Profile of Pakistan.doc

8/14/2019 Profile of Pakistan.doc

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Profile of Pakistan

Official Name

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Father of the NationQuaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali innah !"#$%-"&'#( National PoetAllama Muhammad I)bal !"#$$-"&*#( +ead of the ,tateeneral Per.ez Musharraf/ President +ead of o.ernment0haudhr1 ,hu2aat +ussain/ Prime Minister 0apitalIslamabad Area3otal$&%/4&5 ,)6 km6Pun2ab745/*'' ,)6 km6,indh"'4/&"' ,)6 km6North 8estFrontierPro.ince$'/57" ,)6 km69alochistan*'$/"&4 ,)6 km6Federall1 Administered 3ribal Areas7$/774 ,)6 km6Islamabad !0apital(&4% ,)6 km6

Population"'&64* million Administrati.e ,etupPakistan is di.ided into four pro.inces .iz6/ North 8est Frontier Pro.ince !N8FP(/ Pun2ab/ ,indh and9alochistan6 3he tribal belt ad2oinin: N8FP is mana:ed b1 the Federal o.ernment and is namedFA3A i6e6/ Federall1 Administered 3ribal Areas6 Azad ;ashmir and Northern Areas ha.e their o


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9alochistan%778hile FA3A consist of "* Areas>A:encies and Azad ;ashmir and Northern Areas ha.e $ and 5=istricts respecti.el16 Reli:ion&5? Muslims/ 5? others6 Annual Per capita incomeRs6 7#/&** !@, '&7 approBimatel1( =P56"? 0urrenc1Pak6 Rupee6 ImportsIndustrial e)uipment/ chemicals/ .ehicles/ steel/ iron ore/ petroleum/ edible oil/ pulses/ tea6 CBports0otton/ teBtile :oods/ rice/ leather items carpets/ sports :oods/ handi-crafts/ fish and fish prep6 and fruit Dan:ua:es@rdu !National( and Cn:lish !Official( Diterac1 rate5"6%? o.ernmentParliamentar1 form ParliamentParliament consists of t


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Markhor6 National 9ird0hakor !Red-le::ed partrid:e( FloraPine/ Oak/ Poplar/ =eodar/ Maple/ Mulberr1 Fauna3he Pheasant/ Deopard/ =eer/ IbeB/ 0hinkara/ 9lack buck/ Neel:ai/ Markhor/ Marco-Polo sheep/ reenturtles/ Ri.er H ,ea fish/ 0rocodile/ 8aterfo


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Dad1 +ealth 8orkers%/*&$

CducationPrimar1 ,chools"%'/744Middle ,chools"&/"44+i:h ,chools"7/&44Arts H ,cience 0olle:es&75Professional 0olle:es*$'@ni.ersitiesPublic ,ector !includin: one [email protected](7&Pri.ate ,ector"4

3ransport H 0ommunication3otal len:th of roads75"/#'5 kmPakistan Rail


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'76*# millionCmplo1ed Dabour Force*&6'" millionA:riculture ,ector"#6&" millionManufacturin: H Minin: sector'65" million0onstruction7675 million3rade567$ million3ransport"6&$ millionFinance/ 0ommunit1 H ,ocial ,er.ices56&4 millionOthers56#$ million

MediaPrint Media !In accordance


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*/%4'/444

Radio ,tationsPublicG3otal 75/ +ome ser.ices in "& lan:ua:es6 CBternal ,er.ices co.er #" countries in "5 lan:ua:esPri.ateGRadio stations */ 3 transmitter channels *

0able Operators&44

9anks0entral 9ank,tate 9ank of PakistanOther 9anksNational 9ank of Pakistan+abib 9ank Dtd6@nited 9ankn Dtd6Muslim 0ommercial 9ank Dtd6Allied 9ank of Pakistan Dtd6First 8oman 9ankMehran 9ank3he 9ank of Pun2ab9ank of ;h1ber,pecialized 9anksA:ricultural =e.elopment 9ank of PakistanFederal 9ank for 0o-operati.esIndustrial =e.elopment 9ank of Pakistan3he Pun2ab Pro.incial 0o-operati.e 9ank

Famous MountainPeaks

;-7 !Mt6 od#%"" m !7nd in 8orld(Nan:a Parbat7%/%%4 ft6>#"7% m !#th in 8orld(asherbrum-I7%/'$4 ft6>#4%# m !""th in 8orld(

Famous Mountain Passes3he ;h1ber PassN8FP3he ;urramPass

FA3A3he 3ochiPassFA3A3he omalPassN8FP3he 9olan Pass9alochistan3he Do


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Ri.ers3he Indus

7/#&% kmhelum

#75 km0henab

"/7'7 kmRa.i

&4" km,utle2

"/55" km9eas !tributar1 of ,utle2(

* km

Famous laciers,iachin$5 km9atura55 km9altoro%5 km

=eserts3har

,indh0holistanPun2ab3halPun2ab

DakesManchar,indh;een2ar,indh

+anna9alochistan,aif-ul-MalukN8FP,atparaNorthern Areas;achuraNorthern Areas

Ma2or =amsMan:la =am


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Pun2ab3arbela =amN8FP8arsak =amN8FP

BackgroundG

3he separation in "&'$ of 9ritish India into the Muslim state of Pakistan !


