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CHAPTER 31

Surfaces: Their Nature, Roughness, andMeasurement

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Surface Structure of Metals

Figure 31.1 Schematic illustration of a cross-section of the surface structure of metals. The thickness of theindividual layers is dependent on processing conditions and processing environment.

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Fatigue Curve for Surface-Ground Steel

Figure 31.2 Fatigue curve forsurface-ground 4340 steel, quenchedand tempered, 51 HRC. Note the

severe reduction in fatigue strengthunder abusive grinding conditions.(See also Fig. 2.28.)

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Terminology in Describing Surface Finish

Figure 31.3 Standardterminology andsymbols to describe

surface finish. Thequantities are given in in.

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Coordinates for Surface-RoughnessMeasurements

Figure 31.4 Coordinates used for surface-roughness measurement, using Eqs. (31.1) and (31.2).

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Standard Lay Symbols for Engineering

Surfaces

Figure 31.5

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Measuring Surface Roughness

Figure 31.6 (a) Measuring surface roughness with a stylus. The rider supports the stylus and guards againstdamage. (b) Surface measuring instrument. Source: Sheffield Measurement Division of Warner & Swasey Co.(c) Path of stylus in surface roughness measurements (broken line) compared to actual roughness profile. Notethat the profile of the stylus path is smoother than that of the actual surface. Source: D. H. Buckley

(b)

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Surface Profiles

Figure 31.7 Typical surface profiles produced by various machining and surface-finishing processes. Notethe difference between the vertical and horizontal scales. See also Fig. 32.4. Source: D. B Dallas (ed.),Tools and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, 3d ed. Copyright 1976, McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company. Used with permission.

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Three-Dimensional Surface Measurement

Figure 31.8 Surface of rolled aluminum.

Figure 31.9 A highly polished siliconsurface measured in an atomic forcemicroscope. The surface roughness isRq = 0.134 nm.