Project Report111..

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

1/40

ATraining Report

submittedin partial fulfillmentfor the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technologyin Department of Information

Technology Engineering

Submitted To: Submitted

By:Asst. Prof. Chetan Kumar Vikas

H.O.D (I.T)

07EKTIT059

Ms.SnehlataKumawat

Lecturer (I.T)

Department of Information Technology Engineering

Kautilya Institute of Tech. & Engineering

Rajasthan Technical University

2010-2011

1

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

2/40

Candidates Declaration

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the case study ,

entitled 3rd Generation Technology in partial fulfillment for the award of

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Deptt. of Information Technology

Engineering, and submitted to the Department of Information Technology

Engineering, Kautilya Institute of Technology & Engineering, Rajasthan

Technical University is a record of my own investigations carried under the

Guidance of Mr. C.J Ahuja, Admin Of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.

Gurgaon.

I have not submitted the matter presented in the Project any where for the award

of any other Degree.

Vikas

07EKTIT059

Asst. Prof. Chetan Kumar

H.O.D ( I.T )

Ms.SnehlataKumawat

Lecturer (I.T)

2

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

3/40

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and elation of successfully completing a task would be

incomplete without acknowledging the people who are involved with us under it,

with their constant guidance, encouragement and efforts. This project training is

special as it was undertaken as a requirement for the completion of Bachelor of

Technology degree. It is not only a technical endeavor but also the initiation of a

fresher into the world of information technology.

I am thankful to our training Mr. C.J Ahuja, for lending me the opportunity to

work with Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. as the case study of networks.

Also I am very much grateful to case study of networks for BSNL guidance,

inspiration and constructive suggestions which helped me in the preparation and

completion of the project training work. His encouraging remarks from time to

time greatly helped me in improving my skills.

And chiefly to my project development team mates, without whose assistance,

the project wouldnt be of so much success.

And to the all mighty who made all the things possible.

3

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

4/40

PREFACE

Telecommunications was the most discussed subject of the past decade. FromWi-Fi to WiMax, and from cellphones to smartphones, the sky is the limit forheated debates. There are now diverse media for communications and the rate of

phone calls have dropped drastically. Now we are totally connected, through notonly the much improved phone lines but also the internet, wireless networks andgadgets that allow us to stay connected anywhere and at anytime.

Developments are so fast that even before a technology becomes the market rule,

another is already out to replace it. While we talk about 4G, we are still stuckwith 2.5G networks. But then it is the characteristics of the humans to keepinnovating.

This report includes wireless telephonic generations as the centraltheme.Wireless phone standards have the life of their own. They are spoken ofreverently in terms of generations.

This report has been written with the goal of making it as easy as possible for

everyone to understand properly. This has been done by giving the details of thehistory of wireless telephonic generation and its present scenario, also by givingdifferent examples and diagrams wherever possible.

This report includes the introduction of all the generations i.e. 1G, 2G, 3G and4Gand the cellular evolution over the years. It also includes the study of varioustechnologies that were present in different generations.

The first generation of wireless telecommunication systems, back in the1970s,had more than ten analogue standards established worldwide. Cellularradio systems that were simultaneously developed in Europe and Japan have

been identified as the first generation (1G). The first generation systems had alow capacity and hit the saturation level soon. This forced the development ofthe second generation (2G) systems in 1980s, which took two directions: whilethe global system for mobile communication (GSM) was chosen by Europe andthe US, Japan and Korea adopted the code division multiple access (CDMA)technology.

4

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

5/40

The success of GSM has been widely held as an achievement for the telecomindustry. This encouraged major telecom firms to begin work on newtechnologies for the third generation (3G) of telecommunication.For evolutionfrom 2Gto 3G, a range of wireless systems, including General Packet RadioServices (GPRS), Enhanced Data-rates for Global evolution(EDGE), IMT-2000,

Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and HiperLAN, weredeveloped. We are currently at the stage between 2G and 3G(hence called 2.5G).2.5G represent a digital revolution where data speeds andbroadband on mobiles

becomes a reality. The 2.5G GPRS networks havebrought about 28kbps bit ratefor data transfer.

This report brings out the evaluation of each generation through the advantagesand disadvantages of the technologies used in these generations and through thedescription of their dataspeed.

This report describes the complete explanation of 4G, which includes the reasonsfor having 4G, its broadband and wireless ubiquity, its architecture and thechanges that are expected to be adapted in 4G. This report also provides theadoption of new technology in 3G to bring the 4G. It also gives the future viewof the world after the implementation of 4G.

The bibliography appearing at the end of this report includes the details ofseveral websites and magazines that provide the reference material related tothis topic.

Telecommunications was the most discussed subject of the past decade. FromWi-Fi to WiMax, and from cellphones to smartphones, the sky is the limit forheated debates.

For the layman to, things have changed remarkably over the last two decades.There are now diverse media for communications and the rate of phone callshave dropped drastically. Now we are totally connected, through not only the

much improved phone lines but also the internet,wireless networks and gadgetsthat allow us to stay connected anywhere and at anytime.

Developments are so fast that even before a technology becomes the market rule,another is already out to replace it.While we talk about 4G, we are still stuckwith 2.5G networks. But then it is the characteristics of the humans to keepinnovating.

With generations of telecom networks behind us, its time to turn the corner andsee where we stand today and the shape of things seven years from now.

