.e., transaction has no economic effect on the entityon the entity

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Commercial substanceCommercial substance exists if: exists if:

1.1. Cash flows (amount, timing, risk) of new Cash flows (amount, timing, risk) of new asset differ from those of old asset(s) asset differ from those of old asset(s) transferred; ortransferred; or

2.2. After-tax cash flows of part of business After-tax cash flows of part of business taking on new asset (entity specific taking on new asset (entity specific value) have changed; andvalue) have changed; and

3.3. Difference in 1 or 2 is significantDifference in 1 or 2 is significant




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IAS 16 - Measurement after IAS 16 - Measurement after RecognitionRecognition

Choice of two models:Choice of two models:

1.1. Cost modelCost model

2.2. Revaluation modelRevaluation model

Separate decision for Separate decision for each classeach class of PP&E of PP&E

assets. Examples of a class: land, office assets. Examples of a class: land, office

equipment, machinery, buildingsequipment, machinery, buildings

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Cost ModelCost Model (CM): (CM):PP&E are carried after acquisition at cost, lessPP&E are carried after acquisition at cost, lessaccumulated depreciation and accumulated accumulated depreciation and accumulated Impairment lossesImpairment losses

Revaluation ModelRevaluation Model (RM): (RM):PP&E are carried after acquisition at fair value at PP&E are carried after acquisition at fair value at date of revaluation, less any accumulated depreciationdate of revaluation, less any accumulated depreciationand impairment losses after revaluationand impairment losses after revaluation

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IAS 16 - Measurement after IAS 16 - Measurement after Recognition: Cost Model (CM)Recognition: Cost Model (CM)

Depreciation:Depreciation:Each major component may have a different Each major component may have a different depreciation policydepreciation policyDepreciable amount: carrying amount less residual Depreciable amount: carrying amount less residual valuevalueResidual value defined: Residual value defined:

- estimate of net amount entity would receive now - estimate of net amount entity would receive now from asset’s disposal, if asset was as old and in from asset’s disposal, if asset was as old and in same condition as expected at end of its useful lifesame condition as expected at end of its useful life

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Depreciation (continued):Depreciation (continued):Depreciation period Depreciation period beginsbegins when PP&E is when PP&E is in place and ready to use, continues even in place and ready to use, continues even if not used or is retired from active useif not used or is retired from active useDepreciation period Depreciation period endsends when PP&E is when PP&E is derecognized or classified as held for sale derecognized or classified as held for sale (IFRS 5)(IFRS 5)Depreciate over useful life to entityDepreciate over useful life to entity

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Depreciation (continued):Depreciation (continued):

Useful life – consider capacity, wear and tear, Useful life – consider capacity, wear and tear, technology changes, changes in product technology changes, changes in product demand, contractual or legal limitsdemand, contractual or legal limits

Choose method based on pattern that asset’s Choose method based on pattern that asset’s economic benefits are expected to be received: economic benefits are expected to be received: SL, DB, or activity-basedSL, DB, or activity-based

If change in pattern, change method If change in pattern, change method prospectively (change in estimate)prospectively (change in estimate)

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IAS 16 - Measurement after IAS 16 - Measurement after Recognition: Revaluation Model Recognition: Revaluation Model

(RM)(RM)

Apply only to assets whose FV can be Apply only to assets whose FV can be reliably measuredreliably measured

Revalue often enough that carrying Revalue often enough that carrying amount is close to FVamount is close to FV

Depreciate revalued amount using same Depreciate revalued amount using same principles as for CMprinciples as for CM

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(RM)(RM)

RM accounting - what happens if an RM accounting - what happens if an

increaseincrease in asset’s carrying amount? in asset’s carrying amount?

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(RM)(RM)

RM accounting - what happens if a RM accounting - what happens if a decreasedecrease

in asset’s carrying amount?in asset’s carrying amount?

