Procter & Gamble Pharmacist's Handbook, Second Edition

Procter & Gamble Pharmacist's Handbook Second Edition

Procter & Gamble

Pharmacist's Handbook

Second Edition

Edited by Dennis B, Worthen, Ph,D,

Contributing Authors

Walter Stanaszek, Ph.D., RPh. Mary Stanaszek, RRA. Robert Holt, MA, R.Ph.

Bruce Carlstedt, Ph,D., R.Ph. Steven Strauss, Ph.D., R.Ph.

CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washingon, D.C.

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Contents

Letter to Students

Preface

vii

ix

SECTION ONE

Fundamentals of Medical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

SECTION TWO

Inverted Medical Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -23 Eponyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Medical Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Terms Used in Prescription Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

SECTION THREE

Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Anthropometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Laboratory Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 List of Tests by Body System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 List of Tests by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Patient Counseling Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Principles of Literature Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

SECTION FOUR

National Pharmacy Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State Pharmacy Associations 359

State Boards of Pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Canadian Provincial Voluntary Organizations . . . . . . . . . . 371 Canadian Provincial Regulatory Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Canadian National Pharmacy Associations . . . . . . . . . . . 375

SECTION FIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herbal Taxonomy 379

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herbal Nomenclature 385

SECTION SIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Code of Ethics for Pharmacists 393

. . . . . . . . . Principles of Practice for Pharmaceutical Care 395

SECTION SEVEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary of Managed Care Terms 405

Procter & Gamble: The Health Care Company 453

Letter to Students

Dear Pharmacy Student:

Procter & Gamble is pleased to provide you with a personal copy of The Pharmacist 'S Handbook. We believe you will find this a useful reference in college and throughout your professional career.

Pharmacy is an essential part of the health care delivery system and pharmacists are critical in helping their patients achieve optimal outcomes from their medication therapy. Patients view the pharmacist as a highly credible and trusted source of health care advice. Communication with patients or caregivers and with other health care professionals is fundamental to the pharmacist's role as a drug therapy expert. Several sections within this text covering abbreviations, definitions, terminology, etc. should be useful in your college coursework and in future communication needs critical to your practice.

As a future pharmacist, you must also ensure your personal professional development. You may have already identified individuals as professional mentors and professional societies that can contribute to your professional growth. As a practicing pharmacist, you will also begin a journey of life-long learning and development to maintain your expertise in drug therapy and stay abreast of issues impacting the profession. Sections on professional associations and the Pharmacist Code of Ethics have been included in this text to support your professional development and growth.

Please accept our best wishes from Procter & Gamble for every success during pharmacy school and in your future as a pharmacist.

Sincerely,

Janelle Sobotka, Pharm.D. Pharmacy Relations Manager

Dedicated to Pharmacy Students and Practicing Pharmacists and their work to ensure positive medication outcomes in the patients they serve.

Preface

An important skill in the pharmacist's professional life is the ability to communicate accurately and comprehensibly. This skill is especially critical when one considers the audiences that the pharmacist communicates with.

The pharmacist is in a unique position, and has a real responsibility, to understand the language of both the professional and lay audiences. It is through this understanding that the pharmacist can help patients to realize the best possible benefits fiom their therapies.

The Pharmacist 'S Handbook, Second Edition, is designed as a tool to help the pharmacist in the role of a communication facilitator. The different sections are designed to help foster communication and understanding with both the professional and lay audiences. For example, the Inverted Medical Dictio- nary Section provides a beginning point to convert lay terminology into more technical vocabulary. This is the point where one may use a regular medical dictionary for a full definition if that is needed. Other sections provide technical terminology, such as eponyms and abbreviations that will provide a reference for your own understanding and conversion to language that your patients will be able to understand. Also, there is information included in sections to help you and provide a one stop reference for items such as normal laboratory values, conversion factors, and weights and measures. This edition also includes information on herbal nomenclature as well as a glossary of managed care terms that will be helpful in understanding the language of the payer and insurance community.

Each of these sections provides a reference to information that is important for the pharmacist to understand and use as part of providing pharmaceutical care.

We hope that you will find the Handbook a useful tool. We wish you every success in providing the best possible pharmaceutical care for your patients.

DENNIS B. WORTHEN, PHD Executive Director The Lloyd Library and Museum Cincinnati, OH

UNDERSTANDING MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

The study of medical terminology is integral to any study of the health care system. Like any other field, health care has its own special language, and an understanding of that language is necessary for an understanding of the discipline.

Since medical terms do not vary in meaning from one generation to another or from one community to another, they are extremely precise in their definitions and allow those in the health care community to converse with each other with exactitude. This exactitude, however, is lost to those who do not understand the language. Therefore, it is important for the pharmacist to be well versed in medical terminology, especially in the role of the provider of pharmaceutical care.

In the community practice setting, pharmacists frequently provide the initial access to the health care system. They are often asked by patients to make sense of the technical language and help them achieve the full benefit from their therapeutic regimen. In the hospital and clinic, pharmacists often counsel patients either during the hospital stay or as part of the discharge planning. Here also, the ability to influence the patient to receive the full potential of the medical therapy is dependent on the pharmacist's ability to understand and communicate with both health care professionals and patients.

Fundamentals of Medical Terms

INTRODUCTION

Like every other specialized discipline, the practice of medicine has evolved its own language over the years, using terminology not found in the general vocabulary. An understanding of medical terminology requires two basic elements: (1) some knowledge of the body structure and functions and (2) familiarity with meanings of the prefixes, suffixes, and roots comprising medical terms.

Most medical terms are composed of roots or stems derived from Greek or Latin and used in combination with prefixes and suffixes. These language sources are used interchangeably, such as in the term appendicitis containing the Latin appendix and the Greek suffix -itis. Terms derived from Greek and Latin have the advantage of being precise and unchanging. They have the same meaning in all countries; therefore, medical terminology is a universal language.

The fundamental method for building a medical vocabulary consists of analyzing a word by identifying its root, suffix, and prefix. Most medical terms are derivative; that is, they consist of a combination of two or more roots or word elements rather than a single Greek or Latin word. The identification of a term through structural analysis involves determining the meaning of each of its components that will either reveal the exact definition of the word or convey its applied meaning.

Example: myopathy = myo (root meaning "muscle") + pathy (suffix meaning "disease")

Some words are comprised of more than one root, each of which retains its basic meaning. Such words, referred to as compounds, are very commonly found in medical terminology.

Example: osteoarthritis = inflammation of the bone joints osteo, = meaning bone (root)

arthro, = meaning joint (root) itis, = meaning inflammation (suffix)

4 FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMS

For some medical terms, both the Greek and Latin spellings have been adopted as acceptable forms, so the spelling of a root can vary from one term to another. It is imperative, therefore, that a medical dictionary be consulted to determine the correct spelling of unfamiliar words. Because an incorrect spelling can convey an inaccurate impression, diagnosis, condition, or procedure, phonetic spelling has no place in the medical field.

As spelling of a root can vary, so too can pronunciation. Pronunciation of medical terms can be difficult initially, since no rigid rules can be followed. In addition, some words may be acceptably pronounced in more than one way. Common usage prevails; discrepancies in pronouncing medical terms will be found even in the same location.

Example: ab do" men or ab" do men lab" o r a tory or la bor" a tory du" o del num or du odl e num bar bit" U rate or bar" bi tu' rate

Those pronunciations of which the reader is unsure should be determined from a medical dictionary. Repeated spoken use of the terms is the most helpful tool in acquiring mastery of expression.

The point of studying suffixes, roots, and prefixes is to refine the ability to analyze unknown words and derive an accurate meaning. How to go about that may initially seem backwards, but the definition of a term or its applied meaning can usually best be determined by beginning the analysis with the suffix and proceeding to the root and then the prefix. The reason is that the suffix often gives the general context, part of speech, or activity involved; the root then may determine the part of the body, the basic action, or other specific application or meaning. The prefix usually provides restriction or modification of the understanding derived from the suffixes and roots.

SUFFIXES

True suffixes consist of one or more syllables added to root words to modify the meaning andlor to indicate the part of speech-that the completed word is either a preposition or an adverb. Many endings, however, are nouns or adjectives added to a root to form a compound word. Such nouns and adjectives are not true suffixes; they are combinations of true suffixes and roots and may be referred to as combining forms or pseudosuffixes.

Example: -gloss (tongue) Root -a1 (related to) True suffix -glossal (related to the tongue) Pseudosuffix

These compound endings may then be added to other prefixes or roots, as

in the word hypoglossal. Because words are built of prefixes, roots, and suffixes, reasons arise to include multiple restrictions or modifications on the root, so a single word may contain more than one suffix at a time.

Table 1.1 includes some commonly used word endings, along with their meanings and examples of their use in medical terms. Tables 1.2 and 1.3 list suffix endings denoting physiology, symptoms, and procedures. A study of true suffixes apart from their association with specific use-as,

Table 1.1 Suffixes: Commonly Used Word Endings.

Suffix Meaning Example

-able ability -ible -ile

-ac related to, -a1 concerning, -an pertaining to

action

resemblance, like

agent

of that kind, pertaining to

condition, state

palatable flexible fragile cardiac

abdominal ovarian ocular

papillary pyogenic practical sensory

orthodontic pulsate enuresis measure veriform fibroid

lactagog ue inhaler

p h ysician urologist levator

popliteal calcaneous

adipose mucinous paresis

d ysplasia cholelithiasis

flaccid catabolism hyperacidity diverticulosis

continued

Table 1.1 (continued).


condition, state procidentia malabsorption

gouty small corpuscle

molecule t U berculum

ductulus pipet

endocardium arteriole

hordeolum bolus

capable of, infectious causing

Table 1.2 Suffixes: Symptomatic and Miscellaneous.


producer, leader attack, seizure

pain touch

enzyme abnormal closure hernia, swelling

discharge of foreign substance

destroy, kill closure

cojoined, twin

pain expansion, dilatation swelling, distention

blood bear, carry

to bear, produce expel, drive away

producing, origination presencelformation of

secondary lesion a binary compound

a nitrogenous compound

sialagogue podagra ne U ralgia

am blyaphia lipase

proctatresia hydrocele U rochesia

hematochezia germicide

enterocleisis at lodidymus triopodymus pleurodynia angiectasis emphysema septicemia

efferent ossiferous centrifuge

bronchogenic nephrolithiasis

tuberculid chloride morphine

Table 1.2 (continued). -- P P

suffix Meaning Example

-ite -itis

-lemma - m y -l ysis

-mentia -metry -meter -nomy

-01 -oma *pia -opsia -ose -0sis

-pagus - P ~ Y -penla

-phagia -phasia -philia

-phobia -plasia -plegia -pnea

-poiesis -ptosis -rrhagia -rrhea

-rrhexis -scope -spasm -stalsis -stasis -staxis -taxis

-thyma -tome -tonia

-ule -uria -vert

-vorous

division inflammation

sheath, envelope sciencelstudy of

dissolving, reduction mind

measureJinstrument

law alcohol, phenol

tumor slight defect

condition of vision sugar

abnormal condition to fasten together

disease lack, deficiency to eat, swallow

speech to love, to crave

to fear development

paralysis breathing

make, produce to fall

excessive discharge flow

rupture instrument for viewing involuntary contraction

constriction at a standstill hemorrhage

involuntary response to stimuli

condition of mind cutting instrument stretching, causing

tension small

condition of the urine turn

to eat

metabolite arthritis

neurilemma cardiology hemolysis dementia optometry

craniometer taxonomy ethanol

carcinoma am blyopia xanthopsia

glucose dermatosis diplopagus m yelopathy leu kopenia d ysphagia d ysphasia hemophilia

photophobia hyperplasia herniplegia d yspnea

hemopoiesis blepharoptosis menorrhagia leu korrhea

cardiorrhexis bronchoscope enterospasm

peristalsis hemostasis

epistaxis rheostaxis

cyclothymic osteotome hypertonia

tubule g l ycosuria

divert herbivorous

Table 7.3 Suffixes: Surgica//Diagnostic Procedures.


-centesis -clasis -desis

-ectomy -l ysis

-ography -0scopy -ostomy -otomy -PexY -plasty

-rrhaphy -tripsy

puncture, aspiration fracture fusion

excision freeing process

look within form an opening

incision into fixation, suspension

repair suture

crushing, friction

thoracentesis osteoclasis arthrodesis gastrectomy enterolysis

roentgenography c ystoscopy colostomy laparotomy hysteropexy

blepharoplasty herniorrhaphy

lithotripsy

for example, those dealing with diagnostic terms-is difficult and neces- sitates repetition. For this reason, all of the true suffixes are introduced in this chapter and then presented again in specific areas to reinforce their common usage. Their sheer number makes learning these suffixes a daunting task, but careful review and repetition of these suffixes in a large number of terms simplifies the problem. In addition, the tables are useful for reference long after their original study.

ROOTS

The word root or stem is the fundamental or elementary part of the word that conveys its primary notion or significance. Modification of the basic meaning is then made by the addition of prefixes, suffixes, or other roots. The root should not be confused with a prefix or suffix, regardless of the position of the root within a word. Prefixes come at the beginning and suffixes at the end of a word, but a root can appear anywhere, including before or after another root. The roots (since there may be more than one) give the word its primary meaning; prefixes or suffixes, however, serve to modify that meaning. Those roots used in medical terminology generally indicate an organ or part of the body.

The term combining forms is often encountered in the study of medical terminology. A combining form of a root is created by the addition of a vowel, usually o, to the word root. This is done primarily for ease in pronunciation. These are, therefore, convenience forms and do not influence the meaning of a word root.

Prefixes 9

Example: (Combining Form) gastro- (Root) gastr- (Medical Terms) gastr(o)dynia

gastralgia gastritis

Some roots end in vowels, so frequently there is no need to add a vowel to these roots to create a combining form. Further, the addition of a vowel would place two vowels in succession. Thus, a vowel is usually not added if the word root ends in a vowel and two vowels would be in sequence.

Example: celio- (Root meaning abdomen) -oma (Suffix meaning tumor)

celioma (tumor of the abdomen)

A medical dictionary should be consulted whenever correct spelling is in question.

The list in Table 1.4 contains many commonly used roots or combining forms that do not readily fall into the body system classifications or that apply to more than one. Since the meaning of a word can be determined by knowledge of its basic parts, these examples should illustrate the value of learning root words as a basis for understanding medical terminology.

PREFIXES

Prefixes are the most frequently used elements in the formation of medical terms. Most prefixes are commonly used in everyday language and are not unique to medical terminology, so those wanting to learn or improve their mastery of medical terminology have a sound basis on which to build.

Prefixes may be adjectives, adverbs, or prepositions that are used to indicate various relationships or conditions of the root word. Most prefixes have a final vowel that is deleted if the following root or stem begins with a vowel.

Since prefixes originate from both Latin and Greek, two different prefixes may have the same meaning. For example, the prefixesposter- and retro- both indicate "behind," as in the termsposterior and retrograde. Conversely, multiple meanings may be associated with a single prefix because of multiple sources for the prefix; meta-, for example, can mean both "over" and "after change."

True prefixes are distinguished from roots in that they serve only to modify the meaning of the root and have no significance alone. Roots that are used at the beginning of words are not considered to be true prefixes.

10 FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMS

Example: Prefixes Roots

hypertrophy hepatomegaly bradycardia osteomyelitis

The prefixes listed in Tables l .5 through 1.8 have been grouped according to the type of relationship or conditions that they identify. The examples serve to illustrate how prefixes are joined to root words.

Table 1.4 Roots: Combining Forms, Miscellaneous.

Root Meaning Example

abdomin- actino- adipo- ae r- alge- alveo-

ambulo- aneurysm0

ankyl- astro- auto- blast-

blenno- ~ U C C - calori- celio- coeli-

cervico- chir-

chron- clas- clin-

coleo- crymo- cryo- crypt- cycl- W-

desm- ergo- eury- febri-

abdomen ray, radiated structure

fat air, gas

pain hollow

walk about widening

crooked, attached star self

bud, germ mucus cheek heat

abdomen

neck hand time

smash, break bedside sheath cold

hidden round, recurring

cell fibrous connection

work broad fever

abdominal actinogenic

adipose aerogram

algospasm alveolus

ambulatory aneurysmorrhaphy

ankylosis astrocyte autoclasis blastocyte

blennorrhea buccinator calorigenic

celioma coeloma

cervicobrachial chiromegaly chronograph osteoclasis

clinical coleocele

crymophilic cryoextraction cryptogenic cyclotropia cytology

desmodynia ergophobia eurycephalic

febrile



gero- glio-

glyco- gony- gust- helio- hidro- histo- hydro- hypno- ~atro- ictero- iso-

kinesio- lapar- lepto- lip-

litho- lyso-

macro- mal-

megalo- mero- micro- mio-

morpho- muco- myco- m yx-

necro- nocto- nycto- noso- not-

oligo- omo-

omphalo- oneir- oxy-

pachy- paleo- pan-

papillo- papulo- patho-

aged glue

sugar, sweet knee taste sun

sweat tissue water sleep

medicine, physician jaundice

equal movement loin, flank

slender, thin fat

stone dissolving large, long

ill, bad, poor large Part

small less, smaller

form mucus fungi

mucus death night

disease the back few, little shoulder umbilicus

dream sharp, keen

thick old all

pustule

disease

gerontology glioma

glycosuria gonyoce le gustation

heliotherapy hidrosis histology hydrocele hypnotic iatrogenic icterogenic

isotonic kinesiolog y laparotomy leptodermic

lipoma lithogenesis lysogenic

macronychia malabsorption

megalocyte merotom y microg ram

miosis amorphous

mucopurulent mycology myxedema necrosis nocturia

nyctophilia nosopoietic

notalg ia oliguria

omodynia omphalotomy

oneirism oxycephalic pachyonchia paleogenetic panarthritis papillo ma

papulosquamous pathology

continued



pedia- pedo- pero-

phago- phanero- photo- phren-

phthisio- PhYcp- phys~o- PM- platy- pod- pros-

prosop- psychr-

puri- PYO- PYrp- rad~o-

schisto- scirrh- scler- sit-

somni- sphygmo- splanchn- staphylo-

stear- steat- steno- stereo- stetho- sthen-

strepto- thanat- theco-

thermo- throm bo-

tome- top- topo-

trachelo- ul-

child foot

deformed devour, eat

appear, visible light

mind, diaphragm wasting, atrophy

seaweed nature plant

flat, broad foot

forward, anterior face cold PUS

fever, heat ray

split, d~vide hard

food sleep pulse

viscera grapelike cluster

fat

narrow, contracted solid, three dimensional

chest strength

twisted, curved death sheath heat clot

cutting instrument place, topical

neck scar, gingiva

pediatrics pedograph

perobrachius phagocyte phanerosis

photophobia phrenic

phthisiolog y phycobilins physiology

hematophyte platypodia podiatrist

prosademic prosoponeuralgia

psychralgia purilent

pyogenic pyrogenic

radiotherapy schistocelia scirr hosity

scleroderma sitophobia insomnia

sphygmomanometer splanchnic

staphylotoxin steanhea steatol ysis stenosis

stereoscope stethoscope myasthenia

streptobacillus thanatology thecodont

thermometer thrombocyte microtome topectomy topography

trachelodynia ulorrhagia



vermi- worm vermifug e viscer- organ viscera vita- life vitamin

xeno- strange, foreign xenophthalmia zoo- animal zoology

Table 1.5 Prefixes: Location, Direction, Tendency.

Prefix Meaning Example

a- an- ab-

apo- de-

ad- ambi- amphi- ampho-

ana-

ante- fore- pre- pro-

anter-

anti- contra- counter-

ob-

cata- kata-

circum- peri-

CO-

com- con- sym- syn-

dextro-

di- dis-

without, not

away from

to, toward, near both

up, apart, across, back again, excessive

before, forward

in front of

against, opposite

down, according to

around, about

together, with

to the right

apart from

aphasia anemia

abductor apophysis decapitate adnexia

ambidextrous amphibious

amphoterism anacatharsis

anastasis

antepartum fore head prenatal

procidentia

anterograde

antitoxin contraceptive counterirritant obdormition

catatonic katathermometer

circumflex pericarditis

coarctation commissure conductor symphysis

synarthrosis dextroversion

diastemia dissect

continued

13


Prefix Meaning Example dia- per-

trans- dorsi- dorso-

e- ec- ex-

ecto- exo- extra- extro- em- en- im- in-

endo- ento- intra-

epi- eso- extra- hyper- per- pleo-

super-

gen-

homo- hyper-

hypo- infra- sub- im- in- ir-

non- un-

inter-

intro-

through, across

back

out from

outside

within

upon, over inward

more, excessive

producing, coming to be

same above, over

below, under, beneath, less, deficient

not

between

into

diaphragm perforate

transection dorsiflexion dorsolateral enucleate ectoblast

exacerbation ectoderm

exogenous extracellular

extrovert

empyema enarthrosis impaction

inflammation

endocardium entocele

intraocular epigastric

esotropia extraocular hypertrophy pertussis

pleomorphic supernumerary

genetics

homogeneous hypertrophy

hypotension infraorbital

subcutaneous immiscible inarticulate irreducible nontoxic

unconscious intercostal

introversion

Tabie 1.5 (continued).


ipsi- iso-

juxta- latero-

levo- sinistro- medi- rnes- mid- meta-

opistho- poster-

para- post- primi- prot-

re- retro-

super- supra- ultra- tel- tele- telo- trans- ventro-

same, equal

near to the side

to the left

in the middle

over, after, change behind, backward

beside, near

after, behind first

again backward, behind

above, excessive

end, distance

across, through anterior

ipsilateral isometric

juxtaposition lateroflexion

levoversion sinistrocard ia

medial mesocephalic

midbrain metastasis opisthotic

posteromedian paracentesis

postpartum primipara protoderm

rehabilitation retrograde

super natant supra renal ultrasonic

telediastolic teleopsia teiophase transplant

ventrofixation

Table 1.6 Prefixes: Size, Condition, State.


allo- ambly- aniso- atel-

atreto- bio-

brachy- brevi-

not normal allotropic dim, dull amblyopia

unequal, dissimilar anisocyosis imperfect atelectasis

lack of opening atretocystia relation to, life biology

short brachycephalic brevicollis

continued



brady- caco- cry-

dolicho- dys- eu-

haplo- heter- halo-

homeo- homo- ischio- leio-

malaco- medulo-

mis- mogi- myel-

neutro- poikilo- ~ 0 1 ~ -

presby- proto-

pseudo- sclero- scoli- tachy- torsi-

trachy- varico- xero-

slow bad, ill cold long

difficult, painful well, easily, good

single, simple different, other

entire like, similar

suppress, restrain smooth

soft marrow

bad, wrong, improper painful, difficult

marrow neither varied

many, much old

first, original false hard

cruved, crooked fast twist rough

twisted, swollen dry

bradycardia cacogenic

cryosurgery dolichosigmoid

dyspnea euphoria haploid

heterochylia holography homeostasis

homogeneous ischuria

leiomyoma malacia

medulloblastoma miscarriage mogiphonia

myeloma neutro p h i l

poikiloderma polyuria

presbyopia protove rte bra

pseudo pregnancy sclerosis scoliosis

tachycardia torsion

trachyphonia vericose

xerocheilia

Table 1.7 Prefixes: Number, Measurement.


mono- uni-

bi- bin- di-

diplo- dis-

one

two, twice

monocyte unilateral

bifurcation binaural

dicephalus diplococcus dismutase


Prefix Meaning

ter- three, third tri-

quad- tetra- penta- quinqu- quinti-

hex- sex-

hept- sept-

octa- nona- deca-

four

five

six

seven

eight nine ten

micro- one one-millionth milli- one one-thousandth centi- one one-hundredth deci- one tenth

hecto- kilo-

demi- hemi- semi-

ambi- amphi- ampho- multi- ~ 0 1 ~ -

hundred thousand

half

both

many

Example

tertiary triceps

quadruplet tetraplegia pentavalent

quinquevalent quintipara

hexasaccharide sextuplet

heptachromic septipara octagonal

nonan decameter

microgram millil iter

centimeter decigram hectoliter kilogram demilune

hemicardia semiconscious ambidextrous amphibious amphoteric multipara

polychromatic

Table 1.8 Prefixes: Color.


chroma- color chromatography alb- white albinuria

albumin- albuminuretic leuk- leukemia

amaur- dark amaurosis continued



chlor- verdin- ciner- glauc- polio-

cirrh- flav- lute-

xanth- cyano-

erythr- rube-

melan- nigro-

purpur-

green

gray

yellow

blue

red

black

purple

chloranemia verdohemoglobin

cineritious glaucoma

poliomyelitis

cirrhosis flavoprotein

lutein xanthoma

cyanomycosis erythrocyte

rubella

melanoma nigrosi ne purpura

BODY AS A WHOLE

Medical terms describing position or direction relative to the body are expressed in terms of the "anatomical position": the human body standing erect, arms at the sides and the palms of the hands turned forward. This reflects the anterior (anterlo) or front side, also called the ventral or belly side. The combining form for posterior is posterlo, meaning "back"; dorsal (dorslo) also refers to the back side of an organism. The combining form for the side is laterlo. Unilateral (uni = one) would denote one side, while bilateral (bi = two) means two or both sides. Medial pertains to the middle. Other combining forms referring to locations on the body include super-, meaning superior (e.g., superficial); dist-, meaning far or distant (e.g., distal); proxim-, meaning near (e.g., proximal); caudo-, meaning tail or lower part (e.g., caudal); and cephal-, meaning head (e.g., cephalad).

The abdomen is divided into nine anatomic regions. The right and left hypochondriac regions are those lying beneath (hypo-) the ribs, although the term also describes a person who is overly concerned with health and may imagine illness (named for the region of the body that was thought to be the seat of the disease). Between the hypochondria is the epigastric (epi = upon, gastr = stomach) region. The right and lefi lumbar regions are separated by the umbilical (naval) region. Below are the hypogastric and left and right inguinal or iliac regions. Areas in the abdominal cavity are also divided by quadrants, designated as right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and lefi lower quadrant (LLQ).

Body as a Whole 19

The body has two principal body cavities designated as the ventral (front) and dorsal (back). The smaller dorsal cavity contains the cranial and spinal cavities. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic (chest) cavity, separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm. Lowest is the pelvic cavity. The serous membrane lining these two (abdominopelvic) cavities is called the peritoneum. Organs within the cavities are sometimes referred to as viscera.

INVERTED MEDICAL DICTIONARY

Unlike a normal dictionary, an inverted medical dictionary does not provide definitions. Instead, it starts with a common term (or the definition) and then supplies the correct technical term. This tool is especially valuable when one is trying to determine what the correct technical term might be for a non- technical or lay term.

EPONYMS

The eponym is a specialized form of technical terminology. An eponym is a shorthand to describe a specific disease, condition, or syndrome by using the proper name of the person who first described it or the patient. For example, Paget's disease is a shorthand description for osteitis deformans, a generalized skeletal disorder characterized by thickening and softening of bone, and is named after James Paget, a London surgeon who first described the condition. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was named Gehrig's (or Lou Gehrig's) disease after the New York Yankee baseball star, who was diagnosed and later died from the disease.

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations are used as shortened forms of disease names, diagnostic procedures, anatomical terms, quantities, routes of administration and practically anything else that appears in clinical use. The sheer number of abbreviations in common use pre-

cludes simplicity; instead, they often add to the confusion. It is important to be sure that an unfamiliar abbreviation is verified if there is any doubt about its true meaning.

TERMS USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING

Latin and abbreviations still form much of the prescription vocabulary. This list of terms provides the English equivalent for both the prescription term and its common abbreviation.

Inverted Medical Dictionary

abdomen, upper part midr@

abdomlnal cavlty dlstenslon celiec~asia

abdomlnal fluld ascites

abdomlnal flssure hologasrroschisis

a narrow opening or crack of considera- ble length and depth

abdominal gas rympanism

swelling of the abdominal area due to intestinal gas

abdomlnal inclslon celw~omy

a cut into the abdominal cavity Iqarotomy

through the loin or flank

abdominal paln formen

severe griping or colicky pain

abdomlnal wall suture celwrrhaphy laparorrhaphy

abnormal blood pressure dysarteriotony

abnormal development teratogenesis

abnormal formatlon cacogenesia cucogenesis

abnormal sensation paresthesia

as of burning, prickling, or tingling

abnormal sense of taste dysgeusia

abnormal slze of head macrocephalia macrocephaly

abnormal sweatlng diaphoresis

abnormal thlrst anadipsia dipsosis

abnormal tlssue development dysplasia

abortlon embryotocia

absence of anatomical parts agenesis

organ or part

(development) a g ~ t h i a

lower jaw amasria

mammary glands amelia

limbs amyelia

spinal cord anandria

male characteristics anephrogenesis

kidney tissue

absence of anatomical parts (development) (cont.)

anorchism testes

apneumia lungs

apodia feet

aprosopia face

arhinia nose

asternia sternum

atrichosis hair

absence of llfe abiosis

absence of menstruation amenorrhea

absence of pleasure anhedonia

from acts that would otherwise be plea- surable

absorbent desiccant exsiccant

acetone bodies In blood acetonemia

Achilles tendon paln achillodvnia

Achilles tendon suture achillorrhaphy

acid, excessive acidosis

in body fluids supersalt

in salt

acid measurer acidimeter

acidity def iciency hypoacidi~y

activity deficiency hypopraxia

"Adam's apple" prorninen~ia laryngea

prominent area in front of the neck

adenoids inflammation adenoiditis

adenoids knife adenoma~ome

surgical instrument for cutting adenoids odenotome

surgical instrument for cutting a gland or adenoids

adenoids excision adenoidec~omy

after Intercourse poskoital

after surgery postoperative

after vacclnatlon posrvaccinal

air bacteria collector aerobioscope

device to determine bacterial content in the air

air-breathed measurer aeroplethysmograph

instrument to measure the amount of air breathed out (exhaled)

air dust measurer aeroscope

instrument used in determining the puri- ty of the air

konometer instrument for counting the number of dust particles in the air

airlgas anywhere in body pneumarosis

in any abnormal location

airlgas In brain ventricles pneumocranium pneumocephalus

alrlgas in heart chambers pneurnatocardia

airlgas in intestines aerenlerectasia meleorism tympaniles

also in abdomen

airlgas in joints pneumarfhrosis

airlgas in peritonea1 cavity aeroperifoneurn aeroperitonia

airigas in pleural cavity pneumo l horax

alrlgas In skull epidural aerocele

usually caused by fracture

airlgas in splnal canal pneumorrhachis

airlgas under the skln pncumoderma

subcutaneous emphysema

airigas In urine pneumaluria

airlgas vaginal distention aerocolpos

air in heart aerendocardia

alr-Inspired measurer inspirometer

instrument to measure the force, frequency, or volume of inhaled air

air in mediastinal tissues pneumomediaslinum

air In pericardial sac pneumohydropericardium

air/sallva swallowing acrosialophagy sialoaerophagy

entry of of air and saliva into the stomach

air swallowing aerophagia aerophagy

alrlwater treatment aerohydropathy acrohydrolherapy

albumin measurer albuminome~er

instrument to measure albumin contents, especially in the urine

albumin In urine albuminuia noclalbuminuria

excess albumin in urine passed at night

alcohol In urlne

alertness of mlnd eunoia

alimentary canal enteron

allmentary canal lacklng agaslric .

alkallnlty in blood alkalemia

alkallnlty In urlne alkalinuria

allerglc disease allergosis

any disease resulting from allergy

allergic reactlon aloPY

specifically with strong familial tendencies

allerglc skin dlsorder allergodermia

altered hematln In urlne urohematin urofuscohema~in

red pigment in urine

altitude sickness AcousfaS disease

amblsexual hermaphrodi fism hermaphrodism

condition of having both ovarian & testicular tissue

amebas In urine ameburia

amines in urine aminuria

amlno acids in blood aminoacidemia

presence of the enzyme in excessive amounts

amlno acids In urlne acidaminuria aminoaciduria

ammonla compounds In blood ammoniemia

ammonia In urine

absence of anatomical parts (development) ammonia in urine 25

atcoholuria ammoniuria

amnion inflammation amnionitis

animals, collectively fauna

amnion lacking antibody producer anamionic anamnioric

anrigen anything that produces antibodies

without the membrane normally surrounding the fetus antlmony poisoning

stibialism amnion ruptured

amniorrhexis

amnion fluid escaped amniorrhm

amount desired ad lib (ad libitwn)

as desired

anatomy study morphology

study of the structure and forms of organisms

anesthesia below waist para-anesthesia

affecting only the lower half of the body

anesthesia by cold cryanesrhesia refrigeration anesrhesia

anesthesla by electricity electroanalgesia electronarcosis

insensitivity to pain by use of electrical current

anesthetic measurer anesthesimeter

aneurysm repair aneurysmoplasty arf erioplasty

aneurysm suture aneurysmorrhaphy

aneurysm of velnlartery phlebangioma phlebarteriectasia

angel dust phencyclidine (PCP)

"street drug" subject to abuse

angle measurer goniometer

animal anatomy zootomy

animal breeding zoogony

antrum (sinus) operation antroslomy antrotomy

opening of the antrum for drainage purposes

antrectomy excision of the antrum

anus aperture lacking aproctia

anus artificial colostomy

creation of an artificial anus in the abdominal wall by surgical means

anus inflammation periproctitis perirectitis

inflammation of the connecting tissues around the rectum or anus

proctiris rectitis

inflammation of the rectum or anus sphincteritis

inflammation of the anal sphincter muscle

anus pain proctagra proctalgia proctodynia proctalgia fugax sphincteralgia

anus proximity perianal

surrounding the anus

anus specialist proctologisr

physician who specializes in treating anal conditions

anus stricture proctosfenosis

anus viewer anoscope

instrument to examine anus and rectum

amnion infammation artery cntsher 27

aorta Inflammation aorfifis rnesaor fifis

inflammation of the middle layer of the aorta

periaortifis inflammation of the tissues surrounding the aorta

aorta membrane endaorfifis

apathy amelcia

indifference

apex lnflammatlon apicifis

of a tooth root or a lung

aponeurosis lnflammatlon aponeurositis

aponeurotic operation aponeuro lomy

aponeurotlc suture aponeurorrhaphy

appendages adnexa

anatomical parts that are cojoined

appendages of the eye adnexa oculi

the lacrirnal glands

appendages of the uterus adnexa uteri

oviducts and ovaries

appendlx lnflammatlon appendicitis

appendlx operation appendectomy

appetlte In excess bulimia

appetlte lacklng anorexia

appetlte unnatural a110 friophagy pica

appetite for unusual or harmful substances

chthonophagia chthonophagy geophagy

desire to eat earth, clay, chalk, etc

appllcatlon epifhem

anything placed on a wound or sore spot

arachnold membrane Inflamed arachnifis

arm amputation brachiofomy

arm lacklng monobrachius

congenital deformity

arm largeness macrobrachia

arm pain brachialgio

arm smallness microbrachia

armlesslheadless acephalobrachia

born without head and arms

armpit axilla

aromatic urine uraroma

arrow poison curare ukambin

arsenic treatment arsenothrrapy

use of arsenic agents to treat disease

arson compulsion pyromania

arterial pressure low hypopiesia

artery calcification arferiosfosis

artery calculus arfcriolith

artery constriction arteriarcf ia arf criosf enosis

artery crusher angiofribe

instrument for crushing an artery em- bedded in the tissue

artery degeneration arf eriasis arteronecrosis

artery dilatation arleriecfasis arreriomolor

artery disease arteripathy

artery hardening arteriosclerosis

artery inflammation arteritis exarteritis

of the outer layer mesarteritis

of the middle layer panarteritis

of all the arteries periangitis

of outside tissues around an artery periarreritis

of the outer layer and tissues surrounding an artery

polyangitis perivasculiris

involving multiple blood vessels stetharteritis

of the arteries of the thorax

artery narrowlng arreriostenosis

constriction or compression inhibiting the flow of blood

artery operatlon arteriectomy arterio~omy arrerioplasry

artery pressure measurer hemadynamometer

instrument to measure the blood pressure within the arteries

artery rupture arteriorrhexis

artery small arreriole

artery spasm arreriospasm

artery twistlng arteriostrepsis

to stop a hemorrhage

arterylveln communlcatlng anastornosis

artery x-ray arterwgraphy

artlculatlon difficulty dyslalia

artlculatlon Inflamed osteoarthritis

degenerative disease of a joint

artlflcfal anus enteroproctia

artlflciai intelllgence computer reasoning

artificial substitution prosrhesis

artificial parts to the body prosrhetisr

specialist in artificial substitution prosthodontics

branch of dentistry devoted to the restoration of teeth

asbestos inhaled asbestosis

asexual reproductlon agamogenesis agamogenetic a8amo8onY

astlgmatlsm measurer a~ligmarometer astigmometer

instrument to measure the extent of blurred and imperfect image due to imperfect refraction

athlete's foot &rmarophytosis tinea pedis

atmospheric humldity measurer hygrometer

instrument to measure moisture in the air

atmospheric study meteorology

artery suture arteriorrhaphy

atomizer nebulizer

artery degeneration base of skull 29

atrophy dlffuse panatrophy

of several parts

atrophy of skln atrophoderrna

decrease in size or wasting away atrophoderrnatosis

of the cutis

attachment bonding

to object or person

attlc operatlon atticotorny

opening of the tympanic attic

attractlon tropism

involuntary attraction of an animal or vegetable organism toward a more desirable spot

attractlon to corpses necromania

also desire for death

attraction/rejectlon of sun heliotaxis heliotropism

phenomenon where plants or plant organs have a tendency to lean toward or away from the sun

autopsy necropsy

aversion to food anorexia nervosa apocleisis aposifia

aviator's disease aeroneurosis

a nervous disorder

axes equal homoaxial homaronial

bacilli in blood

presence of a type of rod-shaped bacteria in the blood

bacilll In urine bacilluria

back dorsalis

posterior

backlng-up regurgitation

backward bent re troflexion

backward displacement retroposition

bacteria in blood bacferernia endoloxernia

bacteria collector aerobioscope

bacterla largeness macrobacterium megabac ferium

bacteria of unusually large size

bacterla study bacteriology

bacterla In urine bacleriuria

bad breath halitosis ozosfornia sfoma~odysodia bromopnea*

'obsolete term

bad taste sensation cacogeusia

bag of waters amniofic sac

baldness (see hair loss)

ball-and-socket enarfhrosis

such as knee joint

barber's itch rnenlagra sycosis

base of skull bacillemia basicranial

beaded hair moniliform hair

congenital disease of scalp

beast transformation lycanthropy

individual believes to be a wild beast

bedclothes plucking carphology floccilla lion

bedsore decubitus ulcer

bedwettlng enuresis

before birth antenafal antepartum prenafal

the period of time preceeding birth

before death anfe mortem

behind the ear posfaurical

behind the eye postocular

belching erucfarion

belief of smaller body micromania

belief of one's dlvinity theomania

belief that one Is a dog cryanthropy

bend geniculwn

the bend in an organ

beryllium disease berylliosis

lung disorder caused by exposure to fumes or dust particles of beryllium

between attacks interictal infercritical

between cartilages intercartilaginous interchondral

between cell divisions infcrphase

between cells intercellular

between eyelids interpalpebral

between lobes inferlobar

between the projecting parts of an organ or other structure

between muscles intermuscular

between nostrlls in fernarial

between nuclear layers internuclear

of the retina

between parletal bones inferparietal

also between the walls of any cavity

between ribs intercostal

between slmllar structures interspace

between teeth interdentium interdental interocclusal

between thlg hs interfemoral

between two adjolnlng surfaces interproximal

bile duct dilation cholangiecrasis

bile duct Inflammation angiocho fitis cholangioliriis cholangitis periangiocholitis pericholangitis

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the bile ducts

pericholecys ti fis inflammation around the gallbladder

beaded hair bladder hernia 31

bile duct operation cholangiostomy cholangiolomy

bile excesslve formatlon hypercholia

blle flow excessive cholerrhagia cholerrhagic cholorrhea hepatorrhea polycholia

bile plgments bilirubin

orange-red biliverdin

green

bile secretion choleresis

by liver

blle secretion lacking acholia

bile In spinal fluid bilirachia

blle In urine biliuria choluria

biiirubln In blood bilirubinemia hyperbilirubinemia

excessive amounts in the blood

billrubln in urlne bilirubinuria

birth control confraception contraceptive

prevention of contraception or impreg- nation by sperm

birth to males androgenous

birth to one monofocous

birthmark nevus

black-and-blue marks livedo

discolored patch on the skin

black-haired melano frichous

black sickness kala-azar

a fatal infectious disease endemic in the tropics

black spot vision scotodinia

dizziness with blurring of vision and headache

black tongue melanoglossia

black urlne melanuria

black vomit vomitus nigar

blackhead comedo

blackness in organs melanism

presence of black pigment in tissues, organs, and skin

bladder calculus cystolithiasis

bladdertcervix cervicovesical

bladder dilatation cystectasia cysfec fasy

bladder discharge cysrorrhea

mucous discharge from the bladder

bladder examination cysfoscopy

visual examination of the interior of the urinary bladder

bladder fissure exstrophy schistocysfis

biting self aufophagia autophagy

bladder hernia cystocele enterocyslocele

bladder inflammation cystitis cysfopyelitis

inflammation of bladder and pelvis of the kidneys

paracystitis pericystitis epicystitis

inflammation of connecting tissues around the bladder

pyelocystitis inflammation of the bladder and pelvis of a kidney

trigonitis inflammation of the trigone

cysroweteritis inflammmation of bladder and ureters

bladder lacking acystia

born without urinary bladder

bladder operation cystec tomy cystofomy epicystotomy vesicotomy cysrolithectomy cystolithotomy

removal of calculi from urinary bladder cystopexy

fixation of bladder cystoplasty cystollytroplasty cystoproctostomy cystostomy neocystostomy proctocystoplasty vesicostomy

repair to the bladder ureteroileoneocystostomy

a segment of the ileum is made part of the ureter

bladder paln cystalgia

bladder paralysls acystinervia cy stopfegia

bladder prolapse cystoptosis

the slipping of the urinary bladder from its normal position

bladder proximity paracystic paravesical

bladder tool bilabe

used in removing foreign matters through the urethra

cystorneter instrument to study pressure and capacity of the bladder

cystourethroscope instrument to examine posterior urethra & bladder

bladder x-ray cysrography cystowethrography

bleedlng after delivery postpartum hemorrhage

bleeding arrester hemostat

an agentlinstrument that stops bleeding

blind spot scotoma

within the visual field

blindness amaurosis amaurotic typhylosis amaruosis fugax

temporary blindness arnblyopia

dimness of vision hemeralopia

day blindness hemianopsia

blindness in haw of visual field meropia

partial blindness quadrmtanopia quadrantanopsia

loss of vision in one fourth of visual field

bllster causlng epispastic vesicant

blister groups herpetiform

bladder inflammation blood dcystine 33

blistering disease pemphigus

various types of skin diseases

bloodwlacetone acetonemia

in relatively large amounts

blood albumin low

hypoalbwninemia hypoalbuminosis

blood alkallnlty Increased alkalemia

blood alkall measurer hemoalkalimeter

blood wlammonia compounds arnmoniemia

blood analysis hemanalysis

examination of the blood, especially by chemical methods

blood wlbacilll bacillemia

blood wlbacteria bacterernia

blood bilirubin excess bilirubinemia hyperbilirubinemia

excessive amounts in the blood

blood in bone hematos;eon

blood calcium excess calcemia hypercalccmia

blood calcium low hypocalcemia

blood carbon dioxide excess hypercapnia hypercarbia

also increased arterial carbon dioxide tension

blood carotene excess carotenemia

blood cell hematocyle hemocyte

blood cell disintegration erythrocytolysis hemocatheresis hematocytolysis hemocytolysis hemocytotripsis hemolysis

the alteration, dissolution or destruction of red blood cells, caused by a specific agent, toxicity or change in temperature.