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arable landG 7'6''?permanent cropsG 46#'?otherG $'6$7? !7445(Irri:ated landG"#7/*44 s) km !744*(Natural hazardsGfre)uent earth)uakes/ occasionall1 se.ere especiall1 in north and "/444 li.e birthsmaleG $46#' deaths>"/444 li.e birthsfemaleG $464' deaths>"/444 li.e births !744% est6(Dife eBpectanc1 at birthGtotal populationG %*6*& 1ears


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maleG %76' 1earsfemaleG %'6'' 1ears !744% est6(3otal fertilit1 rateG' children born>AI=, - adult pre.alence rateG46"? !744" est6(+I>AI=, - people li.in: AI=,G$'/444 !744" est6(+I>AI=, - deathsG'/&44 !744* est6(Ma2or infectious diseasesGde:ree of riskG hi:hfood or


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Islamabad 0apital 3erritor1LL/ North-8est Frontier Pro.ince/ Pun2ab/ ,indhnoteG the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed ammu and ;ashmir re:ion consists of tF 5/ PMD> */ PPP>, 7/ 9NP "/ 8P "/MQM-+ "/ PA3 "/ PkMAP "/ PMD> "/ P3I "/ independents *udicial branchG,upreme 0ourt !2ustices appointed b1 the president(J Federal Islamic or ,hariEa 0ourtPolitical parties and leadersGA+a1ee roup or9NP>+ =r6 +a1ee 9AD@0+J 9aluch National Part1>AAM ,ardar Ataullah MCNADJ amhoori 8atanPart1 or 8PJ amiat-al-+adith or A+ ,a2id MIRJ amiat-i-Islami or I Qazi +ussain A+MC=Jamiat @lema-i-Islam/ Fazlur Rehman faction or @I>F Fazlur RC+MANJ amiat @lema-i-Islam/ ,ami


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ul-+AQ faction or @I>, ,ami ul-+AQJ amiat @lema-i-Pakistan or @P ,hah Faridul +AQJMuttahida Ma2lis-e-Amal or MMA Qazi +ussain A+MC=J Muttahida Qaumi Mo.ement/ or MQMAltaf +@,,AINJ National Alliance or NA hulam Mustapha A3OI !mer:ed


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%-#? ran:e in 744'-4%6 Inflation remains the bi::est threat to the econom1/ 2umpin: to more than &? in7445 before easin: to $6&? in 744%6 3he central bank is pursuin: ti:hter monetar1 polic1 - raisin:interest rates in 744% -


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$'6%7 billion k8h !744'(Clectricit1 - eBportsG4 k8h !744'(Clectricit1 - importsG4 k8h !744'(Oil - productionG%*/444 bbl>da1 !7445 est6(Oil - consumptionG*7'/444 bbl>da1 !744' est6(Oil - eBportsGNA bbl>da1Oil - importsGNA bbl>da1Oil - pro.ed reser.esG*5#6& million bbl !744% est6(Natural :as - productionG7$6' billion cu m !744' est6(Natural :as - consumptionG7$6' billion cu m !744' est6(Natural :as - eBportsG4 cu m !744' est6(Natural :as - importsG4 cu m !744' est6(Natural :as - pro.ed reser.esG$5&6$ billion cu m !" anuar1 7445 est6(0urrent account balanceG-56'#% billion !744% est6(CBportsG"&67' billion f6o6b6 !744% est6(CBports - commoditiesGteBtiles !:arments/ bed linen/ cotton cloth/ 1arn(/ rice/ leather :oods/ sports :oods/ chemicals/

manufactures/ carpets and ru:sCBports - partnersG@, 7'6#?/ @AC $6#?/ Af:hanistan %6%?/ @; 56$?/ erman1 '65? !7445(ImportsG7%6$& billion f6o6b6 !744% est6(Imports - commoditiesGpetroleum/ petroleum products/ machiner1/ plastics/ transportation e)uipment/ edible oils/ paper andpaperboard/ iron and steel/ teaImports - partnersG,audi Arabia ""6"?/ @AC "46*?/ 0hina &67?/ apan %6'?/ @, %?/ ;u