5

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

6/40

6

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

7/40

7

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

8/40

Type State-owned enterprise

Industry Telecommunication

Founded 19th century, incorporated 2000

Headquarters New Delhi, India

Key people Gopal Das

(CMD)

Products Wireless

Telephone

Internet

Television

Revenue 32,045 crore (US$7.27 billion)(2009-10)[1]

Net income 575 crore (US$130.53 million)(2009-10)

Employees 299,840 (March 31, 2009)[2]

Website Bsnl.co.in

8

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

9/40

VOCATION TRAINING REPORT: 2010

CONTENTS:

1).Preface

2).Introduction

3).What is 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G

4).Cellular Evolution over the Years

5). 1G 5.1.Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

6). 2G

6.1.Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

7).2.5G

7.1 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

8).2.75G

8.1 CDMA2000 1XRTT (Radio Transmission Technology)

8.2 Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE)

9).3G

9.1CDMA20009.2CDMA2000 1XEV9.3Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)9.4Data Speed

10).3.5G

10.1High Speed Download Packet Access(HSDPA)

11).3.75G 11.1 High Speed Uplink Packet Access(HSUPA)

11.2 Data Speed

12).4G

12.1 Reasons to have 4G12.2 Whats new in 4G12.3 Comparison of 3G and 4G12.4 Revolution 4G12.5 Broadband and wireless ubiquity12.6 4G architecture

9

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

10/40

12.7 Radio access

13).From 3G to 4G

13.1 ZigBee13.2 UWB13.3 WiBro13.4 Wireless System Discovery

14).4G: the future look

15).Bibliography

10

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

11/40

WHAT IS 1G,2G,3G AND 4G

Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they'respoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's great-granddad who's

pioneering story pre-dates cellular, grandma and grandpa analog cellular, momand dad digital cellular, 3G wireless just starting to make a place for itself in theworld, and the new baby on the way, 4G.

Most families have a rich history of great accomplishments, famous ancestors,

skeletons in the closets and wacky in-laws. The wireless scrapbook is just asdynamic. There is success, infighting and lots of hope for the future. Here's abrief snapshot of the colorful world of wireless.

First of all, this family is the wireless telephone family. It is just starting tocompete with the wireless Internet family that includes Wi-Fi and the other 802wireless IEEE standards. But it is a completely different set of standards. Theonly place the two are likely to merge is in a marriage of phones that support

both the cellular and Wi-Fi standards.

Wireless telephone started with what you might call 0G if you can rememberback that far. The great ancestor is the mobile telephone service that becameavailable just after World War II. In those pre-cell days, you had a mobileoperator to set up the calls and there were only a handful of channels available.

The big boom in mobile phone service really began with the introduction ofanalog cellular service called AMPS (Analog Mobile Phone Service) starting in1981. This generation is 1G, the first for using cell technology that let users

place their own calls and continue their conversations seamlessly as they moved

from cell to cell. AMPS uses what is called FDM or frequency divisionmultiplexing.Each phone call uses separate radio frequencies or channels. You

probably had a 1G phone, but never called it that.

The next generation, quick on the heels of the first, is digital cellular. Onestandard uses a digital version of AMPS called D-AMPS using TDMA (Timedivision Multiple Access). A competing system also emerged using CDMA orCode Division Multiple Access. As you might suspect, the two are incompatible

but you can have a phone that works with both. Europe embraced yet a thirdstandard called GSM which is based on TDMA. Digital transmissions allow for

11

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

12/40

more phone conversations in the same amount of spectrum. They also lay thegroundwork for services beyond simple voice telephone calls. Data services suchas Internet access, text messaging, sharing pictures and video are inherentlydigital.

This is where the whole "G" thing got started. The original analog and digitalcellular services were invented to cut the wire on landline phone service and giveyou regular telephone service you could take with you. As such, the bandwidththey offer for adding data services is pretty meager, in the low Kbps region. Nowthat a cell phone is not merely a cell phone, but also a PDA, a messaging system,a camera, an Internet browser, an email reader and soon to be a television set,true broadband data speeds are needed. That new generation of cell phoneservice has been dubbed 3G for 3rd generation.

3G has proven to be a tough generation to launch. The demand for greaterbandwidth right now has spawned intermediate generations called 2.5G and even2.75G. One such standard is GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) which is anextension of the GSM digital cellular service popular in Europe. Itoffersdownload speeds up to 144 Kbps.

3G phones and services are just starting to come into their own. One serviceyou'll find is called EVDO which stands for EVolution Data Only. EVDO hasdownload speeds up to 2.4 Mbps, which is faster than T1, DSL or Cable

broadband service. There is also an evolution that includes voice called EVDVwhich is in the works.

While 3G is going to enable telephones to also become Internet computers,videophones and television receivers, its maturity phase will find it competing withwireless VoIP telephone services on Wi-Fi, WiMax, WiTV and the new wirelessmobile standard 802.20, which doesn't seem to have a catchy name yet.The slugfest between analog wireline phone service and wired VoIP seems likely to becontinued on the wireless front.

There is also an emerging cellular standard we should be aware of called 4G.Thefourth generation being championed in Japan will boost the data rates to 20Mbps. These speeds enable high quality video transmission and rapid downloadof large music files. The first 4G phones may appear as soon as 2006. Thatmeans we better starting thinking about what to do with 5G if this generation isgoing to continue.