blood cell formatlon hematogenesis hemafopoiesis hematosis hemogenesis hemopoiesis

blood cell measurer erylhrocytometer hemocytometer

blood chlorlde low hypochloremia

blood wlchyle chylemia

presence of chyle in the circulating blood

bloodlchyle in urine hematochyluria

blood clot embolus hematoma thrombus

blood clot destructlon thromboclasis thrombolysis

blood clot operatlon embolectomy thrombectomy

surgical removal

blood clotting agent prothrombin

blood coagulation disorder coagulopathy

any disorder consumpfive coagulopathy

disseminated intravascular coagulation

blood wlcystine cystinemia

34 INVERTED MEDICAL DICTIONARY

blood deflclency hyphemia ischemia oligemia

blood wldlacetlc acld dime femia

blood dlsease dyscrasia hernopafhy

blood dlsease study hemaioparhology

blood drlnklng hemafophagia

blood elements low hypocyfhemia

deficiency of red blood cells

blood wleplnephrlne adrenalinemia adrenemia

blood wlfat excess hyperlipemia hyperlipidemia hyperlipoidemia lipemia lipidemia lipoidemia

presence of an abnormally large amount of lipids in the blood

blood wlflbrln fibremia fibrinemia

blood filtration hemofil fration

removal of waste products by passing the blood through a filter

blood flow hemokinesis hemorrhage

blood flow arrest elecrrohemosfasis hemosf asia hems f asis

arrest of circulation in a body part or stagnation of blood

blood flow measurer flowmefer hemadrome fer

hemadromometer hemodromometer h e m tachometer rofamefer

blood fluld deflclency anhydremia hemoconcentration

blood fluld Increase hemdilution

blood formatlon h e m fopoiesis

blood wlforelgn matter embolemia

usually blood clots

blood formatlon defective anhema fopoietic anhemafosis

blood freezlng polnt hemocryoscopy

process of determining the freezing point of blood

blood gas measurer aerofonomefer

blood wlg~ucose euglycemia glycemia hyperglycemia

excessive amounts

blood w/gonococcl gonococcemia

blood hemorrhage hematorrhea

blood wlheparln heparinemia

blood wllnosltol inosemia

blood wllnsulln insulinemia

excessive amounts

blood Iron low hypoferremia

blood In jolnt hemanhrosis

blood wlketone bodles keronemia

blood deficiency blood recycling 35

blood lacklng alkall acidosis decrease of alkali in proportion to the acid

blood lacking hemoglobin oligochromemia

blood lacking lymphocytes alyrnphocytosis lymphopenia

blood wllactlc acid excess lactacidemia

blood leukocytes deflclent leukopenia

blood measurement hematome try used to determine the number and types of cells, formed elements or hemoglobin present

blood wlmelanin melanemia

blood wlmethemoglobin methemoglobinemia

blood wlnltrogen azotemia hyperazo temia urernia excessive amounts

blood oxalates In excess omlemia

blood oxygen low hypoxemia

blood phosphates hlgh hyperphosphatemia

blood phosphates low hypophospha temia

blood plasma low apoplasmia

blood platelets low thrornbocytopenia rhrombopenia

blood wlpneurnococcl pneumococcernia

blood wlpoikilocytes poikilocythemia poikilocytosis

blood polsonlng toxemia toxicemia

poisoning in general radio toxernia

poisoning induced by overexposure to radioactive substances

scaremia poisoning through the intestine

blood wlpolypeptides polypeptidemia

blood potasslum elevated hyperkalemia hyperpotassemia

blood potassium IOW

hypokalemia hypopotassemia

blood pressure arterio torny

blood pressure elevated hypertension

blood pressure estimator hemomanorne ter

blood pressure low hypotension

blood pressure measurer sphygmotonome ter sphygmo-oscillometer sphygmomanometer

instrument to measure arterial blood pressure

ochrorneter measures capillary pressure

blood protein hlgh hyperpro teinemia proreinernia

blood proteln low hypopro teinemia

blood prothrornbln low hypoprothrornbinemia prothrombinopenia

blood recycling hemodialysis

by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane

blood relationship consanguinity

blood In semen hematospermatocele

blood sodium elevated hypernatremia

blood sodium low hyponatremia

blood speed measurer rheometer

instrument to measure the velocity of blood current

stromuhr instrument to measure the speed of blood flow within blood vessels

blood In splnal cord hematomyelia

blood wlsodlum natremia natriemia

blood specialist hematologisr

blood spitting hemoptysis

blood stone hemoliih

blood in stool hematochezia

passage of bloody stools

blood study hematotogy hemaropathology hemodiagnosis hemodymmics hemorrhtology

blood substitute perisron

blood wlsugar glycemia hyperglycemia

excessive amounts

blood sugar lacking aglycemia

blood transfusion aufotran$usion

transfusion of one's own blood

blood In tympanic cavity hematotympanum hemotympanum

blood wlurlc acld uratemia uricacidemia uricemia hyperuricemia

excessive amounts

blood In urlne hematocyruria natriemia

blood wlurobilln urobilinemia

blood In uterus hematometra hematosalpinx

in uterine tube

blood In vaglna hematocolpos

blood vessel calcull angiolith

blood vessel constrlctlon vasoconstriction

blood vessel development angiogenesis

blood vessel dllatatlon angiotelectasia angiotelectasis hemangiectasia hemangiectasis phlebarleriectasia vasodilalion

blood vessel enlargement angiomegaly

increase in size of blood vessels or lymphatic~

blood vessel formatlon angiopoiesis

blood vessel hardenlng angiosclerosis

blood vessel lnflammed angiotitis endangitis endangeitis endarteritis

inflammation of the blood vessels of the ear

blood relationship body odor 37

endovasculitis endophlebitis

generally inflammation of the intima of a blood vessel

endaortitis endoarriris

inflammation of the aorta

blood vessel narrowlng angiostenosis

blood vessel nutritlonal disorder angiodysrrophia angiodysrrophy

blood vessel oozlng angiostau's

blood vessel operatlon angioneurecromy angioplasty angiorrhaphy angiosromy angiotomy

blood vessel paralysis angioparalysis angioparesis

blood vessel rupture angiorrhexis rhexis

rupture of a blood vessel or lymphatic

blood vessel spasm angiospasm angiospasric

blood vessel tumor angioma hemangioma

swelling from proliferation of the vessel

blood wlvlrus viremia

blood volume high hypervolemia

blood volume low hypovolemia

blood vomiting hemalemesis

blood without sugar aglycemia aglycemic

blower ins ufflaator

instrument used to blow air, gas, water, etc. into a body cavity

blue blood cyanernia

blue handslfeet acrocyanosis

blue skin cyanochroic cyanochrous cyanoderma cyanosis

blue sweat cyanephidrosis cyanhidrosis

excretion of sweat with a bluish tint

boat-shaped scaphoid

boat-shaped head cymbocephaly scaphocephaly

body curve measurer cyrtometer

body deformity correction orrhopraxis

body dryness xerotes

body In excess polysomia polysomus

developmental anomaly with doubling or tripling of the body size

body largeness gigantism macrosomia

body measurer anthropometer

instrument used for measurements of thebody

anthropometrist operator of the instrument

anrhropometry art of measuring the body

body odor bromhidrosis bromidrosis bromo hyperhidrosis

body pain panfalgia

body smallness dwarfism microsomia nanism nanosomia meromicrosomia

smallness of some body parts

body temperature low hypothermia hyporhermy

body type somatotype

constitutional or body type of an individual

boil furuncle

an abscess

bone OS

ossa

bone cell osfeoblasf

bone cutter osteotome osteorribe rongeur

bone death/decay osreolysis osleonecrosis

decay in general osfeoradionecrosis

caused by radiation

bone development osreogenesis

bone development defective anosrosis osteodyslrophy

bone disease osfeochrondrosis osteopa~hia osteopathology osf eoparhy osteopoikilosis

bone enlargement hyperosrosis

bone formation defective dysosrosis osreochondrodystrophia

disorder of bone and cartilage formation

bone hemorrhage ostcorrhagia

bone hardening osfeosclerosis

bone inflammation osteiris ostcoarrhrifis

bone and joint osfeochrondritis

bone and cartilage osteomyelifis

bone marrow osreosynoviris

bone and synovial membrane osreophlebitis

veins of a bone osteoperiostitis

bone and periosteum panosfeiris

entire bone perios f itis perrositis

fibrous membrane covering part of the temper01 bone

bone knife osreotome

bone marrow Inflammation medulitis medulliris myelitis osteomyeliris

bone marrow tumor myeloma

composed of cells derived from hemo- poietic tissues of the bone marrow

bone measurement oaeometry

bonelmembrane adhesion meningosis

as in the skull of the newborn

bone nutrition osreotrophy

bone operation osrearlhrotomy osrecromy

bone formation osleosis

body pain brain injlammation 39

osreoarthrotomy osteoclasis oaeoplasty osleorrhaphy osteostixis osteotomy

bone pain ostalgia ostealgia osteocope osteodynia osteoneuralgia

bone regeneration osteanagenesis osteanaphysis

reproduction of bone

bone In skin osieodennia

bone softening halisteresis osteomalacia osteoporosis

bone specialist orthopedis f

physician specializing in diagnosis and treatment of the skeletal system

bone study orihopedics osteology

bone suppuration ostempyesis

pus in the bone

bone suture osteorrhaphy osteosuture

bone tumor osteocarcinoma OS I eochondrofibroma osteochondroma osfeochondrophyte osteoclas~oma osteocysfoma osteofibroma osteoma osteonucus osteophyma osteosarcoma osteospongioma

border limbus

both sides ambilateral

bowels uncontrollable scatacraria scoracratia

incontinence of feces

brain encephalic encephalon

brain abscess encephalopyosis

brain atrophy encephalatrophy

braln calculus encephaloli~h

braln disease encephalosis

organic disease encephalorneningopathy

disease of brain and meninges

braln extract sphingomyelin

brain gray matter cinerea

braln hardness cerebrosclerosis encephalosclerosis

brainlhead lacking deranencephalia

born with neck, but no head or brain

brain hemorrhage cerebral hemorrhage encephalorrhagia

brain hernia cephalocele encephalocele encephamcningocele

brain imperfect ateloencephalia

braln lnflammatlon cerebritis encephalitis ependyrnitis

the ependyma ventriculitis cerebral meningitis cerebrospinal meningitis myeloencephalitis

brain lnflammatlon (cont.) meningitis meningocephalitis meningoencephalitis

brain and spinal cord meningocerebritis

brain and meninges meningoencephalomyeliris

meninges, brain and spinal cord mesencephali tis

midbrain periencephalitis poliencephalitis

surface of the brain polioencephalitis

gray matter of the brain polioencephalomeningomyelitis

gray matter of the brain and spinal cord meninges

polioencephalomyeliris poliomyelitis

gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

brain knlfe encephalotome

instrument used in brain surgery

brain lacking anencephaly panranencephalia pantanencephaly

braln largeness macrencephaly macrencephalous

braln operation encephaloromy leukotomy lobotomy topectomy ventriculostomy ven~iculotomy

braln puncture encephalopuncture ven triculopuncture

puncture of the brain substance

brain pus encephalopyrosis pyencephalus

braln smallness micrencephalia micrencephaly micrencephalous

microencephaly abnormal smallness in size of the brain

brain softness cerebromalacia encephalodialysis encephalomalacia

bralnfspinal cord disease encephalomyelopathy encephalomyeloradiculopathy

bralnfspinal cord inflammation arachnoiditis encephalomyelitis

brainlsplnal cord lacklng amyelencephalia amyelencephalus amyelencephalous amyelencephalic amyelia amyelic amyelous amyelus

congenital absence

brain stone encephalolirh

a calculus (stone) in the brain or one of its ventricles

brain tissue hardenlng sclerencephalia sclerencephaly

braln tumor encephaloma glioma meningioma

brain x-ray encephalogram

breast atrophy mastatrophy mastatrophagia

breast disease mastopathy

any abnormal condition of the breast

breast excess number pleomastia pleomazia pleomaziax polymazia

breast hemorrhage mastorrhagia

brain inflammation buttockspain 41

breast Inflammation masriris paramasrilis perimasriris

tissues around the breast

breast largeness macromartia macromazia mammose masrawe

breast operatlon marnmecromy mammoplasry masrecrorny maaopeq mastoplasty masroromy

breast paln mammalgia masralgia masrodynia mazodynia

breast smallness micromazia

rudimentary presence only

breast tumor masroderma mastochondroma

breath odor halirosis ozostomia ozoaomiar bromopnea*

'obsolete term

breathlng absence apnea

breathlng dlfflculty atelec~nris dyspnea

breathlng fast ~achypnea

breathlng machlne respirator

breathlng slowness bradypnea

rhonchus diagnosed during examination

bronchl lnflammatlon bronchadenitis

bronchial lymph nodes bronchioliris

bronchioles bronchitis

bronchial tubes bronchopneumonia bronchopneumoniris

bronchi and lungs peribronchitis peribronchioliris

tissues surrounding thebronchi1 bronchioles

bronchlal calculus broncholith

the calculus (stone) broncholirhiasis

the medical condition

bronchial dilation bronchocele

bronchlal flstullzatlon bronchostomy

through the chest wall

bronchlal suture bronchorrhaphy

bronchial vlewer bronchoscope

bruise conlusion

bunion hallw: valgus

deviation of main axis of the great toe

bunlon operation bunionecromy

burning paln causalgia

persistent severe burning sensation of the skin

bursa lnflammatlon bursitis

bursa operation bursecromy

breathlng sound rule

buttocks paln pygalgia

buttocks pertaining glufeal

buttocks too fat stearopygia

bypass shunt

calcified fetus lithokelyphopedion lithokelyphopedium lit hopedion li f hopedium OS feopedion*

'obsolete term

calcium antagonist calcium channel blocker slow channel blocker

calcium In bile calcibilia

calclum In blood calcemia hypercalcemia

excessive amount hypocalcemia

abnormally low levels

calclum lacking In diet calciprivia

calcium regulation calmodulin

protein present in all nucleated cells

calcium in tissues calcinosis

calcium In urine calciuria hypercalcinuria hypercalciuria hypercalcuria

calcull destroying elecfrolirhotrity

disintegration of calculi (stones) in the urinary bladder

calculi formation calciphylaxis calculosis lithiasis lit hogenesis

calculi smallness microlilhiasis microlifh

calf-bone fibula

callosity heloma durum

hard corn helome molle

soft corn

callus tyloma

callus formation tylosis

camphor poisoning camphorism

cancer carcinoma sarcoma

(see also tumor under specific site)

cancer dissemination carcinolyfic carcinomatosis carcinosis metastasis

cancer formation carcinogenic carcinogenesis

causing cancer

cancer specialist cancerologisf oncologist

cancer study cancerology oncology cynodonf

a tooth having one cusp or point

capillary dilation capillarec rasia relangiec fasia frichangiecrasia

obsolete term

buttocks pertaining casts in urine 43

capillary disease capillaropafhy felangiec fasia

capillary inflammation capillarit is

capsule lnflammatlon capsulif is

capsule Instrument capsulo tome cysfolome

surgical instrument for incising the capsule of a lens with cataract

capsule operatlon capsulec fomy capsulo fomy capsuloplasty

capsule suture capsulorrhaphy

carbohydrates in urlne carbohydraturia

carbollc acid i n urlne carboluria

carbon compounds in urlne carbonuria

carbon dloxlde In blood hypercapnia hypercarbia

excessive amounts hypocapnia hypocarbia

abnormally low tension of carbion dioxide

carbon dloxlde measurer carbonomefer

obsolete device

carbon dust dlsease anfhracosis

carotene in blood carorenemia

excessive amounts

carpal bone operatlon carpecromy

cartllage cell chondrocyfe

cartilage disease chondropafhy

cartllage formation chondrogenesis chondroplasia chondroplasia

cartilage hardening chondrocalcinosis

cartilage inflammaiton chondritis

general term meniscitis

inflammation of the semilunar cartilage of the knee joint

perichondri [is inflammation of the perichondrium

cartilage knife arfhrotome chondrome

cartilage operation chondrecf omy chondroplasfy chondrotomy meniscectomy

on the semilunar cartilage fhyrochondro~omy hyrotomy

on the thyroid cartilage

cartilage pain chondralgia chondrodynia chondrodynia xyphodynia

cartilage softening chondromalacia

softening of any cartilage

cartllage tumor chondroadenoma chondroangioma chondroblastoma chondrofibroma chondrolipoma chondroma chondromyoma chondromyxoma chondromyxosarcoma chondrosarcoma chondrosfeoma

casts In urine cylindruria

presence of renal cylinders or casts in the urine


cataract phacomalacia phacosclerosis sclerocararact

obsolete term

cataract operatlon phacocysleclomy phacoerysis

cat's whlskers vibrissa

applies to hair in the nose

cecum calculi typhlolithiasis

cecum dllatatlonldlstentlon typhlecrasis

cecum enlargement typhlomegaly

cecum hernia cecocele typhlocele*

'obsolete term

cecum lnflammatlon cecitis typhlenleriris typhlitis typhlodiclidi tis

inflammation of the iliocecal valve

cecum operatlon cecectomy cecotomy cecostomy typhlecromy typhlostomy

cecum suture cecorrhaphy

cell counter cytome rer

glass slide or chamber used in counting and measuring

cell deflclency cytopenia

cell death necrocytosis

cell destroyer cyrocele cytoclasis cytoroxic

cell development

cell dlssolutlon cytolysis

cell dlvlslon mitosis

cell fusion plasmarogamy plasmogamy plast ogamy

union of two or more cells with preservation of the individual nuclei

cell granulatlon emiocytosis exocyrosis

release of secretory granules or droplets from a cell

cell largeness macrocyte

cell membrane plasmalemma

cell-produced polson endofoxin

cell repalr cytofhesis

repair of injury to cells

cell rupture erythrocytorrhexis plasmorrhexis

cell slze equal isocellular

cell smallness microcyte

cell stlmulus cylropism

tendency of cells to move toward or away from stimuli

cell study cytogenerics cyrology

cerebellum lacklng notanencephalia

born without cerebellum

cerebral convolutlons lack agyria

born without cerebral convolutions

cerebral hemlspheres fused cyclencephalia

cyrogenesis cyclencephaly

cataract chest narrowness 45

cyclocephalia cyclocephaly

cerebrospinal encephalorrhachidian

cerebrosplnal sugar glycorrhachia

in the fluid hyperglycorrhachia

excessive amounts

cerebrurnlcerebellurn lacklng anencephalia anencephaly

cerum excess ceruminosis

cewlxlbladder cervicovesical

cervix Inflammation cervicitis trachelitis cervicocolpi fis

cervix and vagina

cewlx operatlon cervicectomy rrachelecromy trachelopexy tracheloplasty rrachelolomy trachebrrhaphy

Cesarean birth parfus cuesarius

change metamorphosis

in form, structure or function

change of llfe clirnacreric menopause

cheek bucca mala

cheek cleft meloschisis

congenital condition

cheek inf lammation melitis

general term gnathitis

also of the jaw

cheek pertaining rnalar

cheek or zygoma buccogingival

cheek and gums buccolabial

cheek and lip buccolingual

cheek and tongue buccopharyngeal

cheek and pharynx

cheekbone OS zygomaticum

cheeselike tyroid

chemlcal attraction chemotaxis

property of cells to be attracted to or re- pelled by chemical stimuli

chemlcal breakdown catabolism

often accompanied by the liberation of energy

chernlcal change metabolism

chest pecfus thorax

especially the anterior wall

chest deformity thoracococyllosis thoracocyrtosis thoracogastroschisis thoracomelus thoracoschisis

chest disease thoracopathy

chest examination stethoscopy

by means of listening to the cardiac and respiratory sounds

chest measurement stethogoniometer sfef hometer thoracometer

chest narrowness stenolhorax thoracostenosis


chest pain stethalgia thoracalgia rhoracodynia f horacomyodynia

chest operatlon horacectomy

thoracen fesis thoracolysis thoracoplasty thoracopneumoplasty thoracostomy thoracotomy

chest spasm stet hospasm

chewlng madcation

chewing Incomplete psomophagia psomophagy

chewing force measurer phagodynamometer

instrument to measure the force exerted

chicken breast pectus carinalum

prominence of the sternum

chickenpox varicella

chlldbearlng texis

childbirth tocus tokus oxytocia oxyrocic

childblrth dry xerofocia

childblnh normal eufocia

childblrth psychosis tocomania

postparturn psychosis

childbirth study obsfetrics tocology

children perversion pedophilia

sexual perversion

children physlclan pediatrician pediatrist

children study pediatrics

chill of death algor morfis

chlnlllp labiomen fa1

chin operation genioplasty

chin smallness microgenia

chlorides in blood hyperchloremia

high levels hypochloremia

low levels

chlorides in urine chloriduria chloruresis hyperchloruria

high levels hypochloruria

low levels

cholesterol In blood cholesferernia cholesterolemia hypercholesterolemia

excessive amounts hypocholesteremia

low levels

cholesterol In tissues cholesterosis cholesterolosis

cholesterol in urlne cholesferoluria

chorold inflammation choroidifis

general term choroidocyclifis

choroid and ciliary processes chorioretini f is

choroid and retina

chest pain clumsy with either hand 47

chronaxle measurer chronaximeter

chyle in blood chylemia

chyle deficiency achyrnia hypochylia oligochyfia

chyle in excess hyperchylia polychylia

chyle forming chylifacient chyliferous

chyle lacking achylia achylous

absence of normal intestinal fluid produced during digestion

chyle In pericardium chylopericardium

chyle in peritoneum chyloperitoneum

chyleliymph in urine chyluria

clliary body destruction cyclodia~hermy

ciliary body inflamed cycliris

general term cyclochoroidiris

ciliary body and choroid

ciliary body knife cyclorome

ciliary body operatlon cyclectomy cyclodialysis cycloromy

cillary muscle paraiysls cycloplegia cycloplegic

pertaining to muscles surrounding the eyeball

clliary operatlon ciliarotomy zonulotomy

cirrhosis of llver heparocirrhosis

clap gonorrhea

clavicle operatlon clavico~omy

claviclelsternum angle srernoclavical angle

cleft extremity schistomelus

individual with one or more cleft limbs

cleft face sc histoprosopus

cleft palate palatoschisis palatwn fisswn

cleft tongue schis~oglossia

congenital fissure of the tongue

clitoris enlargement clitoromegaly

clitorls inflamed cli~oridiris clitori~is

clitoris operation cliroridec~omy cli~oridotomy clitoroplasty

clotting coagularion

changing from liquid to solid or solid to gel

electrocoagula~ion using an electric current

cloudiness measurer iurbidimeter

instrument for determining the extent of cloudiness in a liquid

clubfoot talipes equinovarus

clubhand talipomanus

clumsy with either hand ambilevous ambisinisrer


clustered agminate agminated

clusterlike bofryoid racemose

coccyx operation coccygeclomy

coccyx paln coccyalgia coccygodynia

coexlstence mutualism symbiosis

living together of organisms of different species for common advantage

coin-shaped mummiform mummular

coltus climax unreached anorgasmy

coltus interrupted coitus interrupfus onanism

coke cocaine

cold algid

cold anesthesla cryanesfhesia

cold pain cryalgesia psychralgia

pain produced by application of cold

cold sensltlveness cryesthesia hypercryalgesia hypercryesthesia

cold sore herpes simplex

coldlwarm sensatlon psychroesfhesia

feeling of cold in warm parts of the body and of warmth in cold parts

colon disease en feromycosis

enteropathogenesis enteropathy

colon dlstentlon pneumocolon

colon lnflammatlon colitis

general term mucocoliris

mucous membranes paracolifis

outer tissues of the colon en ferocolilis enteritis

small intestine and colon perisigmoidiris sigmoidiris

sigmoid fold of the colon coloproc ti [is colorecfitis proctocoliris

rectum and colon proc fosigmoidi r is

rectum and sigmoid colon recfoco&is

rectum membrane & colon

colon largeness megacolon macrosigmoid megasigmoid

sigmoid colon

colon operation colectomy coloromy enferocenfesis enterocoleclomy enterocolos r omy enferoen ferosfomy en I erolysis en feropexy enteroplasty hemicolectomy lumbocolostomy lumbocolotomy pancolectomy recrosigmoidectomy sigmoidectomy sigmoidotomy sigmoidopexy sigmoidoproctosromy sigmoidorecrostomy sigmoidosigmoidos~omy typh fostomy

clustered coordination defective 49

colon smallness microcolon

often arising from a decreased functional state

colon suture colorrhaphy

color blindness achromale

the individual achromalopsia

general term daltonism

red-green color amblyopia

partial cyanopia cyanopsia

all objects appear blue deu~eranopia

red dyschromatope

difficulty distinguishing colors monoblepsia monochromasy monochromatism monochromatic

only one color perceived prolanomaly proranopia

defective red vision xanlhocyanopsia

yellow and blue visible, not red

color blindness detector anomaloscope leukoscope

color Intensity measurer chrornatometer calorimeter

coior normal normchromic

colored cell chromocyle

colored sweat chromhidrosis

column of llquid curve meniscus

the curved surface of a column of liquid

compression lamponade

compulsive touching phaneromania

concave skull climcepha ly

condition where the top of the head is saddle-shaped

concentration lacking aprosexia

conduct study pruxiology

condyle operation condylectomy condylotomy

confllctlng mental forces ambivalence

conjunctlva dryness xerophthalrnia

conjunctlva inflammation conjunctivifis blepharoconjuncrivi~is

conjunctiva & eyelids

conjunctlva mucous flow ophfhalmoblenorrhea

conjunctiva operation conjunctivoplasty logadectomy perilectomy peritomy

conjunctlva patch pinguecula

a whitish spot on the conjunctiva

conjunctiva tumor conjunctivoma

conjunctlva varicosity varicula

swelling of the veins of the conjunctiva

convulslon paroxysm

coordlnatlon defective hyposynergia chalcosis

colorless cell achroacyle

cord operation chordotomy cordectomy cordotomy

surgical procedure on the spinal cord

corn clavus heloma

corn surgery helotomy

cornea curve measurement keratometry

cornea disease keratopathy

cornea with fat cornea1 steatosis lipoidosis corneae

cornea growth keratoma keratosis

cornea Inflammation keraritis

general term keratoconjunctiviris

cornea and conjunctiva keratoiritis

cornea and iris keratoscleritis sclerokeratitis

cornea and sclera sclerokeratoirilis

cornea, sclera, and iris

cornea inspection hratoscopy

cornea knife keratome keratotome

surgical instrument used to cut into the cornea

cornea largeness macrocornia megalocornea

cornea opaque ring arcus cornealis arcus juvenilis arcus lipoides arcus senilis

cornea operation kerazec fomy kratoleplynsis keratophakia keratoplasry keratotomy kereclomy

cornea outer layer ectocornea

cornea protrusion keratectasia keraloconus keratoglobus

cornea puncture keralocenlesis kerafonyxis

cornea rupture keratorrhexis

due to trauma or perforating ulcer

cornealsclera bulging sraphyloma aaphylomatous

corhea smallness microcoria microcornea

cornea softness keratomalacia

due to disease or Vitamin A deficiency

cornea spot albugo leukoma walleye

cornea ulcer keratohelcosis ulcus serpens

cornea viewer keratoscope

corpulence adiposis obesity

cotton-mill fever byssinosis

cough tussis

counting inability anaril hmia

cord operation decomposition by light 51

crack cocaine

cranlal gaslalr erpidural aerocele

accumulation of gas or air in the skull, usually after a fracture

cranlal hernia hydrencephalocele hydrencephalomeningocele notencephalocele notencephalus

cranial knife cranio fome

instrument used to perforate the fetal skull

cranlal operation cephalocentesis cranio fomy

cranial pressure measurer cephalohemometer

craving parepithymia

abnormal longing

crlb death sudden infant death syndrome

crltlcal stage acme

crosslike cruciform

croup laryngifis

crystals In urine crystalluria

cup-shaped scyphiform sc hyphoid

curvature of spine kyphosis

hunch back lorabsis

leaning backward scoliosis

lateral curvature

daily recurrence quotidian

dandruff dermatifis seborrheica furfur pityriasis capitus

"dandruff of the gods" cocaine

dark vision scieropia

defective vision with objects appearing dark

darkness measurer biophotometer

instrument for measuring adaptation to darkness

darnel poisoning loliism

day blindness hemeralopia

deafness anacusis anakusis

death apparent anabiosis anabiotic

involves resuscitation; also used to denote an agent utilized in restoring life

death chlll algor mortis

death by electrocutlon elecfro~hanasia

death without paln euthanasia

decline of diseaselfever catabasis paracme

cut lacerafion

decomposition by llght photolysis

deep stained cell chromarophil chromophil

deep voice baryphonia

deer fly fever tularemia

defecation painful dyschezia

defective fusion araphia dypraphia dysraphism holorachiochisis

spina bifida of the spinal column

deficiency of amniotic fluid oligohydramnios

deficiency of bile oligocholia

deficiency of blood oligemia oligocythemia oligoplasmia

deficiency of chyle oligochylia

lack of sufficient digestive fluid

deficiency of hair hypotrichosis oligotrichia

deficiency of hemogiobin oligochromemia

in the blood

deficiency of menstruation oligomenorrhea

reduction in frequency

deficiency of milk secretion oligogalactia

deficiency of nutrition oligotrophia oligotrophy

deficiency of oxygen hypoxemia

in the biood

deficiency of phosphates oligophosphaturia

in the urine

deficiency of saliva oligopryalism oligosialia

deficiency of sodium hyponatremia

in the blood

deficiency of sperm oligospermia oligozoospermia

deficiency of teeth oligodon tia

deficiency of thirst oligodipsia

abnormal absence of thirst

deficiency of urine oliguria

deformity generalized pantamorphia

deformity straightening orthosis orthoiic

degeneration retroplasia

decreased cell activity associated with injury or death

delusion of greatness megalomania megalomanic

dental enamel formation amelification

dentistry gerodontics

for the elderly odontology orthodontics

dental orthopedics pedodontics

for children

dentition palnfui dysodontiasis

depilatory epilalion

depression melancholia

descent matrilineal

through the female side

deep stained cell digitalin-like 53

patrilineal through the male side

designer drugs street drugs substance abuse

desire for confinement claustrophilia

desire for music melomania

desire to steal kleptomania

desquamatlon ecdysis

casting off of the outer skin

deterioration mental dementia

due to organic or psychological factor

determining by touch topesthesia

development of disease pathogenesis

development incomplete agcnesia agenetic agenesis aplasia

dextrose In urine dextrosuria* glycosuria

'obsolete term

diacetlc acid in blood diacefemia

diacetlc acid in urine diacetonuria diaceturia

diaphragm inflammation diaphragmitis

diarrhea astringent albumin tannate

diarrhea of food lient ery

undigested food is evacuated

diastole lacking adiasfole

dietary fiber cellulose roughage

dletary treatment alimentotherapy dietotherapy sitotherapy

dietetics sitiology sitology

difference in color heterochromia heterochromous

between two structures or parts that are normally similar

difference In origin heterogeneous

differs from normal form he terornorphous

difficulty In artlcuiatlon dysarthria dyslalia

diff lculty In coordlnatlon dyspraxia dysfau'a dyssynergia

difficulty In defecatlon dyschezia

difficulty In speech dyslogia dysphasia dysphonia dysphrasia

resulting from cortical damage

dlfflculty in standlng dystasia

dlfflculty in swallowing dysphagia odynophagica

difficulty In teethlng dysodontiasis

difficulty in urinatlon dysuria

dlfficulty in walking dysbasia

digitalin-like apocynein

a glycoside from dogbane with the effect of digitalin


digits fusedliacking ecrrosyndactyl

dilatation of artery aneurysm

dilatation of hear! cardiec fasis

dilator speculum

instrument to create an opening

din/ciay eating geophagia geophagy geophagism geophagisr

individual who eats

discharge suppression ischesis

retention of discharge or secretion

discomfort dysphonia

feeling of unpleasantness or discomfort

disease of ..... see under specific location

disease classification study nosology nosotaxy

disk inflammation discifis diskiris

displacement forward anfeversion anreverted

dog-head shaped cynocephalus

dosage determination dosimerry

dosage study posology

the science of dosage

double chin buccula

double ciitorislpenis diphallus

double eyelashes distichiasis

double hearing diplacusis

double joint diarfhric

relating to two joints

double lip dicheilia dic hilia

double pupil dicoria diplocoria discoria

presence of a double pupil in the eye

double uterus didelphia dimerria

double vision amphodipfopia diplopia monodiplopia

dream analysis oneiroscopy

drinkable potable

drop gurra

abbreviated as ggt and refers to drop of medication (i.e., eye drops)

dropsy of abdomen ascires

dropsy of the brain hydrocephalus

retention of fluid

drug actlon pharmacodynamics pharmacology

drug-disease study pharmacotherapeurics

drug fondness pharmacomania

drug holiday drug wiihdrawal

for brief period during treatment

drug study biopharmaceurics pharmacodynamics pharmacoepidemiology

digitsjised4acking ear damaging 55

pharmacology pharmacognosy

drug treatment chemotherapy pharmacotherapy

treatment of disease by means of chemical substances or drugs

drug use multlple polypharmacy

use of many products simultaneously

drunkard nose rhinophyma

dry siccus

dryness xerotes

dry chlldblrth xerotocia

dry labor

dry mouth xerosromia

dry nasal passages xeromycteria

extreme dryness of mucous membrane

dry skin xeroderma xeronosus xerosis

drylng agent desiccant

drylng out exsiccarion

ductus deferens operation vasectomy vasoepididymostomy vasoligation vaso-orchidostomy vasostomy vasotomy vasovasosromy vasovesiculecromy

dullness of Intellect asynesia asynesis hebetude

lack of easy comprehension and practical intelligence

dumping syndrome gastric emptying

duodenum lnflammatlon duodenitis periduodeniris

tissues around the duodenum

duodenum operation duodenectomy duodenotomy duodenocholecys~ostomy duodenocystostomy duodenocholedochotomy duodenoenterostomy duodenojejunostorny pancreatoduodenectomy duodenostomy

duodenum suture duodenorrhaphy

duodenum x-ray duodenogram

dura mater pachymeninr

outer membrane of the brain

dura mater disease pachymeningopathy

dura mater Inflammation pachymeningitis perimeningitis peripachymeningiris

dura mater operation duraplasty

dwarf nanus nanous

dwarflsm nanism

ear damaging ototo*ic

having a toxic action upon the ear

ear deformlty otocephaly

ear disease otopathy otosclerosis tympanosclerosis

ears excessive polyotia

born with more than two ears

ear hairs tragal

ear hemorrhage othemorrhagia otorrhagia

ear Implant auditory prosthesis cochleal prosthesis

ear lnflammatlon barofiris otitis otoantritis otomycosis otopyosis panotitis perilabyrinrhitis

inner ear pyolabyrinthitis

labyrinth with pus tympanitis

eardrum tympanomasroiditis

eardrum and mastoid cells

ear largeness macroria

ear mucous discharge otopyorrhea otopyosis otorrhea

ear murrnurlng syrigmus

ear-nose-throat speclallst otorhinolaryngologist

ear-throat study o tolaryngology

ear operation myringo tomy ossiculectomy ossiculotomy otoplasty

ototomy srapedectomy stapediorenotomy tympanectomy tympanoplasty tympanotomy vestibulo t omy

ear-orlglnated orogenic otogenous

ear external lacking anotia

ear polyp otopolypus

ear purulent drainage otopyorrhea

ear smallness microria

ear study otology otolaryngology

ears and throat oroneurology

includes nerves otorhinolatyngology

ears, nose, and throat otorhinology

ears and nose

ear thlckness pachyotia

ear tube cochlea

organ of hearing in the central ear

ear viewer otoscope

eararache otalgia otodynia otonewalgia

eardrum tympanic membrane

eardrum infection mycomyringitis rnyringomycosis

earth eating geophagia geophagism geophagy

ear deformity equilibrium 57

geophagisr individual involved

earthworm lwnbricus

eanhworm-like lurnbricoid

eating animal food carnivorous zoophagous

eating averslon apocleisis

eating In excess polyphagia bulimia hyperphagia

binge eating caused by mental disorder

eating fast fachyphagia

eating one food monophagism

habit of subsisting on one type of food

eggwhite-like glairy

elghth day fever ocfan fever

elbow cubifus

elbow diseaseldeformity cubifus valgus cubifus varus olecranar f hropathy

elbow inflammation olecranarfhrifis okcranarfhrocace

eievatlon forulus

embryo development embryogenesis embryogeny

period of about the third to ninth week of pregnancy

embryo dlsorder embryopafhy

embryo nutritlon embryo frophy

embryo operatlon embryectomy

embryotomy embryocrony

embryo study embryology

EMG syndrome exomphalos, macroglossia, and gigantism

also known as Beckwith-Wiedernann syndrome

endocardium inflamed endocarditis

enlargement of ... see under specific organ

entrance infroifus

epldidymls inflamed epididymif is epididymo-orchifis

epididyrnis and testis

epididymis operatlon epididymec fomy epididymoromy epididymovasostomy

epigastric hernla epigas frocele

hernia in the epigastric region

epigastrlum pain epigasfralgia

epiglottis inflamed epiglottis

area at the root of the tongue

epiglottis operation epiglot fidec fomy

eplnephrlne In blood adrenalinemia

eplnephrlne In urlne adrenalinuria

eplploon/omentum lacking anepiploic

equal axes ho-a1

equal form homeomorphous

equilibrium homeosfasis

state of balance in the body functions

erectlon perslstent priapism

erector muscle arrector

a muscle that raises

erotlc ecstasy ~ Y W ~ ~ ~ ~ P S Y

erythrocytes color varlatlon anisochromasia

erythrocyte deficiency oligocyrhemia

erythrocytes unequal anisocytosis

esophagus dllatatlon esophagectasia esophagectasis megaesophagus

esophagus distention esophagocele

protrusion of the membrane through a tear in the muscular coat

esophagus examlnatlon esophagoscopy

esophagus Inflamed esophagiris

esophagus operatlon esophagectomy esophagocoloplasry esophagomyotomy esophagoplasty esophagotomy esophagoenteroslomy esophagojejunostomy esophagoesophagos~omy esophagogastrectomy esophagogastroplasty esophagogastrostomy esophagostomy esophagotomy

esophagus paln esophagalgia esophagodynia

esophagus prolapse esophagoptosia esophagoptosis

esophagus spasm esophagism

causing difficulty in swallowing

esophagus stricture esophagostenosis

esophagus/stomach vlewer esophagoscope

etlology unknown agnogenic cryptogenic

evacuatlon involuntary scatacratia scoracraria

incontinence of feces

evacuatlon opening abnormal alfochezia allochetia

evil splrlt possession cacodemonomania

belief of possession

excesslve acid acidosis

in blood or urine

excessive activity hyperanakinesia

excesslve hunger sitomania

excltlng heart action cardokinetic

exhalellnhaie measurer spirometer

instrument used to measure respiratory gases

expanslon rarefaction

process of becoming light or less dense

expectoratlng pus pyoptysis

external ear auris externa

extrauterlne gestatlon meracyesis

ectopic pregnancy

extremlty cleft schistomelus

extremlty cold acrohypothermy

extremity clubbing acropathy

erection persistent eye malformation 59

extremlty lacking acolous arnelia arnehs

extremity pain melagra

extremlty pertainlng acral

extremlty senseless acroanesthesia

lack of feeling eye

oculus ophrhalmus

eye acuteness equal isopia

eye adheslon syncanthus

eye angle study gonioscopy

examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye

eye appendages adnexa oculi

eye chorold hernia choriocele

eye crossed convergenr strabismus esorropia

eye discharge oph~halmorrhea

eye dlsease ophhalmoparhy

any pathologic condition

eye fluld aqueous humor

eye fuslon cyclopia cyclops synophthalrnus

eye hemorrhage ophrhalmorrhagia

eye Images equal isoiconia

eye lnflammatlon canlhiris

canthus of the eye

choroiditis choroid layer

conjunctivilis conjunctiva

ophthalmia ophlhalmiris

general term oph f halmomyilis

eye muscles ophthalmoneuriris

ophthalmic nerve panophrhalrnia panophrhalmiris

entire structure papilloreriniris

optic disk and retina parophthalmia

near the eye scleritis scleroliris

sclera sclerochoroidilis scleroricochoroiditis

choroid and sclera scleroirilis

sclera and iris sclerokeratitis

sclera and cornea sclerokeraroiriris

sclera, cornea, and iris xenophrhalmia

conjunctiva eye lacking

anophrhalmia anophthalmos anophrhalmus

eye largeness buphrhalmos megalophthalmus megophthalmus

eye layers choroid

middle, vascular layer rerina

inner layer sclera

outer layer

eye malformation cryp fophthalmia cryprophthalmos cryprophrhalmus



eye mechanical ophthalmotrope

eye muscle balance orthophoria

normal condition

eye muscle measurer opiomyometer

eye nerve paralysls ophthalmoplegia

paralysis of the motor nerves of the eye

eye olntment oculentwn

eye operation canthectomy canihoplasq canthotomy canthorrhaphy ophthalmomyolomy opht halmoplasty ophthalmostasis opht h a l m Iomy orbitotomy rhinommectomy sclerectoirdectomy sclerectomy scleroplasly scleroslomy scleronyxis sclerolomy blepharophsty tarsectomy tarsoplasty tarsorrhaphy tarsotomy

eye pain ophthalmagra ophthalmalgia ophthalmodynia

eye pupil contractlng miosis

eye refractlon measurer refractome fer

instrument used to measure the deflection of light rays

eye refractlon unequal anisometropia heterometropia

eye shlny particles synchysis scintillans

in the vitreous humor

eye softness ophfhalmomalacia scleromalacia synchysis

abnormal softening of the eyeball

eye speclallst oculist ophthalmologist

eye steel detector sideroscope

instrument used in detecting fragments of metal

eye tenslon measurer tonometer

eye torslon measurer clinoscope

eye turned left levoversion levoduction

eye turned right demoversion

eye turned upward anaphoria analropia

habit or tendency

eye twitching blepharospasm blephaospasmus

eye vlewer auto-ophthalmoscope ophthalmoscope

eyeball covering conjunctiva

also coating inside the eyelid

eyeball dryness preventer an~ixerophthalmic antixerotic

eyeball enlargement buphthalmia buphthalmos buphthalmus

eyeball inflammation endophthalmitis

inner tissues panophthalmitis

all tissues

eye mechanical eyelid wink 61

trichiasis trichoma

caused by misplaced eyelashes eyeball measurer

exophthalmometer exophthalmometry proptometer

eyeball movement oculogyration

eyeball protrusion exophthalmos exophthalmus ophthalmocele

eyelld contraction blepharospasm blepharospasmus

eyelldlcornea adheslon corneoblepharon

eyelld drooplng blepharoptosis

eyelld edema blepharedema

causing a baggy appearance

eyelld growth xanrhelasma

eyeball recession eyelid holder

enophthalmia blepharostat

speculum for diagnostic or treatment enophrhalmos use

recession of the eyeball within the orbit

eyeball rupture eyelid inflammatlon

blepharitis ophthalmorrhexis palpebritis

eyeball smallness microphthalmia rnicrophthalmus nanophthalmia nanophthalmos nanophthalmus

eyebrow loss madarosis

eyebrows meeting synophrys

eyebrow wrlnkllng ophryosis

caused by spasmodic twitching of the nearby muscles

eyelash loss rnadarosis milphosis

eyelash excess polystichia

more than one row eyelld

blepharon palpebra

eyelid adhesion ankyloblepharon blepharosynechia symblepharon

eyelld aperature small blepharophimosis

blepharadenitis tarsal glands

blepharitis ciliari blepharitis marginalis blepharoconjunctivitis

fatty glands on the edge of the eyelids

eyelld lnverslon entrophe entropion

eyelid largeness macroblepharia

eyelid not closing blepharodiastasis

abnormal separation or inability to close

eyelld operation blepharectomy blepharoplasty blepharotomy sphincterectomy

eyelld smallness microblepharia microblepharism rnicroblepharon

eyelid spasm blepharoclonus

eyelld wlnk nictale nictation

eyelld suture blepharorrhaphy farsorrhaphy

eyelid sweat blepharochrornhidrosis

eyelld softness farsomalacia

of the cartilage

eyelid thickness blepharopachynsis pachyblepharon

eyelid tumor blepharoadenom blepharoncus blepharophyrna

eyelid varicosity varicoblepharon

eyelid wart pladaroma pladarosis

a soft wartlike growth on the eyelid

eyestrain copiopia

face cleft schisfoprosopus

face defective prosoposchisis

congenital fissure

face enlargement pseudoacromegaly

face lacklng aprosopia

congenital defect

face largeness macroprosopia megaprosopia prosopectasia rnacroprosopous

the individual

face lift rhytidoplas fy

face narrowness lepfoprosopia

facelneck cervicofacial

face pain prosoponeuralgia

face shortness brachyfaciul brachyprosopic

face smallness microprosopus

face spasm prosopospasm risus sardonicus

facial tic

facial neuralgia prosopalgia prosoponeuralgia fic douloureux

facial paralysis prosopoplegia diplegia facial prosopodiplegia

falling organ prolapse pfosis blepharoptosis

drooping of upper eyelid gasfroptosis

falling of stomach hysteropfosis

falling of uterus

falling sickness epilepsy

Fallopian tube calculus salpinsoli hiasis

Faliopian tube hernia salpingocele salpingo-oophorocele

Fallopian tube inflamed salpingifis salpingo-oophori~is

tubes and ovaries salpingoperitonif is

tubes and peritoneum

eyelid suture fat deposits 63

Falloplan tube operation salpingec fomy salpingo-oophorec fomy salpingoovariecfomy salpingopexy salpingoplasty sa fpingolysis salpingosforna fomy salpingos fomy salpingo f omy

Falloplan tube suture salpingorrhaphy

Falloplan tube x-ray salpingography

false anemla pseudoanemia

pallor of skin without signs of anemia

false joint neoarfhrosis pseudarfhrosis

false neuritis pseudoneurifis

false pregnancy phantom pregnancy pseudocyesis

false ribs coslae spuriae

false smell pseudosmia

sensation of an odor that is not present

false taste perception pseudogeusia

false tetanus pseudoretanus

false vision pseudoblepsia pseudopsia

visual hallucinations

farsightedness hyperme f ropia hyperopipresbyopia presbyope

fascla lnflammatlon fmcifis

fascla operatlon fmiectomy

fascla suture aponeurorrhaphy fasciorrhaphy

fast eating fachyphagia

fast talklng agifolalia agilophasia tachylogia lac hyphasia tachyphemia fachyphrasia

fat adipose obese pimelosis

fat absorptlon lipomelabolism l i ~ o ~ k 3 ~

ingestion of fat by a fat-absorbing cell

fat In blood hyperlipemia hyperlipidemia lipemia lipidemia lipoidemia

fat cell lipocyfe

fat In cornea lipoidosis corneae

fat decomposition lipolysis

chemical decomposition

fat decreasing lipotropic

fat deflclency lipopenia

fat deposlts adiposis lipoidosis lipornatosis liposis stea fopygia

in the cells


fat in feces pimelorrhea steatorrhea

fat formation/lncrease lipogenesis lipogenic lipogenetic lipogenous lipotrophy

fat Inflammation pimelitis

inflammation of adipose tissue

fat necrosis stealonecrosis

fat partlcie chylomicron

microscopic particle occurring in chyle or blood

fat pertaining aliphatic sebaceous

fat resembilng lipoid

fat soluble lipid tiposoluble

fat storing adipopexis adipopeptic

fat tumor lipoma lipomyoma lipomyxoma liposarcoma pimeloma steatoma

fat in urine adiposuria lipiduria lipoiduria lipuria

excretion of lipid in the urine

fat of wool lanolin

Father of Medicine Hippocrates

Greek physician 460-377 BC.

fatty degeneration srcatosis

fatty tumors adiposis tuberosa simplex Anders' disease

nodular type, often on the abdomen

fauna and flora biota

fear of alr current acrophobia

fear of alcoholic beverages alcohoiophobia

fear of angina pectorls anginophobia

fear of animals zoophobia

fear of bees apiphobia mrlissophobia

fear of being afraid phobophobia

fear of being alone monophobia

morbid dread of solitude

fear of being beaten rhabdophobia

fear of blushing ereufhophobia

fear of books bibliophobia

morbid dread or hatred of books

fear to be bound merinthophobia

fear of bridge crossing gephyrophobia

fear to be buried alive taphophobia

fear of cancer cancerophobia carcinophobia

fear of cats ailurophobia

fear of certain places topophobia

fear of change neophobia

fat infeces fear off& 65

morbid aversion to novelty or the unknown

fear of chlldblrth maieusiophobia tocophobia

fear of children pedophobia

fear of choking pnigophobia

fear of climbing c fimacophobia

fear of closed places claustrophobia

fear of cold psychrophobia

fear of COlOrS chromaiophobia chromophobia

fear of conflnernent clausrrophobia

fear of contamlnatlon mysophobia

fear of dirt or defilement from touching familiar objects

fear of crowds ochlophobia

fear of dampness hygrophobia

fear of darkness nyctophobia scorophobia

morbid fear of night or the dark

fear of dawn eosophobia

fear of daylight phengophobia

fear of death necrophobia rhana~ophobia

fear of deformlty taraophobia

in others dysmorphophobia

in self

fear of depths bahophobia

fear of deserted places eremphobia

or of solitude

fear of dlf l mysophobia rhypophobia

fear of dlsease hypochondria hypochondriais nosophobia parhophobia

fear of dogs cynophobia

fear of dolls pediophobia

morbid fear aroused by the sight of a child or a doll

fear of draftlwlnd acrophobia anernophobia

fear of drugs pharmacophobia

fear of dust amathophobia

fear of eating phagophobia sitophobia

fear of electriclty elecrrophobia

fear of errorslslns hamartophobia

fear of everythlng panphobia

fear of fatigue kopophobia ponophobia

fear of feces coprophobia

fear of fever pyrexeophobia

fear of filth rhypophobia rupophobia

fear of fire pyrophobia

fear of flsh ichthyophobia

fear of flashing light selaphobia

fear of food cibophobia sirophobia

morbid fear of eating food

fear of forests hylephobia

fear of fresh alr aerophobia

also of drafts

fear of frogs barrachophobia

fear of fur doraphobia

touching fur or skin

fear of germs microphobia

fear of ghosts pharmophobia

fear of glass crystallophobia hyalophobia

fear of God heophobia

fear of hair trichophobia

morbid disgust over loose hair rrichoparhophobia

anxiety about one's hair

fear of hearing certain names onoma tophobia

fear of heart disease cardiophobia

fear of heat rhermophobia

fear of heights acrophobia

tear of hell hadephobia srygiophobia

fear to be home ecophobia oikophobia

fear of one's home surroundings

fear of humans anthropophobia phobanfhropy

fear of ideas ikophobia

fear of infection molysmophobia

fear of Injury rraumatophobia

fear of Insanity maniaphobia

fear of Insects entomophobia

fear of itching acarophobia

also fear of parasites or of small particles

fear of jealousy zelophobia

fear of left side levophobia

fear of lice pediculophobia

fear of light phorodysphoria phorophobia

fear of Iightenlnglthunder asrrapophobia keraunophobia

fear of lonellness eremiophobia erernophobia

fear of love erorophobia

aversion to the thought of sexual love and expression

fear of machinery mechanophobia

fear of many things polyphobia

fear of marriage gamophobia

fear of medicines pharmacophobia

fear ofjlashing light Sear of rabies 67

fear of men androphobia

the male sex as a whole anthropophobia

any man or men

fear of metal metallophobia

fear of meteors meteorophobia

fear of mirrors spectrophobia

fear of mlssies ballistophobia

fear of moistureldampness hygrophobia

fear of motion kinesophobia

fear of naked persons gymnophobia

fear of names nomatophobia onomatophobia

fear of needles belonephobia

also of pins and other sharp pointed objects

fear of neglect paralipophobia

fear of newness neophobia

fear of night nyctophobias scotophobia

fear of nothing pantaphobia

fearless

fear of novelties neophobia

fear of odors bromidosiphobia osmophobia osphresiophobia

fear of old age gerontophobia

fear of open spaces agoraphobia

cenophobia kenophobia

also fear of leaving familiar surroundings

fear of own voice phonophobia

or of any sound

fear of pain algophobia

fear of parasites acarophobia parasitophobia phthiriophobia

fear of people anthropophobia

fear of personal uncleanilness automysophobia

fear of personal odor bromhidrosiphobia

fear of physical contact aphephobia haphephobia

fear of pins belonephobia

or of any sharp pointed object

fear of places topophobia

fear of pleasure hedonophobia

fear of pointed objects aichmophobia

fear of being touched by the object

fear of poison iophobia toxicophobia roxiphobia

fear of poverty peniaphobia

fear of preplces cremnophobia

fear of pregnancy maieusiophobia

extreme dread of childbirth

fear of projectlleslmlssles ballistophobia

fear of rabies lyssophobia


fear of railways siderodromophobia

fear of raln ornbrophobia

fear of rectal disease proctophobia recrophobia

fear of red eryrhrophobia

fear of rellglouslsacred objects hierophobia

fear of responsibility hypengyophobia

fear of returning home nostophobia

fear of right side dexrrophobia

fear of objects to the right

fear of rivers potamophobia

fear of robbers harpamphobia

fear of seas thalassophobia

fear to be seen scopophobia

a dread of being looked at

fear of self autophobia

fear of sermons homilophobia

fear of sexual intercourse coitophobia cypridophobia

fear of sexual love erotophobia

fear of sharp objects aichmophobia belonephobia

as needles, pins, or any sharp object

fear of slns hamortophobia peccatiphobia

fear of slttlng down karhisophobia

fear of skin of anlmats doraphobia

fear of skln dlseases dermorophobia

fear of sleep hypnophobia

fear of small objects microphobia

also fear of parasites or bacteria

fear of snakes ophidiophobia

fear of society anrhropophobia phobanrhropy

fear of solltude aurophobia eremphobia monophobia

fear of sounds acousricophobia phonophobia

fear of speaklng laliophobia

morbid fear of speaking or stuttering

fear of spiders arachnephobia

fear of stairs climacophobia

fear of standing stasiphobia stasibasiphobia

fear of stealing kleptophobia

fear of strangers xenophobia

fear of streets agyiophobia

a type of agarophobia

fear of stuttering laliophobia

fear of sun rays heliophobia

fear of syphllis syphilophobia

fear of teeth odontophobia

fear of railways feeding on food of all kinds 69

fear of thifteen triakaidekaphobia lrishidekaphobia

superstitious dread of the number thir- teen

fear of thunder astrapophobia brontophobia keraunophobia tonitrophobia

fear of time chronophobia

fear to be touched aphephobia haphephobia

fear of trains siderodromophobia

fear of trauma lraumatophobia

fear of travel hodophobia

fear of trembling remophobia

fear of trichina trichinophobia

fear of contracting disease from un- cooked meat

fear of tuberculosis phthisiophobia tuberculophobia

fear of uncleanliness automysophobia

fear of personal uncleanliness

fear of vaccination vaccinophobia

fear of vehicles amamphobia hamaxophobia

fear of meeting or of riding in any sort of vehicle

fear of venereal diseases cypridophobia venereophobia

fear of vomlting emelophobia

fear of walklng basiphobia

fear of water aquaphobia potamophobia

fear of windldraft anemophobia

fear of women gynephobia

fear of work ergasiophobia ponophobia

aversion to work of any kind

fear of worms helminthophobia

fear of writlng graphophobia

febrifuge anfipyretic

febrile pyrectic pyretic

feces bag colostomy bag

also ileostomy bag

feces calcified coprolith fecalith

feces eating coprophagy scatophagy

feces with fat pimelorrhea sleatorrhea

fatty diarrhea excessive amounts

feces with pus pyochetia

feces uncontrolled incontinence

feeblemindedness amentia cretinism

feeding on carrion necrophagous

refers to decayed or decaying flesh

feeding on food of all kinds omnivorous

feeding on one food monophagism

feedlng unnatural way enteral feedinglnutrition hyperalirnenta[ion parenteral alimentation rectal alimentation

forms of therapeutic nutritional intake

feeling of dlscomfon dysphoria

feeling of superlorlty egomania

feeling of well-being euphoria

feet In excess polypodia

feet gigantic acrodolichmelia

large size and disproportionate growth of the hands and feet

feet lacking apodia apodial apodous ectropody ~ P O ~ Y

ap'p'f-' mdividual involved

feet largeness macropodia megalopodia pes gigas

feet malformed peropus

feet shortness brachypodous

feet sweat increased acrohyperhidrosis

also applicable to the hands

fertilization gametogenesis

fetal operation amniolomy cephalotomy

fetal surglcal tool cephalotome cephalo tribe

fetal thyrold tumor microfoflicular adenoma

fetus calclf led lithokelyphopedion lithokelyphopedium lithopedion lithopedim osreopedion*