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" ul1 - *4 une

Communications

3elephones - main lines in useG5/"%7/$ !744%(3elephones - mobile cellularG'#/7#&/"*% !744%(

3elephone s1stemG:eneral assessmentG the telecom infrastructure is impro.in: dramaticall1


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narro< :au:eG ''5 km "6444-m :au:e !744'(Road


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&aily$ham/ +1derabad&aily$a0eer/ +1derabad

+%&+

Aa-&aily/Pesha"ar/ Islamabad and Abbottabad&ailyAl/Akh*ar/ Islamabad&ailyAusa0/ Islamabad&ailyA"am/ ;arachi&ailyAl/1amar/ Islamabad/

&ailyE2press/ ;arachi/ Dahore/ Islamabad/ Pesha


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&andhara Steam Sa'ari (Rawalpindi - Landikotal) &houri Express Islamabad *on+Stop a''ar Express innah Express Karachi Express Karkoram Express Khushhal Khan Khattak Express Kh-ber ail .ahore *on+Stop .ala usa Express .asani Express alik /al Express ari Indus Express ehr Express ehran Express ianwali Express (Lahore-Mianwali-Lahore) illat Express

*ishtar Express (Rawalpindi-Lahore-Karachi) usa %ak *arowal Express *i"ht !oach %akpattan Express %assen"er 0alander Express 0uetta Express 1achna Express 1a2i Express

1ohi Express 1ohri Express Sakhi Abbas Express Sandal Express Sar"odha Express Shah .atee' Express Shah 1ukne Alam Express Shah Shams Express Shalimar Express Shuttle Train

Sir S-ed Express (Rawalpindi-Karachi-Rawalpindi) Subak Kharam Express Subak 1a'tar Express Sukkar Express Supper Express Te3"am Thal Express Tipu Sultan Express

ASTOLA (AKA HAFT TALAR)


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Astolaor Astola Island(also known as Haft Talaror seven hills) is a small,uninhabited island in the Arabian Sea, approximatel- twent-+'i2e kilometres southo' the Balochistan coast o' %akistan4 The island lies about 'ort- kilometres east+southeast o' the port o' %asni, its altitude is 5+655 'eet and the total area isapproximatel- 7 km84 The island is about 'our kilometres in len"th and onekilometre in width, with an isolated rock to the southeast which has broken awa-4There are ca2es on the south 'ace cli''s4 Astola is the onl- si"ni'icant o''shoreisland alon" the north coast o' the Arabian Sea4 The island is owned b- the

Balochistan Board o' 1e2enue and administrati2el- is part o' the %asni subdi2isiono' the district o' &wadar4 Between September and a- o' each -ear, Astolabecomes a temporar- base 'or mainland 'ishermen, to catch lobsters and o-sters4$rom une to Au"ust, the island remains uninhabited b- humans because o' therou"h sea and hi"h tides4 9n one o' the cli''s o' the island, there is a small solar+operated beacon 'or the sa'et- o' passin" 2essels44

History

*earchus (:;5+:55 B!E), admiral o' Alexander the &reat, mentioned Astola islandas Carnine Island, inhabited b- the Ichthyophagoi(Fish eatersin &reek) where,accordin" to *earchus, e2en the mutton had a fishy taste4 The %ersian phraseMahi horan, (Fish eaters) has become the modern name o' the coastal re"ion o'Maran4

9n the island are the remains o' an ancient


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There are se2eral ethnic "roups in Kiamari Town includin" @rdu speakers,%unjabis, Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, %akhtuns, Balochs, emons, Bohras,Ismailis4 92er o' the population is uslim4 The population o' Kiamari Town isestimated to be nearl- one million4

There is another place named "hit Shahlocated in the interior part o' pro2ince o'Sindh, %akistan4 Bhit Shah is the town where the shrine o' Shah Abdul .ati' Bhittai(C;D+CF6), the patron saint o' Sindh4

"UDDO ISLA#D"%ddo Islandis a small island located in the Arabian Sea o'' the coast o' Karachi,Sindh, %akistan4 Buddo Island is also known as 'ingib- local 'ishermen4 Buddoand Bundal Islands ser2e as a temporar- port 'or local 'ishermen4 The- clean theirnets and dr- 'ish on these islands4 The Bundal and Buddo Islands comprisin"C6,555 acres o' land, are the assets o' the %ort 0asim Authorit-4

"U#DAL ISLA#D

"%ndal Islandis a small island located in the Arabian Sea o'' the coast o'Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 Bundal, pronounced (handarb- local 'ishermen, is atwin island o' Buddo and lies to its /est4 9n Bundal Island the tomb o' uslim su'iGusu' Shah is located4 The annual urs o' HGusu' ShahH which attracts thousands o'coastal people to the island4 The island looked like a cit- durin" the urs4 !hurmaand Buddo Islands are also located near Bundal Island4 There is a dispute betweenthe pro2incial "o2ernment o' Sindh and Karachi %ort Trust on the ownership ri"htso' C6,555 acres o' land in these Islands4