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(RM)(RM)

Debits and credits to Revaluation SurplusDebits and credits to Revaluation Surplus

are reported in OCI are reported in OCI

Choice of entries to revalue assets and Choice of entries to revalue assets and

accumulated depreciation:accumulated depreciation:

Proportionately, or Proportionately, or

Eliminate existing accumulated depreciationEliminate existing accumulated depreciation

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(RM)(RM)

Situation: Situation:

On January 1, Year 1, ABC Co. acquires a building at a cost of On January 1, Year 1, ABC Co. acquires a building at a cost of $1,000. The building is expected to have a 25-year life and no $1,000. The building is expected to have a 25-year life and no residual value. The asset is accounted for under the revaluation residual value. The asset is accounted for under the revaluation model and revaluations are carried out every three years. model and revaluations are carried out every three years. On December 31, Year 3, the fair value of the building is On December 31, Year 3, the fair value of the building is appraised at $900. Prepare the entries required on December appraised at $900. Prepare the entries required on December 31, Year 331, Year 3

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(RM)(RM)

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(RM)(RM)

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(RM)(RM)

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(RM)(RM)

New depreciation rate is needed as of New depreciation rate is needed as of

January 1, Year 4:January 1, Year 4:

$900 carrying amount $900 carrying amount = $41 per year = $41 per year

25 – 3 years25 – 3 years

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(RM)(RM)

Revaluation Surplus account?Revaluation Surplus account?As asset is used, transfer difference As asset is used, transfer difference between depreciation taken using RM and between depreciation taken using RM and amount if CM had been used - directly to amount if CM had been used - directly to Retained Earnings, ORRetained Earnings, ORTransfer directly to Retained Earnings Transfer directly to Retained Earnings when asset derecognizedwhen asset derecognized

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Note - Revaluation Model is not widely used.Note - Revaluation Model is not widely used.

KPMG : KPMG : The Application of IFRS: ChoicesThe Application of IFRS: Choices

in Practice – International Financial in Practice – International Financial

Reporting StandardsReporting Standards, December , December

20062006

: see page 16 of 44: see page 16 of 44

http://www.kpmg.co.uk/pubs/304574_ifrg.pdf

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IAS 16 - DerecognitionIAS 16 - Derecognition

When disposed of, or when no future When disposed of, or when no future economic benefits to be received from use economic benefits to be received from use or disposalor disposalRemove carrying amount from statement Remove carrying amount from statement of financial positionof financial positionGain or loss = difference between carrying Gain or loss = difference between carrying amount of asset (or part of asset if a amount of asset (or part of asset if a replacement) and net proceeds on replacement) and net proceeds on disposaldisposal

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IAS 16 - DisclosureIAS 16 - Disclosure

Whether CM or RM :Whether CM or RM :

Depreciation methods usedDepreciation methods used

Depreciation rate or useful livesDepreciation rate or useful lives

Beginning and ending balances and Beginning and ending balances and reconciliation of the two for gross amountreconciliation of the two for gross amount

and total of accumulated and total of accumulated depreciation anddepreciation and impairment losses impairment losses

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IAS 16 - DisclosureIAS 16 - Disclosure

If RM used:If RM used:

Date of revaluationDate of revaluation

Independent valuation?Independent valuation?

Methods, techniques usedMethods, techniques used

Assumptions made in determining FVAssumptions made in determining FV

Amounts if CM had been usedAmounts if CM had been used

Details of changes in Revaluation SurplusDetails of changes in Revaluation Surplus

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Looking AheadLooking Ahead

No significant changes are expected to No significant changes are expected to IAS 16 in the foreseeable futureIAS 16 in the foreseeable future

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End-of-Chapter PracticeEnd-of-Chapter Practice

10-110-1 The following assets have been recognized as items of property, plant, and The following assets have been recognized as items of property, plant, and equipment. equipment.

1.1. Head office boardroom table and executive chairsHead office boardroom table and executive chairs2.2. A landfill siteA landfill site3.3. Wooden pallets in a warehouseWooden pallets in a warehouse4.4. Forklift vehicles in a manufacturing plantForklift vehicles in a manufacturing plant5.5. Stand-alone training facility for pilot training, including a flight simulator, classrooms Stand-alone training facility for pilot training, including a flight simulator, classrooms

equipped with desks, whiteboards and electronic instructional aidsequipped with desks, whiteboards and electronic instructional aids

IInstructionsnstructionsFor each of the items listed:For each of the items listed:a)a) Identify what specific costs are likely to be included in acquisition cost.Identify what specific costs are likely to be included in acquisition cost.b)b) Explain whether any components of this asset should be given separate recognition, Explain whether any components of this asset should be given separate recognition,

and why.and why.c)c) Suggest what should be taken into consideration in determining each component’s Suggest what should be taken into consideration in determining each component’s

depreciable amount and depreciation period.depreciable amount and depreciation period.d)d) Suggest and explain what depreciation method might be most appropriate for each Suggest and explain what depreciation method might be most appropriate for each

component separately identified.component separately identified.e)e) Identify whether the periodic depreciation is recognized as an expense on the income Identify whether the periodic depreciation is recognized as an expense on the income

statement, or whether another accounting treatment is more appropriate. Explain.statement, or whether another accounting treatment is more appropriate. Explain.