The first generation of wireless telecommunication systems, back in the1970s,had more than ten analogue standards established worldwide: the Nippon

12

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

13/40

Telegraph & Telephone Public Corp. (NTT) and narrowband Total AccessCommunication System (NTACS) in Japan, Total Access CommunicationSystem (TACS) in Italy and UK, and the Advanced Mobile PhoneService(AMPS) in America. Cellular radio systems that were simultaneouslydevelopedin Europe and Japan have been identified as the first generation (1G).

The first generation systems had a low capacity and hit the saturation levelsoon.This forced the development of the second generation (2G) systems in1980s,which took two directions: while the global system for mobilecommunication(GSM) was chosen by Europe and the US, Japan and Koreaadopted the code division multiple access (CDMA) technology.

The success of GSM has been widely held as an achievement for the telecomindustry. This encouraged major telecom firms to begin work on new

technologies for the third generation (3G) of telecommunication.For evolutionfrom 2Gto 3G, a range of wireless systems, including General Packet RadioServices (GPRS), Enhanced Data-rates for Global evolution(EDGE), IMT-2000,Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and HiperLAN, weredeveloped. We are currently at the stage between 2G and 3G(hence called 2.5G).2.5G represent a digital revolution where data speeds and broadband on mobiles

becomes a reality. The 2.5G GPRS networks have brought about28kbps bit ratefor data transfer.

13

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

14/40

1G

Advanced Mobile Phone System or AMPSis the analog mobile phone

system standard, introduced in the Americas during the early1980s. Thoughanalog is no longer considered advanced at all, the relatively seamless cellularswitching technology AMPS introduced was what made the original mobileradiotelephone practical, and was considered quite advanced at the time.

Technology

It was a first-generation technology, using FDMA which meanteach cell site would transmit on different frequencies, allowing many cell sites to

be built near each other. However it had the disadvantage that each site did nothave much capacity for carrying calls. It also had a poor security system whichallowed people to steal a phone's serial code to use for making illegal calls. Itwas later replaced by the newer Digital TDMA systems, such as Digital AMPSand GSM,which brought improved security as well as increased capacity.

Introduction of digital TDMA

Later, many AMPS networks were partiallyconverted to what became (incorrectly) known as TDMA, a digital, TDMA,

based 2G standard used mainly by Cingular Wireless (who has purchased AT&TWireless in October 2004) and U.S. Cellular. The misuse of the term TDMA(which is a type of channel sharing scheme) to refer to a particular access

protocol has caused some confusion. The first version of the TDMA standardwas known as IS-54 and was supplanted by IS-136.

Introduction of GSM and CDMA

14

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

15/40

AMPS and TDMA are now being phasedout in favor of either CDMA and GSM which allow for higher capacity datatransfers for services such as WAP and imode,Multimedia Messaging Services(MMS), and wireless Internet Access. The major difference between the twooptions is that CDMA has a much higher capacity then GSM, as well as some

other features (i.e. being able to talk to six different cell sites simultaneously, anda higher bitrate Vocoder). There are some phones capable of supporting AMPS,TDMA and GSM all in one phone (using the GAIT standard; see the Nokia6340, for example); however, AMPS/CDMA phones supports nearly seamlessroaming between CDMA and AMPS/TDMA(with the loss of some features)while GAIT phones cannot.

2G

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)is the most popular

standard for mobile phones in the world. GSM phones are used by over a billionpeople across more than 200 countries. The ubiquity of the GSM standard makesinternational roaming very common with "roaming agreements" between mobile

phone operators. GSM differs significantly from its predecessors in that bothsignalling and speech channels are digital, which means that it is seen as asecond generation (2G) mobile phone system. This fact has also meant that datacommunication was built into the system from very early on. GSM is an open

standard which is currently developed by the 3GPP.

From the point of view of the consumer, the key advantage of GSM systems hasbeen higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls suchas text messaging. The advantage for network operators has been the ability todeploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allows easyinter-operability. Also, the standards have allowed network operators to offerroaming services which mean subscribers can use their phone all over theworld.GSM retained backward-compatibility with the original GSM phones asthe GSM standard continued to develop, for example packet data capabilities

were added in the Release '97 version of the standard, by means of GPRS.Higher speed data transmission have also been introduced with EDGE in theRelease '99 version of the standard.

Subscriber Identity Module

One of the key features of GSM is theSubscriber Identity Module (SIM),commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM isa detachable smartcard containing the user's subscription information and

15

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

16/40

phonebook. This allows the user to retain his information after switchinghandsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining thehandset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowingthe phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practiceis known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.

In the USA and Europe, most operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is donebecause the price of the mobile phone is usually subsidised with revenue fromsubscriptions and operators want to try to avoid subsidising competitor'smobiles.A subscriber can usually contact the provider to remove the lock for afee (which operators sometimes try to claim to be ignorant of), utilize privateservices to remove the lock, or make use of ample software and websitesavailable on the Internet to unlock the handset themselves. Some providers in theUSA, such as T-Mobile and Cingular, will unlock the phone for free if thecustomer has held an account for a certain period. Third party unlocking services

exist that are often quicker and lower cost than that of the operator. In mostcountries removing the lock is legal.