De&elo'ment roe*t

In September 655;, "o2ernment o' %akistan "a2e a #ubai propert- 'irm, Emaarthe "o+ahead 'or a 7:bn (J664Dbn) project to de2elop two island resorts inBundal and Buddo Island4 A brid"e would be constructed at a cost o' F5 million tolink Karachi #e'ence


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scuba di2in", sailin" around and snorkelin", The island o' !hurna is 'requentl-2isited b- an"lers (recreational 'ishermen) 'or 'ishin", this is one o' the bi""estand most acti2e 'ishin" spot in %akistan, There is enou"h sea li'e which attractsan"lers 'or Bi" &ame $ishin" all o2er %akistan4

CLIFTO# O+ST,R ROCKSClifton Oyster Ro*sis an island located near Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4

KHIRIA#!ALA ISLA#DKhi'rian-ala Islandis a small island located in the Arabian Sea o'' the coast o'Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4

MALA# ISLA#DMalan Islandis located in Arabian Sea : kilometres o'' the coast o' Balochistan,%akistan4 It is an o''shore mud 2olcano and rose out o' the water o2erni"ht inarch C4

MA#ORA (AKA MA#ORO)Manoraor Manorois a small island (64F km8) located just south o' the %ort o'Karachi, Sindh, %akistan4 The island is connected to the mainland b- a C6kilometre lon" causewa- called the Sandspit4 anora and nei"hbourin" islands'orm a protecti2e barrier between Karachi harbour to the north and the ArabianSea to the south4 The western ba- o' the harbour contains endan"ered man"ro2e'orests which border the Sandspit and anora island4 To the east is Karachi Ba-and the beach towns o' Kiamari and !li'ton4 The island is located at 677DL55M*,;;FDL55ME (674D55555, ;;45555)4

History

Accordin" to the British historian Eliot, parts o' cit- o' Karachi and the island o'anora at port o' Karachi constituted the cit- o' #ebal4 The island was the site o' asmall 'ort constructed in the ei"hteenth centur- when the port o' Karachi tradedwith 9man and Bahrain4 The 'ort was stormed b- the British in CD: because o'the strate"ic location o' Karachi4 Althou"h the 'ort is now buried beneath the na2albase, the li"hthouse is a 2isible reminder o' the British presence ha2in" been builtin CDD to assist 2essels approachin" Karachi harbour4The island o' anora has ser2ed 'or more than F5 -ears as the main base o' the

%akistan *a2-, with berths 'or na2al 2essels located alon" the eastern ed"e o' theisland4 The island has been "o2erned as a militar- cantonment despite bein"located so close to Karachi4 The openin" o' the new innah *a2al Base at 9rmara,6F5 kilometres awa-, has meanHt that approximatel- hal' o' the na2al 2essels ha2emo2ed awa- 'rom anora4

To%rism

anora is also a popular picnic spot because o' the lon" sand- beaches alon" thesouthern ed"e o' the island, which mer"e into the beaches o' the Sandspit andthen extend se2eral kilometres to the beaches at


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The island lies approximatel- CF+65 minutes b- boat ride 'rom mainland Karachibut there are no "ood hotels a2ailable 'or an o2erni"ht sta-4 $or this and otherreasons, the &o2ernment o' %akistan has been considerin" de2elopin" the islandinto a tourist destination4 The island has been en2isioned as an exotic location withnatural landscapes such as the beaches and the man"ro2e 'orests, and secludedbeaut- with an up"rade 'or the li"hthouse to add to the quaint 'eel o' the island4

De&elo'ment

%akistanHs inistr- 'or %orts and Shippin" has just si"ned emorandum o'@nderstandin" in 655; with #ubai /orld and Emaar %roperties 'or therede2elopment o' anora Island4 As part o' the de2elopment plans, the K%Tand allMilitar1 establishments


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Shahid .an "hai Tar% Sin1h

.%rd-ara Shahid .an Si1hnian, .ahore

Shahid .an "hai Mani Sin1h0.ahore

Banks o0 Pakistan

Central Bank

,tate 9ank of Pakistan

!ationali.ed $cheduled Banks

First 8omen 9ank DimitedNational 9ank of Pakistan

$peciali.ed Banks

Industrial =e.elopment 9ankPun2ab Pro.incial 0ooperati.e 9ank,MC 9ankarai 3ara)iati 9ank !A:ricultural =e.elopment 9ank(