*obsolete term

fetus deformity abrachiocephaly acephalobrachius

without head and arms acephalocardius

without head and heart acephalocheirus acephalochirus

without head and hands acephalogaster

twin with pelvis and legs only acepha fopodius

without head and feet acephalorrhachia

without head or vertebra acephalostomia

without head acephalo~horus

without head and thorax acephalus

without head acheilia achilia

without lips acheira achiria

without hands acorea

without pupils acormus

without trunk acrania

without skull acystia

without urinary bladder adactyl

without fingers or toes agenosomia agenosomus

without genitalia aglossia

without tongue aglossostomia

without tongue or mouth opening

feeding on one food fetus deformity 71

agnathia undeveloped or missing jaws

agyria without cerebral convolutions

amelia amelus

without extremities ametria

without uterus smyelencephalia amyelencephalus

without brain and spinal cord amyelia amyelic amyelous amyelus

without spinal cord anadidymus duplicatos

pelvis and lower extremities united aniridia irideremia

iris lacking anophthalmia anophthalmos anophthalmus

without eyes anorchia

without testes apleuria

without ribs apneurnia

without lungs apodia

(=Pus without feet

aposthia without prepuce

aproctia without anus opening

aprosopia without face

arrhinia arhinia

without nose asternia

without sternum asfomia

without mouth atelencepha lia ateloencephalia

with imperfect brain athelia

without nipple

afrachelocephalus head and neck missing or undeveloped

atresia imperforation of normal opening

a tre focys tia urinary bladder imperforate

atretogaaria cardiaclpyloric orifice imperforate

brachycephalia brachycepha/y

short head brachychilia

short lips brachydactylia brachydactlic brachydactyly

short fingers brachyglossia brachyglossal

short tongue brachygnafhia brachygnafhous

short lower jaw brachykerkic

forearm disproportionate brachymerapody

shortness of metatarsals or metacarpals brachyphalangia

shortness of phalanges brachypodous

short legs brachyrhinia

shortness of nose brachyrhynchus

shortness of maxilla and nose brachyskelic

short legs abdominal fissure celosomia celosomus schistocelia schisfocoelia

open body with eventration cryp f ophthalmos

eyelids stuck together cyclencephaly cyclocephalia cyclocephaly

poor development of the two cerebral hemispheres

cy clopia cyclops

both eyes fused into one deranencephalia

fetus deformity (cont.) deranencephaly

neck without head didactylism

only two fingers or toes diglossia

split tongue dignathus

two lower jaws diphallus

double penis diplocoria

double pupil ecfro&cIylia ectrodactyly ectrodaclylism

fingers or toes missing ectromelia

limb missing or defective ectropody

without feet ectrosyndactyly

fingersltoes fusedllacking hyperdactylia hyperdaclylism hyperdactyly polydactyly

excessive fingers or toes hypophalangism

phalanges missing hypospadias

urethral opening abnormal irideremia aniridia

iris lacking lipostomy

mouth missing lithopedion lilhopedium lithokelyphopedion lilhokelyphopedium

calcified fetus lusus naturae

a monstrosity melomelur

rudimentary limb melotia

displacement of the ear meroacrania

parts of the skull missing miopus

additional rudimentary face monobrachius

having only one arm monodactylism

monodoctyly having only one finger or toe

monaphthalmos having only one eye

monopidia monopus

having only one foot monorchidism monarchism

having only one testis omacephalus

parasitic twin with imperfect head and no upper extremities

opocephalu without mouth and nose

oslembryon archaic term for lithopedion

otocephalus lower jaw missing

pantamorphia general deformity

pantanencephalia pananencephaly

without brain paracephalus

parasitic twin with defective head, trunks, and limbs

paragnathus parasitic fetus attached laterally to the jaw

peracephalus parasitic twin with only legs and pelvis

perobrachius forearms and hands malformed

perochirus hand absent or underdeveloped

perocormus perosomus

defective trunk perodactylia perodactyly

fingers or toes defective peromelia peromelus

malformation of limbs peropus

feet defective perosomus

body malformed perosplanchnica

viscera malformed phocomelia polymelus

excessive number of limbs

fetus deformity fetus deformity 73

polymeria additional body parts

polydenfia polyodonria

excessive number of teeth polyorchisism polyorchism polyorchis

excessive number of testes polyoria

more than one ear polyphalangia polyphalangism

additional phalanx in finger or toe polypodia

more than two feet polyfhelia

additional nipples porencephalic porencephalous porencephaly

insufficient development of the cerebral cortex and gray matter

proencephalus part of frontal skull missing

progna f hism projecting jaws

pseudofruncus arferiosus defective heart and usually without pulmonary artery

ilioxiphopag us having two heads and two chests

schisfocormus open thorax

schistoglossia cleft tongue

schistomelus cleft extremity

schisfoprosopus fissue of the face

schisforrhachis open spinal cord

schistosomus lateral or middle eventration and defective lower extremities

schisfoaernia sterna1 fissure

schisfothornx fissure of the thorax

schisfotrachelus tracheloschisis

cervical fissure schizogyria

partial separation of the cerebral gyri

macropodia feet size excessive

symelus symellus sympus

both legs fused together sirenomelia sirenomelus sympus opus uromelus

fused legs and no feet strophocephalus srrophocephaly

deformity of lower face sympur monopus

fusion of legs with foot missing cyclopia synoph f halmia synoph fhalmus

fusion of eyes and orbiis synorchidism synorchism

fusion of testes in the abdomen or scrotum

synofia synofus

union or near union of the ears in the neck region

refrabrachius double fetus with four arms

f etradac fyl four digits on each limb

f e framasfia four breasts

rewapus letrascelus

four feet ferramelus

four legs or four arms fetrasfichiasis

four rows of eyelashes retrotus

four ears thoracoceloschisis

fissure of thorax and abdomen fhoracoschisis

fissure of thorax fribrachius

three arms r ricephalus

three heads triencephalus friocephalus

no organs of sight, hearing or smell


fetus deformity (cont.) triophthalmos

combined twins with three eyes riopodymus

three faces with only one head triorc hidism rriorchis

three testes trwtur

three ears hyperphalangism triphalangia triphalangism

three phalanges in the thumb or big toe triprosopus

three faces fused into one

fetus first feces meconium

fetus lacking afetal

fetus monltor cardiotography

monitoring of fetal heart rate

fetus nutrition cyotrophy embryo~rophy

fetus ossified lithopedion ostembryon*

'obsolete term

fever blister herpes simplex herpes virus

fever causing febrifacient P Y w e n

fever induced hyperfhermia

fever iacklng afebrile apyrexia apyren'al apyreric

fever reducer antipyretic

inosemia presence in the blood, causing clotting

fibrocanilage inflamed fibrochondriris inochondritis

fibrous tumor fibroma neurofibroma neuroma

filth eating rhywphagy scatophagy

eating of excrement

fingers abnormally long arachnodacryly dolichostenomelia

flngersltoes adheslon ankylodactylia

finger communication cheirology chirology dactylology

finger contracton dactylospasm

fingersltoes defective perodactylia perodactyly perodactylus

individual involved

fingers of equal length isodacrylism

fingers In excess hyperdactylia hyperdactylism hyperdacryly polydactylism polydactyly

congenital development of supernumerary digits

fingers fused syndactylia syndactyly syndactyfous zygodactyly

fingers inflamed dactylitis

fibrin in blood fibremia fibrinernia

fingerltoe lacking adactyly ectrodactylia

fetus deformity flatulence reliever 75

ecrrodac @ism ecrrodac fyly monodactylism monodac fyly oligodactylia oligodactyly

congenital absence of one or more digits

finger largeness dactylomegaly macrodactylia macrodac fyly macrodactylism megadactyly megalodac fyly

enlargement of one or more digits

finger shortness brachydactylia brachydactyly

finger slenderness leptodactylous

tlngerltoe smallness microdacrylia microdactylous microdactyly

smallness or shortness of the fingers or toes

finger thlckness pachydacfylia pachydactylous pachydactyly

fingers unequal anisodactylous anisodactyly

fingerprint study dacfybgraphy dactyloscopy

first milk colostrum protogala

first milk secreted at the termination of pregnancy

fish oils eicosapenfaenoic acidr omega-3 fatty acidr

flsh polsoning ichthyismus ichthyism

flshskln disease ichrhyosis

thick, scaly skin

fission reproduction schizogenesis

fissure in abdomen celoschisis celosomia celosomus kelosomus

individual involved

fissure of sternum sternoschisis

flstula operation f i r ulectomy fituloenterosiomy fitulotomy

flve chlldren quintipara

woman who has given birth quinrupler

one of the children bom

fhre day recurring quinlan

refers to symptom or disease

flve flngerednoed pentadactyl pentadactyle

flame imagination p y r o p f o ~ h y ~ a

belief of engulfment in flames

flask shaped lageniform

flat celled planocellular

flat skull platycephalic platycephalous platycephaly platycrania tapinocephalic fapinocephaly

having a low, flat shape to the head

tlatfootedness pes planus

flsh study ichthyology

flatulence rellever carminative agent


flea klller pulicide

fleelng urge poriomania

flesh eater anfhropophagy

flesh formlng sarcotic

fleshy tumor sarcoma

malignant tumor of the connective tissue

f loatlng kldney nephropfosis

floatlng rlbs costae fluc f uames costae jluifanfes

flora and fauna biofa

collectively of a given region

flow of watery fluld hydrorrhea

fluid accumulation anasarca

in subcutaneous connective tissue ascifes

in abdomen dropsr

old term for ederna edema

in tissues hydrops

in any body tissues or cavities hydrops fefalis

in the newborn

f luid in cranlal vault hydrocephalis

accompanied by enlargement of the head and atrophy of the brain

fluld gravity measurer pyknome~er

fluld In jolnts hydrarfhrosis

fluid, watery serum

f luidless aneroid anhydrous

fly klller muscicide

food aliment nutriment

food aversion anorexia nervosa si fophobia

food craving bulemia cissa ciffa citfosis phagomania pica sitiomania sifomania

abnormal appetite and/or for abnormal substances

food Inadequate hypoalimenfafion

food stagnatlon ischochymia

in stomach

foot burnlng ery~hromelalgia

foot care pedicure

foot doctor chiropodisf podiafrisf podologis f

foot gout podagra

foot-joint lnflammatlon podarfhrifis

foot lackfng sympur monopus

congenital defect

foot largeness macropodia pes gigas

foot odor podobromhidrosis

foot operation farsectomy farsolomy

foot paln podaigia

flea killer Jieak of nature 77

pododynia farsalgia

foot smallness micropodia micropus

individual involved foot sole

planta pedis

foot sole application suppedania suppedanum

foot thickness pachypodous

foot treatment chiropody

footless apodia ~ P O ~ Y monopus sirenomelia sirenomelus

congenital absence

footlesslheadless acephalopodia acephalopodius

footprint ichnogram

forearm antebrachial an~ebrachium

forearm inner bone ulna

forearm shortness brachykrkic

forelgn body extractor pro fractor

forelgn substance In blood embolemia

forelgn substance use ergogenic

foremilk colosfrum

foreskin prepuce

free fold of skin that covers the glans penis

foreskin lacking aposfhia

foreskin tightness phimosis

narrowness of the opening of the' prepuce

form equal homeomorphous

formation of gas aerogenesis aerogenic aerogenous

production and/or formation of gas

foul breath halifosis ozostomia

four arms tefrabrachius

four breasts fetramasfia

four children quadripara

woman who has given birth quadruplef

one of the children born

four digits tetradactyl

four ears tefrotus

four extremity paralysis quadriplegia

four eyelash rows ferrastichiasis

four feet tefrapus


four-footed animal quadruped

four hands tefrachirus

four legslanns teframelus tetrascelus

fracture intentional diaclasia diclasis osteocfasis

freak of nature lusur narurae

extensive fetal malformation

freckle ephelis ephelides

freezlng polnt finder cryoscope

frenum operation frenectomy frenoplasty frenotomy

frequent urination micturirition nocturia nycturia

abnormally frequent urge to urinate

front and below anteroinferior

front and side anterolateral

front to back an reroposterior

frontal headache metopodynia

frost Itch pruritus hiemalis

fructose in blood fructosernia levulosemia

fructose In urine fructosuria levulosuria

excretion of fruit sugar in the urine

fruit sugar levulose

function In excess hyperfunction

function reduced hypofunction

fundus vlewer funduscope

instrument to view the fundus of the eye

fungus suppressor anrimycotic

fungus disease actinomycosis mycosis rinea

of the hair, skin or nails

fungus study mycology

funnel chest pectus excavatum

funnel-shaped infundibular

fused ears cyclotus synotia synotus

P'JPP"S first downy growth of beard

galt acceleration feslimtion

as seen in nervous disorders

gallbladder dllatation/distentlon cholecystectasia

gallbladder inflammation cholecysriris pericholangi~is

tissues around the bile duct periangiocholitis pericholecystitis

tissues around the gallbladder

gallbladder pain cholecystalgia

gallbladderlintestlne suture cholecystenterorrhaphy

gallbladder operatlon cholecystectomy cholecystotomy cholecystopexy cholecystorrhaphy cholecystenterostomy cholecystocolostomy cholecysroduodenostorny cholecystostomy cholecysrogastrostomy cholecystojejunostomy

freckle gesturedsigns lacking 79

choledocheclomy choledochosromy choledochoplasty choledochorrhaphy

gallbladder stones cholecys~oli~hiasis cholelith cholelilhiasis

presence or formation of gallstones

gallbladder x-ray cholecysrogram cholecyslography

gallstone crushing cholcdocholilholripsy cholelilholripsy

gangllon lnflammatlon ganglionitis perigangliris

gaslalr In chest pneumorhorax

air or gas with fluid in the chest cavity

gaslalr In intestines aerenlerecrasia meleorism lympaniles

gaslalr In medlastlnum pneumomediaslinum

gaslalr In peritoneal cavlty aeroperilonia aeroperironeum pneumoperitoneum

gaslalr vaginal dlstentlon aerocolpos

gaslfluid removal aspiration

suction to remove accumulation from a body cavity

gas in body tlssues aerosis

gas denslty measurer aeromeler

gas formatlon aerogenesis aerogenic aerogenous

gaslllquid in tissues hydropneumalosis

gas pain

lympanisrn rympanites

distention due to air or gas in the intestine or peritoneal cavity

gas pressure measurer manometer

gas i n urine pneumaluria

gas volume gauge eudiorneler

instrument to measure volume gastrlc julce hormone

gaslrin

gastrlc secretion lacking achylia

genetic engineering biolechnology recombinant DNA

genital plastic operatlon gynoplasrics

reconstructive surgery of the female reproductive organs

genltals defectlve agenosomia

geographic tongue erylhema migrans linguas

tongue with bare patches and thickened outer covering

germ absorblng fomes fomile

inanimate object that may retain infectious germs

germ cell gonocyle

germ free gnotobiora gnolobiole

organisms without any contam-inating microorganisms

German measles rubella

gestureslslgns lacklng animia

loss of ability to communicate by means of gestures or signs

araxic animia inability to gesture due to paralysis or physical disorder

ghost hallucination phantasmoscopia phantasmoscopy

gigantism somarornegaly

girdle pain zonesrhesia

sensation of tightness in lower abdominal area

glandladenolds knife adenorome

instrument to incise a gland or to remove adenoids

gland deficiency adenasrhenia

gland development adenogenesis

gland disease adenosis

gland enlargement adenia

gland fibsold degeneratlon adenofibrosis

gland hardening adenosclerosis

gland hyperplasia adenomarous

gland Inflammation adeni~is

gland or lymph node adenophlcgmon

gland and connecting tissue barrholiniris

major vestibular glands mymdeni [is

mucous gland paradeniris periadeniris

tissues surrounding a gland perirhyroidiris

thyroid gland capsules thyroadenitis thyroiditis

thyroid gland slrumiris

goiterous thyroid gland

sia fadeniris sialoadeniris

salivary gland skeneiris skeniris

glands near the urethra sublinguiris

gland under the tongue submaxillariris

submaxillary gland rarsadenitis

tarsal gland and plate

gland operation adenectomy adenotomy pararhyroidecromy parotideclomy pinealccromy prostatectomy prosraroiomy prosfafolithofomy sialoadenecromy sialoadenoromy sialolilhotomy sialodochoplasry suprarenalectomy lhyroidecromy thyroidotomy

glandlorgan cells parenchyma

distinguishing cells of a gland or organ

gland pain adenalgia

gland softness adenomalacia

gland stone sebolirh

in a sebaceous gland

gland tissue growth adenomafosis

gland tumor adenocarcinoma adenocysroma adenoepirhelioma adenolipoma adenolymphoma adenoma adenosarcorna

gland In wrong place adenecropia

malposition or displacement of a gland

ghost hallucination groove on brain 81

glandlike adeniform adenoid adenose adenous

glass tube buret bureire pipet pipetre

graduated tube used to deliver a measured amount of liquid or gas

glasslike hyaline hyaloid vitreous

glaucoma operation scleros fomy

globular tumor spheroma

globulln In urine globulinuria

glucose in blood glycemia

god of medlclne Aesculapius Asklepios

Greek god of medicine goiter

thyrocele chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland

goiter Inflammation strumitis

goiter operatlon srrumectomy

gold therapy chrysorherapy

treatment of disease by the administration of gold salts

gonococci In blood gorwcoccemia

gout In foot podagra

especially of the great toe

gout in knee jolnt gonagra

gout reliever an farfhritjc antiarfhriric uricosuric

gouty deposit In jolnt arfhroIifh tophus chalkstone*

'obsolete term grafting

hereroosteoplasty hereroplasty

grafting a bone taken from an animal heterotransplanrarion

grafting any pad taken from a different species

homograft homoplasry homorransplanrarion

grafting taken from same species

gravel in urine uropsammus

gray matter lnflammation poliomyelitis

of the spinal cord

grayness of hair canifies poliosis

greasy oleaginous

greatness delusion megalomania megalomaniac

green slckness chlorosis chlorofic

anemic disease in young females

green vlsion chloropsia

groin area innuiml

groin pain inguinodynia

groove between nates glureal furrow sulcus gluteus

groove on brain sulclls

gout in neck trachelagra

a depression on the brain surface separ- ating the folds

growth accretion

WJ"" gingiva

pertaining to area of the mouth

gum abscess gumboil parulis

gum bleeding ulorrhagia

gum inflammation gingivitis gingivoglossitis

gums and tongue gingivostomatitis

gums and mouth

gum operation gingivectomy ulotomy

hair beading monilethrix moniliform

hereditary condition of marked constric- tions in the hair

hair brittleness sclerothrix trichatrophia trichorrhexis

hair calcified tricholith

hair component keratin

principal component of hair

hair deficiency hypotrichiasis hypotrichosis oligotrichia oligotrichosis

hair disease trichitis trichomycosis trichopathy

hair In excess hypertrichosis polytrichia

excessive growth of hair over all or part of the body

hair follicles inflamed acne decalvans folliculif is perifolliculitis

hair fungus disease trichomycosis trichosporosis

hair gray canities poliosis

halr growth abnormal hirsu fism paratrichosis pilosis hypertrichosis lanuginosa

on the body of the fetus

hair harshldry sclerothrix sclerotrichia xerasia

hair inversion trichiasis

turning inward of the hair surrounding an opening

hair loss acomia

for any reason alopecia

total or partial loss alopecia aereata

in patches alopecia cicatrisafa

in circular patches due to atrophy of the skin

alopecia ~enil is due to aging

alopecia symptomatica due to systemic or psychogenic causes

alopecia totalis alopecia universalis

all over the body atrichia

may be congenital or acquired madarosis trichosis

loss of eyelashesleyebrows

growth hand largeness 83

oligotrichia scarcity of hair

ophiasis a serpentine form of baldness

phalacrosis obsolete term for baldness

psilosis due to a cutaneous disorder

hair of lower abdomen pubescence

hair that grows at puberty

hair in nose vibrissa

hair plucking trichologia trichology

the science of hair trichotillomania

uncontrollable desire to pull out hair

hair removing decalvent depilate depilation depila t ory epilate epilation epilatoty

hair scarcity oliso~richia

hair-shaped filiform

hair smoothistraight leiofrichous

hair splitting distrix schizotrichia

hair-touch sensation trichoesthesia

experienced when a hair is touched trichoesthesiometer

instrument to measure the sensation

hair whiteness leuko~richia leukotrichous

hairless glabrous

smooth and bare

hairy hirsute hirsutism pilar pilary pilose

hairy tongue glossotrichia trichoglossia nigrities linguae

black hairy tongue

hallucinatory condition hallucinosis

hammer bone of ear mallem

hammer nose rhinophyma

hand manus

hand arthritis chirarthritis

hand burning eryf hromelalgia

abnormal burning sensation of hands or feet

hand dexterity ambidexter ambidextrous

individual that uses either hand equally well

hand excessive number po fycheiria polychiria

hand joint arficulatio manus

hand joint contraction acroconfraclure

shortening of the muscles in the joints of hands or feet

hand joint inflammation chirarthritis

hand lacking acheiria achiria

also sense of loss

halrlike trichoid

hand largeness acrodolichomelia

hand largeness (cont.) cheiromegaly chiromcgaly megalocheiria

hand operation cheiroplasty chiroplasty

hand smallness rnicrocheiria microchiria

hand spasm acromyotonia acromyotonus

hand sweat Increased acrohyperhidrosis

hand underdeveloped perochirus

individual with congenital defect handlesslheadless

acephalocheirus acephalochirus

malformed fetus without hands or head

handwriting study graphology

hanging breast operatlon mammoplasty mastopexy mazopexy

hard palate palatum durum

roof of the mouth hardenlng

sclerema scleroma sclerosis

hardenlng of bone osteosclerosis

hardness measurer sclerometer

hardness of an organ scirrhosity

hare's eye lagophthalmic lagophthalrnos

inability to close the eye

harelip chiloschisis cleft lip

congenital opening

harmful deleteriour noxious toxin

harmless innocuous innoxious

hatred for chlldren rnisopedia misopedy

hatred for manklnd misanthropy

aversion to people

hatred for marriage misogamy

hatred for newness rnisoneism

hatred for women misogyny

hay fever pollenosis pollinosis

allergic reaction to pollen

head lacking deranencephalia deranencephaly

head cold coryza

acute rhinitis

head largeness macrocephalia macrocephaly megalocephaly

head measurer cephalometer

head narrowness stenocephalia stenocephalic stenocephalous stenocephaly

headlneck lacking atrachelocephalus

fetus with head and neck either lacking or undeveloped

head pointed acrocephalia acrocephalic

hand largeness heart beat slow 85

acrocephaly oxycephalic oxycephaly rurricephaly

head smallness microcephalia microcephalism microcephaly microcephalus nanocephalous nanocaphaly

head to tall cephalocaudal

headlthorax cephalothoracic

head-top concave clinocephaly

headache cephalalgia encephalalgia

general term rnetopodynia

frontal headache migraine

vascular cause psychalalgia psychalgia psychalgic

usually caused by depression

headless acephalus acephalous

headlarm lacking abrachiocephalus abrachiocephaly acephalobrachius

born without head and arms

headlfoot iacking acephalopodia acephalopodius

born without head and feet

headlhand lacking acephalocheirus acephalochirus

born without head and hands

headtheart lacklng acephalocardia

born without head and heart

having a mouthlike opening in the upper part of necklchest

headlspine lacking acephalorrhachia

born without head and spinal column

headlthorax iacking acephalothorus

born without head and chest

healing by massage naprapathy

health anxiety hypochondriac hypochondriasis

healthy old age agerasia

hearing acuteness hyperacusia hyperacusis

exceptionally acute sense of hearing

hearing dysfunction diplacusis

hearing measurer audiomefer audiometry

heart abnormally situated bathycardia ectocardia exocardia

heart with air aerendocardia

heart arrest cardioplegic solufion

induced condition

heart assist coun ferpulsa lion

technique for decreasing workload of the heart by using an external pump

heart beat Irregular arrhy fhmia cardiataxia dysrhythmia lumullus cordis

heart beat rapid tachycardia

heart beat slow brachy cardia bradycardia

headlrnouth lacking accphalosfomia

heart chamber with airlgas pneumalocardia

heart development cardiogcnesis

heart dilatation cardiectasis

heart dlsease cardiomyopathy cardioparhy

designating primarily heart muscle disease

heart dlsease treatment cardiotherapy

heart displacement ectocardia exocardia cardioptosia cardioprosis

heart enlargement auxocardia bucardia cardiomegaly cor bovinwn macrocardius

heartlgreat vessels angiocardiopathy

heart hernia cardiocele

protrusion of the heart through a wound or opening of the diphragm

heart lnflammatlon carditis cardiopericardiris endocardiris

heart lacklng acardia acardiac acardiacus

born without heart

heart largeness cardiomegaly macrocardia macrocardius megalocardia

heart membrane endocardium

lines the inner cavities of the heart pericardium

heart monitor cardiography

graphic recording of a physical or functional aspect of the heart

heart operation cardiecromy cardiocentesis cardio-omentopcxy cardiopericardiopexy cardiopuncture cardiorrhaphy cardiomyopexy cardioplasty cardiotomy

heart pain cardialgia cardiodynia

heart paralysis cardioplegia

use of chemicals or cold to stop contractions during surgery

heart puncture cardiocenresis cardiopunclure

heart on right side dextrocardia

heart rupture cardiorrhexis

heart-shaped cordate cordiform

heart smallness microcardia microcardius

heart softness cardiomalacia

softening of the muscular substances of the heart

heart stimulant digitalis doburamine ouabain strophanthin

heart stroke angina pecforis

heart study surrounds the heart cardiology

heart chamber with air/gas hernia with omentum 87

heart suture cardiorrhaphy

heartburn pyrosis

heartlhead misslng acephalocardius

born without head and heart

heat deprivatlon rhermosteresis

heat Insenslbillty rhermanalgesia rhermoanalgesia rhermoanesrhesia

heat loss thermolyric thermolysis

dissipation of bodily heat such as by evaporation

heat paln rhermalgesia thermoalgesia

heat-producing calorifacient

heat production measurer calorimeter

heat sensitiveness thermesfhesia rhermoesthesia

heating tlssues diathermy

to decrease resistance to passage of radiation, electrical current or ultrasound

heel bone calcaneus

heel pain calcaneodynia

hernoglobin deficiency oligochromemia

insufficient amount of hernoglobin in all the red blood cells

hemog lobin excess hemoglobinemia

excessive amount in the blood

hernoglobin measurer hemoglobinometer

hernoglobin separation hemolysis

hemogtobin in urine hemoglobinuria

hernolysis preventer an fihemolytic

hemorrhage control electrohemostasis

hemorrhage from ear o forrhagia

hemorrhage from eye oph halmorrhagia

hemorrhage of intestine enrerorrhagia

hemorrhage of kidney nephrorrhagia

hemorrhage of penis balanorrhagia

inflammation with discharge of pus

hemorrhage of spinal cord hema tomyelia

hemorrhage into the substance of the spinal cord

hemorrhage of stomach gastrorrhagia

hemorrhage of veins phleborrhagia

hemp poisoning cannabism

heparin in blood heparinemia

hernia of brain cephalocele encephalocele

hernia of choroid choriocele

coat of the eye

hernia of diaphragm diaphragmatocele

hernia wlth fatty tissue adipocele lipocele

hernia containing fat

hernia knife herniotome

surgical instrument

hernla with omentum epiplocele epiploenterocele

hernia repair hernioplasfy herniorrhaphy herniofomy

hernla of spleen iienocele

hernla of testes orchiocele

hernia of umblllcus omphalocele

protrusion at birth of part of the intestine through the abdominal wall

hernla of vagina colpocek vaginocele

heroln diace fylmorphine

hlnge jolnt ginglymus

hip bonelsocket OS come

hip joint arficulatio come

hip joint dlsease coxarfhropafhy

hip operation hernipelvectomy

hip pain coxalgia coxody nia

hippuric acid In urine hippuria

excessive amounts

histamine In blood hisfidemia

also reflected in excess urine levels

histidine in urine hislidinuria

also reflected in excess blood levels

hlstone in urine hisfonuria

hlves urficaria

homogentislc acid In urine alkaptonuria

homosexuallty lesbianism sapphism

among females

hookshaped unciform uncinate

hookworm disease ancylosfomiasis necaforiasis

infestation with hookworms hops

humulus

hops bitter humulin lupulin

hormone production hormonopoiesis

horn component keratin

horny keratic kera finous

horny skin keratosis

any horny growth(e.g., wart or callus)

horse bone inflammation pedifis

hospital-related nosocomial

housef iy musca domesfica

h0Y phencyclidine (PCP)

human in form an hropomorphism

humpbacked deformlty gibbosiry kyphosis

hunger In excess bulimia

resulting from a mental disorder

home life aversion apodemialgia

hyalin in urlne hyalinuria

hernia repair imperforate urethra 89

hydrochloric acid excess hyperchlorhydria

in the gastric juice

hydrochiorlc acid low hypochlorhydria

hydrogen sulflde in blood hydrothionemia

hydrogen sulflde In urine hydrorhionuria

hydrolysis of protelns profeolysis

splitting of proteins

hymen Inflammation hymenitis

hymen operation hyrnenectomy hymenoromy

hymen suture hymenorrhaphy

hypnosis autohypnosis autohypnoric

induced by oneself heterohypnosis

induced by another

hysteria controller hys~erofrenic

hystericai laughter cachinnafion

hystericai paralysis pseudoplegia

idiocy anoesia anoia

inability to understand

idiopathlc vomlting autemesia

ileum lnflammatlon ileiris

ileocolilis ileum and colon

ileum operation ileectomy ileofomy ileocecosromy ileocolostomy ileoileosromy ileosigmoidostomy ileos fomy

ileum suture ileorrhaphy

ill health cachecric cachexia

illuminated vlewer caveascope cavernoscope celoscope

instrument for examining the interior of a body cavity

image perception In excess polyopia polyopsia

seeing more than one image

imaginary odors cacosmia parosmia

immunity study immunology

impairment of senses dysesthesia

of any sense, especially sense of touch

imperforate cardiac opening arre fogastria

imperforate opening awesic awesia awetic

imperforate pupil arresia iridis afrefopsia

imperforate pyloric orifice arretogasrria

imperforate urethra arreturerhria

imperforate urinary bladder atretocystia

impervious to heat adiathermancy

impregnated ovum cyiula

inability to copy writing dysanligraphia

lnablllty to decide abulia abulic

deficiency of will power, initiative or drive

inability to fix attention aprosexia

inability to form sentences acataphasia

lnabllity to locate sensation atopognosia atopognosis

lnability for mathematics acalculia

inability to calculate

lnability to name objects anornia nominal aphasia

lnability to recognize by touch astereognosis taclile amnesia slereoagnosis stereoanesthesia

lnabllity to relax achalaria

specifically the hollow muscular organs

inabIIIty to arlse ananastasia

from a sitting position

lnabllity to sit acaihisia akathisia akatizia

motor restlessness, muscle quivering

lnabllity to sleep agrypnia insomnia

inability to speak aphasia

inability to stand

astasic as~atic

to maintain an erect position astasia abasia

to stand or walk

inabillty to swallow aphagia

inability to urinate anuria anwic

inability to write agraphia

loss of ability to write agraphic anorlhography

loss of ability to write correctly

inactive quiescent

Incoherence of speech allophasis

Incontinence of urlne enuresis enuretic uracrasia

incus operation incudectorny

of the ear

indican in urine indicanuria

indifferent adiphoria

failure to respond to stimuli pseudodementia

exaggerated indifference to one's surroundings

indigest ion dyspepsia dyspeptic

Indigo In urine indigouria indig uria

indoie in urlne indoluria

indolacetlc acid in urlne indolaceturia

indoxyl in urlne indoxyluria

secreted as indican

impegorate urinary bladder inflamed intestines 91

infant cry vagitus

infantile paralysis poliomyelitis

inferlority conscious micromania

inflamed adnexa uterl adnexiris annexitis

including the tubes, ligaments, ovaries

lnflamed amnlon amnionilis

inflamed aorta aortilis

inflamed appendix appendicitis

inflamed artery arlcriris

inflamed bone osfeilis osrifis mycliris

spinal cord or bone marrow osteomyelitis marrow, bone and cartilage perioslitis

connective tissue

inflamed brain cerebritis encephalitis meningoencephalilis

lnflamed breast mastitis

inflamed bronchial glands bronchoadenitis

lnflamed cheek melifis

inflamed ear ofilis panofiris

lnflamed eye blepharitis

eyelid choroidilis

choroid ophthalmia ophrhalmitis

eye and conjunctiva

punophthalmia panoph fhalmitis

entire eyeball structure scleriris sclerotiris

eyeball coating trachoma

granular conjunctivitis

inflamed Falloplan tube safpingitis syringiris

also of Eustachian tube

lnflamed finger dactylitis

inflamed foreskin phimosis phimoric

lnflamed glands adenitis

inflamed gums gingivitis

inflamed hair folllcles sycosis

inflamed Intestines enlerilis

any part of the intestinal tract ceciris ryphliris

cecum colitis

colon enterocolitis

small intestine and colon enlerogaslriris gasaoen feritis

intestine and stomach ileitis

ileum ileocolilis

ileum and colon mucoenterilis

mucous membrane of intestine paratyphliris

connective tissue near cecum periceciris

cecum serosa perienreriris

intestinal peritoneum perijejunitis

tissues around the jejunum procritis

rectum or anus

inflamed intestines (cont.) rectocolitis

rectum and colon seroenteritis

small intestine serous covering sigmoiditis

inflamed joint arthritis periarthritis

around the joint polyarthritis

several joints

inflamed jolnt membrane synovuis

lnflamed kldney nephritis pyelifis

pelvis of a kidney pyelonephrifis

kidney and its pelvis pyonephritis

with DUS formation

inflamed larynx latyngif is laryngopharyngi fis

larynx and pharynx laryngo fracheifis

larynx and trachea laryngo~racheobronchitis

larynx, trachea and bronchi

inflamed ligament syndesmi fis

lnflamed llver hepatitis

inflamed lungs baritosis

due to barium inhalation kaolinosis

from inhaling kaolin dust pneunwen feri fis

lungs and intestine pneumonia pneumonifis pulmoni fis

of the lungs proper

inflamed marrowlbone osteomyelifis

inflamed mouth stomati fis

inflamed mucous gland m y d e n i f i s

lnflamed nail onychia onyxifis

nail matrix paronychia whitlow

with pus formation

lnflamed nerve neuritis mononeuritis

a single nerve neurochorioretinitis neurochoroiditis neurore tinitis

retina1 nerves neuromyelitis

nerves and spinal cord neuromyositis

nerves and muscles perineuritis

the perineurial sheath enclosing a bundle of nerves

lnflamed nipple mammillitis

inflamed nostril rhinitis

mucous membranes rhinoantritis

mucous membrane and sinus rhinolaryngitis

mucous membrane and larynx rhinopharyngitis

nose and pharynx

lnflamed nympha nymphitis

minor lips

inflamed ovaries oophoritis ovaritis oophorosalpingitis ovariosalpingitis

ovary and oviduct

inflamed palate palatifis

lnflamed pancreas pancreatitis

lnflamed parotid gland parotitis

the mumps

inflamed perlcardium pericardi f is

infamed intestines infamed trachea 93

inflamed perlosteum periostitis

membrane covering bones

inflamed peritoneum peritonitis

membrane covering abdominal organs

inflamed pharynx pharyngitis pharyngolaryngitis

pharynx and larynx pharyngorhinitis

with rhinitis pharyngotonsillitis

with tonsillitis

lnflamed pleura pleurisy pleuritis pleurohepatitis

pleura and liver pleuropericarditis

with pericarditis

inflamed prepuce acroposthitis poslhitis

inflamed rectum proctitis

lnflamed retina retinitis retinochoroiditis

retina and choroid retinopapillitis

retina and optic disk

lnflamed skin dermatitis acrodermatitis

of an extremity prurigo

itching and inflammation of the papules pyoderma pyodermatitis

with pus radiodermatitis

caused by radioactivity loxicodermatitis

caused by poison

lnflamed spinal cord myelitis meningomyelitis

spinal cord and its membranes poliomyelitis

gray matter

radiculilis spinal nerve root

syringomyelitis with syringomyelia

lnflamed spleen splenitis perisplenitis

membrane covering the spleen

lnflamed stomach gastritis enterogastritis gastroenteritis

stomach and intestine gastroesophagitis

stomach and esophagus gastroduodenitis

stomach and duodenum perigaslritis

stomach serosa pyloritis

pylorus

inflamed subcutaneous fatty tissue adipositis panniculitis

lnflamed synovlal membrane synovitis

lnflamed tendon tendinitis tendonitis tenonitis tenositis

inflamed testicles orc hitis

lnflamed thyroid thyroiditis

inflamed tongue glossitis subglossifis sublinguilis

inflamed tonsil tonsillilis adempharyngitis pharyngotonsillitis

tonsils and pharynx

lnflamed trachea tracheitis trachitis tracheobronchitis

trachea and bronchi tracheopyosis

purulent inflammation


Inflamed ureter urererilis ure teropyelitis

ureter and kidney pelvis ure teropyelonephritis

ureter, kidney and pelvis urereropyosis

with purulent exudation

inflamed urethra urerhriris urethrocystis ure fhrotrigonitis

urethra and bladder

inflamed uterus metrifis uteritis metrolymphangitis

lymphatic vessels metroperironir is

uterus and peritoneum metrophlebitis

veins of the uterus merrosalpingitis

uterus and oviducts

inflamed uvea uveitis

inflamed uvula staphyliris uvulilis

Inflamed veln phlebifis mesophlebiris

middle coat of the vein periangitis

outside tissues

inflamed vertebra spondyliris perispondylilis

tissues around the vertebrae spondylopyosis

accompanied by pus

inflamed vessel angiiris angiris angiodermatifis

skin vessels angiofifis

ear blood vessels

Inflamed windplpe tracheiris frachitis

inflammation reliever anriphlogisric an tipyro tic

inflatable cervix dilator hysrereurynter

instrument for dilating the uterus

ingrowing nail unguis incarnarus

inguinal pain bubonalgia inguinodynia

inhalelexhale measurer spiromerer

injury trauma

inosltal in blood inosernia

excess of fibrin in the blood

lnositai In urine inositwia inosuria

insanity over rellgion hieromania

lnsenslbility to pain analgesia

insomnla agrypnia a hypnia ahypnosis

insulin in blood insulinemia

excessive amounts

Insulin dimlnlshlng insulinopenic

insulin formation insulinogenesis

lnsuiln tumor insulinorna

turnor of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans

intellectual alenness profhyrnia

intellectual loss dementia

interbreedlng amphimixis

infamed ureter intestinal obstruction 95

intercourse coitus copulation pareunia

intercourse with animals zooerartia

intercourse painful dyspareunia

internal hernia entocele

internal origln autopathic autopathy

disease without apparent external cause

Internal secretion glands endocrine glands

internal secretion study endocrinology

interstitial pregnancy salpingysterocyesis

Intestinal enteric enteral

intestinal bloody discharge hernatorrhea

intestinal contractionlmotion peristalsis

lntestlnal "crawling" akstalsis

type of downward moving wave in small intestine during the digestive process

intestinal crusher splanchnotribe

instrument for crushing a segment of the intestine

intestinal dllatation en terectasis

intestinal disease enteromycosis

fungal disease enteroparhy

any intestinal disease

intestinal gaslair aerenterectasia meteorism tympanites

intestinal hemorrhage

enterorrhagia enterostaxis

intestlnal hernia enterocele

hernia containing a loop of intestine enteroepiplocele

hernia of the omentum enterocystocele

involving intestine and bladder

Intestinal inflammation cecitis typhlitis typhlenteritis

of the cecum diverticulitis

of intestinal sacs enteritis

in general enterocolitis

small intestine and colon en terogasfritis gastroenteritis

intestine and stomach mucoenteritis

of the mucous membrane paratyphlitis

of the connective tissue near the cecurn periappendicitis

of tissues around the appendix pericecitis

of the cecum serosa perienteritis

of the intestinal peritoneum perijejunitis

of the tissue around the jejunurn perityphlitis

obsolete term for periappendicitis seroen teritis

small intestine serous covering typhlodicliditis

of the ileocecal valve

intestinal irritation clyster enema

intestine lacking anenterous

intestine largeness enteromegalia enteromegaly megaloenteron

Intestinal obstruction splanchnemphraxis

in general

intestinal obstruction (cont.) volvulus

twisting

lntestlnal operation cececromy cecocolosromy cecoileosromy cecosigmoidosromy cecosromy cecotomy celioenieroromy ryphlecromy ryphlosromy typhlotomy

involving the cecum colectomy colocolosromy colohepatopexy coloproctoslomy colosigmoidos~omy colosromy coloromy diverriculec fomy

enterocoloslomy enleroenleroslomy enteropexy enleroplasry enleroslomy enterolomy

involving the colon ileecromy ileocecosromy ileocolosiomy ileoileos~omy ileosigmoidoslomy ikoslomy ileolomy

involving the ileum laparoenrcroromy proclcclomy proctopexy procloplasry proctosigmoidec fomy proctosromy proctotomy rectecromy rectopexy rectosigmoidecromy recloslomy rectoromy

involving the rectum sigmoidectomy

sigmoidopexy sigmoidoproctosfomy sigmoidorec fosromy sigmoidosigmoidosromy sigmoidosromy sigmoido romy

involving the sigmoid colon

intestlne pain enreralgia enrerodynia

Intestinal paralysls adynamic ileus en~eroplegia paralytic ileus

lntestlnal perlstalsls lacking aperisralsis

lntestlnal prolapse colop~osis enreroprosis

intestinal puncture enterocentesis

surgical puncture

lntestlnal rumbling barbotygmus rugirus

lntestlnal rupture enrerorrhexis

lntestlnal sac diverriculwn

may be congenital or acquired lntestlnal stone

enferolirh

intestinal stricture enrerosrenosis

lntestlnal suture cecorrhaphy enrerorrhaphy

intestinal toxemia scaremia

blood poisoning

Intestinal toxins closrridium bacleria

intestinal vlewer enteroscope

lntestlne worm medicine anrhelminric sanronin

intestinal obstruction jargon 97

involuntary urination enuresis nociurnal enuresis nocturia nycturia

bedwetting, usually at night

iodine sickness iodism iododcrma

irls adhesion synechia

also applies to any adhesion

irls angle angulus iridis

iris atrophy iridoleptynsis

iris eversion irideciropium

irls hemorrhage iridemia

iris inflammation iriiis choroidoiritis iridochoroidif is

iris and choroid iridocapsulifis

iris and capsule iridocyclifis

iris and ciliary body iridoperiphaki f is

iris and part of capsule scleroirifis

iris and sclera sclerokeraloiritis

iris, sclera and cornea

lris lnverslon iriden fropiwn

lris knlfe corec tome iridectome

instrument for iris removal

lrls lacklng aniridia iriderernia

congenital absence

lrls operatlon iridoavulsion iridectomy

irido fomy iritomy irifoectomy iridocyclectomy iridocysfectomy iridosclerotomy sclerec~oiridec tomy

lris paralysls iridoparalysis iridoplegia

lrls prolapse iridop tosis

protrusion through a wound or ulcer

lris ring annulus iridis

lrls rupture iridorrhexis

iris softness iridomalacia

lrls tremor hippus

spasmodic, rhythmical dilation and constriction

iris thickening iridauresis

iron deficiency sideropenia

Iron worker disease sidcrosis

isolation hospital laaaret lazaretto

Itching prurifus

itching reliever antipruritic

itching skln neurodermaiitis

jargon glossolalia

unintelligible jargon


jaundice icteric icterus

jaundice causing icterogenic

jaw bone nlandible

jaws equal size isagnafhous

jaw force measurer gnathodynamome~er

instrument that records the force exerted in closing jaws

jaw lnflammatlon gnafhitis

also refers to inflammation of the cheek

jaw lacking agnathia agnafhus agnafhous

jaw largeness macrogna I hia macrognathic mqagnathia

jaws mismatched anisognathous

jaw muscle masseter

raises the lower jaw

jaw operation alveolecromy alveoloplasfy alveoplasly alveolo fomy gnu fhoplasty

jaw projecting hypognafhia prognarhism prognathic prognathous

jaw shortness brachygmthia

jaw smallness micrognathia

jejunum/lleum jejunoileal

jejunum inflammation jejunitis jejunoileitis

jejunum and ileum

jejunum operation jejunec f omy jejunocolostomy jejunoileosfomy jejunojejunostomy jejunoplasry jejunosfomy jejunotomy neslios fomy

joint with air pneumarthrosis

presence of air in a joint

joint ball-and-socket enarrhrosis

joint disease arfhropafhy osfeoarfhritis osf eoarfhrosis

degenerative disease of the joints

joint drainage arthrocen!esis arthrostomy

jolnt flexlon measurer fleximeter goniometer

jolnt fusion arthrodesis symphysis synafrhrosis

joint gouty deposit arfhrolith tophus chalkstone *

'obsolete term

joints of hand contracted acrocontracfure

shortening of muscles in the joints of hands or feet

joint inflammation arfhritic arfhritis monarrhric monarficular monoarthrifis

pertaining to a single joint

jaundice kidney displacement 99

pamrfhri fis polyarthritis

of several joints periarthrifrs

of tissues around a joint synovifis

of the synovial membrane

joint lubricant synovia

clear fluid that functions to lubricate a joint

joint mobility reduction arfhroereisis ar f hrarisis

joint movement measurer arlhromefer arthrome fry aoniometer

arthroendoscopy instrument to view inside joint

arthroscopy examining the inside of a joint with an endoscope

jumbling words paraphrasia

measurement of the range of movement of a joint

joint operation arthrecromy arthro fomy arthrolysis arthroplasty arf k o s fomy synovectomy villusecfomy

joint pain arthralgia arthralgic arthrodynia arthrodynic polyarthralgia

joint pus pyarthrosis

suppurative arthritis

joint rigidity acampsia

joint sensation arthresthesia

joint stiffness ankylosis bony ankylosis synostosis [rue ankylosis

joint suppuration arthroempyesis

joint viewer arthroscope

ketone bodies in blood ketonemia

ketone bodies in urine ke fonuria hyperke fonuria

kidneys nephric nephroid nephrons renal

shape of a kidney

kldney abscess nephrapostasis

kidney connective tissue perinephrium

connective tissue and fat surrounding a kidney

kldney cyst nephrocys~osis

kldney dilatation nephrecfasis

kldney disease nephrasthenia nephronophthisis nephropathy nephrosis renopafhy

kidney displacement nephrocele nephrocelon

hernial displacement of a kidney


kidney function assessment nephrogram nephrography nephrotomogram nephroromography renogram renography

kldney function lost/diminished nephratonia nephratony renoprival

kldney floating nephrospasia nephrospasis

attachment of the organ only by the blood vessels

kidney hardness nephrosclerosis nephrosclerotic

kidney hemorrhage nephremorrhagia nephrorrhagia

hemorrhage from or into the kidney

kidney inflammation glornerulonephritis nephritis nephrophthisis nephritides lit honephritis nephropyelitis pyelitis pyelonephritis

of the kidney pelvis perinephritis

of tissues around a kidney pyelocyst i ~ i s

urinary bladder and the pelvis of a kidney

pyonephritis accompanied by pus

kidney nourishment nephrotrophic nephrotropic renotrophic renotrophin reno tropin

kidney operation nephrectomy nephrotomy nephrocapsectomy nephrocysra~stamosis nephrolithotomy

nephropexy nephropyeloplasty nephrostomy nephroureterectomy pyelolithotomy pyeloplasty pyelostomy pyelotomy

kidney origination nephrogenetic nephrogenic nephrogenous renogenic

giving rise to kidney tissue

kidney pain nephralgia

kidney pelvis distention hydropyonephrosis

kldney prolapse nephroptosia nephroptosis

kidney proxlmlty adrenal

located near or upon the kidney

kidney shaped nephroid reniform

kidney softening nephromalacia

kldney stone nephrolith nephrocalcinosis nephrolithiasis pyonephrolit hiasis

accompanied by pus

kidney suture nephrorrhaphy

kldney studyltreatment nephrology

kldney toxin nephrolysin

antibody that causes destruction of the cells of the kidneys

nephrotoxic nephrotoxin

cytotoxin specific for cells of the kidney

kidney tumor nephroadenoma

kidneyjknction assessment lack of teeth 1 01

nephroblasfema nephroblastoma nephroma nephroncus

kidney ulceration nephrelcosis

kidney vessels glomerulus renovascular

kllllng offspring feticide

before birth infanficide

after birth

knee inflammation gonar fhritis gonitis meniscif is

of the interarticular cartilage

knee-jerk patellar reflex

knee joint articulalio genus

knee joint lnflammatlon sonar fhritis gonarthromeningitis

knee joint operation gonarthrotomy

incision into the knee joint

knee pain gonalgia

knee tumor g0~10cek

kneecap palella

knock-knee genu valgum tibia valga

iabor difficult dysfocia

labor producer oxytocic parfurifacicnf

an agent that produces or accelerates labor

labyrinth inflammation labyrinthitis

labyrinth operation labyrinthectomy labyrinthotomy

lack of alkalinity acidosis

insufficient amount of alkalilbase in the blood

iack of bile plgment acholuria acholuric

in the urine lack of blle secretion

acholia

lack of heart acardia acardius

lack of limbs ectromelia

lack of mental ablllty amenfia dementia

lack of nutrition cachexia

general wasting seen during a chronic illness

lack of plgmentatlon achromatosis

lack of pupil acorea

iack of ribs apleuria

lack of skln pigment achromasia achromia

iack of strength hyposthenia

lack of teeth adonfia adontism edentafe edentulous


lack of teeth (cont.) hypodonria oligodonria

lack of testes agenilalism anorchia anorchidism anorchism

having no testes monorchid monorchidic monorchidism monorchis monarchism

having only one testis

lack of trunk acormus

fetus born without a torso

lacrimal duct stone dacryolirh ophthalmlith

also called a tear stone

lacrlmal gland pain dacryoadenalgia

lacrlmal sac protrusion dacryocele dacryocystocele

lactation dimlnisher anligalacragogue an figalacric

diminishing or suppressing the secretion of milk

lactic acid in blood lactacidernia lacricacidemia

lactiferous duct inflamed galac tophoriris

lactose In urine lacrosuria

lamina operation laminecromy hemilaminectomy rachiotomy rachiromy spondyloromy

languor of organs afonia uloniciq amny

weakness of any organ, especially the muscles

lanolin adeps lanae hydrosus

wool fat (anhydrous)

large-footed pachypodous

large hands cheiromegaly chiromegaly megalocheiric megalochiria

large head macrocephalia macrocephaly macrocephalous macrocephalus megacephalus megalocephalia megalocephaly

congenital or acquired condition

large heart cardiomegaly megacardia megalocardia

large Intestine enleromegalia enteromegaly megaloenteron

abnormal largeness of the intestine

large jaw megagna thia macrognathia

large limbs macromelia macrome fur megalomelia

abnormal size of one or more of the extremities

large liver heparomegaly megalohepada

large mouth macrosromia

large nails macronychia rnegalonychosis

abnormally large fingernails or toenails

lack ofteeth lalynxparafysis 103

large nucleus macronucleus meganucleus

large penis macropenis macrophallus megalopenis

large pill bolus

also large volume of intra-venous fluid given rapidly

large rectum megarectum

large sigmoid macrosigmoid megasigmoid

large spleen splenomegaly splenohepatornegalia splenoheparomegaly

enlargement of spleen and liver

large stomach macrogastric megalogastria megasfria

large teeth macrodont macrodontia rnegadont megalodont megalodon fia

large toes macrodactylia macrodactylism macrodactyly megalodactylia megalodactylism megalodactly

also applies to large fingers

large tongue macroglossia megaloglossia pachyglossia

large wrltlng macrography megalographia

writing with very large letters

larva second stage cercaria

larynx artlflclal laryngophantom

larynx disease laryngopathy

any disease of the larynx

larynx dryness laryngoxerosis

larynx examination laryngoscopy

larynx falling laryngoprosis

larynx inflammation laryngitis laryngopharyngifis

larynx and pharynx laryngophthisis

tuberculosis of the larynx Iaryngotracheitis

larynx and trachea laryngotracheobronchiris

larynx, trachea and bronchi perilaryngitis

tissues surrounding the larynx pharyngolaryngilis

larynx and pharynx rhinolaryngitis

larynx and nose rnucosa

larynx knife laryngotorne

larynx narrowing laryngosfenosis

larynx obstruction laryngemphraxis

larynx operatlon laryngeclomy laryngofissure laryngotomy cricolhyroidolomy intercricolhyrolomy hemilaryngectomy laryngopharyngectomy laryngoplasfy laryngostomy laryngotracheolomy

larva-klller larvicide

larynx paralysis Iaryngoparalysis

larynx paralysis (cont.) laryngoplegia

paralysis of the laryngeal muscles

larynx recorder laryngograph laryngostroboscope

larynx softening chondromalacia laryngomulacia

larynx sounds laryngophony

voice sounds heard in auscultation of the larynx

larynx spasm laryngismu.