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10-210-2Vedat Corporation acquires new equipment with a list price of Vedat Corporation acquires new equipment with a list price of $100 to expand its product line, paying $50 on delivery and $100 to expand its product line, paying $50 on delivery and agreeing to pay $25 in one year’s time and the remaining $25 agreeing to pay $25 in one year’s time and the remaining $25 in two year’s time. The company extends a portion of its factory in two year’s time. The company extends a portion of its factory wall in order to fit the new machine in place and then wall in order to fit the new machine in place and then rearranges existing equipment into a more efficient layout. The rearranges existing equipment into a more efficient layout. The new equipment is dropped on installation requiring repairs prior new equipment is dropped on installation requiring repairs prior to use. At the end of the equipment’s useful life, Vedat to use. At the end of the equipment’s useful life, Vedat Corporation is required to dismantle and dispose of it, paying a Corporation is required to dismantle and dispose of it, paying a special environmental levy due to hazardous materials in its special environmental levy due to hazardous materials in its construction. Vedat is licensed to manufacture products with construction. Vedat is licensed to manufacture products with this equipment, and is required to pay a royalty for each unit this equipment, and is required to pay a royalty for each unit produced.produced.

InstructionsInstructions

Discuss how the cost of the new equipment should be Discuss how the cost of the new equipment should be determined.determined.

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10-310-3Teyal Limited has just finished the construction of its new head Teyal Limited has just finished the construction of its new head office building. About the same time, one of Teyal’s major office building. About the same time, one of Teyal’s major suppliers, Layet Corporation, also moved into its new head suppliers, Layet Corporation, also moved into its new head office building. Layet Corporation did not construct its own office building. Layet Corporation did not construct its own building, but contracted it out in a fixed price total contract. The building, but contracted it out in a fixed price total contract. The total expenditures were approximately the same for both total expenditures were approximately the same for both buildings. buildings.

InstructionsInstructionsa) Assume you are a co-op student in the accounting a) Assume you are a co-op student in the accounting

department department of Teyal Limited. You are asked to write a short of Teyal Limited. You are asked to write a short report on what report on what the chief accountant needs to consider in the chief accountant needs to consider in accounting for the cost accounting for the cost of the new building and its subsequent of the new building and its subsequent depreciation policy. Write depreciation policy. Write the report.the report.

b) Assume you are a co-op student in the accounting b) Assume you are a co-op student in the accounting department department of Layet Corporation. If you were asked to write a of Layet Corporation. If you were asked to write a report similar report similar to the one required in part (a) above, identify in to the one required in part (a) above, identify in what respect it what respect it might differ, and why.might differ, and why.

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10-410-4 Resorts Ltd. has occupied its plant facility for 15 years, about Resorts Ltd. has occupied its plant facility for 15 years, about one-third of its expected useful life. Although still very functional, one-third of its expected useful life. Although still very functional, numerous repairs have been required in recent months. The numerous repairs have been required in recent months. The accounts indicate the original cost of the plant building was $500. accounts indicate the original cost of the plant building was $500. The entire inside of the plant was painted at a cost of $2; the old The entire inside of the plant was painted at a cost of $2; the old wooden roof was replaced with a new one at a cost of $45; and wooden roof was replaced with a new one at a cost of $45; and part of the plumbing system was upgraded at a cost of $25 due to part of the plumbing system was upgraded at a cost of $25 due to a change in the manufacturing process used. The plant was a change in the manufacturing process used. The plant was closed down while the roof was replaced, but overhead and closed down while the roof was replaced, but overhead and administrative costs of $10 continued to be incurred even though administrative costs of $10 continued to be incurred even though production was at a standstill. The original roof had been identified production was at a standstill. The original roof had been identified as a separate component of the building when it was constructed as a separate component of the building when it was constructed with a cost of $30 and a useful life of 20 years. No separate with a cost of $30 and a useful life of 20 years. No separate records were kept of the original cost of the plumbing or painting.records were kept of the original cost of the plumbing or painting.

InstructionsInstructions

Prepare entries to record the recent repairs.Prepare entries to record the recent repairs.




Property, Plant and Equipment: IAS 16. JOIN KHALID AZIZ ECONOMICS OF ICMAP, ICAP, MA-ECONOMICS, B.COM. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 1,3,4 ICAP.

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