Private $cheduled BanksAllied 9ank of Pakistan Dimited/ ;arachi

Arif +abib Rupali 9ank Dimited/ ;arachiAskari 0ommercial 9ank Dimited6 Ra


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Oman International 9ank ,OA ;arachiRupali 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi,tandard 0hartered 9ank Dimited/ ;arachi

&evelopment (inancial Institutions

Pakistan Industrial 0redit and In.estment 0orp Dimited/ ;arachiPak ;u


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3ameer Microfinance 9ank Dimited

Islamic Banks

First =a


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consistin" o' parts o' the upper Bia'o &lacier and its tributar- "lacier Sim &an", is one o' theworldHs lar"est basins o' snow or ice in the world outside o' the polar re"ions, up to one mile indepth4

The Bia'o &lacier is the worldHs third lon"est "lacier outside o' the polar re"ions, second onl- to the5 km Siachen &lacier disputed between %akistan and India and TajikistanHs km lon" $edchenko&lacier4

!ampsites alon" the Bia'o are located o'' o' the "lacier, adjacent to the lateral moraines and steepmountainsides4 The 'irst three (headin" up 'rom the last 2illa"e be'ore the "lacier, the thousand+

-ear+old Askole 2illa"e) are beauti'ul sites with 'lowin" water nearb-4 an"o and *amla, the 'irsttwo campsites, are o'ten co2ered in 'lowers and *amla has an ama3in" water'all 2er- near thecampin" area4 Biantha, the third camp site, is o'ten used as a rest da-4 A lar"e "reen meadow, ithas a 'ew runnin" streams near the camp and man- places to spend the da- rock climbin" orrappellin"4E2idence o' wildli'e can be seen throu"h out the trek4 The Ibex and the arkhor ountain &oat canbe 'ound and the area is 'amous 'or brown bears and snow leopards, althou"h si"htin"s are rare4

"iar*hedi .la*ierThe "iar*hedi .la*ieris located on the northeast o' Biarchedi %eak in %akistan4 It 'lows north intothe Baltoro &lacier4

.od-in3A%sten .la*ierThe .od-in3A%sten .la*ieris located near K6 in the *orthern Areas o' %akistan4 Its con'luencewith the Baltoro &lacier is called !oncordia and is one o' the most 'a2orite spots 'or trekkin" in%akistan since it pro2ides excellent 2iews o' 'our o' the 'i2e ei"ht+thousanders in %akistan4

The "lacier can be approached 2ia the important Balti town o' Skardu4

.ondo1oro .la*ier.ondo1oro .la*ieror .ondo1horo .la*ieris "lacier near !oncordia in the *orthern Areas o'%akistan4 It ser2es as an alternati2e means to reach !oncordiaN the con'luence o' Baltoro &lacier

and &odwin+Austen &lacier4

Haina$la .la*ierHaina$la .la*ieris a "lacier near Tran"o Tower mountain in Baltistan, *orthern Areas o'%akistan4

His'ar .la*ierHis'ar .la*ieris a 7 km4 lon" "lacier in the Karakoram ountains o' the (*orthern Areas,%akistan) which meets the ;: km4 lon" Bia'o &lacier at the


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Miar .la*ierMiar .la*ieris a "lacier that 'orms in the north o' iar %eak (;,D67 m)4

anmah .la*ieranmah .la*ieris a "lacier in the *orthern Areas o' %akistan4 It is included in the !entralKarakoram *ational %ark4

ass% .la*ierass% .la*ier'orms in the east o' the %assu Sar (%assu %eak)4

R%'al .la*ierR%'al .la*ieror Tashain .la*ieris a "lacier in the &reat


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The con'lict in Siachen stems 'rom the con'usion in the improperl- demarcated territor- on the mapbe-ond the map coordinate known as *D764 The C7 Karachi A"reement and the C6 SimlaA"reement did not clearl- mention who controlled the "lacier, merel- statin" that 'rom the *D76location the boundar- would proceed =thence north to the "laciers4= In the C;5Hs and C5Hs,howe2er, the @nited States #e'ense appin" A"enc- (now *ational &eospatial+Intelli"enceA"enc-) be"an, with no le"al justi'ication or an- boundar- documentation, showin" aninternational boundar- on their maps a2ailable to the public and pilots as proceedin" 'rom *D76east+northeast to the Karakoram %ass at FF:7 m (CD,C:; 't4) on the !hina border4 *umerous"o2ernmental and pri2ate carto"raphers and atlas producers 'ollowed suit4 This resulted incarto"raphicall- =awardin"= the entire 655 square kilometers (C575 square miles) Siachen area to

%akistan4 Indian "o2ernment and militar- took note4 %rior to CD7 neither India nor %akistan hadan- permanent presence in the area4