larynx spasmodic closure glottidospasm laryngospasm

larynx specialist laryngologist laryngoscopist

larynx study laryngology laryngorhinology

larynx and nose

larynx viewer laryngoscope

laughter risus

laughter inapproprlate cachinnation

immoderate and loud

lead monoxlde litharge

lead poisoning plumbism saturnism

leech Hirudo medicinalis

leeches used in medicine for bleeding patients

left-eyed sinistrocular

left-footed sinis tropedal

left-turnlng toward levoversion

leg calf sura sural

muscular swelling of the back of the leg below the knee

leg cramp systremma

leg excess polyscelia polyscelu

fetus born with more than two legs

leg lacking monoscelous

leg largeness macroscelia

leg shortness brachyskelic

leg strength measurer pedodynamometer

instrument to measure the muscular strength of the legs

lens bulging lenriglobus

lens capsule cupsula lentis phacocyst

lens capsule operation phacocystectomy

lens displacement phacocele

hernia of the crystalline lens of the eye

lens measurer ammeter arometer aronometer lensometer phacometcr*

'obsolete term

lens-shaped lenticular lentiform phacoid

lens small microlenlia microphakia spherophakia

left-handed sinistrornanual

larynx paralysis limbs malformed 1 05

lens viewer phacoscope

dark chamber for observing changes

leprosy hospital leprosarium lazarer lazaretto

leprosy study leprology

lesbianism amor lesbicus sapphism

leuclne In urine leucinuria

leukocyte counter leukocytometer

glass slide ruled for counting white cells in a measured volume of blood

leukocyte deficiency leukocyropenia leukopenia

leukoma of cornea exotropia walleye

levulose in blood Ievulosemia

presence of fructose in the circulating blood

levulose In urine levulosuria

lewlslte chlorovinyldichloroarsine

poisonous warfare gas

ilce Pediculus

lice lnfestatlon pediculation pediculosis

presence of the parasites that live in the hair and feed on the blood

lice-klller pediculicide

licorice glycyrrhiza

lie detector ~ o i ~ g r a ~ h

ilfe development study biogenesis biogeochemistry

llfeiessness abiosis abiofrophy

absence of life

llgamerit inflammation desmitis syndesmitis

ligament operation syfldesmop=Y syndesmoplasty syndesmotomy

llgament study syndesmology

ligament suture syndesmorrhaphy

ligament-like desmoid

llght decomposlng photolysis

through the action of light photolyte

product of light decomposition

light measurement photometry

llmb in excess polyrnelia polymclus

presence of supernumerary limbs or parts

llmb lacking ectromelia ectromelus lipomeria monopodia monopus

limb largeness macromelia macromelw megalomelia

limbs malformed melomelus

born with a rudimentary limb attached to a limb

peromelus psychogalvanometer peromelia

limbs malformed (cont.) peromely

born with malformed or deficient limbs

limb-pertaining acral

ilmb sensation lacking acroagnosis

limb smallness micromelia micromelus nanomelia

limbs unequal anisomelia

inequality between the two paired limbs

limbless acolow

liniment embrocarion

rarely used term also meaning the application of

lionlike face leon fiasis

lip biting cheilophagia chilophagia

iipslcheeks bucco/abial

Ilp eversion eclabium

lip fusionladhesion syncheilia synchilia

atresia of the mouth

lip inflammation cheilitis chiliris

lips lacking acheilia achilia

lip largeness macroc heilia macrochilia

abnormally enlarged lips

cheilecfomy cheilo tomy cheiloplasty chiloplasty cheilostomatoplasty chilostomatoplasty labioplasty rhinocheiloplasty rhinochil~plas fy

lip pain cheilalgia chilalgia

lip shortness brachycheilia brachychilia

Ilp silent movement mussitafion

observed in delirium and in semicoma

lip suture chcilorrhaphy chilorrhaphy

lip thicknesslsweiling pachycheilia pachychilia

liquid density measurer densimeter

liquid expeller hydragogue

liquid tension measurer stalagmomerer

instrument that measures the surface tension of liquids

Ilquld/gas In tissues hydropneuma f osis

accumulation of liquid and gas

lisping sigmatism

ilthlc acid In urlne hyperlithuria lithuria

excretion of large amounts of uric acid1 urates in the urine

liver atrophy hepatatrophia hepatatrophy

liver congestion he~atohemia lip operation . .

limbs malformed local anemia 1 07

liver destructton hepatonecrosis

death of liver cells hepatotoic hepatotoxin

damaging to the liver

llver dlsease heparoparhy

liver displacement hepatoptosis

llver enlargement hepatomegalia hepatomegaly megaloheparia hepatosplenomegaly splenohepatomegaly

liver and spleen hepatonephromegaly

liver and kidneys

liver examinatlon hepatoscopy

llver hemorrhage heparorrhagia

llver hernia heparocele

llver lnflammatlon hepatiris icterohepalitis

with jaundice hepatosplenitis

liver and spleen perihepatitis

peritoneum surrounding the liver pleurohepatitis

liver and pleura

llver operation hepatectomy hepatotomy hepatocholangioenterostomy hepatocholangiostomy hepatocholangiojejunostomy hepatoduodenostomy hepatolithectomy hepatopexy hepatostomy hepa l icostomy hepaticoduodenostomy hepaticoenterostomy hepaticogastrostomy hepaticolirhorripsy

llver origin hepatogenic hepatogenous

formed in the liver

llver pain hepatulgia hcpatodynia

liver plgmentatlon hepatomelanosis

deep pigmentation of the liver

llver proxlmlty parahcpalic

liver rupture heputorrhexis

liver softening heparomalacia

liver speclallst hepatologist

liver stone heparolirh heparolithiasis

llver study hepatology

llver suture hepatorrhaphy

llver tumor hepatoblasroma hepalocarcinoma hepatoma

llver x-ray hepatography

llverllke hepatoid

llvlng In alr aerobic aerophilic aerophilous

organism that lives in the presence of oxygen

llvlng wtthout oxygen anaerobic

organism that thrives best in the absence of oxygen

local anemla hypoemia ischemia

locatlon abnormal ectopic

lochlal flow lochiorrhea lochiorrhagia

lockjaw tetanus trismus

painful tonic muscular contractions

long colon dolichocolon

long-faced dolichofacial dolichoprosopic

long-headed dolichocephalic dolichocephalism dolichocephaly

having a disproportionately long head

long-lived macrobiote macrobiotic

long-necked dolichoderus

longevlty macrobiosis

longevity study macrobiotics

study of the prolongation of life

loop ansa

loss of appetite anorexia

loss of body heat thermolysis

loss of eyelashes madarosis milphosis

loss of memory amnesia

loss of readlng ability alexia

inability to understand written symbols

loss of strength adynamia asthcnia debility

loss of taste ageusia ageustia

loss of touchlsensatlon anesthesia astereognosis

inability to recognize the form of an object by the touch

acroanesthesia loss of feeling in the extremities

loss of vocal control alalia

inability to control speech muscle

loss of voice anaudia aphonia

lovlng anlmals zoophilia zoophilism

lovlng chlldren pedophilia

excessive love for small children

lovlng elderly persons gerontophilia

lovlng air aerophil

low temperature measurer cryorneter

lower abdomen hypogastrim

lower extremitles only acephalogaster

cojoined twin born with only the pelvis and legs

lower jaw mandible mandibula submaxilla

lower jaw lacklng agnathia agnathus hemignathia hypoagnathus otocephalus

lower jaw small hypognatous

location abnormal lymph cell/node 1 09

lues syphilis

lumbar puncture rachicentesis

lumbar vertebralsacrum angle sacroverfebral angle

lumlnous perception photopsia photopKY

visual disorder where luminous rays are perceived

lump in throat globus hysfericus spheresthesia

lumpy jaw actinomycosis acfinophytosis

lung abscess vomica

obsolete term

lung collapse afelecfasis

lung covering pleura

the fine membrane covering each lung

lung disease bronchopulmonary dysplasia C>disorder seen in newborns silicosis

progressive fibrosis due to inhilation of silica dust

lung flatulence emphysema

accumulation of gas or air in any of the natural cavities

lung fungus dlsease pneumonomycosis pneumomycosis*

*obsolete term

lung gauge spirome f er

instrument used to measure lung capacity

pneumalometer * 'obsolete term

lung Inflammation oneumonia

pneumonitis bagassosis bird fancier's lung extrinsic allergic alveolitis farmer's lung pigeon breeder's lung

hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by repeated exposure to an allergen

baritosis due to barium inhalation

kaolinosis caused by inhaling clay dust

pncumoconiosis pneumonoconiosis

caused by dust pneumonomycosis

caused by fungi

lung lrrltation byssinosis mil l fever

lung lacking apneumia

lung operation lobecfomy pneumectomy pneumonectomy pneumonotomy pneumolomy pulmonectomy pneumonopexy pneumopexy

lung puncture pneumocen fesis pneumonocen fesis

paracentesis of the lung

lung suture pneumonorrhaphy

Lyme dlsease rash erythema chronicum migranr

lymph in blood lymphernia

lymph in urine chyluria lymphuria

lymph or chyle

lymph celllnode lymphoblasf lymphocele ~vm~hocv re

1 1 0 INVERTED MEDICAL DICTIONARY

lymph cell/node (cont.) lymphocyst lymphonodus

lymph flowlescape lyrnphorrhea

from ruptured, torn or cut lymphatic vessels

lymph formatlon lymphization lymphoblast lymphocerasusm lymphocy topoiesis lymphogenesis lymphopoiesis

lymph Inflammatlon adenitis

of a gland or lymph node lymphadenitis lymphangiris lymphatitis

of a lymph node lymphangiophlebitis

lymph vessels and veins periangitis

outside tissues around an artery, vein or lymph vessel

perilymphangitis tissues around a lymph vessel

lymph lacking alymphia

lymph node lymphonodus

lymph node dlsease adenopathy lymphadenoparhy lymphopathy

any disease process affecting the lymph nodes or vessels

lymph node enlargement hyperadenosis lymphadema lymphadenosis lymphadenectasia* lymphadenia*

'obsolete terms

lymph nodelvessel x-ray lymphadenography lymphangiography Iymphography

lymph operation lymphadeneclomy

lymphangiectomy lymphangiop lusty lymphangiotomy lymphaticostomy lymphoidectomy lymphoplasty

lymph tumor fymphadenoma lymphoadenoma lymphocytoma lymphogranulorna lymphomyeloma lymphangiosarcoma lymphoblastoma lymphoepirhelioma lymphoma lymphosarcoma

malignant forms of lymph tumors lymphangioendothe lioma lymphangioma lymphomyxoma

nonmalignant forms of lymph tumors

lymph vessel dilatation lymphangiectariu lymphangiectasis lymphangiectatic

lyrnphatlc system study lymphangiology lymphatology ~ ~ m p h O l 0 8 ~

branch of medical science that pertains to the lymphatic system

magneslumlaluminum magnalium

alloy containing the two metals

magnetism mesmerism

maidenhead hymen

malarla study malariology

male b lnh androgenous

giving birth to males

lymph cell/node median cerebellar lobe 1 1 1

maie reproduction arrhenorocia

male sex disliked apandria

maie sterilization deferentecromy gomngiectomy vasectomy

malnutrition arhrepsia a rhrepsy

weakness due to lack of nourishment

maiocciusion specialist orrhodonrist

malocciuslon study orrhodonrics

mammary gland overgrowth hypermasria polymasria

excessively large mammary glands

mammary gland smallness hypornastia hypomazia

mania for one thing monomania

mania for writing graphomania

mankind aversion misanrhropy

aversion to people; hatred of mankind

manlike android anrhropomorphic

many ancestors polyphletic

marihuana cannabis

marrlage aversion misogamy

marrow medulla

any soft, marrow-like structure

marrow cells stoppage anakrnesis

marrow fibrosis myelofibrosis myelosclerosis

marrow infiammation myeliris

marshmallow root alrhea

marshy paludal

mask of pregnancy chloasma

massage massotherapy sciage

massagist masseur

male

masseuse female

mastication insufficient psomophagia P S O ~ ~ P ~ ~ Y

swallow food without sufficient chewing

mastication measurer phagodynamometer

instrument to measure the force exerted in chewing

mastoid infiammation mastoiditis

mastoid operation masroidecromy mastoidoromy

maxillary sinus cavity anrronasal

measles morbelli

measurement of body anlhropometry

art of measuring the human body

meat poisoning allantiasis borulism

meatus operation rnearotorny parotomy

medlan cerebellar lobe ala lobuli cenrralis

the lateral winglike projection of the central iobuie of the cerebellum

1 12 INVERTED MEDICAL DICTIONARY

medlastlnum lnflammatlon mediasriniris medias~inopcricardi~is

medlastlnum operation mediastinotomy

melancholla barythymia

melanin in blood melanemia

membrane meninx

most often seen in pleural form as "meninges" of brain

membrane lnflammatlon serositis

of a serous membrane serosynovitis

membrane and synovial fluid synovitis

of a synovial membrane

membrane In urlne meningwia

memory acuteness hypermnesia

extraordinary ability to recall

memory developing mnemonics

memory divulgement anamnesis anamnestic

information obtained about one's past

memory Impairment dysmnesia hypomnesia

memory loss amnesia amnesic amnestic ecmnesia

ability to recall only recent events

meninges hemorrhage meningorrhagia

menlnges lnflammatlon lep tomeningitis meningitis

menlnges suture meningeorrhaphy

menlngococcl In blood meningococcemia

menses caramenia emmenia

menses flrst appearance menophania

menses retention menoschesis

suppression of menstruation

menstrual disorder paramenia xeromenia

menstrual flow deficiency hypomenorrhea oligomenorrhea

menstrual flow excessive hypermenorrhea menorrhagia

menstrual pain dysmenorrhea menorrhalgia

difficult and painful menstruation

menstrual stoppage amenorrhea menopause menosrasia menosrasis

menstruatlon beginning menarche

for the first time

menstruation Inducer emmenagogue

menstruatlon Irregular menoxenia paramenia

menstruation lacking amenia amenorrhca

menstmatlon life meMCme

interval during a woman's lifetime for menses

menstruation prolonged hypermenorrhea menostaxis

mediastinum inflammation milk arrester 1 1 3

menstruation substitute menocelis

type of vicarious menstruation with spots on the skin when menstruation fails

mental alertness pro fhymia

mental confusion obfuscation psychataxia

mental deflclency amenfia ament*

'obsolete term for a mentally retarded person

mental disorder neophrenia psychoneurosis psychoplegia psychorrhexis psychosis

mental development psychogenesis psychogeny

mental dlsease psychopafhia psychopathy

an old, inexact term referring to a pattern of inappropriate behavior

mental dlsease category psychonosology

classification of diseases

mental strain psychentonia

mental testing psychometrics psychometry

mercury hydrargyrum

mercury poisoning hydrargyria hydrargyrism

mesentery f ixation mesenteriopexy mesopcxy

mesentery suture

mesenteriorrhaphy mesorrhaphy

suture of the layer of peritoneum attached to the abdominal wall

metabolism measurer metabolimeter

metacarpal operation metacarpcctomy

excision of one or all of the metacarpal bones of the hand

metaphysis Inflammation metaphysitis

metatarsal operation metatarsectomy

metatarsal pain mctatarsalgia

metatarsal/metacarpaI shortness brachytnetapody

methemog lobln in blood methemoglobincmia

methemoglobin In urine methemoglobinuria

microbe-killer microbicide

a germicide or antiseptic

microbe study microbiology

middle ear auris media

midwifery obstetrics tocology

migraine hemicephalalgia hemicrania

mild benign mitis

mild smallpox alastrim

caused by a less virulent strain of virus

milk albumin lactalbwnin

milk arrester antigalaclic


milk coagulatory chymosin eenase rennet rennin

present in the chief cells of the gastric tubules

milk cure galactotherapy lactolherapy

milk deficiency oligogalactia

milk duct dilatation ampulla lactifera sinus lactiferi

milk In excess polygalactia

milk fat measurer galactometer lactocrit lactometer

instrument to determine the specific gravity of milk as an indication of its fat content

mllk flow galacforrhea lactorrhea

milk flow stoppage agalorrhea

mllk lacklng agalactia agalactosis agalaclous

milk leg phlegmasia alba dolens

extreme swelling due to thrombosis of the veins

milk protein lactoprotein

milk secretion lower hypogalacria

milk with sugar excess saccharogalac~orrhea

milky diarrhea chylorrhea

the flow or discharge of chyle

mind psychic psychical

mind alertness eunoia

denoting a normal mental state

mind altering psychoactive psychopharmaceuticaI psy chostimulant psychotogen psychogenic psychotomimetic psycholropic

mind developmentlorigin psychogenic psychogenesis psychogenelic

of mental origin or causation

mind specialist psychoanalyst psychiatrist psychotherapist

mind stimulant psychogogic

acting as a stimulant to the emotions

mind study psychiatry psychoanalysis psychodynamics ~ s y c h o l o g ~ psychonomy psychoporhology psychotherapy

mind treatment psychotherapy

minor Ilp inflammation nymphilis

minute measurer acriborneter

instrument to measure very small objects

rniscarrlage abortion

mixable miscible

milky urine chyluria galacturia

molar-shaped molariform

milk coagulatory murderous tendency 1 15

molecule largeness macromolecule

monocyte largeness macromonocyle

an unusually large cell

mood disorder dyslhymia

mood swings cyclofhymia

mortification of tissue gangrene necrosis sphacelarion sphacelism sphacelous

mother-killer matricide

motion In excess acrocinesia acrocinesis

excessive movement

motion sickness kinesia

motion study kinetics

mouth disease slomafopathy slomafosis stoma fomycosis

fungal disease

mouth disinfection siomafocalharsis

mouth dryness xerostomia

mouth hemorrhage slomalomenia slomalorrhagia sfornenorrhagia

bleeding from the gums

mouth Inflammation stomarifis

mouth lacking asfomia astomalous asfomous opoccphalus

congenital absence

mouth operation sloma foplasty stomafo fomy

mouth pain sfomalalgia stomarodynia

mouth proximity adoral

mouth smallness microslomia

mouthlteeth study stomarology

study of the structures, functions and diseases of the mouth

mouth ulcer noma stomaronecrosis s10matonoma

mouth viewer stomaroscope

movement difficulty/dlsorder dyscinesia dyskinesia

movement repetition palicinesia palikinesia

movement slow bradykinesia

mucous deficiency amyxia amyxorrhea

mucous discharge blenorrhea myxorrhea

mucuslike myxoid

mud treatment pelopafhy pelolherapy

application of mud, peat, moor or clay to parts of the body

mumps parofidif is par0 fi [is

murderous tendency hemofhymia

muscle cell myoblast myocyle

muscle contraction clonus

alternating with relaxation myoclonus

shocklike contractions myodynamia myodynamics

denotes muscular strength

muscle degeneration muscular dystrophy

muscle deterloratlon amyolrophia amyotrophy myoatrophy myocerosis myodermia myolysis myonecrosis

muscle disease myonosus myoparhy

any abnormal condition or disease of muscular tissue

muscle dlslocation myecropia myccropy

muscle edema myoedema

muscle fiber sheath myolemma sarcolemma

muscle flber tumor rhabdomyoma myoma srriocellulare*

'obsolete term

muscle flaccldlty hypotonia

muscle formation myogenesis

muscle formatlon lacking amyoplasia

muscle lnflammatlon myositis mvocelitis

myocelluliris muscles and cellular tissues

myofibrosilis perimysium

perimyositis tissues around the muscles

polymyositis several muscles

pyomyositis accompanied by pus

muscle measurer myochronoscope

timing muscle impulse myodynamomeler

determine strength myograph

timing contractions myokinesimeler myomeler myophone rejlexometer

force required to produce movement

muscle operation myeclomy myoplasry myolomy myotenolomy scaleneclomy scalenolomy tenomyoromy tenonromyolomy

muscle origin myogenelic myogenic

originating in or starting from muscle

muscle pain myalgia myocelialgia myodynia myoneuralgia myosalgia polymyalgia

muscle paralysls myoparalysis myoparesis

muscle qulverlng kymarism myoclonus myokymia

irregular spasm or twitching of the mus- abdominal muscles cles

muscle cell myoglobin in urine 1 17

muscle rigidity anochlesia catalepsy

muscle separation myodiastasis

muscle softness myomalacia

pathological softening of muscle tissue

muscle speclalist myologist

muscle study ~ Y O ~ O S Y

muscle tumor leiomyoma myoblastoma myocytoma myoepithclioma myofbroma myolemma myolipoma myoma myoneuroma rhabdomyoma

muscle twitching myoclonus

chronic spasm of one or a group of muscles

myokyma myopalmus

irregular twitching of most of the muscles

muscle weakness myarthenia

muscular atrophy amyotrophia amyotrophic amyotrophy

muscular dystrophy dystrophia myotonica myodystrophia myodystrophy

muscular hypertrophy myopachynis

muscular Impulse failure adromia

lack of impulse transmission in nerves or muscles

muscular lncoordlnation

amyorau'a amyotaxy ataxia

muscular sense lost muscular anesthesia

muscular strength measurer dynamometer

muscular tone lacking amyotonia myatonia myatony

abnormal extensibility of a muscle

mushroom poisoning muscarinism mycetism mycetismus

mushroom-shaped fungiform fungoid

mushroom study mycologyi

mushy pultaceous

musical fasclnation melomania

musical recognition loss amusia

loss of ability to understand music

mustard gas dichlorodicthylsulfidede

mutuaiism symbiosis

living together in harmony

myelin destruction myelinoclasis

myelocytes in blood myelemia myelocytosis

myocardium inflammation myocarditis

myoglobln In blood myoglobinemia

myoglobin In urine myogbbinuria

nall unguis

nail atrophy onycha frophia onychafrophy

nail blting ony chophage onychophagia onychophagy

one who bites

nall blackness rnelanonychia

condition where nails of the fingers or toes turn black

nail breaking onychoclasis

nall component keratin

nail curvature gryposis unguiwn onychogryposis

abnormal curvature

nall disease onychopafhy onychosis

nail dlspiacement onychopfosis

downward displacement

nall dystrophy dysfrophia unguiwn

nalls In excess polyunguia

having more than the normal number of nails

nall fungal disease onychomycosis finea ungium

nail hardenlng scleronychia

also with thickness

nail hypertrophy onychauxis

nail lnflammatlon onychia onychifis onyxiris

inflammation of the matrix onchyia la~eralis paronychia

marginal inflammation accompanied by PUS

perionychia perionyxis

inflammation surrounding the nail

nail Ingrowing onychocrypfosis

nalls lacking anonychia anonychosis

nails largeness macronychia megalonychosis

nall in layers onychoschizia

nail matrix onychosrroma

nall-moon lunula

the white moon-shaped part at the base of a nail

nail operation onychecfomy onychotomy

nail smallness micronychia

nall softness onychomalacia

abnormal softness

nail splitting onychorrhexis schizonychia

nail thickened pachyonychia

nail thickened/curved onychogryphosis onychogrjposis

nail needle-shaped 119

nail whiteness lcukonychia lcukopafhia unguis

caused by air beneath the nail

nape of neck nucha

narcotlc cravlng narcomania

narrowing sfenosis

narrowing of an opening arcfation sfenosis

narrowness of head stenocephalia stenocephalic sfenocephaly

nasal rhinal

nasal passage dryness xeromycferia

pertaining to the nose

nasal plug rhinobyon

nasal proxlmlty paranasal

located near the nose

nasal volce rhinolalia rhinophonia

nasopharynx epipharym pars nasalis pharyngis

nature cure nafuropalhy

using physical methods

nausea sicc haria

navel omphalos umbilicus

navel Inflammation omphalilis

inflammation of the umbilicus and surrounding parts

navel operation

navel region parumbilical

navel varlcoslty varicomphalur

near the mouth adoral

near a nerve adncrval adneural

near the sternum adsfernal

nearslghtedness mYoPe

individual concerned myopia

the condition

neck-back nape nucha

back of the neck

neck cleft tracheloschisis

congenital fissure

necWface cervicofacial

necklhead lacking alrachelocephalus

fetus with head and neck either missing or not developed

neck paln trachclodynia

neck spasm rrachelism rrachelismus

spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles

neck stlffness loxia torticollis wryneck

needleshaped acicular


nerve activlty neurergic

nerve acupuncture neuronyxis

nerve antagonlst sympatholytic

adrenergic nerve blocking agent

nervebundle sheath epineurium

envelops a fasciculus of nerves perineurium

envelops each funiculus of a nerve fiber

nerve cell axOn neuroblasi neuroblastoma neurocyte neuron neuroxon*

'obsolete term

nerve crushing neurotripsy

nerve destruction neurocytolysis neurolysis

nerve disease neuropathy

any disease of the nervous system

nerve disease sufferer neuropath

nerve disease treatment neuriatria neuriatry

nerve displacement neurectopia neurecfopy

nerve energy neurody~mic

nerve energy lacking aneuria

nerve exhaustion neurasthenia

particularly when due to mental strain

nerve fiber divider leukotome

nerve fibrous sheath neurilemma neurolemma

nerve formatlon neurogenesis

nerve impulse failure adromia

absence of impulse transmission in nerves or muscles

nerve inflammation mononcuritis

affecting only one nerve neuritis

involving the nerves in general neurochoriorerinitis

chorioretinitis and optic neuritis combined

neurochoroiditis choroid body and the optic nerve

ncurodermatitis neurodermatosis

skin inflammation where nerves are involved

neuromyelitis involves spinal cord

neuromyositis involves nerves and muscles

neuromyelitis optica optic nerve and whitelgray matter of the brain

neuroretinitis optic nerve and retina

multiple neuritis polyneuriris

inflammation of several nerves radiculitis

nerve roots involved actinoneuritis radionewitis

inflammation caused by exposure to x- rays

nerve operation neurectomy neuroectomy neuroplasty neurotomy neurorripsy neurexeresis neuroanastomosis radicotomy rhizotomy splanchnicectomy splanchnicotomy

nerve paln neuralgia neurodynia

pain in general

nerve activity nitrogen in blood 121

polyneuralgia involving several nerves

nerve proximlty adnerval adneural

nerve speclallst neurologist neurosurgeon

nerve stlrnulant analeptic

central nervous system stimulant

nerve stretching neurecrasia neurectasis neurectasy

nerve study neurology

nerve suture neurorrhaphy neurosulure

joining two parts of a divided nerve

nerve tissue softness neuromalacia

nerve tumor neurilemoma neurinoma neuroschwannoma schwannoma neurocytoma ganglionewoma neurofibroma neurosarcoma

nerve treatmept neuro t herapeu tics neurotherapy

treatment of nervous disorders

nervelveln network plexus

network plexus rcticulum

nettle urtica

nettle rash urticaria

neurosls localized roponeurosis

never borne chlldren nullipara

newborn measurer mecometer

instrument for measuring newborn infants

newness aversion misoneism

dislike of changes

night blindness nyclalopia

nlght lover nyctophilia scotophilia

condition of giving preference to darkness

night pain nyclalgia

occurs only at night

nig htmare incubus

nlpple erection thelerthism'

nipples in excess hyperthelia polylhelisrn

congenital presence of more than usual number

nlppie hemorrhage thelorrhagia

nipple lnflammatlon mummillitis thelitis

nlpples lacklng athelia

nlpple operation mummilliplasty theleplasty

plastic surgery of the nipple and areola

nlppie pain thelalgia

nlpple smallness microrhelia

nipplelike papillary

nitrates in urine nitrituria

nitrogen In blood hyperazotemia

excessive amount


nitrogen measurer nitrometer

instrument to determine amount of nitrogen given off in a chemical reaction

nitrogen In urine hyperazoturia

excessive amount

nodes on bone Ileberden's nodes tubcrculum arthrilicum

growths on the end of the phalanges (fingers) seen in osteoarthritis

nodes on hair monilet hrix

disease causing the appearance of nodes

nolse pain odynacusis

discomfort caused by noises

noise-unit decibel

normai blood pressure normolensive normolonic

normal blood volume normovolemia

normai color normochroma tic

normai calcium in biood normocalcernia

normal erythrocyte normocyle

normal cell size

normal erythrocyte color normochromia

normal glucose In blood normoglycemia

normal position normolopia

normai potasslum In blood normokalemia

normal level of potassium in the blood

normal pregnancy uterogestalion

normal temperature normolhcrmia

normoblast largeness macroblast macronormoblast promegaloblast pronormoblast

nose acne rhinophyma

a type appearing on the nose

nose bleedlng epistaxis rhinorrhagia

nose promlnent rhinokyphosis

refers to the bridge

nose constriction rhinocleisis rhinostenosis

nose discharging rhinorrhea

nose disease rhinopa~hy

general term for any disorder of the nose

nose halr vibrissa

nose hemorrhage epistaxis rhinorrhagia

nose Inflammation coryza

inflammation of the mucous membrane so pharyngitis

inflammation of the nasal passages and pharynx

pansinuitis pansinusitis

inflammation of all paranasal tissues pharyngorhiniris

inflammation of the pharynx and nasal membranes

rhinomycosis fungal infection

rhinilis inflammation of the nasal membranes

rhinoantritis inflammation of the nasal membranes and maxillary sinus

rhinolaryngitis inflammation of the mucosa and larynx

nitrogen measurer nympha operation 123

rhinopharyngitis inflammation of nose and pharynx

sinusitis inflammation of the nasal cavities

nose Inflator rhineurynter

elastic bag inflated after insertion into the nose

nose knlfe spokeshave

surgical instrument

nose lacking arhinia arrhinia

noselllps nasolabial

nose long and thin leptorrhine

nose measurer rhinomanometer rhinomanometry

instrument to measure degree of nasal obstruction

nose obstruction rhinocleisis

nose operation rhinoplasty rhinotomy rhinocheiloplas~ septectomy sepotomy sinusoromy turbinectomy twbinotomy

nose pain rhinulgia rhinodyniu

nose pointed oxyrhine

having a sharp pointed nose

nose purulent discharge ozena rhinitis pwulentu

nose Nnnlng rhinorrhea

discharge from the nasal mucous membrane

brachyrhinia shortness of nose in general

brachyrhynchus shortness of nose and maxilla

nose qmcWlst rhinologist

nose stone rhinodacryolith rhinolith rhinolite rhinolithiasis rhinopharyngolith

nose study rhinology laryngorhinology

nose vlewer nasopharyngoscope

instrument to examine nose and pharynx

rhinoscope instrument to examine nasal passages

nose volce rhinophonia

voke with nasal quality

nose wlng alinasal

nuclear membrane karyotheca

numbness obdormition

due to pressure on the sensory nerve

nutmeg myristica

nutrltlon tropism

nutrltlon dlsorder trophonosis lrophopathy

nutritive alible

nympha labium minus

nymph inflammation nymphit is

nympha operatlon nymphectomy nymphotomy

surgical procedure on the minor lips of nose shortness the vulva

nymph swelllng nymphoncus

oleflant gas ethylene

obesity adiposis

condition of fat accumulation

objects falsely magnified macroesthesia

sensation that objects are larger than they are

obllque amputatlon loxolomy

in an oblique section

obscenity coprolalia coprophrasia

involuntary utterance of obscenities

obscure orlgln cryplogenic

refers to source of disease

obstetric tool vecfis

obstruction emphraxis

of the sweat glands

ocular muscle paralysls ophrhalmoplegia

ohm measurer o hmmeler

oll gravlty measurer eleome ter oleometer

olly oleaginous

old age senium

especially the debility of the aged

old age study geriatrics

old skln geroderma gerodermia

olfactory organs lacking cyclencephalia cyclencephaly cyclocephalia cyclocephaly

congenital fusion of the two cerebral hemispheres

omentum epiploic omental

omentum hernla en terepiplocele enreroepiplocele

omentum lacklng anepiploic

omentum operation omenteciomy omenlopexy epiploecromy*

'obsolete term

omentum suture omentorrhaphy epiplorrhaphy*

'obsolete term

one chlld primiparou uniparous

female who has had only one child

one-flngeredltoed monodactylism monodactyly

a single digit on hand or foot

one-footed monopodia monopus sympus monopus

born with only one foot or leg

one-slded paln hemialgia

one-track mind monoideism monomania

dwelling excessively on a single subject

ooze transude

liquid through a membrane

nymph swelling ovary hardening 125

open country lover agromania

having an excessive desire to be isolated or in open country

operation of ... (see under specific site)

opium alkalolds codeine morphine papaverine I hebaine witopine

opium tincture laudanwn

opposite therapy heferopathy

method of treating diseases by creating opposite or different conditions

oppositely situated antipodal

optical image distortion anamorphosis

correction by glasses

orbit operation orbifo fomy

of the eye orbit

organlgland cells parenchyma

distinguishing cells of a gland or organ

organ correlation SYnergY

among different organs of the body

organ displacement anteversion dysfopia

forward displacement of any organ

organ formation organogenesis

organ lacking ecfrogeny

loss or congenital absence of all or part of an organ

organ maiposition ecfopia ectopic ectopy hc fero fopia

organ measurer oncomefer

instrument used to measure the size and configuration of organs

organlc' development organogenesis organogeny

organic tissue dissolution hisrolysis

orlfice muscle sphincter

surrounding an opening

orifice muscle operation sphincterecfomy sphinc feroplasfy sphinc fero fomy

origin-equaied isogenous

having the same origin

orthopedic appliances or[ hopraxis orfhopraxy

employment of artificial appliances

osmotic pressure unequal anisofonic

ossified cancer osf eocarcinoma

ossified fetus oaembryon

obsolete term for lithopedion

outbreeding exogamy

cross-fertilization

outgrowth excrescence

outward appearance physiognomy

physical characteristics and general appearance

ovarlan abscess pyo-ovarium

ovarlan pregnancy ovariocyesis

ovary development lacking ovarian agenesis

ovary hardening heferofopic sclero-oophori [is

ovary hernla ovariocele

arrhenoblasfoma mesonephrorna

ovary lnflammatfon oophoritis ovaritis

inflammation of the ovary in general puraaophoriris perisalpingo-ovaritis perioophorosalpingiris

inflammation of the tissues around the ovary and oviduct

perioophoritis perwvaritis

inflammation of the ovary, peritoneum. and surrounding tissues

ovary operation oophorectomy ovariectomy oophorosalpingectomy ovariosalpingectomy oophoroplasty oophorohys~erectomy ovariohysterec fomy oophoros fomy ovariostomy ovario fomy panhysterosalpingo-oophorectomy salpingo-oophorectomy salpingo-oothecectomy salpingoovariectomy

ovary pain oarialgia ovarialgia ovarian neuralgia ovariodysnewin

ovary puncture ovariocentesis

also applies to puncture of a cyst

ovary rupture ovariorrhexis

ouary/testts comblned ovoiestis

a form of hermaphroditism

ovary or testis lacking agonadism

or absence of functions

ovary and tube inflamed adnexitis annexitis

ovary and uterlne tube adncxa uteri

ovary varicosity ovarian varicocele

overdevelopment hypertrophia hypertrophy

over development of an organ or body part not due to tumor

overfeeding hyperalimentation hypernutrition supernutrition

overflowing tears epiphora

accumulation of tears in the eyes

overlapping imbrication

layers of tissue in surgical suturing

oviduct hernia salpingocele

protrusion in general salpingo-oophorocele

protrusion of an ovary and oviduct

ovlduct inflammation parasalpingitis

inflammation of the tissues surrounding an oviduct

oviduct operation panhysterosalpingec fomy hysferosalpingectomy hysterosalpingooophorec f omy hysterosalpingostomy oophorosalpingec fomy ovariosalpingectomy panhysterosalpingooophorec~omy

ovlduct pus pyosalpinx

accumulation of pus in an oviduct

ovum elastlc envelope oolemma zona pellucida

oxaiates In blood excessive oxalemia

oxalic acld In urine hypermlwia ouarv tumor

ovary hernia pain of epigastrium 1 27

oxaluria also applies to presence of oxylates

oyster poisoning ostrcotoxism

pace measurer pedometer podorneter

instrument that measures the distance walked

pain of abdominal gas tympanism lympanites

pain of Achilles tendon achillodynia

paln allaying analgia analgic analgesic analgeric

pain of anus prod olgia proctodynia sphincrcralgia

pain at the anus or in the rectum

pain in arm brachialgia

pain in back dorsalgia

pain of bladder cystalgia

pain of body panlalgia

affecting all parts

pain of bones ostealgia osteodynia

pain of breast mammalgia manalgia maslodynia mazodynia

pain of burning sensation causalgiu

persistent severe burning sensation of the skin

pain in buttocks pygalgia

pain of cartilage xiphodynia xyphoidalgia

pain in cheek area carolidynia carotodynia

pain caused by pressure on the carotid artery

pain of chest thoracodynia rhorocornyodynia

pain of clitoris climralgia

pain of coccyx coccyalgia coccygodynia

pain of cold cryalgesia psychralgia psychroalgia

produced by application of cold

pain, constriulng angina

pain of dental pulp pulpalgia

pain of ears orafgia orodynia otonewalgia

paln referred synalgia

pain away from the injured part

pain of epigastrlum epigastralgia

paln of esophagus esophagalgia

pain excessive sensltivity hyperalgesia

morbid sensitivity to pain

paln of the extremitles melagra melalgia acrosfealgia

pain in bones of extremities

paln of eye ophrhalmalgia ophfhalmodynia ophfhalmagra

pain of face prosoponeuralgia

pain of foot podalgia pododynia

pain as girdle sensation zonesfhesia

sensation similar to that produced by the tightness of a girdle

pain of gland adenalgia dacryoadenalgia

paln of groin inguinodynia

pain of head cephalgia cephalalgia cephalodynia encephalalgia headache algopsychalia phrenalgia psychalgalia psychalgia

usually caused by a depressed condition rather than physical causes

pain of heart cardialgia cardiodynia

pain of heat thermalgesia ~hermoalgesia

excessive sensibility to heat

pain of heel colcaneodynia falsalgia

pain of hip coxalgia coxodynia

pain in lnguinal zone bubonalgia

pain lnsensltivity analgesia analgia

inability to feel pain in any parts

paln of Intestine enteralgia enrerodynia gasfroenferalgia

pain of joint arfhralgia arrhralgic arfhrodynia arfhrodynic

severe pain in a joint, especially one not inflammatory in nature

pain of kidney nephralgia

paln of knee gonalgia gonagra

paln lacklng anodynia

absence of pain in a body part

paln of legs skelalgia

paln of lips cheilalgia chilalgia

paln of liver hepatalgia hepafodynia

paln measurer algesimeter

instrument to measure acuteness of pain

dolorimefer measures sensitivity to pain

ponograph measures progressive fatigue of a contracting muscle

pain of esophagus pain of spleen 129

pain of menstruation dysmenorrhea menorrhalgia

paln of metatarsus me~ararsalgia

paln In mlsslng limb phantom limb

feeling pain in an amputated limb

pain of mouth stomalalgia stoma~odynia

paln of muscle myalgia

muscular pain

paln of neck cetvicodynia trachelodynia torticollis wryneck

paln of nerves neuralgia neurodynia polyneuralgia

paln at night nyclalgia

paln of nipple thelalgia

pain of nolse odynacusis

hypersensitiveness of the ear

paln of nose rhinalgia rhinodynia

paln on one slde of body hemialgia

paln of ovary oarialgia ovarialgia ovarian neuralgia ovariodysnewia

pain of pharynx pharyngalgia phmyngodynia

pain in the region of the throat

paln of pleura pleuralgia pleurodynia

paln of pylorus pyloralgia

paln of rectum proctalgia proctodynia rectalgia

paln reilever analgesic anodyne anlineuralgic

relieves pain of a nerve

paln of rheumatlsm rheumatalgia

paln of rlbs costalgia in~ercostal neuralgia pleurodynia subcostalgia

paln of sacrum sacralgia sacrodynia

paln of scapula scapulalgia

pain in the region of the shoulder blades

paln sensltlvlty algesia algesic algelic

paln sensltivlty In excess hyperalgesia hyperalgia

paln severe rnegalgia

paln of skin derma~a fgia dermatodynia erythromclalgia rodonalgia

paln In sleep hypnalgia

experienced during sleep

pain source algogenesia algogenesis

pain of spleen splenalgia splenodynia

pain of stomach gastralgia gastroenteralgia cardialgia perarodynia

pain from strong llght phoralgia photodynia

pain experienced when under the intensity of strong light

pain sudden twinge

a sudden sharp pain of short duration

pain suffocating anginu

spasmodic, choking sensation

pain in tarsus of foot tarsalgia

pain of teeth dcntalgia odontalgia odontodynia toothache acrodonralgia

toothache due to high altitude flying

pain of tendon renalgia renodynia tenonrodynia

pain of thigh mcralgia

pain of tibia tibialgia

pain of tongue glossolgia glossodynia

pain on touchlng objects haphalgesia

pain or unpleasant sensation caused by touch

paln of trachea trachealgia rrachelodynia

paln of urethra urethralgia

paln of urinary bladder

paln of urlnary tract urocrisia urocrisis

pain of urlnatlon dysuria urodynia

difficulty or pain when urinating

paln of uterus hysreralgia hysterodynia metralgia rnetrodynia uteralgia

paln of vagina colpalgia vaginodynia vaginismus vulvismus

paln of vertebrae spondylalgia spondylodynia

paln of vlscera visceralgia

pain in any of the internal organs

palnless death euthanasia

palate cleft uranoschisis

palate hlghlnartow hypsistaphilia

palate Inflammation palariris

palate operation palaroplasry sraphylecromy sraphyloromy uranoplasry uranostaphyloplasty uvulecromy

palate paralysis palatoplegia

of the son palate

palate pendulum uvula

fleshy conical mass located above the cystalgia backof the tongue

pain ofstomach paralysis of one side ofbody 131

palate suture palatorrhaphy sraphylorr hphy uranorrhaphy uranostaphyloplasry uranosfaphylorrhaphy

pale urine achromaruria

lacking pigmentation

paleness of skln achrornia achromasia

due to lack of pigment

palm of hand fhenar vola volar

palmar vesicles cheiropompholyx chiropompholyx dyshidria dishidrosis pompholrx

blisters that appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

palpable vibration fretnitus

pancreas calculus pancreatolifh pancreolith

pancreas dlsease pancrearopafhy pancreopathy

pancreas Inflammation pancreari [is peripancread fis

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the pancreas

pancreas lacklng apancrea apancreruic

pancreas operation pancreafecfomy pancreecfomy pancrea ficoduodenosromy pancrearoduodenosromy pancreafojejunosfomy

pancreatoduodenec fomy pancrea foli fhec fomy pancrealolifhotomy pancreoli fho fomy pancreafomy pancreato fomy

