Production

Production

Language and Psychology

Levelt’s Model (1989)

CONCEPTUALIZATIONHow is speech initially conceptualized?

David McNeill’s Model: Conceptualization

Test of the model

Synchronization test of image and speech Where’s my briefcase? There’s your briefcase.

Problems

The process of how imagistic and syntactic thoughts are initially conventionalized are unclear.

FORMULATION: THE EVENTUAL OUTPUT OF SPEECH CONCEPTUALIZATION

How to observe the formulation process

Speech errors

What do speech errors tell us?

Speech errors reveal possible processes of speech formulation from thoughts to language. “Speech errors allow us to peek in on the production process because we

know what the speaker intended to say, but the unintentional mistake freezes the production process momentarily and catches the linguistic mechanism in one instance of production” (Scovel, 2009, p. 32).

Speech is psychologically real. We make errors within the framework of language

structure.

Slips of the tongue/spoonerism

A type of speech errors which shows how speech is intended to be formulated. You have hissed all my mystery lectures.

You have missed all my history lectures.

Types of speech errors

The Freudian explanation

The emergence of suppressed ideas from sub- consciousness to consciousness. The breast in bed/the best in bread

The psycholinguistic explanation 1

Mostly from the similar linguistic environments The little burst of beaden (beast of burden) You enjoyed your nife lite (night life)

The psycholinguistic explanation 2

Generally accord with linguistic rules of the language Phonological rules

Slickery (slick + slippery) Morphological rules

Rules of word formation (word of rules formation) Sesame seed crackers (sesame street crackers)

ARTICULATIONPrinting out human voices

Are the chest, the throat, and the mouth simply designed for biological functions? To eat food To breathe the air To articulate speech?

Evolutionary modification: Larynx

the position of larynx Low in human beings – high in other animals

Why lower larynx?

To create a new source of sound Pharyngeal sound

To create more sounds

How do sounds pop out of the mouth after conceptualization and formulation?

Motor control of speech When an idea is conceptualized and linguistically

formulated, the brain commands the systems responsible for speech production.

Speech system The respiratory system Laryngeal system Vocal tract

Coarticulation

Different speech organs work together to produce sounds. Anticipatory coarticulation

Boo [bu], bark [ba-] Perseveratory coarticulation

Its [its] Dogs [z], cats [s]

SELF-MONITORING

How do we know we self-monitor?

We correct our speech errors/mistakes immediately. Hesitation

What do we monitor?

Fact:

Native speakers do not make ‘errors’. They make ‘mistakes’. Non-native speakers make ‘errors’.

Insights

Speakers are intuitively aware of the production process. Speakers often self-edit or self-repair the output during the

process of production Competence vs. performance

Self-repairs (Levelt, 1989)

Instant repairs Replace with the correct word

Again left to the same blank crossing point-white crossing point. Anticipatory retracings

The speaker retraces back to some point prior to the error. And left to the purple crossing point-the the red crossing point.

Fresh starts Just start over

From yellow down to brown-no-that’s red.

Hesitations

Uh, um, let me see, you know, well. I think it costs about…uh….20 dollars. They must…uh…meet in the library.

Do we stop at any point of the sentence?

Hesitations are rule-governed. I think Mary is….you know…a pretty girl. They must…uh…meet in the library.

feedback loop