Fi1htin1

In the C5s and earl- CD5s se2eral mountaineerin" expeditions applied to %akistan to climb hi"hpeaks in the Siachen area, and %akistan "ranted them4 This rein'orced the %akistani claim on thearea, as these expeditions arri2ed on the "lacier with a permit obtained 'rom the &o2ernment o'%akistan4 9nce ha2in" become aware o' this in about CD, !olonel *4 Kumar o' the Indian Arm-mounted an Arm- expedition to Teram Kan"ri peaks (in the Siachen area on the !hina border andjust east o' a line drawn due north 'rom *D76) as a counter+exercise4 The 'irst public mention o'a possible con'lict situation was an article b- o-deep Sircar in *he *elegraphnewspaper o'!alcutta in CD6, reprinted as =9ropolitics= in the Alpine ournal, .ondon, in CD74 India launched

O'eration Me1hdoot(named a'ter the di2ine cloud messen"er in a Sanskrit pla-) on C: AprilCD7 when the Kumaon 1e"iment o' the Indian Arm- and the Indian Air $orce went into the "lacierre"ion4 %akistan quickl- responded with troop deplo-ments and what 'ollowed was literall- a raceto the top4 /ithin a 'ew da-s, the Indians were in control o2er most o' the area, as %akistan wasbeaten to most o' the Saltoro 1id"e hi"h "round b- about a week4 The two northern passes + Sia.a and Bil'ond .a + were quickl- secured b- India4 In his memoirs, current %akistani president,&eneral %er2e3 usharra' states that %akistan lost almost 6,::C Km6 (55 i6) o' territor-4 TIEstates that the Indian ad2ance captured nearl- C,555 sq4 mi4 o' territor- claimed b- %akistan4 Sincethen %akistan has launched se2eral attempts to displace the Indian 'orces, but with little success4The most well known was in CD, when an attempt was made b- %akistan to dislod"e India 'romthe area4 The attack was led b- %er2e3 usharra' (later %resident o' %akistan) headin" a newl-'ormed elite SS& commando unit in the area4 A special "arrison with ei"ht thousand troops wasbuilt at Khapalu4 The immediate aim was to capture Bila'ond .a but a'ter bitter 'i"htin" that

included hand to hand combat, the %akistanis were thrown back and the positions remained thesame4 The onl- %aram Qir !hakra + IndiaHs hi"hest "allantr- award + to be awarded 'or combat inthe Siachen area went to *aib Subedar Bana Sin"h (retired as Subedar ajorR


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installed the worldHs hi"hest telephone booth on the "lacier4 Both sides ha2e been wishin" todisen"a"e 'rom the costl- militar- outposts but a'ter the Kar"il /ar in C where %akistan sentin'iltrators to occup- 2acated Indian posts across the .ine o' !ontrol, India has backed o'' 'romwithdrawin" in Siachen4 India 'eels that %akistan would resort to the same thin" i' Siachen &lacieris 2acated without an- o''icial con'irmation o' its positions in the "lacier4#urin" her tenure as %rime inister o' %akistan, s Bena3ir Bhutto, 2isited the area west o' &-on".a, makin" her the 'irst premier 'rom either side to "et to the Siachen re"ion4 9n une C6, 655F,%rime inister anmohan Sin"h became the 'irst Indian %rime inister to 2isit the area, callin" 'ora peace'ul resolution o' the problem4 In the pre2ious -ear, the %resident o' India, Abdul Kalambecame the 'irst head o' state to 2isit the area4 India based et Airwa-s plans to open a chartered

ser2ice to the "lacierHs nearest airlink, the Thoise airbase, mainl- 'or militar- purposes4 %akistanHs%IA 'lies tourists and trekkers dail- to Skardu, which is the jumpin" o'' point 'or K6, the worldHssecond hi"hest point just :: kilometers (654F miles) northwest o' the Siachen area, althou"h badweather 'requentl- "rounds these scheduled 'li"hts4

Tran1o .la*ierTran1o .la*ieris a "lacier near Tran"o Tower mountain in Baltistan, *orthern Areas o' %akistan4

5i1ne .la*ier5i1ne .la*ieris a "lacier in the *orthern Areas, %akistan near &ondo"oro &lacier and Baltoro

&lacier4

Chena$ Ri&er

The !henab 1i2er is 'ormed b- the con'luence o' the !handra and Bha"a ri2ers at Tandi located inthe upper


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runs parallel too and 'inall- joins4

The .am$ilais an important ri2er 'or the inhabitants o' the #awar 2alle-, as it ser2es to irra"ate alar"e area o' land that it runs throu"h4 %articularl- that belon"in" to the Bakkakhel /a3irs, and iriand Barak3ai Bannuchis4