pancreas proxlmlty parapancrearic

near the pancreas

pancreatic extract insulin

Iletinm

pancreatic julce lacking achylia pancrearica

panic attack unreasoning anriefy

accompanied by fear

pantlng hyperpnea PO~YPW

paralysls of bladder cysroparalysis cysfoplegia

paralysis of extremltles acroparalysis

paralysls of eye muscles oph fhalmoplegia

paralysls of lntestlnes adynamic ileus enreroplegia

usually as the result of peritonitis or shock

paralysls of legs paraparesis paraplegia paraplegic ~ a r a ~ l e 8 ~

paralysls of llmbs quadriplegia tefraplegia

paralysis of all four extremities

paralysls of one slde of body hemiparesis hemiplegia

pancreaticolithoromy monoplegia

paralysis on two sides diplesia diplegic

affecting equally corresponding parts on both sides of the body

paralysis partial monoparcsis

on one part of the body only

paraslte absorber parasi to fropic

substance in the blood that absorbs parasites

paraslte affinity parasilorropism parasifofropy

paraslte in blood parasilemia

parasite disease p a r d o s i s

infestation with or any disease caused by parasites

parasite fear parasitophobia

parasite growth pararilogenesis

paraslte-killer parasif icide

parasite specialist parasi fologis f

parasite study helminlhology parasifology

parenchyma inflammation parenchyma [ifis

inflammation of the specific cells of a gland or organ

parovarlum Inflammation parovarifis

parrot fever psirlacosis

part defective or lacking aplasia


parturition difficult dysfocia parodynia

parturition normal eulocia

parturition first time primipara primigravida primipariry

first pregnancy

passage closing sfegnosis

patc hlspot fache

patella operation palellectomy

removal

patella shaped pa felliform

pathology of extremities acropahlogy

pea-shaped pisiform

peace of mlnd arararia

calmness or tranquility

Peale pill phcncyclidinc (PCP)

peanut oil arachis oil

peanut oil acid arachic acid arachidic acid

pear-shaped piriform pyriform

pearl-like nacreous

resembling mother-of-pearl

peeling off exfolia lion

also denotes scaling off

pelvis measurer pelvimerer pc1 vime try

pelvis narrowness lepiopellic

pelvis operation pelvilirholomy

paralysis on two sides perinea1 hernia 133

pelvioli t ho tomy pelviotomy

pelvis viewer pelviscope

instrument for examining the interior of the pelvis

penls membrwn virile penile phallic phallus

penls deformity hypospadias

urethra opens on the ventral side of the penis

paraspadias urethra opens on one side of the penis

phallocampsis curvature of the erect penis

phallocrypsis dislocation and retraction

penls dlscharge phallorrhea

penls hemorrhage phdlorrhagia

penls lnflammatlon bahnitis balanoposthitis

penls largeness macropenis megalopenis

penis operatlon penotomy phallcctomy phalloplasty phallotomy

penls paln phallalgia phallodynia

penls pulling peotillomania

manifestation of a nervous disorder

penls shaped phalloid

penls smallness micropenis microphallus

penls tumor/sweillng phalloncus

penls worship phallicism phallism

pentose In urine pen tosuria

perceptlon defective imperception

inability to form a mental picture of an object

perceptlon lacking agnea agnosia

inability to recognize by various sensory impressions

auditory agnosia inability to recognize by sound

optic agnosia inability to recognize by vision

tactile agnosia inability to recognize by touch

perlcardiai sac fluld pneumohydropericardium

air and fluid in the pericardial sac

perlcardium lnflammatlon pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium pleuropericarditis

inflammation of pleura and pericardium pyopericarditis

inflammation accompanied by pus

perlcardlum operatlon pericardectomy pericardiectomy pericardiostomy pericardiotomy

pericardium puncture pericardiocentesis

perlcardlum pus pyopneumopcricardium

pus and gas or air in the pericardium

pericardium suture pericardiorrhaphy

perlneal hernla perineocele


perlneum operatlon perineoplarty pcrineo fomy

perlneurn suture perineorrhaphy

perlneurlum lnflammatlon perineuritis

inflammation of the connective tissue surrounding nerve fibers

periodontal inflammatlon paricemenlitis periodontitis

perlosteum Inflammation parosfeitis parosiitis

perlosteum operation periosteo fomy

peritonea1 cavlty gaslair aeroperitoneum aeroperifonia pyopneumoperitoneum

perltoneum dlsease peritoneoporhy

any disease or disorder of the peritoneum

peritoneum lnflammatlon pachyperifoniris

thickening of the peritoneum due to inflammation

pericolitis pericolonifis

Inflammation of tissues surrounding the colon

peritonitis general inflammation

pneumoperitonitis inflammation plus gas

pyoperifonitis inflammation plus pus

pyopneumoperitonitis inflammation plus gas and pus

refroperifonitis inflammation of the retroperitoneai structures

salpingoperitonitis inflammation of the tubes and peritoneum

perltoneum operation perifoneotomy

peritoneum shunt ascites shun1

perifoneovenous shunt shunting of ascites fluid from the peritoneal cavity to the jugular vein

persecutlon deluslon paranoia

persplratlon diaphoresis

persplration deficiency hyphidrosis hypohidrosis olig hidria oligidria

persplratlon lacking adiaphoresis anhidro~is

persplratlon odor bromhidrosis bromidrosis osmidrosis ozochro~ia

denotes foul smelling perspiration

persplratlon preventive adiaphoretic anhidrotic

persplratlon suppression anhidrosis ischidrosis

pesthouse lazaref lazoreffo

hospital for treatment of contagious diseases

phagocyte destruction phagocyfolysis phagolysis

phagocyte enhancer opsonin

substance in the blood making bacteria more prone to action of phagocytes

phalanges In excess polyphalangia polyphalangism

phalanx inflammatlon phalangi f is

phalanx lacklng hypophalangism

born without one or more bones of finger or toe

perineum operation pigments in urine 1 35

phalanx operatlon phalangectomy

phalanx shortness brachyphalangia

pharynx discharge pharyngorrhea

pharynx disease P ~ ~ ~ Y ~ P C U ~ Y

any abnormal condition of the pharynx

pharynx dryness pharyngoxerosis

pharynx examinatlon P ~ ~ ~ Y ~ ~ O ~ C O P Y

pharynx Inflammation adenopharyngitis pharyngotonsillitis

of the pharynx and tonsils nasopharyngitis pharyngorhinitis

of the pharynx and nasal passages pharyngilis

of the pharynx in general pharyngolaryngitis

of the pharynx and larynx retropharyngitis

of the tissues behind the pharynx rhinopharyngitis

of the mucous membrane of the nose and pharynx

pharynx obstruction pharyngemphraris

pharynx operatlon pharyngectomy pharyngoplasty pharyngotomy

pharynx pain pharyngalgia pharyngodynia

pharynx paralysis pharyngoparalysis pharyngoplegia

pharynx spasm pharyngismus pharyngospasm

pharynx stone pharyngolirh

calculi of the pharynx rhinopharyngolith

calculi of the nose and pharynx

pharynx stricture pharyngopcristole pharyngostenosis

pharynx vlewer nasopharyngoscope pharyngoscope

instruments used for examining pharynx and nose

phenetldin In urlne phenelidinuria

phenol poisoning carbolism

phenol in urine phenoluria

phenyl-ketone in urlne phenylketonuria

phosphates in urine phospharuria

phosphorescent sweat phosphorhidrosis phosphoridrosis

excretion of luminous sweat

phosphorescent urlne photuria

phosphorus polsonlng phosphorism

phrase repetltlon palilalia paliphrasia

involuntary repetition of words

plgeon breast pectus carinatrun

plgment-lacking disease achroderma alphodermia

any disease resulting from lack of pigmentation

achromatosis albinism leukoderma

a condition where the skin lacks pigmentation

pigments In urine acholwia acholwic

lacking bile pigment in urine urochrome uroletin

yellow pigment in urine

pigments In urlne (cont.) urocyanin uroglaucin

bluish-green pigment in urine urocyanogen urocyanosis

blue pigment in urine urorubin urofuscohemarin urosein

red pigment in urine uromelanin

black pigment in urine urophein

gray pigment in urine urospecrrin

pigment found in normal urine indican uroxanrhin

yellow pigment that turns indigo blue on oxidation

piles hemorrhoids

pine-cone shaped pineal piniform

plneal gland operation pinealeclomy

removal of the gland

pinkeye conjunctiviris

plnworm In humans oxyuriasis

placenta lnflammatlon placenriris

placenta lacking aplacenral

plant eating herbivorous phyrophagow

feeds on plants or herbs

plant-fungus disease schizomycosis

any disease caused by plant microorganisms

plant juice succw

juice extracted for medicinal purposes

plant poison phyrotoxin

poisonous protein

plantar vesicles chiropompholyx dyshidrosis pompholyx

blisters that appear on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands

plasma separation plasmapheresis

removal of plasma from withdrawn blood before return to the donor

plasma substitute perisron

plaster caraplasm poulrice

usually applied to the skin after the plaster has been heated

plastlc bone surgery osreoplasry

plastlc cheek surgery rneloplasry

plastic ear surgery oroplasry

plastic eye surgery ophrhalmoplasty

plastic graft surgery alloplasry allorransp/anrarion

transplanted into the same species auroplasry

transplant from one's own body hereroplasty hererorransplanrarion

transplanted from another species

plastlc lip surgery cheiloplasry chiloplasry

plastlc mouth surgery sromaroplasry

plastlc nose surgery rhinoplasry

plastlc palate surgery palaroplasry sraphyloplasry uraniscoplosly uranoplasry

plant life ji'ora

pigments in urine poison immunity 1 37

uranostaphyloplasty uranoslaphylorrhaphy

plas!ic tissue surgery zoograjiing zooplasty

grafting of animal tissue into the human body

pleasant delusions habromania

morbid impulse toward gaiety

pleasure dlmlnutlon anhedonia

pleura calculus pleurolith

pleura lnflammatlon pleurisy pleuritis

inflammation of the pleura pleurohepatitis

inflammation of the pleura and liver pleuropericarditis

inflammation of the pleura and pericardium

pleura operation pleurec tomy pleuracotomy pleurolomy thoracotomy

pleura pain pleuralgia pleurodynia

pleural cavlty alrlgas pneumothorax

pleural cavity fluld hydropneumorhorax

accumulation of serous fluid and gas

pleural cavlty puncture pleuracentesis pleurocentesis I horacen tesis

pleural cavity pus empyema pyohemothorax pyopneumothorax pyothorax

pleurlsylpneumonia pleuropneumonia

plucklng bedclothes carphology

floccillation delirious picking during illness considered to be a serious symptom

plucklng habit phaneromania

preoccupation with an external part of the body

plug of cotton tampon

pneumococcl In blood pneumococcemia

pneumococci In urine pneumococcusuria

pneumogastrlc nerve vagus

nerve located from the cranial cavity to the abdominal organs

pneumonia pneumonitis pulmonitis

pneumonia/pleurisy pleuropneumonia

poem-writing manla metromania

poikllocytes In blood poikilocythemia poikilocytosis

presence of irregularly shaped red blood cells in the peripheral blood

polnted head acrocephalia acrocephaly oxycephaly wricephaly

poison In blood septicemia toxemia toxicemia

poison fear toxicophobia toxiphobia

abnormal fear of poison or being poi- soned

poison lmmunlty mithridatism

immunizing against a poison by gradually increasing the dosage

polson of meat allanriasis borulism

poison producing toxiferous

poison In producing cell endoroxin

toxin retained in the cell that produces it

polypeptldes In blood polypeptidcmia

portal vein dllatlon pylephlebecrasia py1ephlebecta.uk

portal vein lnflammatlon pylephlebitis

portal vein obstruction pylcmphroxis

obstruction of the vein that enters the liver

portal vein relating pylic

portal vein thrombosis pylelhrombosis

postchlldblrth discharge lochia

the mucus, blood and tissue debris dis- charged after childbirth

postmortem examlnatlon autopsy necropsy

Pot marijuana

pouch of testicles scrotum

powerless adynamia

pregnancy cyesis

pregnancy classlflcatlon mul~igravido mulripara

pregnant woman who has previously given birth

multiparity mulriparous polycyesis

having given birth to several children

primigravida woman pregnant for the first time

pregnancy convulsions eclampsia

pregnancy dlagnosls cyeswgnosis

pregnancy extrauterine eccyesis ecropic pregnancy paracyesis

development of the fertilized ovum outside the cavity of the uterus

pregnancy prevention conrraceprion

pregnant gravid

prepuce constricted phimosis

prepuce inflammation acroposthitis posrhitis

foreskin

prepuce lacking aposrhia


pressure sense baresrhesia

pressure sore decubitus ulcer

preventlve treatment chemoprophylaxis prophylactic prophylaxis

prlsrn-shaped prismaric prismoid

project obsession zelolypia

compulsive desire for fostering an enter- prise

projecting sharp bone osseous spicule acidoaeophyte*

'obsolete term

projection lnflammatlon apophysitis

inflammation of the projection of an organ

poison of meat puncture with hot needle 139

projection of an organ apophysis

protruding outgrowth of organ or bone

prone to lnfectlous dlsease anaphylaxis

decreased resistance due to effects of previous attacks

prostate discharge prostatorrhea

prostate Inflammation prostatitis

inflammation of the gland extraprostatiris paraprostatitis periprostatitis

inflammation of the tissues around the gland

prostatovesiculitis inflammation of the prostate and the seminal vesicles

utriculitis inflammation of the prostatic utricle

prostate operatlon prostatectomy prostatolithotomy proskuotomy

protein accumulation pro~einosis

accumulation in the tissues

proteln atteration bwtechnology recombinant protein

proteln In blood carcinoembryonic antigen proteinemia

proteln converslon proteolysis

conversion into more simple substances

proteln, protective antibody

protein In urine proteinwia

protoplasm hereditary cells mitochondria

small specks found in the protoplasm of certain cells

protoxold of lead litharge

protozoa-klller prototoacide

protrusion of cornea keratectasia

psycho-process measurer psychodometry

instrument that measures the speed of the psychic process

psychoanalyzed person analysand

pterygoid canal Vidian artery Vidian canal

the internal maxillary artery

puerperal metrltis lochiometritis

pulse clock sphy~mograph

instrument that records pulsation and variations in blood pressure

pulse measurer pulsimeter pulsometer sphygmodynamometer

instrument that measures the force and frequency of the pulse

sphygmochronograph instrument that registers the pulse related to heart beat

pulse related sphygmic sphygmoid

pulse repeated lrregularlty allorhythmia allorhythmic

pulse smallness microsphygmy microsphyxia

pulse-wave recorder bmograph

pulse weakness acrotism microsphygmy microsphyxia

also denotes lack of pulse

puncture wlth hot needle ignipuncture


puncture of spine rachiocentesis

pupil abnormal form dyscoria

pupil artificial coremorphosis

formation of an artificial pupil

pupR closure synizesis

pupll constrlctor miotic

pupll contraction miosis mydriatic myosis*

*obsolete spelling

pupil dilation corectasia corectasis corediastasis mydriasis mydriatic

pupil displacement corectopia

pupil equality isocoria

two pupils having equal diameter

pupils in excess polycoria

having more than one pupil in the same orbit

pupil inequality anisocoria

inequality in diameter

pupils lacking acorea

pupli measurer pupillorneter

instrument to measure size of the pupil pupillostatometer

instrument to measure distance between the two pupils

vuerometcr instrument to measure the interpupillary distance

pup11 occlusion corecleisis coreclisis

pupil operation coreoplasty coreprary coreprexy coroplasty

pup11 reflex slow asthcnocoria

slow reaction to a light stimulus

pupll smallness microcoria

pupil surgical instrument cortectome

puplllary axislvisuai angle kappa angle

purines In urlne alloxuria alloxuric

purple dlscoloratlon livedo reticularis

discoloration of skin caused by dilation of capillaries and venules

purple vlsion rhodopsin erythropsin*

'obsolete term

purpurln In urlne purpurinuria

pus In blood ichoremia ichorrhernia

pus containing purulence purulency

pus cyst PYocYsl

pupil narrowing sfenocoriasis

pus discharge pyorrhea

puncture ofspine rectum inflammation 141

pus expectoration pyoptysis

spitting of pus

pus formation pyesis pyogenesis pyopoiesis pyosis suppuration

pus In urine pyuria

quackery charlatanism

fraudulent claim to medical knowledge

quartz silicon dioxide

crystalline form

quicksilver mercury

quiver tremor witching

involuntary spasmodic movement

rabblt eyes lagophthalmia lagophthalmos

condition where the eye cannot be closed entirely

rabblt fever tularemia

race Improvement euthcnics

the science of establishing optimum living conditions

radiant energy measurer radiomicrometer

detects minute changes in radiant ener- SY

autorudiography technique to identify tissue binding site

radiant heat, Impervious to adiathermancy

radiant heat measurer bolorneter

radiation therapy actinotherapy*

'obsolete term radio t herapy

sending forth of light, short radio waves, ultraviolet or x-rays

radioactivity unit curie microcurie

rat-bite fever sodoku

ratlike murine

also mouse-like

raw flesh eating omophagia

reaction slow apathism

delayed response to stimuli

reading Impaired dyslexia

reading slowness bradylexia

recllnlng recumbent

recollectlon anamnesis anamnest ic

recovery of strength analeptic

strengthening, stimulating

rectum examination proctoscopy rectoscopy

rectum lnflammatlon periproctitis perirectitis

rectum inflammation (cont.) proctiris actitis

inflammation of the rectum or anus coloproctitis rectocolicis

inflammation of the rectum membrane and the colon

proctosigmoidi~is inflammation of the rectum and sigmoid colon

rectum Infusion proctoclysis

through rectal tube

rectum openlng to bladder anur vesicalis

absence of normal opening

rectum operation proctectomy proctoplasry proctotomy rectectomy rectoplarty procrocolpoplasq proctocystoplasry proctopexy recropexy proctosigmoidectomy proctostomy rectosignwidectomy rectos!omy proctotomy sigmoidoprocrostomy

rectum pain procragra procialgia procrodynia rectalgia

pain at the anus or in the rectum

rectum paralysls proctopcvolysis proctoplegia

rectum prolapse rectocele

falling of the rectum into the vagina

rectum spasm proctospasm

rectum stricture proctosrenosis

also called rectostenosis

rectum suture proctorrhaphy

repair of prolapsed walls

rectum vlewer anoscope procroscope rectoscope rclapsr

red blood cell erythrocyte reticulocyte

red blood cell clumper hemagglutinin

a substance

red blood Cell formation erythropoiesis

red corpuscles dissolution hemafolysis hemolysis

causes failure to coagulate

red discoloration purpura

purplish or brownish-red discotoration from hemorrhage into the tissues

red skln patches erythema

red vlslon erythropsia

objects appear to be red

reds secobarbital

barbiturate

retlex hammer plessor plexor

used to test knee reflex

retlex lacklng areflexia

refractive abnormaltty ametropia

relapse palindromia palindromic

rectum speclalkt proc~ologist

rectum inflammation rhythm defective 143

reiiglous insanity hierornania

belief of inspiration by a divine power

remedy for epilepsy anriepileptic

remedy for lnflammatlon an riphlogisric antipyretic

remedy for nlghtmares antephialric

remedy for pain anodyne analgesic

remedy for scurvy antiscorbutic

remedy for vomltlng antemetic antiemeric

remedy for worms anthelminric sanronin vermyuge

used to expel intestinal worms

remote ancestral traits atavism

characteristics appearing in an individual

renal pelvis dilatation pyelectasia

renal pelvis operatlon P Y ~ ~ O P ~ ~ ~ Y pyelosromy pyelotomy pyelolithotomy

renal pelvis pus pyonephrosis

repetition auroecholalia

continuous repetition of one's own words

reproduction asexual agamocytogony agamogony schizogony

reproductive glands gonads

resistant to treatment malignant

respiration pneusis

respiratory suspension apnea apnea vera

when due to decreased carbon dioxide tension

apnea vagal when due to vagal stimulation

response to contact stimuli thigmotropism

restlessness dysphoria

restoration analeptic

restoring strength

retention In stomach ischochymia

stagnation of food

retlna detachment amorio retinae

retina examinatlon rerinoscopy skiascopy

retlna Image measurer eikonometer

retlna lnf lammation retiniris

of the retina retinochoroidiris

of the choroid and retina relinopapillitis

of retina and optic disk

retina Inner layers enloretina

retlna viewer relinoscope

rheumatic pain rkwnatalgia

rheumatic study rhew~to logy

rhythm defective dysrhyrhmia

loss of rhythm, especially an irregularity of heart beat

rhythm lacking arrhylhmia arrhythrnic

rib lacking apleuria

rib operation costcctomy cosfolomy

riblike costiform

ricelike ritiform

rickets rachitis juvenile osteomalacia

in a child

right-eyed dexwocular

preference in monocular work

right-footed dexrropedal

preference, as in hopping

right-to-left dextrosinistral

right-side heart dextrocardia

location on right side

right-twisting dexlrotorsion

as in turning of the eye

ring finger digitus annularis

ring-shaped circinate cricoid

ringlng in ears tinnitus

sound heard in the ear

ringworm tinea

r-mispronunciation rholacism

rod-shaped bacilliform baculiform rhabdoid

rodent killer rodenticide

roentgen ray measurer penelromeler

instrument to measure the penetrating power of an x-ray beam

roof-shaped tactiform

roof-shaped skull scaphocephalism tectocephaly

root operation radicotomy rhizotomy

rootlike rhizoid

ropeiike funic funicular

pertaining to the umbilical cord restiform

pertaining to nerve fibers

rosaiic acid aurin corallin

aromatic dye taken from coal tar

rosin colophony

rumen inflammation rumenitis

rumination merycism

regurgitation of food

ruminant stomach l st-rumen 2nd-reticulum 3rd-omarum 4lh-abomasum

running ear oforrhea

running nose rhinorrhea

rupture rhexis

of an organ or vessel

rust of copper verdigris

rhythm lacking sandy 145

sialismus sialorrhea

sac-like sacciform

sacrumllumbar vertebra angle sacroverfebral angle

sacrum operatlon sacrectomy

excision of a segment of the lower vertebral column

sacrum pain sacralgia sacrodynia

sacrum proximity parasacral

St. Vltus dance ballism ballismus chorea monochorea

sallva spiftle

sallva/alr swallowlng aerosialophagy sialoaerophagy

excessive swallowing of air and saliva in the stomach

saliva deficiency aptyalia aptyalism asialia hypoptyalism hyposalivafion xerostomia

deficiency or lack of saliva

sallva duct stricture sialostenosis

sallva flow excessive hyperptyalism hypersalivafion polysialia ptyalism ptyalorrhea salivation sialism

sallva preventer anrisialagogue antisialic

saliva promoter prya~asogue sialagogic sialagogue

a substance that enhances the flow of saliva

saliva suppression sialosc hesis

salivary duct inflammation sialoungitis sialodochitis

salivary gland sialaden

salivary gland inflammation sialadenitis sialoadenitis

salivary gland operatlon sialoadenec fomy sialoadenoromy sialilhotomy sialolif hotomy sialodochoplusty

sallvatlon ptyalism pfyalosis sialorrhea sialosis

salt saline

salt measurer salime fer

instrument to measure the amount of salt in solutions

saltlike haloid

sandfly fever papparaci fever phlebofomus fever

sandy arenuceous psammous sabulous


satellite cell amphicytc

saucerllke patelliforrn

scale squama

scaling horny skin keratolysis

peeling or scaling off the horny layer on skin

scalp disease favus kerion tinea favosa

a type of ringworm usually affecting the scalp

scaly squamate squamosa squamosal squamouF

scaly skin ichthyosis pityriasis

a dermatitis marked by scaling

scapula operatlon scapulectomy scapulopexy

scapula pain scapulalgia

pain in the shoulder blade

scapula pertalnlng scapular

scar cicatrix

scar formation cicatrization

process of scar formation

scar healing cicatrize

scar operatlon cicatrectomy cicalricotomy

scar tissue cheloid keloid

nodular, lobulated,movable mass of hy- perptastic scar tissue

schizophrenia dementia precox

sclatlca ischialgia ischiodynia

science of algae algology P ~ Y ~ O ~ O ~ Y

sclence of animals zo0108y zoobiology zoonomy

concerned with the different species of animal life

zoo~echnics taming and breeding of animals

zoonosology zoopa~hobgy

classification of diseases of animals

sclence of arteries arteriology

sclence of baths balneology

science of bathing, as for therapeutic purposes

science of bllndness I Y P ~ ~ O ~ Y

study of cause, effects and cure of blindness

science of blood hematology hemology

sclence of blood vessels angiology

study of blood and lymphatic vessels

science of bones osleologia os~eology

sclence of braln phrenology

an obsolete hypothesis that each form of activity emanates from a separate location in the brain

sclence of cells cytology

sclence of childbirth obstetrics tocology

satellite cell science of long l@ 147

science of children paidology pediarrics pedology

sclence of climate climarology

science dealing with climate phenology

study of climate effect on biological rhythm of plants and animals

science of deformity orlhopaedics orrhopedics

dealing with prevention and correction of deformities

rerarology study of congenital malformations and abnormal development

science of diseases etiology

term for the cause of disease parhogenesis palhogeny

study of origin and development of diseases

palhology study of cause, symptoms and results of diseases

science of drugs pharmacology

sclence of ears otiarria oriarrics orology

science of ears and throat otolaryngology

science of ears, nose and throat ororhinoluryngology

science of excretions eccrinology

science of eyes ophrhalmology

science of feet chiropody podiarry

science of female dlseases gynecology

especially endocrine and reproductive functions

science of flnger signs cheirology chirology dactylology

the art of conveying ideas by means of the fingers

sclence of fractures agma~ology

science of fungl mycology

sclence of glands adenology

science of halr rrichology

science of head measuring cephalomelry

science related to measuring the head or skull

science of heart cardiology

science of heredity generics

science of Immunity immunology

sclence of Inanimate abiology anorganology

study of non-living things

science of insects enromology

science of joints arrhralgia arrhrology syndesnwlogia syndesmology synosreology

sclence of llght rays acrinology radiology

sclence of limb making prosrhetics

manufacture of artificial parts for the human body

science of liver hepalology

science of long ilfe macrobiotics


science of man anthropogeny anrhropogony anlhropology

study of man's origin and development somarology

study of the anatomy and physiology of man

science of medicines pharmacodynamics

study of the effect of medicine on the human body

science of mind P S Y ~ ' J O ~ ~ ~ Y

study of human behavior psychophysics

study that deals with correlation of mind and matter

sclence of mouth slomalology

study of the mouth and its diseases

sclence of nerves ne urology

study of the nervous system and its disorders

science of nose rhinology

science of organs organology physiology

science of pharynx pharyflgolosy

science of polsons toxicology

science of pulse ~ P ~ Y ~ P W ~ ~ S Y

science of secretions eccrinology

also applies to excretions endocrinology

internal secretions

science of sensations haptics

science of serums serology

pertaining to antigen and antibody study

science of stomach gastrology

sclence of symptoms semiology semiotics sympromatology

science of treatment therapeutics

application of remedies for treatment of disease

sclera buiglng sclerectasia staphyloma sruphylomatous

sclera Inflammation scleritis sclerotitis

general inflammation sclerochoroidiris scleroricochoroidiris

inflammation of the sclera and choroid

sclera knife sclerolome

surgical instrument for use on the sclera

sclera operation sclerec~omy scleroplasry sclerotomy sclerecloiridectomy sclerostomy

sclera puncture scleronyxis

sclera sottenlng scleromalacia

scoliosis measure scoliosometry

instrument for measuring the degree of deformity

scotoma measure SCOlOmelry

scraplng abrasion cheme.\foliarion

chemical face peeling

scrotal hernia hydatidocele orchiocele

science of skin dermatology

science of man severe pain 149

scrotum operatlon scrotectomy scrotoplasty

seasickness nauparhia vomitus marinus

sebaceous cyst wen

second parturltlon secundipara

woman who has borne two children

secretlon flow succorrhea

excessive flow of secretion

secretlon high hypersecrerion

secretion low hyposecretion

secretion of urine uropoiesis

self-absorption autism

at the expense of regulation by outward reality

schizophrenia complex disorder of thinking process and withdrawal

self-analysis autoanalysis

self-analysis by psychoanalytic method

self-cruelty satlsfaction masochism

finding pleasure in abuses of others

self-hypnotlsm autohypnosis idiohypnotism

self -induced

self-love autophilia narcissism

self-starvation apocarreresis

resulting in death

semen In urlne semenuria seminuria spermaturia

asperrnia aspermarism

semlnal fluld In excess polyspermia polyspennism

seminal veslcie Inflamed prostatovesiculitis vesiculiris

seminal vesicle operation vesiculectomy vesiculotomy

senlie skln geroderma

atrophic skin of the aged

sensatlon defective hypesthesia hypoesrhesia

sensatlon lacking anesthesia dysesthesia

sensitivity to cold cryesrhesia

sensitlvity Increased anaphylaxis

sensltivity measurer baresthesiometer

instrument to estimate the weight of sensitivity

sensltlvity to pain algesthesia algesia algesic algeric

septum operation septectomy septoplasty septostomy septotomy

operative procedure on the nasal septum

sequestrum operatlon sequesrrecromy sequestrotomy

serum study serology

seminal deflclency severe pain

megalgia


sex chromosome idiochromsome

sexual deslre lmpalred anaphrodisia

sexless asexual

having no sex or no sexual interest

sexless reproductlon agamogenesis

sexual animal attractlon zoolagnia

sexual attraction to animals

sexual attraction he~erosexuali~y

for the opposite sex homsexualiry

for the same sex

sexual desire aphrodisia aphrodisiomania eroticism erorism eroromania libido

general terms klep~olagnia

sexual gratification obtained by theft necrophilia necrobhilism

sexual impulse for contact with dead bodies

gynecomania satyriasis satyrism salyromania

strong sexual desire in males nymphomania nymphomaniac

strong sexual desire in females lesbianism sapphism riba ad ism

homosexuality among females pedophilia

love of children pederasty sodomy

anal intercourse zooerastia

attraction to animals

sexual deslre diminisher anaphrodisiac antaphrodisiac

medicinal agent that lessens desire

sexual deslre promoter erotic

sexual gratification autoerotism autosexualism masturbation

usually by self-manipulation algolagnia

increased by inflicting pain coprolagnia

increased by the thought, sight or handling of feces

masochism increased by receiving pain from others

psycholagny increased by mental concepts

pyrolagnia gratification from setting fires

sadism gratification from inflicting pain on others

sadomasochism gratification from either inflicting or receiving pain

iconolagny induced by sculptures or pictures

sexual Impotency idiogamist

impotent except for one or a few of the opposite sex

sexual intercourse coilus

sexual perversion paruphilia parasexuality

sexual represslon anriorgastic

sexual reproductlon gamogenesis

sexual sensation hypcrhedonia hyperhcdonism

sexually mature viriporcnr

obsolete term

shaggylhairy hirsute hirsulism

sex chromosome sinusitis 1 51

shaklng body succussion

shaking the body to detect the presence of fluid in the thorax

shapeless amorphous

sharpness acuify acumess

shaving cramp xyrospasm

sheath fheca

shedding exfoliarion

detachment of superficial cells from the skin or tissue surface

shin-bone fibia

the largest bone below the knee

shingles herpes zoster

shiny skin leioderma

glossy appearance of the skin

shock therapy electric shock therapy electroconvulsive therapy eleciroshock rkrapy

treatment of mental disorder by passage of an electric current through the brain

shortness of breath dyspnea

applies to painful and difficult breathing

shortness of fingers brachydacrylia brachydacryly

shortslghtedness myopia

shoulder blade scapula

shoulder operation scapulec~omy scapulopexy

scapulalgia scapulodynia

sickle-cell anemia meniscocy~osis

slcklellke falciform

shaped like a sickle

side-distortlon rachioscoliosis scoliosis

distortion of the spine to one side sievelike

cribrafe cribriform polyporous

slgmoid examination sigmoidoscopy

sigmoid Inflammation sigmoidi fis

sigmoid operation sigmoidectomy sigmoido fomy sigmoidopexy sigmoidoproctostomy sigmoidorectos~omy sigmoidos l omy

sign of death rhy fidosis

wrinkles of the cornea

signslgestures lacking animia

loss of ability to communicate by gestures

slllcon dust disease an fhracosilicosis

lung disease from inhalation

sinus inflammation sinuifis sinusitis

sinus operation sinuotomy sinus0 fomy

slnusRls aerosinusiris barosinusitis

due to difference between internal and shoulder paln external pressures

six children sexripara

woman who has borne six children sextuplet

one of six children bom from the same parturition

six fingersltoes hexadoctylisrn hexadactyly

six pregnancies sextigravida

pregnant for the sixth time

size cells equal isocellular

skin aging prematurely acrogcria

premature wrinkling and looseness of skin on hands and feet

skln allergic disorder allergodermia

skln atrophy arrophia cutis atrophoderma arrophodermarosis

skln bleeding dermatorrhagia

blood discharging from skin

skin blue spot lividity

black and blue spots on skin

skin bone formation osteodermia osreosis cutis

skln color lacking achromasia

skin cyst dcrmatocysr

skin darkening melanoderma melasma

due to deposition of excess melanin or of metallic substances

skln dlscoloratlon dyschroa dyschroia

poor complexion chlorosis chloranemia

chloroanemia anemic disorder; green sickness

dermatomyositis purplish red erythema on the face seen in a progressive muscular disorder

skln disease dermatopathia dermatopathy dermopathy

any disease of the skin pemphigus

designates a variety of blistering skin diseases

toxicoderrna roxicoderrnarosis

disease caused by poison

skin disorder kerarolysis

separation or loosening of the horny layer of the epidermis

paresrhesia abnormal sensation such as tingling or burning

skln dryness fishskin disease ichthyosis phrynoderma xeroderma xeroderrnia xerosis

skln dryness preventer antixerotic

skln elevation papule

small, circumcized solid growth vesicle

containing serum

skin eruption anthem

generalized, with sudden onset exanthernu

a symptom of an acute viral or coccal disease

skin glossy and smooth leiodermia

skin grafting dermaroplasry dcrmoplasry cpiderrnatoplasty

skin hardening scleroderma

six children skin sebaceous gland disease 1 53

scleriasis sclerodermatitis

skin healing imperfect aderrnogenesis

skln hemorrhage petechiasis

formation of minute hemorrhagic spots in the skin

skin indentation measurer elastometer

device to measure elasticity of the skin

skin inflammation acrodermatitis

of the skin of an extremity dermatitis scytitis

of the skin in general eczema

generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory condition of the skin

erysipelas caused by a hemolytic strep

prurigo with itching of the papules

pyoderma pyodermatitis

accompanied by pus sclerodermalitis

inflammation with hardening streptodermatitis

due to streptococci toxicoderma toxicodermatilis

caused by poison tungiasis

caused by the gravid sandflea

skin knife dermarome

used in surgical procedures

skln lacking adermia apellous

skin lesion keratiasis kerarosis

epidermal lesion with circumscribed overgrowths of the horny layer

necrobiosis lipoidica atrophic shiny lesions on the legs, usually seen in diabetes

bromidrosis ozochrotia

skin ointment thiol

a mixture of petroleum oils used in treating skin disorders

skin operation dermatoplasty

skin pain dermatalgia dermatodynia erythromelalgia rodomlgia

skin parasite dermatozoan

animal parasite of the skin

skln pigment excessive hyperchromatism hyperchromia

skin pigment lacking achromasia achromia achromoderma leukoderma leukopathia leukopathy

skin plnching impulse dermalothlasia

uncontrollable impulse to pinch and bruise the skin

skin pus dlsorder pyoderma pyodermatitis pyodermatosis

skln pustules miliaria pustulosa periporitis

a form of prickly heat

skin redness erythema

inflammation due to capillary congestion

skin wlth scales ichthyosis sauriasis

skin sebaceous gland disease steatoderma steatosis skin odor offensive


skln secretion seborrhea srearrhea stearorrhea

due to indigestion of fat

skin sensltlzatlon photoallergy phorosensirizarion

sensitivity to light caused by certain drugs or plants

skln smoothness leiodermia

skin specialist dermatologisr

skln study dermatology dermatoglyphics

study of the pattern of ridges of the skin as a genetic indicator

skin swelling tumtfacrion

skln thickness pachyderma pachydermia pachydermatosis pachydermarous pachyhymenic pachylosis pachymenia rylosis

skln thlnldellcate leptochroa leptodermic

skln yellow color xanthochroia xanthochromia xanrhoderma

skull deformlty scaphocephalism scaphocephaly

skull with flat vertex plarycephalic plarycephalous plalycephaly

skull Inner membrane endocranium

skull Instrument crunioclast

heavy forceps used to crush head of the fetus

craniotome surgical instrument used in perforation and crushing of the fetal skull

trephine instrument used to remove a bone disk from the skull

skull lacklng acrania acranial meroacrania norancephalia

congenital absence of all or part of the cranium

skull measurer encephalometer

skull operation craniectomy cranioclasia cranioclnris craniotomy cranioplasly

skull prOpORIOna1 orrhocephalic orrhocephalous

height in proportion to length and width

skull-sharer cephalo~horacopagus monocephalus monocranius syncephalur

cojoined fetus

skull smallness leprocephalous leplocephalus

skull thickness pachycephalia pachycephalic pachycephalous pachycephaly

sleep abnormal parahypnosis

as in hypnotism

sleep disorder cenrral sleep apnea sleep apnea syndrome

episodes of cessation of breathing during sleep

sleep preventlve anrihypnoric

sleeptalking

skin secretion small item measurer 1 55

somniloquence somniloquism somniloquis: somniloquy

sleep unnaturally sound lethargy

sleeplng paln hypnalgia

pain experienced only during sleep

sleeplng slckness encephalitis

sleeplessness agrypnia ahypnia anhypnosis insomnia

sleepwalking somnarnbulance somnambulism somnambulist

slightly swollen tumefaction tumescence

slimy glairy

resembling the white of an egg sling-shaped

fundiform

slit lamp biomicroscope

smack heroin

small arms microbrachia

small body dwarfism microsomia

abnormal smallness of the body

small braln convolutions microgyria

small breasts micromazia

small calcull microlith microlithiasis

a minute calculus consisting of gravel

small chln microgenia

small colon microcolon

small cornea microcornea

small duct ductule ductulus

a small tubular structure giving exit to the secretion of a gland

small ears microtia

small eyeballs microphthalmia microphthalmos microphthalmus nonophthalmia nanophthalmos nanophrhalmus

a rare developmental anomaly small eyelids

microblepharia microblepharism microblepharon

small feet micropodia micropus

small flngersltoes micraodactylia microdactylous microdactyly

small genltal organs hypogenitalism microgenitalism

small hands microcheiria microchiria

smallness of the hands

small head microcephalia microcephalic microcephalism microcephalous microcephalus microcephaly

small heart microcardia microcardius

small Item measurer acribometer

instrument for measuring very small objects

small jaw micrognarhia

small lens microlenria microphakia spherophakia

refers to crystalline lens of the eye

small leukoblast microleukoblas~ micromyeloblast myeloblast

small lips microcheilia microchilia

small mouth microsromia

small myeloblast micromyeloblas~

small nalls micronychia

abnormal smallness of the nails

small nipple microrhelia

small penis micropenis microphallus

small puplls microcoria miosis

congenital contraction of the pupils

small red blood cells microeryrhrocy re microcyle

small rlbbon reniola

small splnal cord micromyelia

small stomach microgasrria

small teeth microdonria microdonrism microdonr

disproportionate smallness of a tooth or teeth to the body build

small tongue

small vision micropsia

visual disorder causing objects to appear smaller than they are

small voice microphonia microphony

smallpox variola varioloid

smell acuteness hyperosmia macrosmaric oxyosphresia

an exaggerated or abnormally acute sense of smell

smell deflclency hyposmia hyposphresia

smell dlsorder dysosmia parasphresia parosmia pseudosmia

smell lacklng anodmia anosmia

smell measurer olfqc~omerer

device used to measure the keenness of the sense of smell

smell study osmics osmology

snake polsonlng ophidiasis ophidism

sneezing prarmus srernurarion

sneeze producer prarmic

snow cocaine

snow blindness niphablepsia niphotyphlosis chionabfeosia*

microglossia 'obsoiete term

smalljaw speech defect 157

sodlum hlgh In blood hyperna fremia

high plasma concentration of sodium ions

sodlum low In blood hypona fremia

sodomy pcderast pederasty

son bone tlssue osleogen

tissue that ossifies into bone

son palate palatwn molle uvula

son spot fontanel fonticulus

spot in the skull of an infant

softening of... (see under specific area)

sole planfar

refers to the sole of the foot

solitude desired apanthropia apanfhropy

soothlng pallia five

sound measurer phonoaufograph

device for recording sound vibrations phonome fer

instrument for measuring the intensity of sound

souring acesccnce ascescenf

space spafium vacuole

Spanish fly canfharis

used as an aphrodisiac

sparseness of halr hypotrichiasis hypotrichosis oligo frichia oligo frichosis

Sparseness of teeth hypodonfia oligodon fia

spasm extending pro fospasm

spasm that expands to other parts of the body

spasm of fingers dactylospasm

spasm-rigidity entasis

rigidity of tonic spasms as in tetanus

speaking fast agitolalia agi fophasia

excessive rapidity in speech

speaklng one word only monophasia

ability to speak only one word or phrase

specks before eyes visus muscarum

speech defect allophasis

incoherency anaudia aphonia

loss due to injury or disease anepia aphasia aphrasia

inability to speak arnphoriloquy

speaking with blowing sound anarfhria

articulation defective aphfhongia

aphasia caused by speech muscles controlled by nerves under the tongue

apisfhyria inability to whisper

bradyarf hria bradyglossia bradylalia bradylogia bradyphrasia

slowness in utterance ca faphasia

repetition of the same words or phrases dyslalia

due to structural defects of the speech organs or to impaired heanngdyslogia also impairment of reasoning power

speech defect (cont.) laloplegia

inability to speak due to paralysis of muscles

logopathy any speech defect

mogiphonia difficulty due to voice strain

monophasia ability to speak only one word or phrase

neologism use of new and meaningless words

oxylalia speaking with excessive speed

paralalia distortion of sounds

pyhophrasia thickness of speech

speed In speaking agiiolalia ugitophusia oxylalia

speed In wrltlng agiiosraphia

writing with excessive speed, omitting words or letters

speedbail cocaine, heroin

used simultaneously

sperm def lciency oligospcrmia oligospermarism

sperm impotency necrospermia

condition where the sperm are motion- less or dead

sperm involuntary loss spermaiorrhea gonacratia*

involuntary discharge without orgasm 'obsolete term

spermatic duct vas deferens

secretory duct of the testicle

spermatic duct stones spermolith

sphenold Inflammation sphenoidiris

inflammation of the sphenoid sinus

sphenold operation sphenoidosiomy sphenoidoiomy

spider bite disorder arachnidism arachnoidism araneism

spider venom antidote antiarachnolysin

splnal canal open holorachischisis spina bifida

congenital disorder

spinal column pain rachialgia rachiodynia spinalgia spondylalgia spondylodynia

splnal cord medulla spinalis myelon*

'obsolete term

splnal cord defective a~elomyelia

spinal cord disease encephalomyeloradiculopathy

involving the brain, spinal cord and spinal roots

myelopaihy any disease of the spinai cord or mye- bid tissues

mycloradiculoparhy involves spinal cord and nerve roots

splnal cord hemorrhage hematomyelia myelapoplexy myelorrhagia

spinal cord hernia myelocele myelocysioccle myelomeningocele mcningomyclocele syringomcningocele syringomyelocelc

defect in closure of the spinal canal with protrusion of cord and membranes

splnal cord Inflammatlon arachnitis

speech ddect spitting 159

arachnoiditis of the pia mater and arachnoid

cerebrospinal meningitis of the meninges and spinal cord

tnyelilis of the bone marrow and spinal cord

nleningiris general term

mcningocncephlomyclitis of meninges, brain and spinal cord

meningomyeliris of spinal cord and its membranes

myeloneuritis neuromyliris

multiple neuritis with myelitis myeloradiculitis

of the spinal cord and nerve roots endosreitis endosritis perimyelilis

of the pia mater and spinal cord polioencephalomeningomyelhis poliomyelcncephalilir poliomyeli fis

of the gray matter and meninges

splnal cord membrane meninges

three membranes enveloping the brain and spinal cord

pia mater the inner membrane

arachnoid the center membrane

dura mater the outer membrane

splnal cord smallness micromyelia

spinal cord softness myelomalacia

spinal curvature lordosis rachioscolwsis scoliosis

splnal fusion spondylosyndesis

spinal knlfe rachiotome

surgical instrument used in surgery on the vertebrae

splnal matter displacement herotopia

congenital displacement of the gray matter

splnal measurer rachiometer

instrument for measuring the degree of deformity

splnal nerve inflammation radiculiris

splnal nerve root dlsease radiculopalhy

splnal nerve root operation radiectomy radicoromy radiculectomy rhitotomy

splnal operation cordotomy laminectomy rachiotomy

spinal paralysis myeloparalysis myeloplegia rachioplegia

splnal puncture rachiocentesis

surgical procedure

spindle-shaped furgorm

spinelesslheadless acephalorrhachia

born without head and vertebral column

spinelike acanrhoid spinous

spiral helical

spirochete destruction spirochericide spirocherolysis

destructive to the spirochete bacteria

spirochete disease spirochetosis

spitting expectoralins

spitting blood hemoptysis

splanchnlc nerve operatlon splanchnicecromy splanchnicoromy splanchno fomy

spleen l ien lienu1 splenic

spieen disease splenoparhy lienopathy*

'obsolete term

spleen dlspiacement splenectopia splenectopy

spleen enlargement mezalosplenia spleneciasia splenomegalia splenomegaly splenoma heparosplenomegaly splenoheparomegalia splenohepaiomegaly

enlargement of both spleen and liver

spleen examlnatlon lienography splenography

spieen flxation splenopexia splenopexy

spleen hernla lienoccle splenocele

spleen lnflammatlon spleniris lieniris*

'obsolete term

spieenlkldney lienorenal splcnonephric splcnorenal

spleen operation splenectomy splenopexia splenopexy splenoromy

spleen pain splenalgia splenodynia

spieen softness lienomalacia splcnomalacia splenomyelomalacia

of the spleen and bone marrow

spleen suture splenorrhaphy

spleen tlssue destruction splenolysis

spleen tumor splenocele splenoncus

spontaneous generation abiogenesis aurogenesis

spore largeness macrospore megalospore

spot on cornea albugo leukorna

white spot; cornea opacity

spotlpatch tache

spotted skin vitdigo

white patches piebaldness

different colored patches livedo

black-and-blue spot mnthoma

yellow patches xanrhelasma*

'obsolete term

sprayer atomizer nebulizer vaporizer

staggerlng galt tit ubation

stagnation in stomach ischochymia

retention of food

stammering anarihria

spitting blood stomach hemorrhage 1 61

dysarthria dysphemia hot fentotism lingual titubation mogilalia molilalia pse Nism

stammering or stuttering of speech

stapes operation stapedectomy stapediorcnotomy

star-shaped asferoid sfella stellate stellula

starch glycogen

animal or liver starch

starch dlgestion amylohydrolysis amylolysis

starch formation amylogcnesis

starch liquefier galactozymase

a ferment extracted from milk, capable of liquefying starch

starch-sugar converslon amylolysis

starch in urine amylosuria amyluria

starchlike amylaccous

starchy food undigested amylodyspepsia

inability to digest

stature shortness bruchymorphic

steal mania kleptomania

an irrepressible desire to steal

sterility barrenness infecundity

castraf ion emasculation tuba1 Iigation vasectomy

sternum/clavicle sternoclavicular

sternum fissure sternoschisis

sternum lacking asfernia

congenital absence of the breast bone

sternum operatlon sfernotomy

sternum pain sfernalgia sternodynia

sternum proximity adsfernal

near in location

stlcky viscid

stiffness of jolnts ankylosis

stiffness of neck loxia rorticollis wryneck

stlrrup-bone sfapes

located in the ear

stomach acldity chlorhydria

stomach dilatatlon gasfrec fasia gastrectasis

stomach displacement gas froptosia gaslroplosis venrroptosia ventrop fosis

downward displacement of the stomach

stomach enlargement gastromegaly macrogasrria megastria megalogasrria

steriiizatlon asexualizafion

stomach hemorrhage gas frorrhagia

stomach hernia gastrocele

stomach hormone gastrin

stomach Inflammation gas~riris

the stomach in general gastradenitis gastroadcnitis

the glands of the stomach perigastritis

the peritonea1 coat of the stomach enlerogatrilis gaslroen [eritis gmroen terocolitis gas troileitis

the stomach and intestine gastroesophagitis

the stomach and esophagus gas froduodenitis

the stomach and duodenum

stomach juice excessive gastrorrhea

stomach-light gasrrodiaphane

instrument used to illuminate the inside of the stomach

stomach mesentery mesogater mesogastrium

stomach operation celiogastrostomy celiogastrotomy gastreclomy gastroplasty gastrostomy gasfrotomy gasrrocolostomy gastrocololomy gas~roduodenostomy gastroenteroanaslamsis gaslroenteroplasly gastroenlcroslomy gastrojejunostomy gasrropylorecromy