2.5G

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)is a mobile data service available to

users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as "2.5G", that is a technologybetween the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. Itprovides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused TDMA channels in the

GSM network. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover otherstandards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSMstandard, so that is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS isintegrated into GSM standards releases starting with and onwards.First it wasstandardised by ETSI but now that effort has been handed onto the 3GPP.

GPRS service

GPRS is different from the older Circuit Switched Data (or CSD)connection included in GSM standards releases before Release 97 (from 1997,

the year the standard was feature frozen). In CSD, a data connection establishesa circuit, and reserves the full bandwidth of that circuit during the lifetime of theconnection. GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share thesame transmission channel, only transmitting when they have data to send. Thismeans that the total available bandwidth can be immediately dedicated to thoseusers who are actually sending at any given moment, providing higher utilizationwhere users only send or receive data intermittently. Web browsing, receivingemails as they arrive and instant messaging are examples of uses that requireintermittent data transfers, which benefit from sharing the available bandwidth.

16

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

17/40

Usually, GPRS data is billed per kilobytes of information transceived whilecircuitswitched data connections are billed per second. The latter is to reflect thefactthat even during times when no data is being transferred, the bandwidth isunavailable to other potential users.

GPRS speeds and profiles

Packet-switched data under GPRS is achieved byallocating unused cell bandwidth to transmit data. As dedicated voice (or data)channels are setup by phones, the bandwidth available for packet switched datashrinks. A consequence of this is that packet switched data has a poor bit rate in

busy cells.

The theoretical limit for packet switched data is approx. 170 kbit/s. A realistic bitrate is 3070 kbit/s. A change to the radio part of GPRS called EDGE allowshigher bit rates of between 20 and 200 kbit/s. The maximum data rates areachieved only by allocation of more than one time slot in the TDMA frame.Also, the higher the data rate, the lower the error correction capability.Generally, the connection speed drops logarithmically with distance from the

base station. This is not an issue in heavily populated areas with high celldensity, but may become an issue in sparsely populated/rural areas.

Impetus for 2.5G

The major impetus for 2.5G is the "always-on" capability. Being packet based,2.5G technologies allow for the use of infrastructure and facilities only when a

transaction is required, rather than maintaining facilities in a session-likemanner.This provides tremendous infrastructure efficiency and service deliveryimprovements.

17

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

18/40

2.75G

Code Division Multiple Access

is a digital radio system that transmits streams ofbits. Channels are divided using codes (PN Sequences). CDMA permits severalradios to share the same frequencies. Unlike TDMA "time division multipleaccess" a competing system used in GSM and DAMPS, all radios can be activeall the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number ofactive radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbersof cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage overTDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequency-division multiplexing.

CDMA2000's 1xRTT is the first technology for the evolution of cdmaOne 2Gnetworks to 2.5G networks.

CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology)is the basic layer of

CDMA2000, which supports up to 144 kbit/s packet data speeds. While 1xRTTofficially qualifies as 3G technology, 1xRTT is considered by some to be a 2.5G(or sometimes 2.75G) technology. This has allowed it to be deployed in 2Gspectrum in some countries which limit 3G systems to certain bands. 1Xrtt

18

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

19/40

doubles voice capacity over IS-95 networks. While capable of higher data rates,most deployments have limited the data rate to around 150 kbit/s.

Enhanced Data Rates Evolution(EDGE)

EDGE is a digital mobile phonetechnology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and 2.5G(a.k.a.GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)) networks. This technology worksin TDMA and GSM networks. EDGE (also known as EGPRS) is a superset toGPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it (provided thecarrier implements the necessary upgrades).

EDGE provides Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), which can be used for any packetswitched applications such as an Internet connection. High-speed dataapplications such as video services and other multimedia benefit from EGPRS'increased data capacity.

It can carry data speeds up to 384 kbit/s in packet mode and will therefore meetthe International Telecommunications Union's requirement for a 3G network,and has been accepted by the ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3Gstandards. It also enhances the circuit data mode called HSCSD, increasing thedata rate of this service also. EDGE has been introduced into GSM networksaround the world since 2003, initially in North America.

As of 2004, EDGE is more actively supported by GSM operators in NorthAmerica than anywhere else in the world because GSM/GPRS has astrongcompetitor: CDMA2000. Most other GSM operators view UMTS as theultimate upgrade path and either plan to skip EDGE altogether or use it outsidethe UMTS coverage area. However, the high cost and slow uptake of UMTS (asdemonstrated by the upstart network3) have made some western European GSMoperators reevaluate EDGE as an interim upgrade.Although EDGE requires no hardware changes to be made in GSM corenetworks, base stations must be modified. An EDGE compatible tranceiver unitmust be installed and base station system needs to be upgraded to supportEDGE. New mobile terminal hardware and software is also required todecode/encode using the new shift keying scheme.

The status of EDGE as to if it is 2G or 3G depends on implementation. WhileClass 3 and below EDGE devices clearly are not 3G, class 4 and above devicesperform at a higher bandwidth than other technologies conventionally consideredas 3G (such as 1xRTT). With a maximum bandwidth of 230k at Class 10, EDGEtranscends both common 2G and 3G definitions.

19

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

20/40

3G

3G (or 3-G) is short for third-generation mobile telephone technology.Theservices associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer both voice data (atelephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading

information,exchanging email, and instant messaging).