.ha11ar3Hara Ri&er

The .ha11ar3Hara Ri&eris the (rain-) seasonal ri2er in India and the =itU was 'ormerl- the Saras2atiN that name is still known amon"st thepeople, and the 'amous 'ortress o' Sarsuti or Saras2ati was built upon its banks, nearl- C55 milesbelow the present junction with the &ha""ar4= (9ldham CD:> FC+F6)

.ha11ar Ri&erThe .ha11aris a seasonal ri2er in India, 'lowin" when water is a2ailable 'rom monsoon rains4 Itori"inates in the Shi2alik


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an- settlements o' the Indus Qalle- !i2ilisation ha2e been 'ound alon" the &ha""ar and


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&ha""ar in a sharp turn4 The be'orehand narrow &ha""ar ri2er bed itsel' is becomin" suddenl-wider at the conjunction where the Sutlej should ha2e met the &ha""ar ri2er4 And there is a majorpaleochannel between the point where the Sutlej takes a sharp turn and where the &ha""ar ri2erbed widens4

In later texts like the ahabharata, the 1i"2edic Sutudri (=swi'tl- 'lowin"=) is called Shatudri(ShatadruRShatadhara), which means a ri2er with C55 'lows4 The Sutlej (and the Beas and 1a2i)ha2e 'requentl- chan"ed their courses4 The Sutlej has also probabl- sometimes 'lown into theBeas, and the combined stream sometimes in the &ha""ar 1i2er4 The con'luence o' the &ha""arand the Sutlej was downstream 'rom the Kurukshetra re"ion, where most


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The


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back to around ::55 B!, and represent some o' the lar"est human habitations o' the ancientworld4 The IQ! was extended 'rom Balochistan to &ujarat, with an upward reach to the darcon'rom east o' 1i2er helum to 1upar on the upper Sutlej4 The coast settlements extended 'romSutka"an #or at Iranian border to .othal in &ujarat4 There is an Indus site on the 9xus ri2er atShortu"hai in northern A'"hanistan (Keno-er CD>;), and the Indus site Alam"irpur at the


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banks o' the ri2er li2e the Balochi and %ashtun peoples o' Balochistan4

Modern iss%esA 'looded Indus ri2er inundates the Srina"ar+Kar"il+.eh hi"hwa-4

#ue to its location and 2ast water resources, Indus is a strate"icall- 2ital resource 'or %akistanHseconom- and societ-4

Ind%s !aters treatyA'ter the partition o' India in C7, the use o' the waters o' the Indus and its 'i2e eastern

tributaries became a major dispute between India and %akistan4 The irri"ation canals o' the Sutlej2alle- and the Bari #oab were split + with the canals l-in" primaril- in %akistan and the headworkdams in India + disruptin" suppl- in some parts o' %akistan4 The concern o2er India buildin" lar"edams o2er 2arious %unjab ri2ers that could undercut the suppl- 'lowin" to %akistan, as well as thepossibilit- that India could di2ert ri2ers in the time o' war, caused political consternation in%akistan4


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the spot whence he started to cross the ri2er


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the 'ormation o' this ran"e4 And when the mountain rose throu"h millions o' -ears, the streamcontinued its path b- cuttin" the risin" mountain4 .in" stream, 'ollowin" a relati2el- lon" coursethou"h .ehtrar and Kahuta 'alls in the Swaan near Sihala4

Islamabad


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on the people4 It was not until about CD7D that the Turis were brou"ht directl- under the control o'Kabul, when a "o2ernor was appointed, who established himsel' in Kurram4 The Turis, bein" Shiahuslims, ne2er liked the A'"han rule4

#urin" the second A'"han /ar, when Sir $rederick 1oberts ad2anced b- wa- o' the Kurram Qalle-and the %eiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis lent him e2er- assistance in their power, and inconsequence their independence was "ranted them in CDD54

The administration o' the Kurram Qalle- was 'inall- undertaken b- the British "o2ernment, at therequest o' the Turis themsel2es, in CD54 Technicall- it ranked, not as a British district, but as an

a"enc- or administered area4

Two expeditions in the Kurram Qalle- also require mention>

(C) The Kurram expedition o' CDF; under Bri"adier+&eneral Sir *e2ille !hamberlain4 The Turis onthe 'irst annexation o' the Kohat district b- the British had "i2en much trouble4 The- hadrepeatedl- lea"ued with other tribes to harr- the iran3ai 2alle-, harbourin" 'u"iti2es, encoura"in"resistance, and 'requentl- attackin" Ban"ash and Khattak 2illa"es in the Kohat district4Accordin"l-, in CDF; a British 'orce o' 7,D; troops tra2ersed their countr-, and the tribe enteredinto en"a"ements 'or 'uture "ood conduct4

(6) The Kohat+Kurram expedition o' F,D under !olonel /4


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it pro2ides irri"ation channels 'or %unjab and Sind pro2inces south o' the Sutlej and east o' theIndus ri2ers4