stomach paln gaslralgia gastrodynia pcra I odynia

stomach ache

stomach secretlons gastroblennorrhea gastrochronorrhea gastrohydrorrhea

excessive amounts

stomach smallness microgostria

stomach spasm ganrospasm

stomach stapling gastroplication gastroptyxis

stomach stone gastro fifh

stomach suture gasrroplicarion gwrorrhaphy

stomach viewer esophagoscope gastroscope

instrument used for examination

stomach washing gastrolavage

stone In blood vessel angiolith arteriolirh phlebolith

stone breaklng lilhodialysis lithotripsy

crushing or solution of a stone usually in the bladder or urethra

stone formatlon lithiasis lithogenesis lithogeny

stone In gallbladder cholccystolithiasis cholelithiasis chololithiasis

stone In lacrimal duct dacryolith ophrhalmolirh

stone passed In urine lilhuresis

stone removal

stomach hernia suicide 163

lilhecromy lirhoromy

usually refers to surgical procedure for urinary stones

stone in ureter urererolirh

stonecutter disease silicarosis silicosis

stonelike lirhoid

strablsmus corrector chiroscope

instrument used for correction

strablsmus downward hyporropia

stralghtenlng teeth orrhodonria orthodonlics

branch of dentistry dealing with correction

strain of voice mogiphonia

difficulty of speech due to voice strain

strength below normal hyposrhenia

strength lacklng adynarnia asr henia debility

strength measurer dynamograph

instrument for recording muscular strength

strengthening analepric

strlcture cutting coarcroromy

surgical procedure

strlcture of ... (see under specific organ)

striped striared

strychnine-bearing ignaria SI. Ignarius' bean strychnos n u vornica

study of. .. (see under specific area)

stuttering lingual rirubation mogilalia molilalia

stuttering or stammering in general psellism

due to harelip or cleft palate

subconsclous recall cryplamnesia crypromnesia

recalling something previously forgotten

subcostal paln subcosrulgia

pain under the ribs

subnormal temperature hyporhermia

subtongue lnflammatlon subglossiris sublinguiris

sucrose In urlne sucrosuria

sudden fulminanr

onset or course of a pain or disorder suet

sevum

sugar In blood hyperglycemia

excessive amounts sugar measurer

saccharimerer saccharomerer

sugar metabolism saccharomerabolism

sugar pill placebo

inactive substance

sugar In urlne glycosuria hyperglycosuria

excessive amounts

suicide apocarreresis

by self-starvation

sun attractlonlrejectlon heliotau's

surgery of cyst cysleclomy

or away from the sun

sun blindness photoretinif is phororcfinopathy

sun-caused encephalitls helienccphalifis

sunburn erythema solure

sunstroke siriasis thermopkgia

superior feeling egomania

extreme self-appreciation

suppresslon of dlscharge ischesis

suppression of sweat anhidrosis ischidrosis

suppresslon of urlne ischuria

suppuration inhibiter anlipyogenic

surgery of abdomen celiotomy ven frotomy

opening of the abdominal cavity

surgery of appendlx appendectomy appendicectomy

surgery of arm brachiotomy

surgery of bladder cystotomy lif hotomy lithofripsy lithotrity vesicotomy

surgery of bones osteorrhaphy

(see also listings under bones)

surgery of cartilage chondrotomy

heliotropism tendency of plants to lean either towards Of fistula

f t ru lo fomy syringotomy

incision or surgical enlargement of an abnormal passage

surgery of gallbladder cholecystec fomy chokcystopexy cholecystosfomy cholecystotomy

surgery of glands adenectomy adenotomy

surgery of golter strumec fomy

surgery of gonad go~dec lomy

excision of ovary or testis

surgery of hernla celotomy herniotomy herniorrhaphy kelotomy

surgery of joint arrhreclomy arthroplasty ar f hrostomy arthrotomy

surgery of kidney nephrectomy nephrolitholomy ncphropexy ncphropyeloplmty nephroslomy nephroromy

surgery knlfe bisfoury

small knife used in surgical procedures

surgery of larynx laryngectomy laryngotomy

surgery needle acus

surgery of nerves neurectomy neuroectomy neurolomy

sun attraction/rejection swallowing d~ficulty 1 65

surgery of nympha nymphectomy nymphotomy

removal or incision of the labia minora

surgery of ovary oophorecfomy oophorcys fec romy oophoropexy oophoroplasry oophorostomy oophorotomy ovariec fomy ovariosfomy ovariotomy

surgery of pancreas pancreatectomy pancrearoduodenec~omy pancreatolilhectomy pancreafolif hotomy pancrealomy

surgery of pharynx pharyngectomy pharyngoplmty pharyngoromy

procedures involving the portion of the digestive tube between the esophagus and mouth

surgery of sperm duct vasectomy

for sterilization

surgery of spine cordotomy laminectomy rachiotomy

surgery of spleen splenectomy splenopexia splenopexy splenorrhaphy splenotomy

surgery of sterilization castration emasculalion spay tuba1 ligafion vasectomy

surgery of tendon tendinop lasty tendoplas fy tenec romy tenonroplasry tenoplasty

tenotomy procedures involving the fibrous cords or bands connecting muscle to bone

surgery of tongue glossoplasfy glossotomy

surgery of tonsils ronsillec fomy fonsillo~omy

surgery of tooth odonrectomy

involving excision of surrounding bone

surgery of trachea rracheoplasty tracheosromy tracheotomy

surgery of uvula staphylectomy sfaphyloplasty siaphylofomy uvulec~omy uvolotomy

usually referring to the uvula attached to the soft palate in the mouth

surgery of veins phlebecfomy phlebophlebosfomy phleboplasry phlebofomy venectomy venesecfion venofomy venovenosfomy

suspended animation acrotism asphyxia

suspension of respiration apnea

temporary absence of breathing

suture of ... (see under specific organ)

swallowing air aerophagia aerophagy pneumophagia

swallowing dlfflcuity aglu fifion ap hagia dysphagia

difficulty or inability to swallow

swallowing dlfflculty (cont.) aphagia algera

due to pain

sweat abnormal dyshidrosis dysidria dysidrosis

sweat in armpits maschalephidrosis

excessive perspiration

sweat blood h e m thidrosis hernatidrosis

sweat causing hidrotic sudorific

sweat def lclency hyphidrosis hypohidrosis olighidria oligidria

sweat excessive hyperhidrosis hyperidrosis hyperephidrosis polyhidrosis polyidrosis sudoresis

sweat glands eccrine glands exocrine glands

small glands covering the entire body

sweat glands inefficient anaphoresis anhidrosis

diminished activity

sweat gland Inflammation hidradeni t is hidrosadenitis

sweat odor bromhidrosis bromidrosis osmidrosis

foul smelling perspiration

sweat overflow hidrosis sudoresis

profuse sweating

sweat preventer antihydriotic antisudorific

sweat producing sudarific sudoriferous sudoriparous

carrying or producing sweat

sweat suppression anhidrosis hidroschesis ischidrosis

sweat with urine urhidrosis uridrosis

excretion of urea or uric acid in the sweat

sweeten edulcorate

to purify from salt, acid or any harsh substance

sweetener asparlane

noncaloric substance

swell-producing lwnefacient tumeh)

swelling tumefaction tumenria tumescence

sword-shaped ensiform xiphoid

symptomatic hand-writlng macrography megalographia

large handwriting, usually indicating a nervous disorder

synovial lnflammatlon synovitis

synovial operatlm synovectomy villrrrectomy

synovlal tumor synovwma

sweat phosphorescent phosphorhidrosis

syphilltlc tumor g-

s~valIowing d c tear sac inflammation 1 67

syphiloma infrequently observed infectuous granuloma characteristic of syphilis

tail lacking acaudal acalldafe

talkativeness lalorrhea logorrhea tachylalia fachylogia lac hyphasia lac hyphemia tachyphrasia

usually encountered in individuals with mental disorders

talus operatlon asfragalectomy

tapeworm cesfoid cesfode

common name for tapeworm

tapeworm disease feniusis

tapeworm expeller leniacide leniafuge

tapeworm head scolex

tapeworm lnfestatlon cesfodiasis

tarsal bone as fragalus fdus

the ankle bone farsodeniris

of the tarsal glands and tarsal plate

tarsal operation farsectomy torsochiloplasry farsoplasia

tarsoplus fy f arso fomy

taste abnormal dysgcusia

abnormality in sense of taste

taste acuteness hypergeusia oxygeusia

taste bud caliculus gustaforius gusfafory bud

taste disorder parageusia

taste lacking ageusia ageusfia

loss or impairment of the sense of taste

taste-pertalnlng gusfarory

taste sense gus~ufion

taste sense lower hypogeusia

blunting of the sense of taste

tea drinker fheic

tear flow excessive dacryorrhea epiphora

tear gland inflammation dacryadeniris dacryoadeniris

tear gland pain dacryoadenalgia

tear-producer lacrim for

tear sac lacrimal sac

tear passage calculus dacryolirh ophfhalmolirh

a concretion in the lacrimal apparatus

tear sac Inflammation dacryoblennorrhea dacryocysfoblennorrhea dacryocysfi f is

tear sac knife lacr imtome

surgical instrument

tear sac operation dacryocystec~omy dacryocys~orhinoslomy dacryocystos~omy lacrimolomy

tear sac protrusion dacryocele dacryocystocele

teeth ... (see also listings under tooth)

teeth abnormality odonraoophia odonralrophy odon~olaxis odonloloxy odonloparallaris

teeth chattering odonterisrn

teeth cleaner odontosmega

teeth deficiency hypodonria oligodonlia

teeth disease odonlopathy

disease of the teeth or their sockets

teeth in excess polydenlia polyodontia

presence of supernumerary teeth

teeth extraction cxodonria

teeth fissure odonloschism

teeth formation odonlogenesis odontogeny odonlosis

teeth grlnding bruxism odonloprisis

teeth improper closure malocclusion

teeth infiammatlon odonriris

odonloneuralgia facial neuralgia caused by tooth decay

parodonliris pcridenliris periodonrilis

of the tissues around a tooth operculilis pericoronilis

of the tissues around the crown of a tooth

pulpiris of dental pulp

teeth largeness n~acrodonlia macrodonrism macrodonr megadonr megalodont

teeth pain denlalgia odon talgia odontodynia toorhache

teeth permanent monophyodonr

having only the permanent set of teeth

teeth similar homodont

teeth smallness microdontia microdonrism

teeth straightening ordwdonria orrhodontics

branch of dentistry dealing with correction of irregularities

teeth surgery odonleclomy odonloplasty odonrolomy

teeth transplanting al lot r iodonh

also denotes location of teeth in abnormal places

teeth treatment dentisuy odonrology odon1onosology odontolherapy

tear sac knife testes in excess 1 69

teeth tumor odonroma

teeth viewer odonroscope

optical device used in examining teeth

teeth yellow mnfhodonr

teething denririon odonriasis

tele-Influence auromarism [clergy

influence of one individual over the brain of another

temper unrestrained ecomania oikomania

particularly in the home environment

temperature elevation hyperrhermia pyrexia

resulting in fever

temperature evenness monorhermia

temperature measurer pyromerer rhermomcrer

temperature subnormal hyporhermiu

tendency to murder hemorhymia

a desire to commit murder

tenderness of skln leprochroa

very thin or delicate skin

tendon flxatlon [enodesis

tendon lnflammatlon pcrircndiniris perircnoniris

of tissues surrounding a tendon rhecifis renovaginifis

of a tendon sheath rendosynoviris renosynovif is fendovaginiris

of a tendon and its sheath

tendon knife tendo tome tenotome

surgical instrument

tendon operatlon achillotomy achillotenotomy tenectomy tenodesis tenoneclomy tenontoplas?y tenoplas fy tenosynovec tomy tenotomy myot enotomy tenomyoplasty tenomyotomy tenonlomyotomy

procedure involving tendon and muscles

tendon paln tenalgia tenodynia tenonrodynia

tendon sheath epitendinewn epitenon perirenon

tendon suture tenorrhaphy tenosuture

tennls elbow h e r a l humeral epicondylitis

tenslon measurer tensiometer

instrument used to measure the tension of the eyeball, blood vessels, etc.

test tube in vitro

process or reaction occurring in an artificial environment

terminal proxlmlty pararerminal

testes In abdomen cryprorchism cryprorchidism

testes In excess polyorchid polyorchidism

testes in excess (cont.) polyorchis polyorchism

presence of more than two testicles

testes fuslon synorchidism synorchism

total or partial within the abdomen or scrotum

testis orchis

testis Inflammation orchiditis orchilis orchiepididymitis epididymo-archiris

testis operation cryprorchideclomy orc hidecromy orchidorrhaphy orchiccromy orchiopexy orchioplasry orchiolomy vaso-orchidostomy

testls tumor orchiocele sarcocele

tetanic spasm opislhotonos opislhotonus

a spasm that bends the body backward

tetanuslike reranijorm rcranoid

therapy by air pressure aerorherapeurics

therapy by anlmal extract organorherapy

therapy by baths balneorherapeurics balneotherapy hydrotherapeurics

treatment by baths and mineral waters

therapy by bone massage osreoparhy

therapy by cllmate

climatolherapy treatment by changing climate

therapy by coiored lights chromophotoi herapy chromorherapy

therapy by drugs pharmacotherapy

therapy by heat thermtherapy

treatment by application of heat

therapy by light rays lucotherapy phototherapy

treatment by either solar or artificial light rays

therapy by massage massorherapy

therapy by mechanics mechanolherapy

therapy by mlnd psychorherapeurics psychorherapy

therapy by nature naturoparhy

use of natural forces for healing

therapy by opposite allopmhy hereropathy

treatment by creating conditions that are opposite or different

therapy by radioactivity radio1 herapy acrinorherapy*

'obsolete term

therapy by serum serum therapy

therapy by sun heliorherapy

includes sun bathing

therapy by symptom equal homeoparhy

application of minute doses of an agent that would induce similar symptoms in a healthy body

therapy by water balneorhcrapy

testes in excess three-eared 1 71

hydrotherapeurics hydrotherapy

treatment by external application rhalassorherapy

treatment by sea-bathingnraveling

thick-fingered pachydacrilia puchydactylous pachydacryly

thicken inspissation

thickening as by boiling or by evaporation

thickening in excess pachynis

abnormal thickening of a part of the body

thickenlng of nails pachyonychia

thickness of ears pachyoria

thickness of eyelids pachyblepharon

thickness of lips pachycheilia pachychilia

thickness of skin pachyderm pachydermrosis pachydermia

abnormally thick skin

thickness of skull pachycephalia pachycephalic pachycephalous pachycephaly

thickness of tongue macroglossia pachyglossia

thigh bone femur OS femoris

the long bone of the thigh

thigh pain meralgia

thinness of hair hyporrichiusis hyporrichosis

oligorrichia oligo rrichosis

thinness of skin lep~ochroa leprodermic

abnormally delicate skin

thirst excessive anadipsia hydrodipsomania polydipsia

thirst lacking adipsia adipsy

thoracic fluid hydrof h o r n pleurorrhea serolhorax

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

thorax curved lhoracocyrrosis

abnormally wide curvature of chest wall

t horaxlhead cephalorhoracic

thorax operation pleuracoromy pleuroromy rhoracoplasty rhoracopneumoplasty rhoracostomy rhoracoromy

thorax pain lhoracalgia lhoracodynia

thorax viewer rhoracoscope

thoraxlhead lacking acephalorhorus

congenital absence

thornlike acanrhoid

spinelike

threadlike filiform nematoid

referring to parasitic worms

three-eared rriorus


t hree-eyed ~rioph~halmos


three-faced ~riopodymus triprosopus

born with three faces on one head

three-f ingered rridisirate

three-headed rricephalus

born with three heads

three-ingredient medicine lripharmacon rripharmacum

t hree-layered rrilaminar

t hree-pointed tricuspid tricuspidal rricuspidate

three testes triorchism

congenital presence of an additional testis

t hree-toed lridigilare

throbbing palpilaiion

thrush aparha apitlhoid Candida albicans candidiasis

thyroid activity reduced hyporhyroidism fhyropriviu

thyroid hormone excess ~hyroroxicosis

thyroid inflammation thyroadeniris rhyroidiris

thyroid operation larynsofssure lhyrochondrotomy rhyrocricotomy rhyroidecromy rhyroidotomy ~hyropararhyroidectomy rhyroromy

thyroid protein rhyroglobulin thyroprolein

produced by the thyroid gland

tibia pain ribialgia

tic~spasm myoclonus mulriplex polyclonia

tic sufferer liqueur

tick fever reovirus infection

tick Infestation ixodiasis

tilting ante version

a thrush fungus anreverted - . . - - - - - condition of being tilted forward

thymus alsease . . .

any disease of the small organ located R'mverred

in the lower part of the neck condition of being titted backward

thymus inflammation rhymiiis

thymus operation thymecromy

thyroid activity Increased hyperlhyroidism

time-equal isochronia

occurring at equal intervals of time

tip-pointed cnsiform mucronate xiphoid

thyroid activity normal eurhvroidism

tissue change meraplasia

metaplasis a change in the structure of adult tissues

tissue clotting electrocoagulation

tlssue destruction fulg urarion

by means of a high-frequency electric current

tissue development defective hypoplasia

tissue dissolution histolysis

tissue grafting aulografl heterografi homografi isografi zoografr zooplasty

grafting of tissues taken from an animal

tissue Inflammation cellulilis

inflammation of the connective tissues pimelitis

inflammation of adipose or connective tissues

myositis inflammation of fleshy tissues, as muscle

stealitis inflammation of adipose tissue

tlssue knife histotome microrome

surgical instrument

tlssue layer stratum

tlssue operation histotomy microromy

tissue separated slough

necrosed tissue separated from the living structure

tissue study histologic histological histology histophysiology

three-eyed toe shortness

tissue with urates uratosis

tissue with urine urecchysis

tobacco alkaloid anatabine nicotine

toeslflngers abnormally long arachnodactyly dolichostenomelia

toeslfingers defective pcrodaclylia perodacrylus perodaclyly

toeslfingers deficiency adactylia adac tylism adactylous adactyly oligodac tylia oligodactyly

congenital absence of fingers or toes monodacrylism

presence of only one finger or one toe

toes equal length isodacrylism

toes in excess hypcrdactylia hyperdactylism hyperdactyly polydac tyly

toeslfingers fused syndac rylia syndac tylism syndactylous syndacrylus syndwdy zygodactyly

toe lnflammation daclylilis

also applies to fingers

toe largeness macrodacrylia rnacrodacrylism macrodactyly megaductyly megalodactyly


toe shortness brachydaclylia


toe shortness (cont.) brachydactyly


toe slenderness lcptoductylous


toe smallness microdactylia microdacrylous microductyly


toe thickness pachydacrylia pachydactylous pachydacfyly


tongue glossa lingua

tongue alveolar processes alveolingual a lveololingual

tongue blackness glossophytia melanoglossia

tongue burning glossodynia glossopyrosis

tonguelcheeks buccolingual

pertaining to the tongue and cheeks

tongue cyst ranula

cyst under the tongue

tongue dlsease g lossoparhy

tongue displacement glossoptosia glossop fosis

tongue with hair glossotrichia

tongue inflammation glossitis

tongue inspection glossoscopy

tongue lacking adlossia

refers to congenital absence and to inability to speak

aglossosroma born without mouth opening

tongue largeness macroglossia megaloglossia

tongue membrane periglortis

the mucous membrane of the tongue

tongue operation elinguation glossectomy glossoplasry glossotomy honiglossec fomy

tongue pain glossalgia glossodynia glossopyrosis

tongue paralysis glossolysis glossoplcgia

tongue-pertaining glossal lingual

tongue pressure measurer glossodyruunometer

tongue register glossograph

instrument to measure movements of the tongue

tongue shortness brachyglossal

tongue smallness microglossia

tongue spasm glossospasm

tongue split schi.stoglossia

tongue study glossology

tongue suture glossorrhaphy

tongue swelllng glossocele glossoncur

any swelling involving the tongue

toe shortness tooth treatment 1 75

tongue thickness macroglossia pachyglossia

tongue-tie ankyloglossia

tonsll lnflammatlon fonsilli fis adenopharyngifis pharyngofonsiNifis

involving tonsils and pharynx perironsillitis

involving tissues surrounding the tonsil

tonsll knife tonsil10 fome

tonsll operation ronsillecfomy tonsillo tomy

tonsil stone ronsillifh

tonus lacking afonia afonicify arony

toot cocaine

tooth ... (see also listings under teeth)

tooth alveolus Inflamed alveolitis

tooth apex locator apicoloca for

instrument used in locating the apex of a tooth

tooth cement In excess hypercemen fosis

formation of excessive amount at the root base

tooth deposit fophus

calcium deposit

tooth disease odonfopafhy

tooth disease study dentistry odonfonosology

tooth hemorrhage odon forrhagia

tooth operation apicoectomy odon fccromy odon foplast y odonto fomy pulpec fomy pulp0 fomy radec fomy apiceclomy*

'obsolete term

tooth pain odonfulgia odonlodynia foorhuche

tooth probe fine

pointed tool to explore the tooth

tooth root apex radicus dentis

tooth sets In excess polyphyodonr

formation of more than two sets of teeth

tooth-shaped dentiform denroid molarjform odonfoid

tooth socket alteratlon alveoloplasty alveoplasty

tooth socket hemorrhage phafnorrhagia

tooth socket lnclslon alveolo~omy

tooth sparseness oligodon fia

having only a few teeth

tooth splitting odon foschism

tooth straightener or~hodonrisf

specialist in aligning teeth

tooth toward cheek buccoversion

where a tooth extends toward the cheek

tooth treatment odonfofherapy

toothache aerodontalgia aero-odonlalgia aero-odonrodynia dcnlalgia odonralgia odonlalgic odonrodynia pulpalgia

toothache reliever anliodon~algic

toper's nose rhinophyma

torsion measurer lorsiomeler

instrument to measure the ocular torsion

torticoilis loxia wryneck

touch acuteness hyperaphia oxyaphia

touch fear aphephobia hophephobia

touch inability dyscheiria dyschiria fopagnosis lopoancsfhcsia

inability to determine site of sensibility

touch measurer eslhesiomerer faclomeler

instrument to determine the acuteness of the sense of touch

touch recognizable symbolia

ability to recognize an object by touch

touch sense lacking anaphia anhuphia ulaclilia

touch sensitivity hypcraphia oxyaphia

extreme sensitivity to touch

trachea cleft rracheoschisis

trachea constriction lruchcostenosis

trachea hemorrhage tracheorrhagia

trachea hernla rrachelocele rracheocele

hernia of the trachea mucous membrane

trachea Inflammation rracheitis rrachifis lracheobronchilis fracheopyosis

trachea knife fracheofome

surgical instrument

trachea operation tracheoplasly fracheoslomy lracheolomy

trachea pain cervicodynia lrachealgia trachelodynia

trachea pus rrachcopyosis

purulent inflammation

tracing descent malrilineal

through the female side palrilincal

through the male side

tranquility euthymia

mental peace: joyfulness

transformation of tissues melaplasia me fa plasis

change in structure of adult tissues

transition melabasis

change in the nature or treatment of a disease

transposition meralhcsis

treatment by ... (see also therapy by ...)

toothache treatment by water 177

treatment by alr aeropiesotherapy

using either compressed or rarified air aerotherapeutics aerotherapy

varying pressure or coposition of the air aerothermotherapy

by means of hot air

treatment by alkali alkalirherapy

treatment by blood hematherapy hemorherapcutics hemorherapy transfusion

using blood or blood derivatives for bleeding disorder or anemia

treatment by causative agent isopathy

treatment by cold crymorherapy cryotherapy

treatment by diet alimentotherapy

treatment by direct current galvanotherapy

treatment from distance rclcrherapy

administration of x-ray therapy from a distance

treatment by drugs chemotherapy pharmacorherapy

treatment by electric light electrophototherapy

treatment by eiectrlclty electrotherapeutics elecirorherapy

treatment by fever pyrelorherapy

by induction of fever

treatment by gold aurotherapy chrysotherapy

by use of gold compounds

treatment by hypnotism hypnotherapy

treatment by liver

hepatothcrapy by liver or liver extract

treatment by magnets magnetotherapy

treatment by massage massot herapy napraparhy reflexolhcrapy

treatment by milk galacloiherapy lactotherapy

treatment by movements kinesiatrics kinesir herapy

treatment by music melodiotherapy musicor herapy

treatment by placenta placentotherapy

with preparations from animal placentas1

treatment by prayer theotherapy

treatment by radiatlon emanotherapy radiation therapy radio1 herapeutics radiotherapy

with x-rays, radium rays or any other radioactive substance

treatment by reduced fluid dipsotherapy fluid restriction

treatment by sea rhalassolherapy

by sea travel, sea air or sea baths

treatment by splrltual focus logotherapy

treatment by vapor vapolherapy

treatment by vibration seismoiherapy sismo~herapy

treatment by water hydromassage hydropathy

treatment by work ergolherapy

by means of physical exercise

tremor of handslfeet arhelosis

involuntary movements

trench mouth necrofizing ulcerafive gingivilis

also known as Vincent's disease

trichina disease lric hinosis

triple ~1SlOn friplopia

single object appears as three

triplet lridymus

tropical ulcer phagedena lropica

true ribs cosme verae

trunk lacking acormus

congenital absence

tube carheler salpinx

tube feeding gaslrogavage gaslroslogavage gavage

providing nourishment through a tube into the stomach

tubeslovarles Inflamed adnexiris annexiris

tube pregnancy salpingocyesis

tuberculosls consumption phlhisis

obsolete terms

tubular vessel dilatation eclasia ecrasis ecraric

neoplasm new growth

tumor of blood vessels angioma

tumor of bone osleoma osreophyma osfeophyfe

tumor of cartilage chondroma

tumor cells oncocytes

tumor of connective tissue sarcoma

usually highly malignant

tumor destruction lwnoricidal

denoting an agent

tumor dlssemlnatlon mefasrasis

tumor of epithelia1 cells carcinoma epilhelioma

tumor of fatty tlssue lipoma

tumor of flbers fibroma rhabdomyoma

tumor formation oncosis

tumor of germ layers leraroblasroma leralocarcinoma tcraloma

tumor of glandular tissue adcnocarcinoma

malignant neoplasm adcnoma

usually benign

tumor of jaw ac linomycosis

lumpy jaw

tumor of liver hepalocarcinoma hcpaloma

tumor of lymph tissuelvessels angioma tumor

treatment by work twin deformities congenital 179

angiomo lympharicwn lymphangioma lyrnphoma

tumor of mucous surface papilloma villoma

tumor of muscle myoma

benign neoplasm of muscular tissue

tumor of nerve cells ncurobfasroma

tumor of periosteum perios~cosis periosrosis

tumor of pigment tissue melanocarcinoma melanoma

tumor preventor anrineoplaslic

preventing development, maturation or spread of neoplastic cells

tumor of striated muscle rhabdomyoma

tumor of syphilis g''- syphiloma

tumor of tendon tenonlophyma

obsolete term

tumor of thyroid goilcr fhyrocele

turbidity measurer t ubidimerer

instrument for determining the degree of cloudiness of a liquid

turpentlne poisoning lcrebinr hism

turpentlne tree rerebinrh

twin deformities congenital adan rodidymus arlodidymus derodidymus

one body with two heads cephalo~horacopagus

fused head, neck and thorax craniopagus occipiralis

united at the back of the skull

dicephalus dibrachius two arms and legs for a double body

dicephalus rerrabrochius attached from armpits to hips with only two legs

diplopagus having one or more vital organs in corn- mon

dipygus parasiricus omacephulus pseudoacephalus lhoracoparacephalus

one fetus poorly developed and dependent

ecropagus ensomphalus slernopagus synrhorar horacopagus xiphopagus

united at sterna1 area ecropagia ecropagus rhoracopagus

united at the thorax epigasrrius ilioxiphopagus omphalopagus

united at the abdomen ~ P ~ P Y S ~ S pygodidymus

PYsoPuSus united at the buttocks

cephalopagus iniopagus

united at the back of the neck meropagus

united at the forehead monocephalus monocranius syncephalus

having one head and two bodies noromclus rhoracomelus

additional limbs attached to the back or thorax

diprosopus two faces on a single skull

paragnarhus

prosopagus prosopopagus

attached to the face of the other twin hcmipagus prosoposrernodidymus

twln deformitles congenital (cont.) prosoporhoracopagus

united by the face, chest and upper abdomen

rachiopagus rachipasus

united back to back somaropagus

having the trunk in common thoradelphus

attached as one above the umbilicus triiniodymur

one body with three heads

twlsted tortuous

twlsted neck loxia forricollis wryneck

twla lng to one side latero torsion

twltchlng vellicarion

of the facial muscles blepharospasm blepharospasmus

of the eye or eyelid

two-fingered didac fylism

presence of only two digits on a hand or foot

two-formed dimorphism dimorphous

existing in two forms

two-headed arlantodidymus arlodymus bicephalous derodidymus dicephalus diplocephalus

two-horned bicornare bicornuare bicornous

two-jawed digna thus

two-pronged Oifurcare b$ucated

having two branches

two sets of teeth diphyodont

normal in humans

tympanic membrane mem6rana tympani myringa

tympanlc rlng anulus tympanicus

tympanum Inflammation myringitis rympaniris tympanomatoidilis

tympanum operation myrinsecromy myringodecromy myringoplasry myringoromy tympanecromy tympunoromy

tyroslne in urlne ryrosinuria

ulcer chancre ulcus

primary lesion of syphilis

ultrasound dlagnosls Doppler echocardiography sonography ultrasonography

use of sound to determine location and measurement of deep structures

umblllcal hernla omphalocele

umblllcus omphalos

umblllcus bleeding omphalorrhasia

twin deformities congenital ureter inflammation 181

umblllcus lnflammatlon omphalitis omphalophlebitis

umblllcus operation ompMotomy omphalotripsy

umbilicus rupture omphalorrhexis

umblllcus ulceration omphalelcosis

unborn chlld ferus

from the eighth week until the moment of birth

uncontrollable temper ecomania oikomania

noted in the home environment

under tongue hypoglossal hypoglossis hypoglottis subglossal sublingual

surface under the tongue

under tongue cyst ptyalocele ranula sialocele

salivary gland cyst

underarm persplratlon maschalyperidrosis

excessive amounts

unhealthful insalubrious

universal antldote mithridate mithridalism

immunity against any poisons

unscallng desquamation

upper extremities lacking omacephalus

parasitic twin with imperfect head and no arms

upper front anlerosuperior

in front and above

upper jawbone maxilla

upward turning of eyes anaphoria analropia

particularly when at rest urachus pus

pyourachus

urate deposit uratosis

in blood or tissues urates in blood

hyperuricemia uraremia

urates In urlne uraturia

urea in blood azotemia urenua

urea production Krcbs cycle

sequence of chemical reactions in the liver that produce urea

urea low In urlne hypazotwia hypoazoturia

ureter calculus lithweteria ureieroliih ureterolithiasis

ureter dilatlon ureterecrasia

ureter dlsease ureteropathy

refers to any disease of the ureters

ureter dlstentlon hydroureter ureterohydronephrosis uroureter

abnormal distention from accumulation of urine due to obstruction

ureter flstula ureterostoma

ureter hemorrhage ureterorrhagia

ureter lnflammatlon periureteriris

of tissues around the ureter

ureter inflammation (cont.) ure ferifis

of the ureter ureleropyelilis

of ureter and kidney pelvis ure feropyelonephri~is

of ureter, kidney and pelvis ureteropyosis

accompanied by pus

ureter largeness mcgaloure~er rnegaurerer

ureter operation ure fereclorny ure feroli f ho f omy ure~erolysis ureteroplas~y ure ferosrorny ureter0 forny ureferoureterosromy ureterocolostorny ureferoenreroslomy ure~eroifeos~omy urc fcrosigmoidos~omy

involving ureter and intestine urelerocysloslomy ureleroneocyslostomy ure ferovesicostomy

involving ureter and bladder ureleronephrectomy urereropyeloneostomy ureteropyelonephrostomy urereropyelosromy

involving ureter and kidney ure feroprocfosfomy

involving ureter and rectum

ureter paln ure~eralgia

ureter puslmucus pyoureler urelerophlegma ure feropyosis

ureter stricture urelerosfenoma urererosrenosis

ureter suture urererocelorrhaphy ureferorrhaphy

urethra discharge urerhrorrhca

urethra lnflammatlon pcriure fhrifis

of the tissues connecting the urethra skeneifis skeniris

of glands or duffs near the urethra urerhriris

of the urethra itself ure~hrocysfi~is

of the urethra and bladder

urethra knife urerhrororne

urethra opening defectlve balanic hypospadas hypospadiasis hypospadias perinealis

congenital defect

urethra operation urethreclomy ure f hroplasfy urethrosromy urethrotomy

urethra pain welhralsia urelhrodynia

urethra protrusion urerhrocele

prolapse of the female urethra

urethra proximity paraure h a 1

urethra spasm urethrism ure~hrismus urerhrospasm

urethra stricture ure fhrosrenosis

urethra suture ure~hrorrhaphy

urethra viewer pattendoscope ure f hrascope urefhroscope

instrument for examining the urethra

urethrallanal eroticism arnphimixis

also signifies union of the chromatins

urethral rlng annulus ure~hralis muscdus sphincfer vesicae

ureter injlammation urine with black pigment 183

urethral stricture tool elecrrolyzer

instrument for treatment by electrolysis

uric acid disintegration uricolysis

uric acid excretion l i rhwia uricosuria

urinary canal ureter

brings urine from the kidneys to the bladder

urerhra takes urine out of the bladder

urinary nitrogen azoruria

excessive amounts

urinary stone expeller lithagogue

urinate micrurare

urination emicrion micluririon uresis

urination arrest anuresis anuria

urination desire micluririon

also denotes frequent urination

urination in excess diuresis hydruria polyuria

urlnation frequency micruririon nocrwia nycruria pollakiuria rhamuria

urination lmpossibie acraluresis

due to lack of elasticity of the bladder

urination impulse urcsieslhesia uriesrhcsia

urination involuntary enuresis

Incontinence usually occurring at night or during sleep

urination pain dysuria dyswr urodynia

urlne with albumin albuminwia pseudoalbuminwia

urine with alcohol alcoholuria

urine with alkalinity alkalinurid alkaluria

the passage of alkaline urine

urine with amebas amcburia

urlne with amlnes aminuria

urine with amino acids acidaminuria aminoaciduria hyperaminoaciduria

urine with ammonia ammoniuria

urine by anus urochesia

passing urine through the anus

urine aromatic odor uraroma

urlne wlth bacllll bacilluria

urine wlth bacterla bacreriuria

passage of bacteria in the urine

urine with bile salts biliuria choleuria cholrcria

urine wlth bllirubin bilirubifiuria

urine wlth black plgment melanuria

excretion of a dark-colored urine

urine with blood h e m focy furia hema~uria hemuresis

urine with bioodlchyle hemarochyluria

presence of both in the urine

urine with calcium calcariuria calciuria hypercalciuria hyperculcinwia hypercalcuria

urine calculus urolifh urolithiasis

urine with carbohydrates carbohydra~uria

urlne with carbolic acid carboluria

presence of phenol in the urine

urlne with carbons carbonuria

urine with casts cylindruria

urine with chlorides chloriduria chloruresis

urlne with cholesterol cholesferinuria cholesf eroluria

urine with chyle or lymph chyluria

urine concentrated oligohydruria

urine with crystals crysfalluria

urlne in a cyst urinoma

cyst containing urine

urine deficiency oligohydruria oliguresia oliguresis oliguria

urine with dextrin dexfrinuria

urlne with dextrose glycosuria glucosuria dextroswia*

'obsolete term

urine with dlacetic acid diacefonuria diacefuria

urine examination urinalysis

analysis of the components urinoscopy uroscopy

by visual observation

urine in excess polyuria

urine excretion increased diuresis diuretic

urine wlth fat adiposuria lipuria

excretion of lipids in the urine

urine with free myogiobin myoglobinuria

urlne wlth fructose fructosuria levelosuria

urlne with globulin globulinuria

urine with gravel urocheras uropsammus

any inorganic or uratic sediment in the urine

urine gravity low hyposthenuria

due to inability of kidneys to concentrate urine

urine gravity measurer urinome fer urogra vimeter uromefer

urine with hematin urobilin urofuscohemarin urohetnarin urohemaroporphyrin

causing presence of red pigment in the urine

urine with blood urine phosphorescent 1 85

urine with hemoglobin hemoglobinuria

urine wlth hippuric acid hippuria

excretion of abnomally large amounts

urine wlth histidine his tidinuria

urine with hlstone histonuria

observed in certain diseases

urine with homogentisic acid alcapronuria alkaptonuria

urine with hyalin hyalinuria

urine with hydrogen sulflde hydrorhionuria

urine lncontlnence enuresis

occurring usually during sleep

urine with indican indicanuria

urine with Indigo indigouria indigwia

urlne wlth lndole indoluria

urine with indoleacetic acid indolaceturia

urlne wlth lndoxyl indoxylwia

urlne Infiltration urosepsis

from infiltration of urine into the tissues

urlne with inosltol inositwia inoslvi4

urlne interruptions u r i ~ r y stuttering

involuntary jerky urination

urine with ketone hyperketonuria keronuria

urlne lacklng pigment acholuria acholwic

urine with lactose lactosuria

excretion of milk sugar in the urine

urlne wlth leuclne leucinuria

urine wlth levulose levulosuria

urine with lithic acid hyperlithuria lithuria

urlne with lymph lymphuria

urine wlth membrane meningwia

presence of shreds of membrane in urine

urine with methemoglobin meihemoglobinuria

urine with milklness chyluria galacturia

urlne with nitrates nitrituria

urlne wlth nitrogen hyperazoturia

presence of excessive amounts

urine nltrogen lacking anazoturia

also denotes deficiency

urine with oxalic acid oxaluria

also presence of oxalidates

urlne paleness achromaturia

urlne with phenetidin phenetidinuria

urine with phenols phenoluria

urlne with phenyl-ketone phcnylketonuria

urlne with phosphates phosphaturia


urine phosphorescent photuria

urine with protein proleinuria

urine with purlnes alloxuria

urine with purpurin porphyrinuria

urine with pus pyuria

urine red erylhruria

urine retention ischuria

also denotes suppression

urlne with saccharose saccharosuria

obsolete term

urine secretion uropoiesis

process of urine formation

urine with semen semenuria seminuria spermaluria

urlne speclflc gravity low hyposthenuria

urlne with starch amyluria

urine wRh sucrose sucrosuria

urlne sugar glucosuria glycosuria hyperglycosuria melituria *

'obsolete term

urine sugar lacking aglycosuria

urlne In sweat urhidrosis uridrosis

excretion of abnormal quantity of urine components in sweat

urlne in tissues urecchysis uredema uroedema

urine with tyrosine tyrosinuria

urine with urates l i thwia uraruria

urine with xanthlne xanlhinuria xanthiuria xanlhwia


urobilin In blood urobilinemia

urobiiln In urlne urobilinuria

uterus womb

uterus adhesion hyslerolysis

cutting off the attachment

uterus atony metralonia

after childbirth

uterus atrophy metratrophia metralrophy

uterus cioslng hys~crocleisis

uterus discharge lochia lochial lochiomelra meworrhca

uterus disease hysleropathy mcrropalhia merropalhy

any disorder of the uterus

uterus displacement mcwoprosia mewoplosis mewec~op;a* merrcctopy*

'obsolete terms

uterus fibroid operation fibroideclomy fibromccromy

urine with protein uterus paralysis 1 87

uterus flxation hysreropexy urerofixorion ureropexy

uterus gas distentlon physomerra

uterus gaslfluld physohydromerra

accumulation of air and gas

uterus hemorrhage metrorrhagia

irregular menstrual flow merrosraxis

slight, persistent flow metropalhia hemorrhagica

abnormal bleeding polymenorrhea

frequent menstrual periods

uterus hernia hysrerocele

uterus Inflammation merritis uferiris

of the uterus in general endomerriris

of the inner layer of the uterine wall metro lymphangifis

of the lymphatic vessels merroperironiris perimelritis

of the uterus and peritoneum metrophlebilis

of the uterus veins

myomerrifis of the muscular tissue

paramefriris of the connecting tissues

perisalpinsiris of the tissues around a tube

pyosalpingiris pus and inflammalion of the uterine tube

pyosalpingo-oophoriris pus and inflammation of the tube, ovary and oviduct

salpingo-oophoriris of the tubes and ovaries

salpingoperironitis of tubes and peritoneum

cerviciris rrachelifis

of the neck of the uterus

uterus lacklng amefria

uterus ligament ligamenrum reres ureri

the round ligament mesomerrium

the wide ligament mesosalpinr

the upper part of the wide ligament surrounding the tube

uterus measurer hysreromerer ureromerer

instrument for measuring the cavity of the uterus

melrodynamomeler used to measure contractions

par f uriome r er measures expulsive force

urefomerer measures the uterus size

uterus operatlon celiohysfcrec~omy celiohysreroromy hysrercclomy hysreromyornecrorny hysreromyo fomy hys fero-oophorecromy Ays eropexy merroplas fy merro fomy hys fcrosalpingecromy hysrerosalpingo-oophorecromy hysrero~rachelec~omy hysrero frachclo fomy hys~crocervicotomy cervicecromy ccrvicoromy trachelecromy trachelopexia trachelopuy rracheloplasty s~oma~omy stomatoromy

surgical incision to facilitate labor uterus paln

hysreralgia hysferodynia merralgia merrodynia

uterus paralysls metroparalysis

during or after childbirth

uterus pus pyometra

uterus rupture hysterorrhexis metrorrheu's

uterus softness metromalacia metromalacoma metromalacosis

pathologic softening of the uterine tissues

uterus spasm uterismus

uterus stone hysterolith

uterus study hysterology

uterus suspension ligamcntopexis ligamentopery

shortening of the ligaments

uterus suture hysterorrhuphy salpingorrhaphy trachelorrhaphy

uterus t~ssues parametrim

connective tissues around the utetus

uterus tube cover pcrisalpinx

uterus tube gaslpus physopyosalpinx

uterus tube operatlon salpingectomy salpingoplasty salpingotomy tubectomy salpingosophorectomy salpingoovariectomy salpingopcxy salpin~ostomatomy salpingostomy

uterus tubes and ovaries adnexa urcri

uterus tumor hysteromyom

benign neoplasm of uterine muscular tissue

uterus varlcoslty utero-ovarian varicocele

uterus vlewer hysteroscope metroscope utcroscope

utterance slow bradyarthria bradyglossia bradylalia bradyphasia

slowness of speech

uvea Inflammation uveiris uveitic

of the iris, ciliary body and choroid of the eye

uvula cleft bifid uvula siaphylosc hisis

uvula elongation staphyloptosis uvuloptosis

uvula enlargement staphyledema

uvula Inflammation pcristaphylitis uvulitis

uvula knife staphylotome uvulotome

an instrument for cutting the uvula

uvula operatlon palatoplasty staphylectomy staphyloplasty staphylotomy uvulatomy uvulectorny uvolotomy

uvula prolapse staphyloptosis uvulaptosis uvuloptosis

uvula suture palatorrhaphy staphylorrhaphy

surgical repair of the uvula palatopharyngorrhaphy staphylopharyngorrhaphy

surgical repair of the palate and pharynx

uterus pus vagina proximity 1 89

vaglna atresia ankylocolpos

vagina contraction colpospasm

vagina dilatation colpecrasia colpectasis

distention in general

vaglna discharge lochia locial

discharge following childbirth

vagina dlsease colpoparhy vaginoparhy

vagina distentlon aerocolpos

caused by gas or air

vagina dryness colpoxerosis

of the mucous membrane

vaglna examination colpomicroscopy

study of the cells

vagina fluid removal culdocenresis

vagina fungus disease colpiris mycorica colpomycosis vaginomycosis

vagina gas flatus vaginalis

expulsion of gas from the vagina

vaglna hemorrhage colporrhagia

ag ina hernia colpocele vaginocele

vagina inflammation colpitis vaginiris

of the vagina in general

pachyvaginitis with thickening of the walls

paracolpiris puravaginitis pericolpitis perivaginiris

of the connective tissue around the vagina

colpocystiris of the vagina and bladder

vulvovaginiris of the vagina and vulva

vagina iaceratlon colporrhexis

vagina mucus hydrocolpocele hydrocolpos m u c o ~ o l p ~ ~

accumulation of mucus in the vagina

vagina occlusion colparresia gynatresia

vagina operation colpecromy colpocleisis colpopexy colpoplas?y colpopoiesis colporomy vaginapexy vaginecromy vaginofixarion vaginoplasty vaginotomy proctococlyrroplasry proctocolpoplasty

repair of a rectovaginal fistula

vagina pain colpalgia colpodynia vaginism vaginismus vaginodynia vulvismus

spasmodic pain

vagina prolapse colpoprosia colpoprosis

vaglna proximity paravaginal

vaglna pus pyocolpos pyocolpocele

vaglna stricture colpoaenosis

vagina suture colporrhaphy

vagina tlssue paracolpiwn

the connective tissue

vaglna viewer culdoscope vasinoscope

instrument for examining the internal genitalia

valve inflammatlon diclidifis valvulifis

valve knife valvulorome

surgical instrument

valve operation valvuloplasry valvotomy valvulo~omy

vanilla itching vanillism

skin irritation resulting from contact with vanilla bean

vaporlzatlon nebuliza [ion

variable tension heleroronia

varicose aneurysm phlebarreriecfasia

varlcose Inflammation varicophlebi~is

inflammation of a varicose vein

varlcose operation cirsecromy cirso romy varico romy

varicosity of conjunctiva varicula

swelling of the veins

vascular system disease

vasomotor dlsturbance angioneurosis vasoneurosis

velnlartery communlcatlon anasramsis

veln congestion phlebismus

vein dilatation phelbecrasia varicosis varix

in general pylephlebec~asia pylephlebec fasis

of the portal vein phlebismus

due to obstruction

vein displacement phlebecropia phlebecropy

veln feeding phleboclysis venoclysis

adminsitration of food or drugs

vein hardening phlebosclerosis venosclerosis

veln hemorrhage phleborrhagia

vein lnflammatlon mesophlebiris phlebitis

of the middle coat periangiris perivasculifis

of the outside coat or tissue periphlebifis

of the tissues around a vein pcripylephlebiris pylephlebiris pylerhrombophlebi~is

pertaining to the portal vein

vein-netve network plexus

vein obstruction phlebcmphraxis

thrombosis of a vein

veln operation angioparhy cirsec tomy

vagina pus vessel operation 1 91

cirsoromy phlebecromy phleboplasry phlebotomy phlebophlebosromy varicocclec~omy varicoromy venccromy venesecrion venipuncrure venolomy