The first country which introduced 3G on a large commercial scale was Japan. In2005 about 40% of subscribers use 3G networks only, and 2G is on the way outin Japan. It is expected that during 2006 the transition from 2G to 3G will belargely completed in Japan, and upgrades to the next 3.5G stage with 3 Mbit/sdata rates is underway.

20

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

21/40

Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal MobileTelecommunications Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks forenabling a variety of data intensive applications. 3G systems consist of the twomain standards, CDMA2000 and W-CDMA, as well as other 3G variants such as

NTT DoCoMo's Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) and Time

Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) usedprimarily in China.

3G Standards

CDMA2000 CDMAis a 3G mobile telecommunications standard that usesCDMA,a multiple wan access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data andsignaling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile telephonesand cell sites.

Wide Area NetworkWan is a computer network covering a wide

geographical area, involving a vast array of computers. This is different frompersonal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or local

21

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

22/40

area networks (LANs) that are usually limited to a room, building or campus.The best example of a WAN is the Internet.

WANs are used to connect local area networks (LANs) together, so that usersand computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in

other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and areprivate. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from anorganization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built using leasedlines.

At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and ahub within the WAN on the other. Network protocols including TCP/IP delivertransport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet overSONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providersto deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN

protocol, and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame Relay as many

of the underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today(withupgrades) by Frame Relay.

Local Area Network(LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a

home, office or small group of buildings such as a college.When using Ethernetthe computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch.This constitutes the

physical layer.

A layout known as a spanning tree protocol is often used to maintain a loop free

network topology within a LAN, particularly with ethernet.A number of networkprotocols may use the basic physical layer including TCP/IP. In this case DHCPis a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing.LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A routeris used to make the connection between LANs.

As of May 2005,UMTS is in service on 67 networks in 33 countries and anadditional 76 UMTS networks are in either precommercial, planning, licenced ordeployment stage. It is designed to deliver bandwidth hungry services such asstreaming multimedia, large file transfers and video conferencing to a widevariety of devices, including cellphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and

laptops.

CDMA2000 1Xev

(CDMA2000 1xEV (Evolution) is CDMA2000 1x with High Data Rate (HDR)capability added. 1xEV is commonly separated into two phases:

Phase 1 of CDMA2000 1xEV, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-DataOptimized) (AKA Ev-DO) supports downlink (Forward Link) data rates up to

22

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

23/40

3.1Mbit/s and uplink (Reverse Link) rates up to 1.8 Mbit/s in a radio channeldedicated to carrying high speed packet data.

Phase 2 of CDMA2000 1xEV, CDMA2000 1xEV-DV (Evolution-Data andVoice), supports downlink (Forward Link) data rates up to 3.1 Mbit/s and

uplink(Reverse Link) rates of up to 1.8 Mbit/s. 1xEV-DV can also supportconcurrentoperation of legacy 1x voice users, 1xRTT data users, and high speed1xEV-DVdata users within the same radio channel.

UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)is a so-called "third-

generation (3G)," broadband, packet-basedtransmission of text, digitized voice,video, and multimedia at data rates up toand possibly higher than 2 megabits per

second (Mbps), offering a consistent set of services to mobile computer andphone users no matter where they are located in the world. Based on the GSMcommunication standard, UMTS,endorsed by major standards bodies andmanufacturers, is the planned standard for mobile users around the world by2002. Once UMTS is fully implemented,computer and phone users can beconstantly attached to the Internet as they travel and, as they roaming service,have the same set of capabilities no matterwhere they travel to. Users will haveaccess through a combination of terrestrialwireless and satellite transmissions.Until UMTS is fully implemented, users can have multi-mode devices thatswitch to the currently available technology (such as GPRS and Edge) whereUMTS is not yet available (CF spectrum page).

With UMTS, you will directly dive straight into the mobile multimedia wave.

Today's cellular telephone systems are mainly circuit-switched, with connectionsalways dependent on circuit availability. packet-switched connection, using theInternet Protocol (Internet Protocol), means that a virtual connection is alwaysavailable to any other end point in the network. It will also make it possible to

provide new services, such as alternative billing methods (pay-per-bit, pay-persession,flat rate, asymmetric bandwidth, and others). The higher bandwidth ofUMTS also promises new services, such as video conferencing. UMTS promisesto realize the Virtual Home Environment in which a roaming user can have the

same services to which the user is accustomed when at home or in theoffice,through a combination of transparent terrestrial and satellite connections

23

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

24/40

24

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

25/40

W-CDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is the radio access

scheme used for third generation cellular systems that are being rolled out in

various parts of the globe. The 3G systems to support wideband services likehigh-speed Internet access, video and high quality image transmission with thesame quality as the fixed networks. In WCDMA systems the CDMA airinterface is combined withGSM based networks. The WCDMA standard wasevolved through the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) which aims toensure interoperability between different 3G networks.

The standard that has emerged through this partnership project is based onETSI's Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and is commonlyknown as UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). The access scheme forUTRA is Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA). The

information is spread over a band of approximately 5 MHz. This wide bandwidthhas given rise to the name Wideband CDMA or WCDMA.

In WCDMA, there are two different modes of operation possible:

TDD: In this duplex method, uplink and downlink transmissions arecarried over the same frequency band by using synchronized timeintervals. Thus time slots in a physical channel are divided intotransmission and reception part.