Be-ond the con'luence o' Indus and %anjnad ri2ers, the Indus ri2er was known as Satnad (Sat Vse2en) carr-in" the waters o' se2en ri2ers includin" Indus ri2er, Kabul ri2er and the 'i2e ri2ers o'%unjab4

Ra&i Ri&erThe Ra&i Ri&eris a ri2er in India and %akistan4 It is one o' the 'i2e ri2ers which "i2e %unjab its

name4 The 1a2i was known as "arshanior Iravatito Indians in Qedic times and 2ydraotesto theAncient &reeks4 It ori"inates in the


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about C5 miles awa- 'rom the ri2er4 A-ub Brid"e is one o' the attractions 'or 2isitors4 The scener-attracts man- tourists 'rom all o2er %akistan durin" the summer4

It is said that Alexander the &reat crossed the Swat 1i2er with part o' his arm- and be'ore turnin"south to subdue the locals at what are now Barikoot and 9de"ram4 Also, the banks o' this ri2er,which was earliest known as )hrivast, later )vastand currentl- the present name, is the placeo' ori"in o' the Shri2asta2a sub+clan o' the Indo+Ar-an Ka-astha clanSome :5 -ears a"o, the water was 'it 'or drinkin" e2en in in"ora (C55 km downstream 'romKalam), but now it is not sa'e e2en in Kalam4

To*hi ri&er

To*hi ri&eris located in *orth /a3iristan, $ederall- Administered Tribal Areas, %akistan4 Tochiri2er 'lows eastward, in *orth /a3iristan, to join the Kurram 1i2er and the Indus4 It surrounds/a3iristan in the *orth while the &omal 1i2er ri2er surrounds South /a3iristan4

It is also sometimes re'erred to as the &ambila 1i2er4

4ho$ Ri&er

4ho$ Ri&eris located in Balochistan, %akistan4 The meltwater 'rom the Sulaiman ountains 'ormsZhob 1i2ers and it 'lows throu"h Balochistan and drains into &omal 1i2er4 Zhob cit- is located on

banks o' Zhob ri2er4

The two principal draina"e channels o' the Zhob district are the Zhob 1i2er and the Kundar 1i2er,both 'low into the &omal 1i2er4 The "eneral direction o' the ri2ers is 'rom Southwest to northeast4The Zhob 1i2er rises at Tsari ehtara3ai pass, the watershed a distance o' about 755 kilometers4The broad plain o' the Zhob 1i2er is occupied b- the allu2ial 'ormation4 The Kundar 1i2er rises 'romthe central and hi"hest point o' the TobaKakar ran"e, a 'ew kilometers northeast o' the Sakir4 Itconstitutes boundar- between %akistan and A'"hanistan territor- 'or a considerable len"th4 Theother subsidiar- ri2ers or streams are the Baskan, !hukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc4

Haro Ri&erHarois the name o' a ri2er and its 2alle- in the Abbottabad #istrict, northern%akistan, identi'ied with the 1i"2edic Arjikiya4

It is 'ed b- 'our major tributaries, the .ora


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Soan C%lt%reThe Soan C%lt%reis an extinct human culture, 'ound alon" the Soan 1i2er.alle1 inthe %othohar re"ion o' the %unjab4 The oldest e2idence o' human li'e in South Asiawas 'ound in the Soan 1i2er 2alle-4 Alon" the ri2er, in the 1awalpindi #i2isionhundreds o' man made tools can be 'ound4 These tools ha2e been dated toF55,555 to :55,555 -ears a"o4

9n Adi-ala and Khasala about C; km (C5 miles) 'rom 1awalpindi terrace on thebend o' the ri2er hundreds o' ed"ed pebble tools were disco2ered4 At!hauntrahand axes and clea2ers were 'ound4 #ue to the peculiarit- o' the tools tothe 2alle- archaeolo"ists named this human acti2it- the Soan !ulture4

*o human skeletons o' this a"e ha2e -et been 'ound4 In the Soan 1i2er &or"eman- 'ossil bearin" rocks are exposed on the sur'ace4 The C7 million -ear old'ossils o' "a3elle, rhinoceros, crocodile, "ira''e and rodents ha2e been 'ound there4Some o' these 'ossils are in displa- at the *atural


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treasure tro2e 'or "eolo"- researchers4

Sohan Ri&erThe Sohanis a ri2er o' the %unjab, northern %akistan, 'ormin" the northernborder o' the Bannu #istrict (at ca4 ::456 C4: E )4 It has been identi'ied withthe Sushomao' the 1i"2eda4

The name =Sohan= deri2es 'rom this ri2er4 I4e> Sohan mikkilinenineni444etc444

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