vein pressure measurer phlebomanomeler

vein rupture phleborrhexis

vein with salt injection phleboclysis

injection of saline solution

vein sclerosis phlebosclcrosis vcnofibrosis venosclerosis

veln stone phlcbolire phlebolirh

veln suture phleborrhaphy

veln twlstlng phlebosrrepsis

surgical process

vermlfuge anrhelminric helminthalgogue helminthic

used to expel intestinal worms

vertebra column rachis

vertebra defect spondylolysis

vertebra disease rachiopaihy spondyloparhy

vertebra lnfiammatlon perispondyli I is

of tissues around the vertebrae spondy liris

of the vertebrae

spondylopyosis accompanied by pus

vertebra knife rachiororne

surgical instrument

vertebra operation laminecromy rac hioiomy spondyloromy verrebrecromy

vertebra pain spondylalgia

veslcal hernla cystocele

vesical stone crusher lirhoclasr lithotriptor lirhorrire

veslcal stone crushlng lirhocenosis litholapay lirhorriry lirhofripsy

surgical procedure involving cmshing stones in the bladder

veslcal stone viewer cysroscope lirhoscope

vessel displacement angieclopia angioplany

abnormal location

vessel enlargement angieclasia angieclasis

vessel inflammation angiiris angifis vasculiris

of the blood or lymphatic vessels periangiris perivasculiris

of the sheaths and adventitia

vessel measurer angiomcrer

determines vesseldiameter or tension

vessel operation arreriecromy phlcbccromy venecromy

vessel plastic surgery angioplas~y

vessel vlewer angioscope

vestlbule utricle ulriculus

larger membranous sac in the vestibule of the labyrinth

vestlbule operation ves~ibulo~omy

vetchlluplne disease lalhyrism lupinosis

disease caused by eating certain kinds of vetch or pea species

vlewer Illuminated celoscope

optical device for illuminating the interior of a cavity

vigorous old age agerasia

vinegar acid measurer acelimeter

apparatus to determine content of acetic acid

vlnegarllke acetous

virgin generation apogamia

aPogamY apomixia parlhenogcnesis

nonsexuai reproduction

vlrus In blood stream viremia

visceral dlsease vlrus cylomegalovirus

viscosity measurer viscomerer viscosimeler

instrument to determine viscosity of the blood

viscus collapse splanchnop~osia splanchnoptosis visceroptosis

vlscus disease splanchnoparhy

vlscus displacement splanc hnodiastasis splanchncclopia

viscus enlargement organorncgaly splanchnomegaly visceromegaly

viscus hardening splanchnosclerosis

viscus hernia splanchnocele

protrusion of abdominal viscera

vlscus lnflammatlon pcriviscerifis

vlscus knife viscerolome

surgical instrument used in autopsy

viscus nerve operation splanchnicec~omy splanchnico~omy splanchno~omy

viscus pain visceralgia

viscus smallness splanchnomicria

viscus stone splanchnolif h

intestinal calculus

vision In darkness scoropia

also dark adaptation

vislon delusion pseudoblepsia pseudoblepsis pseudopsia

vlslon dimness amblyopia amblyopic

vision Impaired dysopia

vlslon largeness macropsia mcgalopia megolopsia

vessel plastic surgery vomiting blood 193

vlslon measurer campimeter haploscope optorneter

vlslon perverted parablepsia

vlslon sensltlvlty optesthesia

vlslon smallness micropsia

objects appear smaller than they are

vlslon unequal aniseikonia antimetropia

images seen differently by the two eyes

vlsual image dlstoned pseudoblepsia pseudoblepsis pseudopsia

vlsual power fatlgue asthenopia

eyestrain

vltamln deflclency avitaminosis hypovitaminosis

vltamln lntoxlcatlon hypervitaminosis

vltlated appetlte C O P ~ O P ~ ~ S Y scatophagy

eating of feces geophagia geophagism g e o ~ h a 8 ~

eating earth pica

craving for unnatural foods

vltreous body Inflammation hyalitis

vltreous body puncture hyalonyxis

vltreous humor membrane hyaloid membrane mmbrana vitrea

encloses the vitreous humor of the eye

vocal cord lnflammatlon

chorditis chorditis wcalis

vocal muscle lrrltablllty hyperphonia

overuse of the volce

volce abnonnallty paraphonia

volce lmpalnnent dysphonia

difficulty or pain when speaking

volce loss alalia anaudia aphonia

voice roughness trachyphonia

volce shrillness oxyphonia

high pitch of volce

volce straln mogiphonia

volce weakness hypophonia leptophonia microphonia microphony phonasthenia

volume measurement plethysmography

recording of variations in volume of an organ or part

voluntary motlon lmpalred dyscinesia dyskinesia

vomlt attempt retching vomitwition

vomlt Inducer emetic vomitive vomitory

vomlting emesis anticapatory vomiting

associated with chemotherapy

vomltlng blood hematemesis vomitus cruentus


vomiting caseous matter caseation ryremesis fyrosis

vomiting i n excess hyperemesis

vomlting excrement copremesis

vomiting pus pycmesis

voracious appetlte boulimia bulimia

vulva incision episio fomy

to facilitate delivery

vulva Inflammation vulvitis vulvovaginifis

vulva mlnor lip nympha

vulva operation vulvec fomy

vulvalperlneum suture episiorrhaphy

vulva surgical incision episio fomy perineo fomy

performed at childbirth

walking backward opisthoporeia

walking dlfflculty dysbasia

walking lnablllty abasia asfasia

inability to maintain erect position astasia-abasia

inability to stand or walk

walking measurer pedomerer podorneter

waikinglstanding upright orthograde

wandering aberrant erratic

wanderlust drapetomania dromomania poriomania

uncontrollable desire to leave home

wanting to remember onomafomania

impulse to dwell upon or recall a word or name

warm-blooded h e m fhermal hemafothermal homeof hermal homio thermal homorhermal

refers to animals that are warm-blooded

warm/coid sensation psychroesfhcsia

experiencing a cold sensation in a warm part of the body

wart thymion verruca verruga

wart-covered verrucose verrucosis

wartlike verruciform

washlng out lavage

of a hollow cavity or organ

wasting away atrophic afrophy

deterioration of flesh and strength

wasting of body kwashiorkor limophfhisis

seen in African children due to starvation

marasmic marasmus symptosis

due to Improper food assimilation bionecrosis necrobiosis

death of cells

water attraction hydrophilia

fendency of cells and tissues to attract and retain water

water on brain hydrocephalic hydrocephalus

water column index hydrospiromeler

water In jolnts hydrarihrosis hydrarthrus hydra~hron

fluid deposit In the cavity of jolnts

water magnetism hydrotropism

tendency of plants to lean toward or away from a moist surface

water massage hydromassage

water study limnology

water treatment aerohydropalhy aerohydrolherapy affusion

watery eye epiphora

watery ilquld flow hydrorrhea

wave-lehgth measurer speclromeler

instrument for measuring wave length 01 a light ray

weak body hyposihenio

weak mind deliquescence dcliquium

weak pulse

weak respiration apnca

also absence of breathing

weak voice dysphonia hypophonia leplophonia

weanlng ublaclalion

webbed digits syndacryly

most common congenital anomaly of the hand

wedge-shaped cuneate cuneiform sphenoid

wedge-shaped head sphenocephalus sphenocephaly

weed marijuana

weight loss emaciation

denoting illness

well-being feellng euphoria

absence of pain or distress

wheat gum glulen

wheat protein ghtenin

whlskey nose rhinophyma

white blood cell 1eukoBla.s~ leukocyle

whlte blood cell deflciency leukopenia

whlte blood cell destruction leukocyrolysis leukolysis

disintegration of leukocytes

white blood cell excess leukocytosis

white blood cell formation leukocytogenesis

vomiting caseous matter white blood cell formation 1 95

I

acrolism leukopoiesis

whlte blood cell In urine leukocyturia

white gangrene leukonecrosis

gangrene with formation of a white slough

whlte hair leukolrichia

white spot on skin leukoderma leukoparhia leukopalhy

whlte spot on tongue leukoplakia

disorder characterized by white spots on the tongue

whltlow felon paronychia

inflammation near the nail

whooping cough pertussis

whorl verticil

wlll power lmpalredllacklng aboulia abulia abulic dysbulia

inability to make decisions

wlnd measurer anemometer

determines velocity

windlng tortuous

windpipe lrachea

windplpe viewer bronchoscope

also used for obtaining specimens for culture

wine-pertaining vinic vinous

wine study enology

wlnk nicfate

nicfation nictitation palpebrate

wisdom expert megalomania sophomania

belief in one's supreme knowledge

wlthln the abdomen infroabdominal

wlthln the artery intra-arterial

wlthln the atrla intraarrial

wlthln the bladder infracystic intravesical

also denotes within a cyst wlthln blood vesselsllymphatlcs

in fravascular

wlthin the bronchi endobronchial intrabronchial

wlthln a cartilage enchondral endochondral in fracartilaginous

wlthln a cell intracellular

wlthln the dura mater intradural

enclosed by the outer covering of the brain

wlthln the ear intra-aural

withln the eyeball enloptic inlraocular

within the heart endocardiac intracardiac

within one of the chambers of the heart

within a joint inrra-articular

wlthln the llver inrrahepatic

wlthln a lobellobule intralobular

of any organ or structure

white blood cell in urine without extremities 197

within the mouth inwabuccal infraoral

wlthln the nasal cavity inrranasal

withln a nucleus intranuclear

of a cell

wlthln the orblt inrraorbi~al

wlthln the pelvlc cavity in~rapelvic

withln the peritoneum inrraperironeal

within the pleural cavity intrapleural

within the scrotal sac infrascrofal

wlthln the skin infracutaneo~ in fradermal in~radermic

within the substance of the skin

within the skull inlracranial

wlthln the spinal canal intraspinal

withln the spleen inlrasplanic

wlthln the stomach in fragastric

withln the trachea endotracheal

within a tube intratubal

within any tube

withln the urinary bladder inlravesical

withln the uterus infrauferine

wlthin the veins endovenour intravenous

wlthin a ventricle infraventricular

of the brain or heart

without abdominal wall agenosomus


without alimentary canal agasfric

without amnion anamnionic anamnio I ic

without anus aperture aproctia

without appetite anorexia

wlthout bile pigment acholuia acholuric

in the urine

without bile secretion acholia acholic

without blood lymphocytes alymphocyrosis

total or partial absence

wlthout brain panfanencephalia pantanencephaly

total absence of any part of the brain

without cerebellum nofanencephalia

without cerebrum/cerebelium anencephalia anencephaly

wlthout concentration aprosexia

inability to fix attention on a given subject

without cranial vault holoacrania

without ear pinnae anofia anolus

without epiloon/omentum anepiploic

lacking the fold of peritoneum passing from the stomach to another abdominal organ

wlthout extremities acolour

without extremities (cont.) amelia amelw

wlthout eyes anophlhalmia anophlhalmos anoph~halmus

without face aprosopia

congenital absence

wlthout feet apodal apodia apodous ~ P O ~ Y

aPw

without fetus afetul

without fever afebrile apyretic apyrexia apyrexial

without fingers adactylia adctyly

congenital absence of fingers or toes

without foreskln apellous

circumsized by surgery aposthia

congenital absence

wlthout gestures amimia

loss of ability to communicate by means of gestures or signs

wlthout Qlands anadenia


wlthout Qiomeruli aglomerular

wlthout hair colorlng canities

gradual dilution of pigment poliosis

lack of pigmentation

wlthout hands acheiria

without Intestine anenterous

wlthout lntestlnal movement aperistalsis

wlthout iris aniridia irideremia

total or partial absence

wlthout jaws agnathia agnatholcs a g ~ t h u s

absence of jaws hemignathia

lacking on one side tocephalus otocephaly

congenital absence with other deformities

without ilmbs lipomeria

absence of one or more

without lips acheilia achilia

wlthout lungs apneumia

without lymph alymphia


without mammae amastia amatia

congenital absence of breasts

wlthout menstruation amenia amenorrhea menostaria menostasis

wlthout milk agahctia agalactosis agalactous

wlthout mouth asromia astomalous astornous

without mucous Secretion achiria amyxia

without extremities without testes 199

amyxorrhea also denotes deficiency of flow

wlthout muscle formation amyoplasia

without muscle tone amyoronia myaronia

without nails anonychia anonychosis

without headlneck atrachelocephalus

congenital absence

without nervous energy aneuria

without nipples arhelia

without nose arhinia arrhinia

without omentumlepiploon anepiploic

wlthout paR of skull meroacrania

without perception agnea audilory agnosia opric agnosia taclile agnosia

inability to recognize by the various perceptions

without phalanx hypophalangism

congenital absence of one or more phalanges

wlthout placenta aplacenral

without prepuce apellous

circumcised aposrhia

congenital absence

without reflex areflexia

wlthout rhythm arrhyrhmia arrhyrhmic

without ribs apleuria

without sensatlon aneslhesia

pharmacological or disease-induced

without sense of smell anosmia anosmic

withobt sense of touch unaphia anhaphia atacrilia

without signs or gestures amimia

loss of ability to communicate by signs

without Skin adermia apellous

without skin pigment achromoderma leukoderma

without skull acrania acranial acranius norancephalia

wlthout sternum asrernia

wlthout strength adynamia asrhenia debility

w~thout symptoms asymptomaric

without tail acaudal acaudure

without taste ageusia agellsria

loss or impairment of the sense of taste

without teeth anodontia

wlthout testes ageniralism

absence of genitals anorchia


without testes (cont.) anorchidism anarchism

absence of testes

wlthout thirst adipsia adipsy

wlthout tongue aglossia aglossostomia


without tonus aronia arony

without upper extremities omacephalus

also lacking complete head development

wlthout urlnary bladder acystia

w~thout uterus amerria

wolf transformation lycanthropy

insane delusion believing oneself to be a wolf

woman aversion misogyny

womb uterus

wood sugar xylose

wool fat adeps lanae

used in preparation of ointment

wool grease suinl

woolsorter's dlsease anrhracemia pneumanrhrax

word-bllndness alexia

word-madness verbomania

an abnormal flow of s~eech

word repeating palilalia paliphrasia

repetition of words or phrases

worm killer vermicide vcrmifuge

worm vomiting helmiruhemesis

wormllke vermicular vermiform

wound breathlng trawnafopnea

passage of air through a wound in the chest wall

wound fluid ichor

wound study frawnatology

branch of surgery concerned with injury

woven together plexus

interlacing network of nerves, blood or lymphatic vessels

wrinkle ruga

wrinkle operation rhy fidectomy rhytidoplasfy

wrist bone capifatum OS magnum

the largest of the carpal bones

wrlter's cramp chcirospasm chirospasm dysgraphia mogigraphia

wrltlng Inability agraphia absolute agraphia acousric agraphia amnemonic agraphia atacric agraphia literal agraphia

loss of the ability to write

without testes yellow vision 201

wrltin .,,, ness mcr rapilj

W' - .,;g speed agitographia

writing with excessive speed, omitting words or letters

wryneck loxia torticollis

x-ray picture computed iomography scan radiogram roentgenogram planigraphy planography tomography

use of a curvilinear motion during x-ray exposure

x-ray specialist - .

X radiologist roentgenologist

x-ray study roentgenology

xanthine in urine xanthinuria

xanthiuria

xanthuria

xiphoid inflammation xiphoiditis

inflammation of the xiphoid process of the sternum

x-ray roentgen

x-ray dermatitis radiodermatitis

x-ray inflammation actinoneurifis radioneuritis

inflammation of the nerves due to x-rays

x-ray measurer intensimeter iontoquantimeter

measures intensity or dosage of the x- rays

qualimeter quan fimeler

obsolete devices radiometer roentgenorneter

measures quality and penetration of the x-rays

yawning oscitafion

yellow colored xanthochromafic

yellow jaundice icteric icteroid iclerus

yellowish staining of the skin and deeper tissues

yellow nodule xanthoma

especially of the skin

yellow skinned xanthochromia xanfhochroous

yellow teeth xanf lwdont

yellow vislon xanthopsia

objects appear yellow


yolk deficiency oligolecilhal

yolk in excess megalecirhal

yolk moderate medialccirhal

youthful ephebic hebetic

pertaining to youth

Eponyms

Ackerman tumor Addison's disease

Adson syndrome

Albright syndrome

Alport syndrome

Alzheimer's disease

Andersen's disease Argyll Robertson pupil

Arnold Pick syndrome

Arthus phenomenon

Aschoff nodules Ashby technique

Babinski sign/test/reflex

Baker cyst

Bamberger disease

vermcous carcinoma of the larynx chronic adrenocortical insufficiency (caused by at-

rophy or destruction of the adrenal glands) compression of the brachial plexus leading to sen-

sory disturbance of the upper extremity; also known as Naffiiger syndrome

hereditary osteodystrophy - pseudohypoparathy - roidism; also polycystic fibrous dysplasia

hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness and occa- sional platelet defect and cataract

dementia presenilis (a general mental deterioration)

type 4 glycogenosis (a glycogen storage disease) does not respond to light, but reacts to accommo-

dation; seen in syphilis, encephalopathy, and diabetes

a perceptive blindness with central atrophy where patient cannot fix reflectively on objects within the gaze

inflammation resulting from antigen-antibody (IgE) combining in tissues with resultant local reaction and damage

granuloma specific for rheumatic fever nonradioisotope technique for determining red cell

volume and red cell life span by injecting red cells of a different blood type into the recipient

test for pyramidal tract disturbance where stroking the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot normally produces plantar flexion of the great toe

enlargement of the popliteal bursa or herniation of the synovial membrane of the knee joint often associated with degenerative disease of the knee

saltatory spasm; polyserositis

204 EPONYMS

Barany syndrome

Barany test Barlow disease Barraquer-Simons

disease Barrett ulcer Barrett's syndrome Basedow disease Basedow syndrome

Beck triad

Beevor sign

Bekhterev-Mendel reflex

Bell's palsy

Bence-Jones protein

Benedict solution Bennett fracture Berger disease Bernard syndrome Besnier-Boeck

disease Bing sign

Blumberg sign

Bouchard nodes

Bright's disease

Buerger's disease

Burnett's syndrome

unilateral headache in the back of the head with recurrent deafness; vertigo, tinnitus, and abnormal pointing test, corrected by stimulating nystag mus

caloric test of semicircular canal infantile scurvy progressive lipodystrophy

esophageal ulcer chronic peptic ulcer of the lower esophagus thyrotoxicosis myeloneuropathy, not due to vitamin B12 defi-

ciency low arterial pressure, high venous pressure, and

absent apex beat; cardiac tarnponade upward displacement of umbilicus due to paralysis

of lower rectus abdominis tapping the dorsum of the foot normally causes ex-

tension of the second and fifth toes; flexion indicates a pyramidal lesion

paralysis of the facial muscles supplied by the seventh cranial nerve

abnormal protein found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma; consists of monoclonal light chains of the gamma globulin molecules

copper sulfate solution used to test for glycosuria fracture of the base of the first metacarpal glomerulonephritis with mesangial IgA deposition see Homer syndrome sarcoidosis

extension of the great toe following a pricking of the dorsum of the toe or foot with a pin, seen in pyramidal tract lesions

rebound tenderness indicating peritonea1 inflammation

seen in gout and osteoarthritis in the proximal interphalangeal joints

used to denote kidney disease; actually nephritis with albuminuria and edema

thromboangiitis obliterans (inflammation of the wall and connective tissue surrounding medium-sized arteries and veins)

milk-alkali syndrome (a chronic kidney disorder)

Barany syndrome Duchenne 'S syndrome 205

Calve disease Cannon syndrome

Caplan's syndrome

Charcot's triad

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Christensen-Krabble disease

Christmas disease

Colles' fracture

Concato's disease Conn's syndrome

Costen syndrome

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Crohn's disease Cushing's syndrome

DaCosta syndrome Darling disease DeQuervain's disease Deutschltinder's

disease Diamond-Blackfan

syndrome

Di Guglielmo's disease

Down's syndrome Dressler's syndrome

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

Duchenne's syndrome

osteochondrosis of the vertebrae increase in adrenaline secretion during emotional

stress, resulting in palpitations and sweating progressive massive necrosis of the lung, seen with

rheumatoid arthritis intention tremor, nystagmus, and scanning speech

seen in brain stem involvement in multiple sclerosis

peroneal muscular atrophy (of the leg muscles near the fibula)

progressive cerebral poliodystrophy

hemophilia B; sex-linked recessive hereditary bleeding disorder

fracture of the lower end of the radius with displacement of the bone

polyserositis primary aldosteronism (over-secretion of the hor-

mone) dental malocclusion with associated neurologic

headache "mad cow" disease; spastic pseudosclerosis with

spinal degeneration regional enteritis (inflammation of the intestine) pituitary basophilism (disorder of basophilic blood

cells) circulatory neurasthenia histoplasmosis subacute thyroiditis tumor of metatarsal bone

congenital hypoplastic anemia characterized by progressive anemia with sparing of white cells and platelets

acute or chronic erythroleukemia

mongolism complications developing several days to weeks

following a myocardial infarction; postmyocar- dial infarction syndrome

chronic idiopathic jaundice

anterior spinal paralysis with neuritis

Duhring's disease Dupuytren's disease

Eales disease

Ebstein's disease

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Engelmann disease Epstein's disease Epstein syndrome

Epstein-Barr virus

Erb's palsy

Erb-Charcot disease

Erb-Goldflam disease Ewing's sarcoma

Fanconi's syndrome Farber disease

Felty's syndrome

Filatov disease Fisher syndrome

Foix-Alajouanine syndrome

Folling's disease Forbes disease Friedreich disease Frohlich syndrome

Gamstorp disease Gardner syndrome Gasser syndrome

dermatitis herpetiformis plantar fibromatosis (abnormal growth of fibrous

tissue on the sole of the foot) recurrent retina1 and vitreous hemorrhage of un-

known etiology congenital heart disorder with tricuspid valve dis-

placement into the right ventricle hyperelasticity of the skin, easy bruising, and joint

extensibility usually due to faulty collagen syn- thesis

progressive diaphyseal dysplasia diphtheroid; an infection suggesting diphtheria nephrotic syndrome; edema, proteinuria, hypoal-

buminemia, and hyperlipidemia a herpetovirus found in lymphoma and mononu-

cleosis progressive bulbar paralysis involving the muscles

of the upper arm spastic diplegia (paralysis of corresponding parts

on both sides of the body) myasthenia gravis a malignant tumor of the bone marrow seen in chil-

dren renal tubular dysfunction disseminated lipogranulomatosis giving nodular

plaques in the skin rheumatoid arthritis with splenomegaly and leuko-

penia infectious mononucleosis ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and loss of tendon re-

flexes subacute necrotizing myelopathy, often associated

with thrombophlebitis or vascular malformation of the spinal cord

phenylketonuria type 3 glycogenosis; a glycogen storage disease pararnyoclonus multiplex adiposogenital dystrophy; pituitary tumor with

obesity and sexual infantilism periodic paralysis, usually with hyperkalemia variant of congenital polyposis of the colon acute transient aplasia of erythropoietic tissue in

young children; also acute hemolytic uremic (HUR) syndrome in children

Duhring 'S disease Legg-Calve-Perthes disease 207

Gehrig disease GClineau disease Gerhardt disease Gerhardt syndrome Gierke's disease Goldflam disease

Goodpasture syndrome

Grave's disease Guillain-BarrC

syndrome

Gull disease Hamman-Rich

syndrome Hammond disease Hansen's disease

Harley disease Hashimoto's disease Hirschsprung disease

Hodgkin's disease Iloppe-Goldflam

disease Huchard disease Jakob-Creutzfeldt

disease Kahler disease Kasabach-Merritt

syndrome Kawasaki syndrome

Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease

Klein-Levin syndrome

Kohler disease Larsen-Johansson

disease Legg-Calve-Perthes

disease

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis narcolepsy erythromelalgia bilateral abductor paralysis of the larynx type 1 glycogenosis; a glycogen storage disorder myasthenia gravis (a chronic, progressive muscu-

lar weakness) acute glomerulonephritis with hemoptysis in-

trapulmonary hemorrhage, and anemia toxic goiter; hyperthyroidism acute idiopathic polyneuritis (simultaneous in-

flammation of a large number of the spinal nerves)

myxedema; hypothyroidism idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

congenital athetosis leprosy (a chronic granulomatous infection of the

skin) paroxysmal hemoglobinuria lymphadenoid goiter; thyroiditis dilation of the colon causing obstruction at the rec-

tum with resultant constipation and growth retardation

anemia lymphatica; also a term for lymphoma myasthenia gravis

essential hypertension progressive encephalopathy believed caused by a

slow virus multiple myeloma hemangioma-thrombocytopenia syndrome

febrile illness of unknown etiology occurring mainly in children under five years

glomerulosclerosis (scarring within the kidney glomeruli)

periodic attacks of sleep and hunger with amnesia for periods of the attacks, related to narcolepsy

aseptic necrosis of the navicular bone osteochondrosis involving the apex of the patella

epiphyseal aseptic necrosis of the upper end of the femur

Legionnaire's disease Little disease Lyme disease

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Marie-Striimpell disease

McArdle's disease

Meniere's disease

Meyer's disease

Monge disease Morgagni's disease Oguchi's disease Oppenheim-Ziehan

disease Ortner syndrome

Osler's disease

Osler-Vaquez' disease Paget's disease

Parkinson's disease Pick's disease

Plummer's disease Pompe's disease

Pott's disease

Pott's fracture

Purtscher syndrome

Rasmussen's syndrome

Raynaud's disease

Legionella pneumophilia infection spastic paraplegia L. borreliosis (inflammatory disorder transmitted

by the tick) hematemesis due to a tear in the esophagus follow-

ing forceful vomiting ankylosing spondylitis (arthritis of the spine)

type 5 glycogenosis; accumulation of glycogen in muscle

endolymphatic hydrops (excessive accumulation of fluid in the inner ear)

adenoids (chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil)

mountain sickness also known as Stokes-Adarns syndrome hereditary night blindness dystonia musculorum deformans

left vocal cord paralysis associated with enlarged left atrium in mitral stenosis

erythremia (increase in size of bone marrow and blood volume)

erythremia; polycythemia rubra vera osteitis deformans (generalized skeletal disorder

with thickening and softening of bone) shaking/trembling palsy multiple polyserositis (with ascites, hepatomegaly,

peritonitis, and pleural effusion); also cerebral atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes resulting in senile dementia

hyperthyroidism with a nodular goiter type 2 glycogenosis; accumulation of glycogen in

heart, muscle, liver, and nervous system tuberculous spondylitis (inflammation of the ver-

tebra) fracture of the lower end of the fibula with outward

displacement of the foot sudden blindness following severe trauma or pro-

longed exposure with exhaustion and shock a type of progressive encephalopathy seen in juve-

niles idiopathic, paroxysmal, bilateral cyanosis of the

digits

Legionnaire 'S disease Zollinger-Ellison yndrorne 209

Reye's syndrome

Rokitansky disease Rust disease St. Giles disease St. Vitus' dance St. Zachary disease Sanders disease1

syndrome Saunders disease

Simmonds disease Sj ogren's syndrome

Steele-Richardson- Olszewski syndrome

Stein-Leventhal syndrome

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Still's disease Stokes-Adams

syndrome Vaquez' disease Vincent's disease

von Gierke's disease

Wilks disease

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

postinfectious syndrome of liver, kidney, and brain damage seen in children

postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver tuberculous spondylitis of the cervical region leprosy ballism; ballismus (jerking or shaking movements) mutism epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

acute gastritis in infants due to excessive carbohydrate in the diet

hypopituitarism group of symptoms associated with rheumatoid ar-

thritis seen in menopausal women progressive supranuclear paralysis

hirsutism, amenorrhea, enlarged polycystic ovary

erythema multiforme (acute skin eruptions, sometimes due to drug allergy)

juvenile-type rheumatoid arthritis slow or absent pulse, vertigo, syncope, and convul-

sions, usually as the result of heart block erythremia; polycythemia rubra vera necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (inflammation of

the gums) type 1 glycogenosis; glycogen accumulation in

liver and kidney subacute glomerulonephritis; subcutaneous tuber-

culosis peptic ulceration with gastric hypersecretion

AAA AAC AAFP AAL AAMA AAN

A A 0 X 3 AAP

AAPA AAPC AAROM AAS AAV AAVV Ab A & B ABC

ABCDE A bd ABDCT ABE ABG AB1 ABL ABLB

Medical Abbreviations

alive; ambulatory; apical; artery; assessment aortic second sound amino acid; achievement age; active assistance; arm ankle

(pulse ratio); authorized absence; auto accident; Alcoholics anonymous

abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy/aneurysm antibiotic agent-associated colitis American Academy of Family Physicians anterior axillary line American Association of Medical Assistants analgesic-associated nephropathy; analgesic abuse

nephropathy; attending physician's admission notes awake and oriented to time, place and person assessment adjustment pass; American Academy of

Pediatrics American Academy of Physician Assistants antibiotic acquired pseudomembranous colitis active assistive range of motion atlanto axis subluxation adeno-associated virus accumulated alveolar ventilatory volume abortion; antibody apnea and bradycardia airway, breathing, circulation; absolute band counts;

artificial beta cells botulism toxoid pentavalent abdomen; abdominal atrial bolus dynamic computer tomography acute bacterial endocatditis arterial blood gases atherothrombotic brain infarction allograft bound lymphocytes alternate binaural loudness balance

21 2 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS

ABMT ABN Abnor. ABR ABS ABT ABW Abx AC

A/C ACA

ACB AC & BC ACBE ACC

ACD

ACE1 ACH ACI ACL ACLS ACPP-PF ACT Act Ex ACOA ACS ACTH ACTSEB ACV A & D AD ADA

ADAU ADCC ADD ADDU ADEM ADH

autologous bone marrow transplantation abnormality abnormal absolute bed rest; auditory brain (evoked) responses at bedside; admitting blood sugar; absorption aminopyrine breath test actual body weight antibiotics acute; before meals; acromio-clavicular; air conduction; air

conditioned; assist control; abdominal circumference; an- chored catheter

anterior chamber (of the eye) anterior cerebral artery; acrodermatitis chronicum atrophi-

cans; acute or chronic alcholism antibody-coated bacteria air and bone conduction air contrast barium enema accommodation; adenoid cystic carcinomas; administrative

control center anterior chest diameter; anterior chamber diameter; anemia

of chronic disease; absolute cardiac dullness angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor adrenal cortical hormone aftercare instructions anterior cruciate ligament advanced cardiac life support acid phosphatase prostatic fluid automated coagulation time; allergen challenge test active exercise adult children of alcoholics American Cancer Society; American College of Surgeons adrenocorticotropic hormone anterior chamber tube shunt encircling band atrial/carotidlventricular admission and discharge Alzheimer's disease; right ear; accident dispensary American Diabetes Association; American Dental

Association adolescent drug abuse unit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity attention deficit disorder; adduction alcohol and drug dependence unit acute disseminating encephalomyelitis antidiuretic hormone

ADHD ADL ad lib ADM ado1 ADPKD ADR ADP ADS ADT ADX AE AEC AED AEG AER Aer. M Aer. T AES AF AFB AFC A. fib AFO AFP AFV AFVSS AIG Ag AG AGA AGD AGE AGF AGG aggl* AGL AGN AGNB AGPT AGS AH AHA

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder activities of daily living as desired; at liberty admission adolescent autosomal dominant polycystic kidney adverse drug reaction; acute dystonic reaction adenosine diphosphate anonymous donor's sperm; anatomical dead space anticipate discharge tomorrow adrenalectomy above elbow; air entry at earliest convenience automated external defibrillator air encephalogram acoustic evoked response; auditory evoked response aerosol mask aerosol tent anti-embolic stocking atrial fibrillation; acid-fast; amniotic fluid; anterior fontanel acid-fast bacilli; aorto-femoral bypass air filled cushions atrial fibrillation ankle-foot orthosis alpha-fetoprotein amniotic fluid volume afebrile, vital signs stable albumin to globulin ratio antigen anti-gravity; anion gap acute gonococcal arthritis; appropriate for gestational age agar gel diffusion angle of greatest extension angle of greatest flexion agammaglobulinemia agglutination acute granulocytic leukemia acute glomerulonephritis aerobic gram-negative bacilli agar-gel precipitation test adrenogenital syndrome airway hyperresponsiveness autoimmune hemolytic anemia; American HeartMospital

Association

21 4 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS

AHC

AHD AHF AHG AHM AHT AI A & I AI-Ab AICA

AICD AID

AIDS AIE AIF AIH AIHA AILD AIMS

AIN AINS AION AIP AIR AIVR AJ AK AKA

ALAT Alb ALC ALC R ALD ALDOST ALFT ALG alk ALK-P ALL

acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis; acute hemorrhagic cystitis

autoimmune hemolytic disease antihemophilic factor antihemophilic globulin ambulatory Holter monitoring autoantibodies to human thyroglobulin aortic insufficiency; artificial insemination; allergy index allergy and immunology department anti-insulin antibody anterior inferior communicating artery; anterior inferior

cerebellar artery automatic implantable cardioverterldefibrillator artificial insemination donor; automatic implantable

defibrillator acquired immune del iciency syndrome acute inclusion body encephalitis aortic-iliac-femoral artificial insemination with husband's sperm autoimmune hemolytic anemia angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy abnormal involuntary movement scale; arthritis impact

measure scale acute interstitial nephritis anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal anterior ischemic optic neuropathy acute intermittent porphyria accelerate idioventricular rhythm accelerated idioventricular rhythm ankle jerk above knee above knee amputation; alcoholic ketoacidosis; all known

allergies alanine transaminase (alanine aminotransferase; SGPT) albumin acute lethal catatonia; alcohol alcohol rub alcoholic liver disease; adrenoleukodystrophy adosterone abnormal liver function tests antilymphocyte globulin alkaline alkaline phosphatase acute lymphocytic leukemia

AHC ANOVA 215

ALM ALMI ALP ALS

ALT

ALWMI AM BMA

AMAP A-MAT Amb AMC AMD AMegL AMG AM1 AML AMM AMMOL amnio AMOL AMP A-M pr AMR AMS AMV AMSIT

amt AMY ANA

ANAD ANC AND anes ANF ANG ANLL ANOVA

acral lentiginous melanoma anterolateral myocardial infarction alkaline phosphatase amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; acute lateral sclerosis;

advanced life support alanine aminotransferase (SGPT); Argon laser trabeculo-

plasty anterolateral wall myocardial infarct myopic astigmatism; amalgam; morning against medical advice; antimitochondrial antibody;

American Medical Association as much as possible amorphous material ambulate; ambulatory arm muscle circumference age-related macular degeneration acute megokaryoblastic leukemia acoustic myography acute myocardial infarction acute myelogenous leukemia agnogenic myeloid metaplasia acute myelomonoblastic leukemia amniocentesis acute monoblastic leukemia amputation; ampule Austin-Moore prosthesis alternating motor rates acute mountain sickness; amylase assisted mechanical ventilation A-appearance; M-mood; S-sensorium; I-intelli-

gence; T-thought process (portion of the mental status examination)

amount amylase antinuclear antibody; American Nurses/Neurologic

Association anorexia nervosa and associated disorders absolute neutrophil count anterior nasal discharge anesthesia antinuclear factor; atrial natriuretic factor angiogram acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia analysis of variance

ANP ANS ant ante A & O AOA AOAP AOB ao-il AOC AODM AOM AOP A & 0 ~ 3 A & 0 x 4 AOSD A & P

AP

Az ' P2 APB APC APCD APD

APE APKD APL

aPP" appt APR APTT AQ a aq dist AR A & R A-R ARB ARC ARD

atrial natriuretic peptide autonomic nervous system; answer anterior before alert and oriented American Optometric Association as often as possible alcohol on breath aorta-iliac area of concern adult onset diabetes mellitus acute otitis media aortic pressure awake and oriented to person, place, and time awake and oriented to person, place, time and date adult onset Still's disease auscultation and percussion; anterior and posterior; assess-

ment and plans anterior-posterior; antepartum; apical pulse; abdominal-

peritoneal; appendicitis second aortic sound greater than second pulmonic sound atrial premature beat; abductor pollicis brevis atrial premature contraction adult polycystic disease automated peritoneal dialysis; atrial premature

depolarization acute psychotic episode adult onset polycystic kidney disease acute promyelocytic leukemia; abductor pollicis longus;

accelerated painless labor; chorionic gonadotropin approximate appointment abdominoperineal resection activated partial thromboplastin time achievement quotient water distilled water aortic regurgitation advised and released apical-radial (pulse) any reliable brand AIDS-related complex; anomalous retina1 correspondence adult respiratory distress; acute respiratory disease; antibi-

otic removal device

ANP ASVD 217

ARDMS ARDS AWF

ARLD ARM ARMD AROM ARS ART ARV AS

ASA I ASA I1 ASA I11

ASA IV ASA V

ASAA ASAP ASAT

ASB ASC ASCP ASCVD ASH) ASE ASH ASHD ASHS ASE AsM ASMI A S 0 ASOT ASP ASS AST ASTZ ASU ASVD

American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers adult respiratory distress syndrome acute renal failure; acute rheumatic fever; acute respiratory

failure alcohol-related liver disease artificial rupture of membranes age-related macular degeneration active range of motion; artificial rupture of membranes antirabies serum arterial; automated reagin test (for syphilis) AIDS-related virus aortic stenosis; arteriosclerosis; anal sphincter; left ear; acti-

vated sleep; ankylosing spondylitis healthy patient with localized pathological process patient with mild to moderate systemic disease patient with severe systemic disease limiting activity but

not incapacitating patient with incapacitating systemic disease moribund patient not expected to live (American Society of

Anesthesiologist classifications) acquired severe aplastic anemia as soon as possible aspartate transarninase (aspartate aminotransferase)

(SGOT) anesthesia standby; asymptomatic bacteriuria altered state of consciousness; ambulatory surgery center American Society of Clinical Pathologists arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease atrial septal defect acute stress erosion asymmetric septal hypertrophy arteriosclerotic heart disease anterior superior iliac spine airway surface liquid myopic astigmatism anteroseptal myocardial infarction antistreptolysin-0 titer; arteriosclerosis obliterans antistreptolysin-0 titer acute suppurative parotitis anterior superior supine aspartic acid transarninase; astigmatism antistreptozyme test acute stroke unit arteriosclerotic vessel disease

AT ATB ATC ATD AtFib ATG ATgA ATHR ATL

ATLS ATN ATNC aTNM ATNR ATPS

ATR ATT AU AUC AV AVA AVD AVF AVH AVM AVN

AVR AVS AVSS AVT A & W A waves AWI AWOL ax A-Z test

B Ba BA BAC

applanation tonometry; atraumatic; antithrombin antibiotic around the clock autoimmune thyroid disease; antithyroid drug atrial fibrillation antithymocyte globulin antithyroglobulin antibodies angina threshold heart rate Achilles tendon lengthening; atypical lymphocytes; adult

T-cell leukemia advanced trauma life support acute tubular necrosis atraumatic normocephalic autopsy staging of cancer asymmetrical tonic neck reflux ambient temperature and pressure; saturated with water

vapor Achilles tendon reflex; atrial arginine tolerance test allergenic units; both ears area under the curve arteriovenous; atrioventricular; auditory-visual arteriovenous anastornosis apparent volume of distribution arteriovenous fistula acute viral hepatitis atriovenous malformation atrioventricular node; arteriovenous nicking; avascular

necrosis aortic valve replacement atriovenous shunt afebrile, vital signs stable atypical ventricular tachycardia alive and well atrial contraction waves anterior wall infarct absent without leave axillary Aschheim-Zondek test; diagnostic test for pregnancy

bacillus; bands; bloody; black; both; buccal barium backache; bile acid; blood alcohol; Bourns assist blood alcohol content; buccoaxioce~ical

BAD BaE BAE BAEP BAER BAL B A 0 BAP baso. BAVP BB

BBA BBB BBBB BBD BBM BBS BBT BBVM BC

BCA

BCAA BCC BCD BCE B cell BCG BCL BCP BCS BD BDAE BD1 SF BDR BE

BEAM BEC BEE BEI BEE'

bipolar affective disorder barium enema bronchial artery embolization brain stem auditory evoked potential brain stem auditory evoked response blood alcohol level; bronchoalveolar lavage basal acid output blood agar plate basophil balloon aortic valvuloplasty bed bath; bowel or bladder; breakthrough bleeding; blood

bank; blow bottle born before arrival bundle branch block; blood brain barrier bilateral bundle branch block benign breast disease; biparietal diameter banked breast milk bilateral breath sounds basal body temperature brush border vesicle membrane birth control; blood culture; bone conduction; Bourn con-

trol; bed and chair balloon catheter angioplasty; basal cell atypia; brachio-

cephalic artery branched-chain amino acids basal cell carcinoma basal cell dysplasia basal cell epithelioma large lymphocyte bacillus Calmette-GuCrin vaccine basic cycle length birth control pills battered child syndrome; Budd-Chiari syndrome birth defect; brain dead; bronchial drainage Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination Beck's Depression Index-Short Form background diabetic retinopathy barium enema; below elbow; bacterial endocarditis; base

excess; bread equivalent brain electrical activity mapping bacterial endocarditis basal energy expenditure butanol-extractable iodine brainstem evoked potentials

220 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS

BF BFO BFP BFT BFUE BG BGC BGM BHI BHN BHR BHS B1 BIB BID BIG 6 BIH bil BILAT SLC BILAT SXO bili BILI-C BIMA BIW BJ BJE BJM BJ protein BK BKA Bkg BLB bl cult BLE BLESS BLOBS BLS B.L. unit BM

BMA BMC BM1 BMJ

black female balance forearm orthosis biologic false positive bentonite flocculation test erythroid burst-forming unit blood glucose basal ganglion calcification blood glucose monitoring biosynthetic human insulin bridging hepatic necrosis bronchial hyperresponsiveness beta-hemolytic streptococci bladder irritation; bowel impaction; bioelectric impedance brought in by twice daily analysis of 6 serum components bilateral inguinal hernia; benign intracranial hypertension bilateral bilateral short leg cast bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy bilirubin conjugated bilirubin bilateral internal mammary arteries twice a week bone and joint bones, joints, and examination bones, joines, and muscles Bence-Jones protein below knee below knee amputation background Boothby-Lovelace-Bulbulian (oxygen mask) blood culture both lower extremities bath, laxative, enema, shampoo, and shower bladder obstruction basic life support Bessey-Lowry unit basal metabolism; black male; bone marrow; bowel move-

ment; breast milk bone marrow aspirate bone marrow cells body mass index bones, muscles, joints

BF BSS 221

BMR BMT BMTU BNO BNR B 0 BOA BOM BOO BOT BOW BP BPD BPF BPG BPH BPM BPPV BPRS BPSD BPV Bq BR BRA0 B U T T BRB BWBPR BRJ BWM B M B§

B & S BSA BSB BSc BSE

BSER BSGA BSO BSOM BSPM BSS

basal metabolic rate bone marrow transplant; bilateral myringotomy tubes bone marrow transplant unit bladder neck obstruction bladder neck retraction body odor; bowel obstruction; behavior objective born on arrival; born out of asepsis bilateral otitis media bladder outlet obstruction base of tongue bag of water blood pressure; bed pan; British Pharmacopeia biparietal diameter; bronchopulmonary dysplasia bronchopleural fistula bypass graft benign prostatic hypertrophy breaths per minute; beats per minute benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Brief Psychiatric Rate Scale bronchopulmonary segmental drainage benign paroxysmal vertigo becquerel bathroom; bedrest; Benzing retrograde branch retina1 artery occlusion bananas, rice, applesauce, tea, and toast blood-retina1 barrier bright red blood per rectum brachial radialis jerk biological response modifiers bathroom privileges blood sugar; bowel sounds; breath sounds; bedside; before

sleep Bartholin and Skene (glands) body surface area body surface burned bedside commode breast self-examination; bovine spongiform

encephalopathy brainstem evoked responses beta streptococcus group A bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy bilateral serous otitis media body surface potential mapping balanced salt solution; black silk sutures

222

BSU BT

BTB BTFS BTL BTPS BTR BU BUE BUN BUR BUS BVL BW BWCS BWFI BWS Bx

C C1 C1 to C9 C-I1 CA

C & A CAA CAB CABG CaBI CABS CACI CAD CAE CAFT CAH

CAL CALD CALGB CALLA CAMP CAN

MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS

Bartholin, Skene's, urethra bladder tumor; brain tumor; breast tumor; blood transfu-

sion; bedtime; bituberous breakthrough bleeding breast tumor frozen section bilateral tuba1 ligation body temperature pressure saturated bladder tumor recheck Bodansky unit both upper extremities blood urea nitrogen backup rate (ventilator) Bartholin, urethral and Skene's glands bilateral vas ligation birth weight; body weight; body water bagged white cell study bacteriostatic water for injection battered woman syndrome biopsy

carbohydrate; Celsius; hundred; cyanosis; clubbing first cervical vertebra precursor molecules of the complement system controlled substance, class 2 cardiac arrest; carcinoma; carotid artery; chronologic age;

coronary artery Clinitest and Acetest crystalline amino acids coronary artery bypass coronary artery bypass graft calcium bone index cornonary artery bypass surgery computer-assisted continuous infusion cornonary artery disease cellulose acetate electrophoresis clinitronB air fluidized therapy chronic active hepatitis; chronic aggressive hepatitis; con-

genital adrenal hyperplasia calories; callus; chronic airflow limitation chronic active liver disease Cancer and Leukemia Group B common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen cyclic adenosine monophosphate cord around neck

CA0 CAP CAPD CAR CARB CAS CAT

cath CAVB CAVC CAVH CB C & B CBA CBC CBD CBF CBFS C B N CBG CBI CBN CBR CBS CC

CCA CCAP C C & C CCE CCF

CCG CCHD CC1 CCMSU CCNS C-collar CCPD CCR CCRU CCS

chronic airway obstruction capsule; compound action potentials chronic/continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis cardiac ambulation routine carbohydrate carotide artery stenosis computed axial tomography; children's apperception test;

cataract catheter; catheterization complete atrioventricular block common atrioventricular canal continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration code blue; chronic bronchitis; cesarean birth; chair and bed crown and bridge chronic bronchitis and asthma complete blood count common bile duct; closed bladder drainage; cannabidiol cerebral blood flow cerebral blood flow studies cerebral blood flow velocity capillary blood glucose continuous bladder irrigation chronic benign neutropenia complete bedrest; chronic bedrest; carotid bodies resected chronic brain syndrome chief complaint; cubic centimeter; critical condition; creati-

nine clearance; cerebral concussion; chronic complainer; clean catch (urine); cord compression

common carotid artery capsule cartilage articular preservation colony count and culture clubbing, cyanosis, and edema compound comminuted fracture; crystal-induced chemo-

static factor Children's Cancer Group cyanotic congenital heart disease chronic coronary insufficiency clean catch midstream urine cell cycle nonspecific cervical collar continuous cycling/cyclical peritoneal dialysis continuous complete remission critical care recovery unit cell cycle specific; Cooperative Care Suite

CCT CCTGA CCTV ccu CCUP CCX CD cm C & D CDA CDAI CDB CDC

CDE CDH CDLE CDS cdyn CE

CEA CECT CEI CEP

CEPH CEPH Floc C E & R CERA CERV CES CF

CFA CFIDS CFM CFP CFS CFT Cl? test CFU CFU-S

congenitally corrected transposition congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries closed circuit television coronary care unit colpocystourethropexy complications Crohn's disease; cesarean delivery; continuous drainage cup to disc ratio cytoscopy and dilatation; curettage and desiccation congenital dyserythropoietic anemia Crohn's Disease Activity Index cough, deep breathe Cancer Detection Center; Centers for Disease Control; cal-

culated day of confinement common duct exploration congenital dysplasia of the hip; chronic daily headache chronic discoid lupus erythematosus chronic dieting syndrome dynamic compliance cardiac enlargement; contrast echocardiology; central

episiotomy; continuing education carotid endarterectomy; carcinoembryonic antigen contrast enhancement computed tomography continuous extravascular infusion congenital erythropoietic porphyria; countercurrent electro-

phoresis cephalic cephalin flocculation central episiotomy and repair cortical evoked response audiometry cervical cognitive environmental stimulation cystic fibrosis; Caucasian female; complement fixation;

cardiac failure; cancer-free; count fingers; Christmas factor; contractile force

common femoral artery; complete Freund's adjuvant chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome close fitting mask cystic fibrosis protein cancer family syndrome; chronic fatigue syndrome complement fixation test complement fixation test colony forming units colony forming unit-spleen

CCT CK-MB 225

CG CGB CGD CGI CGL CGN CGTT CH

CHAI CHB CHD CHF CHFV CH1 CH0 chol chr CHRS CHS CHU C1 C i CIA CIAED CIB CIBD CIC CICE CICU CID CIDP CIDS

CIE

CIN

Circ CIS CIU CJD Ck CK-MB

cholecystograrn chronic gastrointestinal bleeding chronic granulomatous disease Clinical Global Impression (scale) chronic granulocytic leukemia; with correctionfwith glasses chronic glomerulonephritis cortisol glucose tolerance test child; chronic; chest; crown-heel; convalescent hospital;

cluster headache continuous hepatic artery infusion complete heart block congenital heart disease; childhood diseases congestive heart failure; Crimean hemorrhagic fever combined high frequency of ventilation closed head injury carbohydrate cholesterol chronic congenital hereditary retinoschisis ChCdiak-Higashi syndrome closed head unit cardiac index; cesium implant; complete iridectomy curie(s) chronic idiopathic anhidrosis collagen-induced autoimmune ear disease cytomegalic inclusion bodies chronic inflammatory bowel disease circulating immune complexes combined intracapsular cataract extraction cardiac intensive care unit cytomegalic inclusion disease chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradineuropathy continuous insulin delivery system; cellular immunodefi-

ciency syndrome counterimmunoelectrophoresis; crossed

immunoelectrophoresis chronic interstitial nephritis; cervical intraepithelial

neoplasia circumcision; circumference; circulation carcinoma in situ chronic idiopathic urticaria Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease check; creatinine kinase a creatine kinase isoenzyme

cl CL CLA clav CLBBB CLC CLD CLF CLH CLL CLLE cl liq C L 0 C L & P CIH CLT C1 VOID clysis cm CM

CMA CMBBT CMC CME CMG CMHC CMHN CM1 CMJ CMK CML CMM CMRNG CMR02 CMS CMSUA CMT CMV

CN CNA CNH

cloudy critical list community living arrangements clavicle complete left bundle branch block cork leather and celastic (orthotic) chronic lung disease cholesterol-lecithin flocculation chronic lobular hepatitis chronic lymphocytic leukemia columnar-lined lower esophagus clear liquid cod liver oil; close cleft lip and palate hepatic clearance chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis clean voided specimen hypodermoclysis centimeter Caucasian male; costal margin; continuous murmur; con-

trast media; centimeter; cochlear microphonics; culture media; common migraine

certified medical assistant cervical mucous basal body temperature chronic mucocutaneous moniliasis continuing medical education; cystoid macular edema cystometrogram Community Mental Health Center Community Mental Health Nurse cell-mediated immunity; Cornell Medical Index carpometacarpal joint congenital multicystic kidney cell-mediated lympholysis; chronic myelogenous leukemia cutaneous malignant melanoma chromosomally resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen circulation motion sensation clean midstream urinalysis chiropractic manipulative treatment cytomegalovirus; cool mist vaporizer; controlled mechani-

cal ventilation cranial nerve chart not available central neurogenic hyperpnea

cl CPDD 227

CNP CNS C l 0 CO CO c02 CoA COAD

COAG COC COD COEPS COG COH Coke Collyr col/mI COLD COLD A COMP conc CONG COPD COPE cor CORF COT COTX cou CP