FDD: The uplink and downlink transmissions employ two separatedfrequency bands for this duplex method. A pair of frequency bands with

specified separation is assigned for a connection. Since different regionshave different frequency allocation schemes, the capability to operate ineither FDD or TDD mode allows for efficient utilization of the availablespectrum

25

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

26/40

Frequency use

Comparison of W-CDMA to CDMA2000 Both use a codingscheme that separates each subscriber from other subscribersBoth use controlchannels to manage the network.

26

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

27/40

W-CDMA and CDMA2000 are not compatible from the perspective that theyhave different chip rates - 3.84 MCPS for W-CDMA vs. 1.2888 MCPS forCMDA2000. W-CDMA uses a 5 MHz channel. Initially, CDMA2000 uses onlya 1.25 MHz channel, but with CDMA2000 3x, three 1.25 MHz channels can becombined to form a super channel structure.

W-CDMA is synchronous, relying on mobile station time measurementsbetweentwo base stations, rather than using GPS as CDMA2000 does.

Difference between regular CDMA and W-CDMA

Impetus for 3G

The major impetus for 3G is to provide for faster data speed fordata-intensive applications such as video. In addition, 3G to providing faster dataspeeds on a per-user basis, 3G is also helpful to provide greater overall capacityfor voice and data users. 3G wireless technology represents a shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented services like video, voice, data and fax.

A step into 3G will see an explosion of personal communication devices andsystems that deliver freedom of communication through mobility as well aswideband wireless access to the internet and advanced multimedia services.

Data Speed The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination offactors includingthe chip rate, channel structure, power control, andsynchronization.

An example of calculating the theoretical 3G data speed is as follows:W-CDMA assigned code 400-500 Kpbs/code. 6 codes X 400 > 2Mbps (UMTStarget for 3G data speed in fixed location) Actual data speeds will vary inaccordance with several factors including: Number of users incell/sectorDistance of user from cell

27

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

28/40

User is moving or stationary Network operator capacity and networkoptimization requirements 1xEV-DO is a data-only solution, supporting atheoretical data speed of up to 2.457 Mbps 1xEV-DV is a data and voicesolution, supporting a theoretical data speed of up to 3.072 Mbps FOMA has twooperational modes, supporting a dedicated 64 Kbps connection or a 384 Kbps

downlink/64 Kbps uplink best-effort connection.TD-SCDMA can operate in 1.6 MHz or 5 MHz mode for 2 Mbps or 6 Mpbsrespectively.

3.5G

High-Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSDPA2G and 3G definitionsis a new

mobile telephony protocol. Also called 3.5G (or "3G"). High Speed DownlinkPacket Access (HSDPA) is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink

with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO systems)over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementationsincludes Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), fast scheduling, fast cellsearch,and advanced receiver design.

In 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards, Release 4 specificationsprovide efficient IP support enabling provision of services through an all-IP corenetwork and Release 5 specifications focus on HSDPA to provide data rates upto approximately 10 Mbit/s to support packet-based multimedia services. MIMO

28

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

29/40

systems are the work item in Release 6 specifications, which will support evenhigher data transmission rates up to 20 Mbit/s. HSDPA is evolved from and

backward compatible with Release 99 WCDMA systems.

3.75G

HSUPA, High-Speed Uplink Packet Access,is a data access protocol for mobile

phone networks with extremely high upload speeds upto 5.8 Mbit/s. Similar toHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access), HSUPA is considered 3.75G orsometimes 4G.

DATA SPEED

GPRS data speeds are expected to reach theoretical data speeds of up to 171.2Kbps. However, this is based on optimal conditions in terms of available

29

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

30/40

cell/sector capacity in terms of available time slots, maximum codingscheme(CS-4) as well as mobile phone availability to support the maximumnumber of time slots - eight. Morepractical data rates are currently in the order of40-60Kbps.

CDMA2000 1xRTT data speeds are averaging about 70-80 Kbps.EDGE will boost data theoretical data rates to 384 Kbps if/when deployed.EDGEaccomplishes these higher rates through introduction of a new modulationscheme known as Eight Phase Shift Keying (8PSK). 8PSK provides for up to 3

bits per symbol (rather than GPRS's 1 bit per symbol), facilitating an up to 3 X'simprovement over GPRS.

HSCSD will provide speeds of up to 64 Kbps. However, HSCSD perpetuates theinefficient use of spectrum and transmission that is relegated by any circuit

switched mechanism.

Prior to the introduction of these technologies, Cellular Digital PacketData(CDPD), offered only up to 19.2 kbps on AMPS networks. Other currentmeans of mobile data such as NTT DoCoMo's PDC network offer only 9.6 kpbs,such as used for the highly successful I-mode.

3G technologies such as CDMA2000 (1xEV-DO and 3x) and W-CDMA willtheoretically provide up to 2 Mbps in a fixed location. There will, however, besome significant limitations to this theoretical capacity.

4G

4G (or 4-G) is short for fourth-generationthe successor of 3G and is a wirelessaccess technology.

It describes two different but overlapping ideas.

1. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices. A leadingwireless company NTT DoCoMo is testing 4G communication at 100Mbpswhile moving, and 1Gbps while still. NTT DoCoMo plans on releasing the firstcommercial network in 2010. Despite current wireless devices seldom utilize full

30

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

31/40

3G capabilities, there is a basic attitude that if you provide the pipeline thenservices for it will follow.

2.Pervasive networks. An amorphous and presently entirely hypotheticalconcept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless

access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (Seehandover).These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE or any otherfuture access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio technologyto efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use ofmesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.

3. Ideally, this would provide users with on demand high quality video andaudio. The killer application of 4G is not clear, but video is one of the bigdifferences between 4G and 3G. 4G uses OFDM (Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing), and also can implement OFDMA (OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiple Access) to better allocate network resources to

multiple users. 4G devices may use SDR (Software-defined_radio) receiverswhich allows for better use of available bandwidth as well as making use ofmultiple channels simultaneously.

Reasons to Have 4G

1.Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wirelessinternet, etc.

2.Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.3.Global mobility and service portability.4.Low cost.5.Scalability of mobile networks.

What's New in 4G

1.Entirely packet-switched networks.2.All network elements are digital.3.Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to

100Mbps).4.Tight network security.

Comparison of 3G and 4G

3G 4G Back compatible to 2G. Extend 3G capacity by oneorder

31

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

32/40

of magnitude.

Circuit and packet switched Entirely packet switchedNetworks networks.

Combination of existing & evolved All network elements aredigital.

equipment.

Data rate (up to 2Mbps). Higher bandwidth (upto100Mbps).

Advent of 3G

32

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

33/40

While 2G systems such as GSM, IS-95and cdmaOne were designed to carryspeech and low-bitrate data, 3G systems are being designed solely to providehigh-data rate services. This generation of wireless communications attempt toconverge various 2G and 2.5G networks into a single uniform system. The 3Gtelecom networks include both terrestrial and satellite components.

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has been developing the 3Gwireless standard since 1985. Two different standards are competing for the titleof the 3G standard: while QualComm has proposed CDMA-2000, the EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute endorses the Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS).

Revolution 4G

33

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

34/40

4G has sprung from a usage-driven research framework o invent newtechnologies for the wireless world vision. The evolution of such a wirelesssystem (also called beyond 3G or B3G) is closely linked to rapid advances indigital and component technologies.

The merger of consumer electronics, computer systems, telecommunications and broadcasting is leading to an information convergence that will requireincreasingly seamless connections. Seamless means getting over barriers ofdifferent wireless standards and bands. So future mobile devices will be capableof supporting multiple wireless standards, and operate in a multimode, multibandfashion.

The 4G wireless communication system can be integrated with the Internetprotocol (IP) backbone network to provide quality-of-service (QoS) support formultimedia applications. It will support dynamic scheduling, link adaptation andfrequency selection as well as full roaming capabilities. 4G will also meanmobile telephony at a data rate of 100 Mbps globally (between any two points inthe world) and 1 Gbps locally. Broadband and wireless ubiquity

According to NTT-DoCoMo, a leading Japanese wireless company, the currentdata download speed for the I-Mode mobile Internet service is 9.69 kbpstheoretically, although in practice the rates tend to be slower. 3G rates are

expected to each speeds 200 times that, while 4G will yield furtherincreases,reaching 20 to 40 Mbps. 4G services would allow data transfer speedsof up to 20 MB/s for uplinks and 100 MB/s for downlinks-up to 260 times fasterthanpopular 3G services, which allow for downlinks at 384 kB/s.

4G architecture

The conceptual 4G system by DoCoMo isvery different from the present 2.5Garchitecture as it has cells for outdoors, indoors and inside moving vehicles (seeFig.). Outdoor cells cover a wide area and allow data transfer at high bitrates for

fast-moving terminals. Indoors, we will find separate access points.

Cells will be created within moving vehicles (like buses and trains) and servedby a mobile router having wireless functions. Signals will be relayed through thisrouter instead of the terminals individually communicating with the base station.

Shadows and electronic interferences couse dead spots-areas within the coverageof a wireless network in which transmission falls off. A multihop connection,which is effective in expanding the cell size, is being investigated as a way to

34

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

35/40

overcome dead spots. Smart antennae can also help prevent dead spots resultingfrom multipath propagation.

Radio access

4G radio access equipment will employ the variable-spreading-factor spreadorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radio access method andmultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiplexing techniques. They will alsouse a new signal-detection algorithm to achieve 1 Gbps peak data transmissionwith a 100 MHz downlink.

Smart antennae, OFDM, software-defined radio and mesh networking will bebuilding bocks of the 4G infratructure. In fact, cell sites in the 4G world willeventually reside in the handset and towers will become as ubiquitous ashandsets that will be on all the time.

Smart antennae. A smart antenna combines several antenna elements with asignal-processing capability to optimize its transmission and reception patternsautomatically. Each antenna element sees each propagation path differently.The smart antenna transmitters can encode independent streams of data ontodifferent paths, thereby increasing the data rate, or they can encode dataredundantly onto paths that fade independently to protect the receiver fromcatastrophic signal fades. This leads to an increase in the signal quality through amore focused transmission and also enhances the capacity through frequencyreuse. This increased capacity will translate to higher data rates for a givennumber of users or more users for a given data rate per use.Another feature of

smart antennae is that they dont need manual placement. They canelectronically adapt to the environment by looking for pilot tones that thetransmitted signal is known to have. Smart antennae can also separate signalsfrom multiple users who are separated by distance but use the same radiochannel with a technique called space-division multiple access (see Fig.)

FROM 3G TO 4G

4G wireless networks will bring in some major changes. We will see more admore battery-driven devices in use, sensors integrated into communicationnetworks and use of new frequency bands with the release of the

bandwidth.Cooperation across terminals and sub-networks and features such asreconfigurability, adaptivity, programmability and flexibility of accessschemes,services and terminal devices will also be seen.

Low-cost mobile devices will access contest conveniently andseamlessly,interacting with users in a multisensory manner. Devices customizedfor disabled people will be commonplace. The targeted data rates will be 50 to100 Mbps.

35

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

36/40

There will be a shift from wide range radio communications to short range radiocommunications. Pervasive broadband wireless networking will encompass

personal area networks(PANs), which use Bluetooth, ZigBee and ultra-wide band (UWB) technologies, sensor networks as well as other advanced

applications and services like radio-frequency identification (RFID) and meshnetworking.

Some technologies that will facilitate transition from 3G to 4G are:

1. ZigBee: Zigbee is a new wireless standard based on IEEEs 802.15.4specification that could serve as a lower cost alternative for wireless sensing andcontrol. It allows small devices to quickly transmit small amounts of data such astemperature reading for thermostats and on/off request for light switches or otherremote monitoring and control needs. ZigBee devices can transmit information

beyond 20 meters and run for years on inexpensive primary batteries.

ZigBee finds applications in professional installation kits for lighting control,heating, ventilation, air conditioning and security. It is also well suited to

buildingautomation, industrial, medical and residential control and monitoringapplications.

2. UWB: UWB is a short range wireless RF signal that can be used to relay datafrom a host device to other devices in the immediate area. A signal is UWB if its

bandwidth is greater than 0.25 X carrier frequency. It works for devices 10meters apart, helping to create a wirefree home or office.

UWB technology can transmit data between consumer electronics, PCperipherals and mobile devices at very high speeds while consuming little power.

3. WiBro: The WiBro technology, short for wireless broadband, is based onthe 802.16e standard. It offers mobility, wide area services and globalstandardization for wireless broadband applications. With WiBro, users canwirelessly receive data applications and multimedia content, at speeds upto 121kmph, while traveling across large geographic areas. The application of WiBroare diverse, including m-commerce, mobile trading, entertainment (for real time

streaming and broadcasting), 3D gaming, interactive news and distanceeducation.4. Wireless System discovery: To use 4G services, devices should be abletodynamically select the wireless system. This process is complicated in a 4Gnetwork because of its heterogeneous nature. One solution is to use softwareradio devices that can scan all the available networks. After scanning, thesedevices will load the required software and reconfigure themselves for theselective network. The software can be downloaded from such media as a PCserver, smart card or memory card, orover the air.

36

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

37/40

37

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

38/40

4G: The future look

E-mail:4G wireless network are expected to sweep the cellphone users off their

feet, and make our lives less complicated. With abandon services and media richbroadband that will be 20 times faster than DSL, 4G networks will make eventhe common e-mail facility more interactive than it already is. Sending e-mailcould turn into a multi-media affair in a 4G world. Mobile users will have amultimedia inbox, and receive mail attachments in the form of high resolution

images, audio and video clips. The user can reply by recording an audiomessage, snapping a photo or shooting a video, and sending it right back using

just a mobile.

Health Monitoring: 4G could result in an increase in remote health monitoring of

patients, as faster, real time communication enables better two way transmissionof vital medical data.

Personal Mobility and Presence:4G will offer personalized communications to

the mass market regardless of location, network and terminal used. Highbandwidth and global capabilities of 4G could bring some useful applications forconsumer and businesses. Personal mobility concentrates on the movement ofusers instead of users terminals, and involves provision of personalcommunications and personalized operating environments.

Tracking:The virtual presence system would also be able to track the exact

whereabouts of individuals in case they need to be contacted. This capabilitymight be used for law enforcement (checking whether the prisoners are wherethey are supposed to be) and tracking of packages and cargo shipments more

precisely. For example, a large company will get to know not only that thepackage has arrived but also exactly whose desk it is sitting on at any given timeusing the network.

38

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

39/40

Networking and Global roaming:4G will allow any mobile device

run differentwireless technologies automatically, and maintain connectionsseamlessly, usingsmall software. The software will also be capable of choosingthe bestconnection available according to the users intentions. 4G will delivernot only enhanced multimedia and smooth streaming video but also universalaccess and port ability across all types of devices. 4G will connect the entireglobe and be operable from practically anywhere on the Earth. It would allow formore complex voice-over-IP services, more media rich messaging services andmore native support for local area networking on handsets.

39

8/8/2019 Project Report111..

40/40

Conclusion G environments offer the ability to deliver mass-market, high-quality, wireless multimedia applications that include extraordinary capabilitiessuch as location-based services and global roaming. The $64,000 question (makethat $64 billion question) is whether these new, advanced services will offset thecosts required to design, develop, and deploy the networks. Many analysts have

been increasingly critical of the large sums of money being tossed into 3Gspectrum auctions, however; from the carrier's point of view, the economics ofvoice communications are becoming increasingly bleak. The first 2.5G servicesshould appear in 2001, with the first 3G services appearing across the globe in2004 (probably in Japan first). It will be very interesting to see what innovativeapplications will be developed for these networks and how willing consumersare to pay up. Stay tuned.