C & P CPA

CPAF CPAP CPB CPBA CPC CPCR CPD

CPDD

continuous negative pressure ventilation central nervous system; clinical nurse specialist complains of; complaints; under care of cardiac output; carbon monoxide cobalt carbon dioxide coarctation of the aorta chronic obstructive airway disease; chronic obstructive ar-

terial disease chronic open angle glaucoma combination oral contraceptive cause of death cortically originating extrapyramidal symptoms cognitive function tests; Central Oncology Group carbohydrate Coca-Cola eye wash colonies per milliliter chronic obstructive lung disease cold agglutinin titer complications; compound concentrated congenital chronic obstructive pulmonary disease chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema coronary comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facility content of thought cast off to X-ray cardiac observation unit cerebral palsy; cleft palate; creatine phosphokinase; chest

pain; chronic pain; chondromalacia patella cystoscopy and pyelography costophrenic angle; cardiopulmonary arrest; cerebellar pon-

tile angle chlorpropamide-alcohol flush continuous positive airway pressure cardiopulmonary bypass competitive protein-binding assay clinicopathologic conference; cerebral palsy clinic cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation chorioretinopathy and pituitary dysfunction; cephalopelvic

disproportion; chronic peritonea1 dialysis calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease

CPE

CPGN CPH CPI CPID CPK CPKD CPM

CPmax CPmin CPN CPP CPPB CPPV CPR CPS CPT CPTH Cr CR

CRA CRAO CRBBB CRC CrCl CRD CREST

CRF CRI CRIE crit CRL CRO CRP CRPF CRST

CRT

CrTr

chronic pulmonary emphysema; cardiogenic pulmonary edema

chronic progressive glomerulonephritis chronic persistent hepatitis constitutionally psychopathia inferior chronic pelvic inflammatory disease creatinine phosphokinase childhood polycystic kidney disease central pontine myelinolysis; continuous passive motion;

continue present management; counts per minute peak serum concentration trough serum concentration chronic pyelonephritis cerebral perfusion pressure continuous positive pressure breathing continuous positive pressure ventilation cardiopulmonary resuscitation complex partial seizures chest physiotherapy chronic posttraumatic headache creatinine cardiorespiratory; controlled release; cardiac rehabilitation;

colon resection; closed reduction; complete remission central retinal artery central retinal artery occlusion complete right bundle branch block colorectal cancer creatinine clearance chronic renal disease calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotil-

ity, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia chronic renal failure; corticotropin-releasing factor chronic renal insufficiency crossed radioimmuno-electrophoresis hematocrit crown rump length cathode ray oscilloscope C-reactive protein choroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum calcification, Raynaud's phenomenon, scleroderma, and te-

langiectasia copper reduction test; cathode ray tube; central reaction

time; cadaver renal transplant crutch training

CPE CTS 229

CRTX CRUMBS

eas GIS GSBF GSC es a cc CSD @SE C sect CSF C-Sh CSH CSICU CSH CS IV CSLU CSM CSOM CSP CSR

CST

CSU CT

Gta CTA CTB CT & DB CTD CTF CTL CTMPR cTNM CTP CTR CTS

cast removed take X-ray continuous remove, unobtrusive monitoring of biobehav-

ioral systems central retina1 vein occulsion coronary sclerosis; central supply; clinical stage;

conjunctiva-sclera; consciousness; cat scratch culture and sensitivity cesarean section; culture and sensitivity coronary sinus blood flow cornea, sclera, conjunctiva cuIture, sensitivity, and colony count cat scratch disease cross section echocardiography cesarean section cerebrospinal fluid; colony-stimulating factor chair shower carotid sinus hypersensitivity cardiac surgery intensive care unit continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion clinical stage 4 chronic status leg ulcer circulation, sensation, movement; cerebrospinal meningitis chronic serous otitis media cellulose sodium phosphate Cheyne-Stokes respiration; central supply room; corrective

septorhinoplasty convulsive shock therapy; contraction stress test; cosyn-

tropin stimulation test; certified surgical technologist cardiac surveillance unit; cardiovascular surgery unit computed tomography; circulation time; coagulation time;

clotting time; cornea1 thickness; cervical traction; Coomb's test; cardiothoracic; coated tablet

catamenia (menses) clear to auscultation ceased to breathe cough, turn, and deep breathe chest tube drainage; cumulative trauma disorder Colorado tick fever cytotoxic T lymphocytes computed tomography with multiplanar reconstructions clinical-diagnostic staging of cancer comprehensive treatment plan carpal tunnel release carpal tunnel syndrome

CTSP CTW CTXN CTZ Cu CU cuc CUD CUG CUS CUSA CV CVA CVAT cvc CVD CV1 CVID C V 0 CVP CVRI cvs

CVUG cm CWE CWMS CWP CWS Cx CsMT CXR CYST0 CZI

D D1, D2 DA DAD DAF D AI DAH DAL DANA

called to see patient central terminal of Wilson contraception chemoreceptor trigger zone copper cause unknown chronic ulcerative colitis cause undetermined cystourethrogram chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia cavitronD ultrasonic aspirator cardiovascular; cell/closing volume cerebrovascular accident; costovertebral angle costovertebral angle tenderness central venous catheter collagen vascular disease cerebrovascular insufficiency; continuous venous infusion common variable immune deficiency central vein occlusion; conjugate diameter of pelvic inlet central venous pressure coronary vascular resistance index clean voided specimen; cardiovascular system; chorionic

villus sampling cysto-void urethrogram consistent with; crutch walking cottonwool exudates color, warmth, movement sensation coal worker's pneumoconiosis cotton wool spots cervix; culture; cancel cervical motion tenderness chest X ray cystoscopy; cystograrn crystalline zinc insulin

diarrhea; day; divorced; distal; dead; right; diopter dorsal vertebra #l, #2 direct admission drug administration device decay-accelerating factor diffuse axonal injury disordered action of the heart drug analysis laboratory drug-induced antinuclear antibodies

CTSP DFD 231

DAPT DAT

DAW DAWN dB DB D B & C DBE DBIL DBP DBS D & C DC, dlc

DCH DC0 DCR DCSA DCT DCTM DD

D & D DDD DDS

DDST DDx D & E DEC decub DEF degen del DEP ST SEG DER DES DEV DEVR dex. DEXA DF DFD

draw-a-person test direct agglutination test; diet as tolerated; dementia of the

Alzheimer type dispense as written Drug Abuse Warning Network decibel date of birth deep breathing and coughing deep breathing exercise direct bilirubin diastolic blood pressure diminished breath sounds dilation and curettage discontinue; discharge; decrease; diagonal conjugate;

Doctor of Chiropractic delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide delayed cutaneous reaction double contrast shoulder arthrography direct (antiglobulin) Coombs test; deep chest therapy delay computer tornographic myelography differential diagnosis; down drain; dependent drainage; dry

dressing; Duchenne's dystrophy diarrhea and dehydration degenerative disc disease; dense deposit (renal) disease dialysis disequilibrium syndrome; Doctor of Dental

Surgery Denver Development Screening Test differential diagnosis dilation and evacuation decrease decubitus decayed, extracted, or filled degenerative delivery, delivered depressed ST segment disulfiram-ethanol reaction disequilibrium syndrome; diffuse esophageal spasm duck embryo vaccine; deviation dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy dexter (right) dual energy X-ray absorpiornetry decayed and filled defined formula diets

DFE DFMC DFR DFU DGI DGM DH

DHBV DHF DHHS DHL DHS D1 diag Diath SW DIC

DIE DIFF DIJOA dil DILD DILE dim DIMOAD

DIP

dis DIS disch DISH dist DIV DIVA DJD DK DKA dl DL

DLE DLIS

distal femoral epiphysis daily fetal movement count diabetic floor routine dead fetus in uterus disseminated gonococcal infection ductal glandular mastectomy developmental history; diaphragmatic hernia; delayed

hypersensitivity duck hepatitis B virus dengue hernorrhagic fever Department of Health and Human Services diffuse histiocytic lymphoma duration of hospital stay diabetes insipidus; detrusor instability diagnosis diathermy short wave Drug Information Center; disseminated intravascular

coagulation die in emergency department differential blood count dominantly inherited juvenile optic atrophy dilute diffuse infiltrative lung disease drug-induced lupus erythematosus diminish diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and

deafness distal interphalangeal; desquamative interstitial pneumo-

nia; drip infusion pyelogram dislocation Diagnostic Interview Schedule questionnaire discharge diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis distilled double inlet ventricle digital intravenous angiography degenerative joint disease diabetic ketoacidosis; dark diabetic ketoacidosis deciliter danger list; deciliter; direct laryngoscopy; diagnostic

laparoscopy discoid lupus erythematosus digitalis-like immunoreactive substance

DFE DSD 233

DLMP DLNMP DIVE DMARD DMD DME DMF DMKA DMOOC DMX DN DNlI DNKA DNP DNW DNS

DO DOA DOA-DRA DOB DOC DOE DO][ DOILV DORV DORx DOT DP DPC DPDL DPM DPN DPT DPV DR DREZ DRG DRSG DS

DSA DSAP DSD

date of last menstrual period date of last normal menstrual period diabetes mellitus; diastolic murmur; dermatomyositis disease-modifying antirheumatic drug Duchenne's muscular dystrophy durable medical equipment decayed, missing, or filled diabetes mellitus ketoacidosis diabetes mellitus out of control diathermy, massage, and exercise down do not intubate did not keep appointment do not publish do not resuscitatelreport do not show; deviated nasal septum; dysplastic nevus

syndrome right eye; Doctor of Osteopathy dead on arrival; date of admission dead on arrival, despite resuscitative attempts date of birth; doctor's order book drug of choice; died of other causes dyspnea on exertion date of injury double outlet left ventricle double outlet right ventricle date of treatment Doppler ophthalmic test; died on table dorsalis pedis (pulse); diastolic pressure discharge planning coordinator; delayed primary closure diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma disintegrations per minute; Doctor of Podiatric Medicine diabetic peripheral neuropathy diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus delayed pressure urticaria delivery room; diabetic retinopathy dorsal root entry zone diagnosis-related groups dressing discharge summary; Down's syndrome; double strength;

disoriented; dextrose stick digital subtraction angiography disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis dry sterile dressing; discharge summary dictated

dsg DSI DSIAR DSM DSS DST DT DTD #30 DTH DTR DTs DTS DTT DTV DTX DU

DUB DUE DUI DUR DVD DVIU DVR DVT DW DWDL Dx Dz

E 4E E > A

EAA EAC EAHF EAM EAR EAST

LAT EB EBL EBV

dressing deep shock insulin double-stapled ileoanal reservoir drink skim milk; Diagnostic & Statistical Manual dengue shock syndrome dexamethasone suppression test; donor specific transfusion delirium tremens; discharge tomorrow dispense 30 such doses delayed-type hypersensitivity deep tendon reflexes delirium tremens donor specific transfusion diphtheria tetanus toxoid due to void detoxification duodenal ulcer; duroxide uptake; diabetic urine; diagnosis

undetermined dysfunctional uterine bleeding drug use evaluation driving under the influence drug utilization review dissociated vertical deviation direct vision internal urethrotomy double valve replacement deep vein thrombosis dextrose in water; distilled water; deionized water diffuse, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma diagnosis disease; dozen

edema 4 plus edema say EEE, comes out as A,A,A, upon auscultation of lung,

showing consolidation electrothermal atomic absorption external auditory canal eczema, allergy, hay fever external auditory meatus early asthmatic response external rotation, abduction stress test ectopic atrial tachycardia epidermolysis bullosa estimated blood loss Epstein-Barr virus

dsg EGF 235

EC ECBD ECC ECCE ECD ECEMG ECF

ECG ECHO ECL ECM ECMO ECN ECR ECRL ECT

ECU ECW ED ED50 EDC

EDD EDF EDM EDS EDV EE EEE

EEG EENT EF

EFAD EFE EFM EFW EGA EGBUS EGD EGF

enteric coated; eyes closed; extracellular exploration of common bile duct emergency cardiac care docervical curettage extracapsular cataract extraction endocardial cushion defect evoked compound electromyography extracellular fluid; extended care facility; eosinophilic che-

motactic factor electrocardiogram echocardiogram extent of cerebral lesion; extracapillary lesions erythema chronicum migrans extracorporeal membrane oxygenation extended care nursery emergency chemical restraint extensor carpi radialis longus electroconvulsive therapy; enhanced computer tomogra-

phy; emission computed tomography extensor carpi ulnaris extracellular water emergency department; epidural median effective dose estimated date of confinement; estimated date of concep-

tion; end diastolic counts; digitorum communis expected date of delivery extension, derotation, flexion early diastolic murmur Ehlers-Danlos syndrome end-diastolic volume equine encephalitis; end to end Eastern equine encephalomyelitis; edema, erythema, and

exudate electroencephalogram eyes, ears, nose, throat extended-field (radiotherapy); endurance factor; ejection

fraction essential fatty acid deficiency endocardial fibroelastosis external fetal monitoring estimated fetal weight estimated gestational age external genitalia, Bartholin, urethral, Skene's glands esophagogastroduodenoscopy epidermal growth factor

EGTA EH

EHB EHF E & I EIA EIAB EIB EID EIF EIS EJ EKC EKG EKY E-L ELF ELH ELISA elix ELOP ELP EM

EMB EMC EMD EMF

EMG EMIC E-MICR EMIT EMR

EMS EMT EMV EMW ENA END0 ENG ENL

esophageal gastric tube airway essential hypertension; enlarged heart; extramedullary

hematopoiesis elevate head of bed epidemic hemorrhagic fever endocrine and infertility exercise-induced asthma; enzyme immunoassay extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass exercise-induced bronchospasm electronic infusion device eukaryotic initiation factor endoscopic injection scleropathy external jugular; elbow jerk epidemic keratoconjunctivitis electrocardiogram electrokymogram external lids elective low forceps endolymphatic hydrops enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay elixir estimated length of program electrophoresis electron microscope; ejection murmur; erythema multi-

forme endomyocardial biopsy encephalomyocarditis electromechanical dissociation erythrocyte maturation factor; evaporated milk formula;

electromotive force electromyography; essential monoclonal gammopathy emergency maternity and infant care electron microscopy enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique emergency mechanical restraint; empty, measure and rec-

ord; educable mentally retarded emergency medical services/ systems emergency medical technician eye, motor, verbal electromagnetic waves extractable nuclear antigen endotracheal electronystagmography erythema nodosum leprosum

EGTA ESWL 237

ENP ENT E 0 EOA EOG EOM EOMI EORA eos EP EPA EPB EPIS epith EPL EPM EPO EPP EPR EPS

EPT@ EPTS ER ERA ERCP ERFC ERG EWL EWP

ERPF ERPS ERT ERV ESAP ESC ESM ESP ESR ESRD ess EST ESWL

extractable nucleoprotein ears, nose, throat eyes open examine, opinion, and advice; esophageal obturator airway electro-oculograrn; ~ t h r a n e ~ , oxygen, and gas extraocular movement; extraocular muscles extraocular muscles intact elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis eosinophil endogenous pyrogen; electrophysiologic eicosapentaenoic acid extensor pollicis brevis episiotomy epithelia1 extensor pollicis longus electronic pacemaker recombinant human erythropoietin erythropoietic protoporphyria electrophrenic respiration; emergency physical restraint electrophysiologic study; extrapyramidal syndromelsymp-

toms early pregnancy test existed prior to service emergency room; estrogen receptor; external rotation evoked response audiometry; estrogen receptor assay endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography erythrocyte rosette forming cells electroretinogram effective refractory length estrogen receptor protein; endoscopic retrograde pancrea-

tography effective renal plasma flow event-related potentials estrogen replacement therapy expiratory reserve volume evoked sensory (nerve) action potentiation end systolic counts ejection systolic murmur end systolic pressure erythrocyte sedimentation rate; electric skin resistance end-stage renal disease essential electroshock therapy extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

238

ET

et et al ETF ET0 ETS ETT EU EUA EUS


EVAC eval EWB EWSCLs exam EXP exp lap ext ext rot EX U

F F 1 F2 FA FAAP FAC FACH FACS FAD FA1 FALL FAM FANA FAP

FAS FAST

FAT FB FBG

endotracheal; esotropia; eustachian tube; ejection time; exercise treadmill

and and others eustachian tuba1 function estimated time of ovulation environmental tobacco smoke endotracheal tube; exercise tolerance test excretory urography examine under anesthesia endoscopic ultrasonography evacuation evaluate estrogen withdrawal bleeding extended-wear soft contact lenses examination exploration; experienced exploratory laparotomy extract; external external rotation excretory urogram

Fahrenheit; female; flow; facial; firm; French offspring from first generation offspring from second generation folk acid; femoral artery family assessment adjustment pass fractional area concentration forceps to after-coming head Fellow of the American College of Surgeons Family Assessment Device functional assessment inventory fallopian family fluorescent antinuclear antibody fibrillating action potential; familial arnyloid polyneuropa-

thy; familial adenomatous polyposis fetal alcohol syndrome functional assessment staging (of Alzheimer's disease);

fluoro-allegro sorbent test; fetal acoustical stimulation test

fluorescent antibody test fasting blood sugar; foreign body; finger breadth fasting blood glucose

ET FFT 239

FlBM FBN FBP FBS FBU FBW F@ F + C F & C F cath FCC

FCDB FCH FCMC FCMD FCMN FCP FCR FCRB FCSNVD FCU FD F & D FDA FDIU FDP FDS Fe FEC FEF FEL FEM Fern-pop FEN FENa FEP FEV FF

FFA F factor FFP FFT

fetal breathing movements fibronectin fetal biophysical profile fasting blood sugar; fetal bovine serum fingers below umbilicus fasting blood work Foley catheter; finger counting; fever, chills flare and cells foam and condom Foley catheter follicular center cells; familial colonic cancer; fracture com-

pound comminuted fibrocystic disease of the breast familial combined hyperlipidemia family-centered maternity care Fukuyama's congenital muscular dystrophy family-centered maternity nursing flow cytometric platelet crossmatching flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi radialis brevis fever, chills, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea flexor carpi ulnaris focal distance; familial dysautonomia fixed and dilated fronto-dextra anterior fetal death in utero fibrin-degradation products; flexor digitorum profundus flexor digitorum superficials; for duration of stay iron; female forced expiratory capacity forced expiratory flow familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis femoral femoral popliteal (bypass) fluid, electrolytes, nutrition fractional extraction of sodium free erythrocyte protoporphyrin forced expiratory volume filtration fraction; fundus firm; flat feet; fat free; force

fluids free fatty acid fertilitylsex factor fresh frozen plasma fast-Fourier transforms

FGF FH FHF FHH FHI FHR FHS FHT FiC02 FIM Fi02 FL FLK FLS FM F & M FMC FMD FME FMF FMG FMH FMP FMX FN FNAB FNAC FNCJ FNH FNR FNS FOB FOBT FOC FOD F01 FOOB FP

FPAL PPB FPD FPG FPIA

fibroblast growth factor family history; fetal heart; fundal height fulminant hepatic failure familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis fetal heart rate fetal heart sounds; fetal hydantoin syndrome fetal heart tone fraction of inspired carbon dioxide functional independent measure fraction of inspired oxygen fluid funny looking kid flashing lights andor scotoma fetal movements; face mask firm and midline (uterus) fetal movement count foot and mouth disease full mouth extraction forced midexpiratory flow; familial Mediterranean fever foreign medical graduate; fine mesh gauze family medical history; fibromuscular hyperplasia fasting metabolic panel full mouth X ray false negative; finger-to-nose fine-needle aspiration biopsy fine-needle aspiration cytology find needle catheter jejunostomy focal nodular hyperplasia; febrile nonhemolytic reaction false negative rate functional neuromuscular stimulation foot of bed; fiberoptic bronchoscope; father of baby fecal occult blood test father of child free of disease flight of ideas fell out of bed family planning; family practice; frozen plasma; flat plate;

false positive full-term, premature, abortion, living flexor po\licis brevis feto-pelvic disproportion; fixed partial denture fasting plasma glucose fluorescence-polarization immunoassay

FGF FXR 241

FPL FPNA FR F & R FRC FRJM FROM FS FSB FSBM FSE FSG FSGS FSH FSHMD FSHRF FSP FT FTA FTD FT1 FTLFC FTLMC FTN FTND FTP FTR FTSG FTT F & U F N FUB FUN FUO FVC FVH FVL FWB FWS FWW Fx Fx-dis FXN FXR

flexor pollicis longus first-pass nuclear angiocardiography flow rate flow and rhythm (pulse) functional residual capacity full range of joint motion full range of movement frozen section; flexible sigmoidoscopy fetal scalp blood full-strength breast milk fetal scalp electrode focal and segmental focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis follicle stimulating hormone; facioscapulohumeral facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor fibrin split products full term fluorescent treponemalltiter antibody failure to descend free thyroxine index full-term living female child full-term living male child finger-to-nose; full-term nursery full-term normal delivery failure to progress for the record full-thickness skin graft failure to thrive flanks and upper quadrants followup; fundus at umbilicus functional uterine bleeding followup note fever of undetermined origin forced vital capacity focal vascular headache flow volume loop full weight bearing fetal warfarin syndrome front wheel walker fracture; fractional urine fracture-dislocation function fracture

G G 1 4 GA

GABA GABHS GAD GAF GAS GAT GB GBM GBP GBS

GC G- C G + C GCA GCDFP GCIIS GCS GCT GD G & D GDF GDM GE GEP GER GERD GETA GF GFR GG GGE GGT GGTP GH GHb GHD GHQ G1 GIB

gauge grade 1-4 gastric analysis; general appearance; general anesthesia;

gestational age gamma-aminobutyric acid group A beta hemolytic streptococci generalized anxiety disorder Global Assessment of Functioning (Scale) general adaptation syndrome group adjustment therapy gallbladder glomerular basement membrane gastric bypass gallbladder series; Guillain-BarrC syndrome; group B strep-

tococci gonococci (gonorrhea); geriatric chair gram-negative cocci gram-positive cocci giant cell arteritis gross cystic disease fluid protein glucose control insulin infusion system Glasgow coma scale giant cell tumor Graves disease growth and development gel diffusion precipitin gestational diabetes mellitus gastroenteritis gastroenteropancreatic gastroesophageal reflux gastroesophageal reflux disease general endotracheal anesthesia grandfather; gluten-free; gastric fistula glomerular filtration rate gamma globulin generalized glandular enlargement gamma glutamyl transpeptidase gamma glutamyl transpeptidase growth hormone; glycosylated hemoglobin glycosylated hemoglobin growth hormone deficiency general health questionnaire gastrointestinal; granuloma inguinale gastric ileal bypass

GIC GIFT GIP GIS GIT GJ GL GLA GLNH GM GMC GMTs GN GnRH GOT GP GIP GPC G6PD GPMAL GPN g" G- R G+ R grav GRD GRN GSC GSD GSD-1 GSE GSI GSP GSPN GSR GSW GT GTN GTT GU GUS GVF GVHD G & W

general immunocompetence gamete intrafallopian treatment giant cell interstitial pneumonia; gastric inhibitory peptide gastrointestinal series gastrointestinal tract gastrojejunostomy greatest length gingivolinguoaxial giant lymph node hyperplasia gram; grandmother general medicine clinic geometric mean antibody titers glomerulonephritis; gram-negative; graduate nurse gonadotropin-releasing hormone glucose oxidase test general practitioner; gutta percha gravidalpara gram-positive cocci; giant papillary conjunctivitis glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gravida, para, multiple births, abortions, and live births graduate practical nurse grain gram-negative rods gram-positive rods gravid (pregnant) gastroesophageal reflux disease granules Glasgow coma scale glycogen storage disease glycogen storage disease, type 1 grip strong and equal; gluten sensitive enteropathy genuine stress incontinence general survey panel greater superficial petrosal neurectomy galvanic skin resistance gunshot wound gastrotomy tube; gait training gestational trophoblastic neoplasms glucose tolerance test; drop genitourinary genitourinary sphincter; genitourinary system good visual fields graft-versus-host disease glycerin and water


GW GWA GWT GXT GYN

H H2 HA

HAA HAE

HA1 HAL HAN HANE HAPS HAQ HAS HASHD HAT HAV HB HBBW HBD HBGM HBI HBIG HbAIc HBF HBO HBP HBS HBsAg HBV HC

HCA HCC HCFA HCG HCL

glucose in water gunshot wound of the abdomen gunshot wound of the throat graded exercise testing gynecology

hypodermic; hydrogen; hour; husband histamine headache; hyperalimentation; hypothalamic amenorrhea;

hearing aid; hemolytic anemia; hospital admission; hepatitis, type A; hemagglutination assay

hepatitis-associated antigen hereditary angioedema; hepatic artery embolization; hear-

ing aid evaluation hepatic arterial infusion hyperalimentation heroin associated nephropathy heredity angioneurotic edema hepatic arterial perfusion scintigraphy HeadacheIHealth Assessment Questionnaire hyperalimentation solution hypertensive arteriosclerotic heart di-sease head, arms, and trunk hepatitis A virus; hallux abduct0 valgus hemoglobin; heart block; hepatitis, type B; hold breakfast hold breakfast blood work has been drinking home blood glucose monitoring hemibody irradiation hepatitis B immune globulin glycosylated hemoglobin hepatic blood flow hyperbaric oxygen high blood pressure Health Behavior Scale hepatitis B surface antigen hepatitis B virus; hepatitis B vaccine; honeybee venom home care; head circumference; heel cord; house call; Hick-

man catheter health care aide hepatocellular carcinoma Health Care Financing Administration human chorionic gonadotropin hair cell leukemia

HCLs HCM HCP HCT HCV HCVD HD

HDC HDCV HDL HDLW HDRW HDN HDPAA HDRS HDV H & E HEENT HEK HEL hemi HEMPAS

HEP HES HEV HF HFD HFHL Hbg HGH HH

H & H HHC HHD HHFM HHN HHNK HHT HHV-6 HI

hard contact lenses health care maintenance; hypertropic cardiomyopathy hereditary coprophemia hematocrit; histamine challenge test hepatitis C virus hypertensive cardiovascular disease Hodgkin's disease; Huntington's disease; hearing distance;

hemodialysis; heloma mole; hip disarticulation; high dose

high-dose chemotherapy human diploid cell vaccine high-density lipoprotein hearing distance for watch in left ear hearing distance for watch in right ear hemolytic disease of the newborn heparin-dependent, platelet-associated antibody Hamilton Depression Rate Scale hepatitis D virus hemorrhage and exudate; hematoxylin and eosin head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat human embryonic kidney human embryonic lung hemiplegia hereditary erythrocytic multinuclearity with positive acidi-

fied serum test histamine equivalent prick; hepatic hypereosinophilic syndrome hepatitis E virus heart failure high forceps delivery high frequency hearing loss hemoglobin human growth hormone hiatal hernia; hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; home

health; hard of hearing hematocrit and hemoglobin home health care hypertensive heart disease high-humidity face mask hand-held nebulizer hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic (coma) hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis human herpes virus 6 hemagglutination inhibition; head injury

HI A HIB HID HIE HIF HIL HIR HIS Histo HIT

HIV HIVD HJR H-K HKAFO HKO HL HLA HLD HLHS HLV HM HMD HMG HMI HMO HMP HMR HMX HN H & N HNP hnRNA HNV H 0 WO H 2 0 HOB HOB UPSOB HOC HOCM HOG HOH

hemagglutination inhibition antibody haemophilus influenzae type B (vaccine) headache, insomnia, depression hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy higher integrative functions hypoxic-ischemic lesion head injury routine Health Intention Scale histoplasmin skin test heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; histamine inhalation

test human immunodeficiency virus herniated intervertebral disc hepato-jugular reflex hand to knee hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis hip-knee orthosis heparin lock; harelip; hairline; hearing level; Hickman line human lymphocyte/leukocyte antigen herniated lumbar disc hypoplastic left heart syndrome hypoplastic left ventricle hand motion hyaline membrane disease human menopausal gonadotropin healed myocardial infarction health maintenance organization hot moist packs histiocytic medullary reticulosis heat massage exercise high nitrogen head and neck herniated nucleus pulposus heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acid has not voided house officer history of water head of bed head of bed up for shortness of breath Health Officer Certificate hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy halothane, oxygen, and gas (nitrous oxide) hard of hearing

HIA HTL 247

HOP1 HP H & P HPA

HPF HPFH HP1 HPL HPLC HPG HPL HPM HPN H P 0

HPT HPZ HR

HRA HRLA HRS HRT HS

H > S HSA

HSBG HSE HSG HSM HSP HSR HSSE HSV HT

ht aer HTAT HTC HTF HTL

history of present illness hemiplegia; hemipelvectomy; hot packs history and physical human papilloma virus; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

(axis) high-power field hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin history of present illness human placenta lactogen high-pressure (performance) liquid chromatography human pituitary gonadotropin hyperpexia; human placental lactogen hemiplegic migraine home parenteral nutrition hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy; hydrophilic

ointment hyperparathyroidism high-pressure zone heart rate; hour; hallux rigidus; hospital record; Harrington

rod histamine releasing activity human retrovirus-like agent hepatorenal syndrome hormone replacement therapy bedtime; hereditary spherocytosis; heel spur; heel stick;

herpes simplex; Hartmann's (lactated Ringer's) solution heel to shin human serum albumin; hypersomnia-sleep apnea; health

systems agency heel stick blood gas herpes simplex encephalitis hysterosalpingogram hepato-splenomegaly; holosystolic murmur Henoch-Schonlein purpura heated serum reagin high soap suds enema herpes simplex virus hypertension; hypermetropia; height; heart; hammertoe;

hyperopia; Hubbard tank heated aerosol human tetanus antitoxin hypertensive crisis house tube feeding human thymic leukemia

HTLC HTLV I11 HTN HTP HTR HTVD HUIFM HUR HUS HV H & V HW hwb Hx Hz HZ HZO

I I A IAA IABC IABP IAC IAC-CPR

IACP IADH IA DSA IAHA IAI IAM IAN I AP IASD IAT IB IBC IBD IBI ibid IBNR IBS IBW

human T-cell leukemia virus human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I11 hypertension House-Tree-Person test acute hemolytic transfusion reaction hypertensive vascular disease human leukocyte interferon meloy hemolytic uremic syndrome hemolytic uremic syndrome hallux valgus; has voided hemigastrectomy and vagotomy heparin well; housewife hot water bottle history; hospitalization Hertz herpes zoster herpes zoster ophthalmicus

independent; impression; incisal; one intra-amniotic interrupted aortic arch intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation intra-aortic balloon pump internal auditory canal interposed abdominal compressions-cardiopulmonary

resuscitation intra-aortic counterpulsation inappropriate antidiuretic hormone intra-arterial subtraction arteriography immune adherence hemagglutination intra-abdominal infection internal auditory meatus intern admission note intermittent acute porphyria interatrial septal defect indirect antiglobulin test isolation bed iron binding capacity inflammatory bowel disease intermittent bladder irrigation at the same place incurred but not reported irritable bowel syndrome ideal body weight

HTLC IgE 249

ICA ICBT ICCE ICCU ICD ICD 9 CM

ICF ICG ICH ICM ICN ICP ICPP ICS ICSH ICT

ICU ICVH ICW ID

I & D IDE IDDM IDDS IDFC IDM IDMC IDS IDV IEC IEF IEM IEP IF IFA IFE IgA IgD IgE

irritable colon; intercostal; intracranial; individual counseling; inspiratory capacity

internal carotid artery; islet cell antibodies intercostobronchial trunk intracapsular cataract extraction intermediate coronary care unit instantaneous cardiac death International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision,

Clinical Modification intracellular fluid; intermediate care facility indocyanine green intracranial hemorrhage intracostal margin intensive care nursery intracranial pressure intubated continuous positive pressure intracostal space interstitial cell-stimulating hormone intensive conventional therapy; inflammation of connective

tissue intensive care unit ischemic cerebrovascular headache intercellular water intradermal; initial dose, infectious disease; identification;

immunodiffusion; identify incision and drainage Investigational Device Exemption insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus implantable drug delivery system immature dead female child infant of a diabetic mother immature dead male child Infectious Disease Service intermittent demand ventilation inpatient exercise center iso-electric focusing immune electron microscopy individualized education program; immunoelectrophoresis intrinsic factor; immunofluorescence; involved field indirect fluorescent antibody test immunofixation electrophoresis immunoglobulin A immunoglobulin D immunoglobulin E

IGF IgG IGIV IgM IGR IGT IH

IHA IHC IHD IHH IHS IHs IHSS IHT IICP IICU IIT IJ IL ILD ILFC ILM ILMC ILMI IM

IMA IMAG IMB IMF IMG IMH IMI IMIG IMN IMP IMV IN INB INC IND INDM

insulin-like growth factor immunoglobulin G; immune gammaglobulin immune globulin intravenous immunoglobulin M intrauterine growth retardation impaired glucose tolerance infectious hepatitis; inguinal hernia; indirect

hemagglutination immune hemagglutination assay immobilization hypercalcemia ischemic heart disease; intrahepatic duct idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Idiopathic Headache Score iris hamartomas idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis insulin hypoglycemia test increased intracranial pressure infant intensive care unit intensive insulin therapy internal jugular; ileojejunal independent living ischemic leg disease immature living female child internal limiting membrane immature living male child inferolateral myocardial infarct intramuscular; infectious mononucleosis; intermetatarsal;

internal medicine inferior mesenteric artery; internal mammary artery internal mammary artery graft intermenstrual bleeding intermaxillary fixation internal medicine group (practice) indirect microhemagglutination (test) inferior myocardial infarction; imipramine intramuscular immunoglobulin internal mammary (lymph) node impression; impacted intermittent mandatory ventilation interstitial nephritis intermittent nebulized beta-agonists incomplete; incontinent; inside-the-needle catheter investigational new drug infant of nondiabetic mother

IGF IRV 251

INF ING inj INS INST int int-rot inver I & O I 0 IOC IOD IOF IOFB IOH IOL ION IOP IORT 1 0 s IOV IP IPA

IPCD IPD

IPFD IPG IPJ IPK IPMI IPN IPP IPPA IPPB IPPV IPV IQ IR IRBBB IRMA IRR IRV

inferior; infusion; infant; infected inguinal injection; injury insurance instrumental delivery internal internal rotation inversion intake and output intraocular pressure; inferior oblique; initial opening intern on call; intraoperative cholangiogram interorbital distance intraocular fluid intraocular foreign body idiopathic orthostatic hypotension intraocular lens ischemic optic neuropathy intraocular pressure intraoperative radiation therapy intraoperative sonography initial office visit intraperitoneal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; individual practice

association infantile polycystic disease immediate pigment darkening; intermittent peritonea1

dialysis intrapartum fetal distress impedance plethysmography; individually polymerized grass interphalangeal joint intractable plantar keratosis inferoposterior myocardial infarct infantile periarteritis nodosa; intern's progress note inflatable penile prosthesis inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation intermittent positive pressure breathing intermittent positive pressure ventilation inactivated polio vaccine intelligence quotient internal rotation; infrared incomplete right bundle branch block intraretinal microvascular abnormalities intrarenal reflux inspiratory reserve volume

252

IS ISB ISCs ISG ISH ISMA ISS IST ISW IT ITCP ITE ITP

ITVAD IU IUCD IUD IUFD IUGR IUP IUPD IV IVC

IVD IVDA IVF IVFE IVF-ET IVGTT IVH IVIG IVLBW IVP IVPB IVR IVS IVSD IVSP IVT IVU IWL IWMI


intercostal space; incentive spirometer; induced sputum incentive spirometry breathing irreversible sickle cells immune serum globulin isolated systolic hypertension infantile spinal muscular atrophy Injury Severity Score insulin sensitivity test; insulin shock therapy interstitial water intrathecal; inhalation therapy; intertuberous idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura insufficient therapeutic effect idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; interim treatment

plan indwelling transcutaneous vascular access device international unit intrauterine contraceptive device intrauterine device; intrauterine death intrauterine fetal death intrauterine growth retardation intrauterine pregnancy intrauterine pregnancy delivered intravenous intravenous cholangiogram; inferior vena cava; intraven-

tricular catheter intervertebral disk; intravenous drip intravenous drug abuse in vitro fertilization; intravenous fluid intravenous fat emulsion in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer intravenous glucose tolerance test intravenous hyperalimentation; intraventricular hemorrhage intravenous immunoglobulin infant of very low birth weight intravenous pyelogram; intravenous push intravenous piggyback idioventricular rhythm intraventricular septum intraventricular septal defect intravenous syringe pump intravenous transfusion intravenous urography insensible water loss inferior wall myocardial infarct

J JAMG JC JDMS JE JF JI JIB JJ JMS JODM JP JRA JSPN jt juv JVD JVP JVPT

KA KAFO KAO KAS KBM K Cal KCS KD KDA KDDM KF KFD kg K24H KI KID KILO KISS KJ KK KLH KNO KO KP

joint juvenile autoimmune myasthenia gravis junior clinicians juvenile dermatomyositis Japanese encephalitis joint fluid jejunoileal jejunoileal bypass jaw jerk junior medical student juvenile onset diabetes mellitus Jobst pump; Jackson-Pratt (drain) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis junior student progress note joint juvenile jugular venous distention jugular venous pulse; jugular venous pressure jugular venous pulse tracing

ketoacidosis knee-ankle-foot orthosis knee-ankle orthosis Katz Adjustment Scale a below-knee prosthesis kilocalorie keratoconjunctivitis sicca Kawasaki's disease; knee disarticulation; Keto ~ias tex@ known drug allergies kidney disease of diabetes mellitus kidney function Kyasanur Fonest disease kilogram potassium, urine 24 hour karyopyknotic index keratitis, ichthyosis, deafness kilogram saturated solution of potassium iodide knee jerk knee kick keyhole limpet hemocyanin (antibody) keep needle open keep open keratoprecipitate; hot pack

KS 17-KS KTU KUB W O KW

K-wire

L L2 LA

L + A lab LAC LAD LAD-MIN LAE LAF

LAG LAH LAL LAM LAN LA0 LAP

LAPMS LAR LAT LATS LAV LAVH LB LBB LBBB LBCD LBD LBF LBM LBO LBP

ketosteroids; Kaposi's sarcoma 17-ketosteroids kidney transplant unit kidney, ureter, bladder keep vein open Kimmelstiel-Wilson (disease); Keith-Wagener

(ophthalmoscopic finding) Kirschner wire

left; liter; lumbar; lingual; lymphocyte; fifty second lumbar vertebra left atrium; local anesthesia; long acting; left arm; Latin

American light and accommodation laboratory laceration; long arm cast left anterior descending; left axis deviation left axis deviation minimal left atrial enlargement lymphocyte-activating factor; lamina air flow;

Latin American female lymphangiogram left atrial hypertrophy left axillary line; limulus amebocyte lysate Latin American male lymphadenopathy left anterior oblique laparotomy; laparoscopy; left arterial pressure; leukocyte;

leucine amino peptidase long arm posterior molded splint late asthmatic response left anterior thigh; lateral long-acting thyroid stimulator lymphadenopathy associated virus laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysteroscopy low back; left buttock; large bowel; left breast; pound left breast biopsy left bundle branch block left border of cardiac dullness left border dullness Lactobacillus bulgaricus factor lean body mass; loose bowel movement large bowel obstruction low back pain; low blood pressure

LBT LBV LBW LC LCA LCCA LCCS LCD

LCGU LCH LCLC LCM LCR LCS LCT

LCV LCX LD LDA LDB LDDS LDH LDL LDP LDV LE LED LEEP LEHPZ L-ERX LES LESP LET LF LFA LFC LFD LFP LFS LFT

lupus band test left brachial vein low birth weight; lean body weight living children; low calorie left coronary artery; Leber's congenital amaurosis leukocytoclastic angitis; left common carotid artery low cervical Cesarean section liquor carbonis detergens (coal tar solution); localized col-

lagen dystrophy local cerebral glucose utilization local city hospital large cell lung carcinoma left costal margin; lymphocytic choriomeningitis late cutaneous reaction low constant suction; low continuous suction long chain triglyceride; low cervical transverse; lymphocy-

totoxicity low cervical vertical left circumflex coronary artery lethal dose; loading dose; liver disease; labor and delivery left dorsoanterior position Legionnaires' disease bacterium local dentist lactic dehydrogenase low-density lipoprotein left dorsoposterior position laser Doppler velocimetry lupus erythematosus; lower extremities; left eye lupus erythematosus disseminatus loop electrocautery excision procedure lower esophageal high-pressure zone leukoerythroblastic reaction lower esophageal sphincter; local excitatory state lower esophageal sphincter pressure linear energy transfer low forceps; left foot left fronto-anterior; low friction arthroplasty living female child low fat diet; low forceps delivery; lactose free diet left frontoposterior liver function studies liver function test; left frontotransverse; latex flocculation

test large; left gluteus

LG LGA LGL LGV LH LHF LHL LHP LHR LHRH LHT LIB LIC LICA LIF lig LIH LIMA LIP LIQ LIS LISREL

LISS LK LKKS LKS LL

LLB LLC LLE LLETZ LL-GXT LLL LLO LLQ LLS LLSB LLT LMA LMB LMC LMCA

lymph glands large for gestational age Lown-Ganong-Levine (syndrome) lymphogranuloma venereum luteinizing hormone; left hyperphoria; left hand left heart failure left hemisphere lesions left hemiparesis leukocyte histamine release luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone left hypertropia left in bottle left iliac crest; left internal carotid Ieft internal carotid artery left iliac fossa; liver inhibitory factor ligament left inguinal hernia left internal mammary artery (graft) lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia lower inner quadrant; liquid low intermittent suction (computer program that performs structural equation

modeling) low ionic strength saline left kidney liver, kidneys, spleen liver, kidneys, spleen large lymphocyte; lumbar length; lymphoblastic

lymphoma; left leg; lower lip long leg brace long leg case left lower extremity large loop excision of transformation zone (of cervix) low-level graded exercise test left lower lobe; left lower lid Legionella-like organism left lower quadrant lazy leukocyte syndrome left lower sterna1 border left lateral thigh left mento-anterior; liver membrane autoantibody Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome living male child left main coronary artery

LMD LMEE Llmin LML LMM LMP LMT LMWD LN LND LNMP L 0 LOA LOC

LOD LOM LoNa LOP LOQ LORS LOS LOT LOV loz LP LPC LPD LPF LPH LPN LP0 LPP LR L > R LRD LRND LRQ L-S LIS LSA

LSB LS BPS

low molecular weight dextran left middle ear exploration liters per minute left medial lateralllobe lentigo maligna melanoma last menstrual period; left mentoposterior left mentotransverse low molecular weight dextran lymph nodes lymph node dissection last normal menstrual period lateral oblique left occiput anterior; leave of absence loss of consciousness; level of consciousness; level of care;

laxative of choice; local line of duty limitation of motion; left otitis media low sodium left occiput posterior; leave on pass lower outer quadrant Level of Rehabilitation Scale length of stay left occiput transverse loss of vision lozenge lumbar puncture; light perception laser photocoagulation luteal phase defect low power field left posterior hemiblock licensed practical nurse left posterior oblique; light perception only lipoprotein lipase light reflex; labor room; left-right left to right living renal donor left radical neck dissection lower right quadrant lumbo-sacral lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio left sacrum anterior; lipid-bound sialic acid; lymphosar-

coma left sterna1 border laparoscopic bilateral partial salpingectomy

LSD LSE LSF LSKM LSM LSO LSP L/S ratio LSS LST LSTL LT

LTB LTC LTCF LTCS LTGA LTL LTT L & U LUE LUL LUQ LUSB LV LVA LVAD LVE LVEDP LVEDV LVEF LVF LVFP LVH LVL LVMM LVN LVP LVPW LVSWI LVV L & W LWCT

low-salt diet local side effects low saturated fat liver-spleen-kidney-megalgia late systolic murmur left salpingo-oophorectomy left sacrum posterior; liver-specific (membrane) lipoprotein lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio liver-spleen scan left sacrum transverse laparoscopic tubal ligation light; left; left thigh; lumbar traction; Levin tube;

leukotrienes laparoscopic tubal banding; laryngotracheobronchitis long-term care; left to count; lean tissue compartment long-term care facility low transverse cesarean section left transposition of great artery laparoscopic tubal ligation lymphocyte transformation test lower and upper left upper extremity left upper lobe left upper quadrant left upper sterna1 border left ventricle left ventricular aneurysm left ventricular assist device left ventricular enlargement left ventricular end diastolic pressure left ventricular end diastolic volume left ventricular ejection fraction left ventricular failure left ventricular filling pressure left ventricular hypertrophy left vastus lateralis left ventricular muscle mass licensed vocational nurse left ventricular pressure; large volume parenteral left ventricular posterior wall left ventricular stroke work index left ventricular volume living and well Lee-White clotting time

LYG lymphs lytes

M/A MAA MAB MABP MAC

MAE MAEEW MAFAs MAHA MA1 MAL MALT MAMC mammo MAO1 mand MAP MAS MAST MAT max M-BACOD MBC

MB-CK MBD MBI MBM MC MCA

MCC

lymphomatoid granulomatosis lymphocytes electrolytes

murmur; meter; minimum; medial, myopia; monocytes; male; molar; married; thousand

first mitral sound square meters (body surface) mental age; medical assistance; milliamps; menstrual age;

Miller-Abbott (tube) mood andlor affect macroaggregates of albumin monoclonal antibody mean arterial blood pressure maximum allowable concentration; midarm circumference;

minimum alveolar concentration; mycobacterium avium complex

moves all extremities moves all extremities equally well movement-associated fetal (heart rate) accelerations microangiopathic hemolytic anemia mycobacterium avium-intracellular midaxillary line mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue mid-arm muscle circumference mammography monoamine oxidase inhibitor mandibular mean arterial pressure meconium aspiration syndrome; mobile arm support miIitary antishock trousers multifocal atrial tachycardia maximal; maxillary a drug combination protocol maximum breathing capacity; minimal bacteriocidal con-

centration a creatinine kinase isoenzyme minimal brain damage; minimal brain dysfunction methylene blue installation mother's breast milk mixed cellularity; metatarso-cuneiform middle cerebral aneurysm; middle cerebral artery; motorcy-

cle accident; monoclonal antibodies midstream clean-catch

MCCU MCD mcg MCGN MCH

MCHC MCL MCLNS MCP MCS MCSA MCT MCTD MCV MD

MDA

MDC MDD MDF MD1 MD11 MDM MDR MDS MDTP ME MEA-I mec MED

MEDAC MEE MEF M E W MEN (11) MEOS mEq M/E ratio META METS

midstream clean-catch urine minimal change disease microgram minimal change glomerular nephritis mean corpuscular hemoglobin; muscle contraction

headache mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration midclavicular line; midcostal line mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome metacarpophalangeal joint microculture and sensitivity minimal cross-sectional area medium chain triglyceride; mean circulation time mixed connective tissue disease mean corpuscular/cell volume medical doctor; mental deficiency; muscular dystrophy;

manic depression manual dilation of the anus; micrometastases detection

assay medial dorsal cutaneous (nerve); major diagnostic category manic-depressive disorder; major depressive disorder myocardial depressant factor multiple daily injection; metered dose inhaler multiple daily insulin injection mid-diastolic murmur; minor determinant mix minimum daily requirement maternal deprivation syndrome; minimum data set multidisciplinary treatment plan macula edema; medical examiner; middle ear multiple endocrine adenomatosis type I meconium median erythrocyte diameter; medial; medical; medication;

medicine; minimum erythema dose; medium multiple endocrine deficiency-autoimmune-candidiasis middle ear effusion maximum expired flow rate maximum expiratory flow volume multiple endocrine neoplasia (type 11) microsomal ethanol oxidizing system milliequivalent myeloidlerythroid ratio metamyelocytes metabolic equivalents (multiples of resting oxygen uptake);

metastases

MCCU M & M 261

MF M & F MFA MFAT MFEM MFH MFR MG MGF MGM MGN MGUS M-GXT MH

MHA MHB MHC MWMR M1 MIA MIC MICN MICU MID MIDD MIF MIH min M10 MIRP mix mon MJT MKAB ML mL MLC MLD MLF MLNS MLR MM mM M & M

myocardial fibrosis; mycosis fungoides; midcavity forceps mother and father; male and female mid-forceps delivery multifocal atrial tachycardia maximal forced expiratory maneuver malignant fibrous histiocytoma mid-forceps rotation myasthenia gravis; milligram; Marcus Gunn maternal grandfather maternal grandmother membranous glomerulonephritis monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance multistage graded exercise test marital history; menstrual history; mental health; malignant

hyperthermia microangiopathic hemolytic anemia maximum hospital benefit major histocompatibility complex; mental health center mental health and mental retardation myocardial infarction; mitral insufficiency; mental institution medically indigent adult; missing in action minimum inhibitory concentration; maternal and infant care mobile intensive care nurse medical intensive care unit; mobile intensive care unit multi-infarct dementia monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition migration inhibitory factor migraine with interparoxysmal headache minimum; minute; minor minimum identifiable odor myocardial infarction rehabilitation program mixed monitor Mead Johnson tube may keep at bedside midline; milliliter; middle lobe milliliter mixed lymphocyte culture; minimal lethal concentration metachromatic leukodystrophy; minimal lethal dose median longitudinal fasciculus mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome mixed lymphocyte reaction millimeter; mucous membrane; multiple myeloma millimole milk and molasses; morbidity and mortality

MMA MMECT MMEFR MMF MMFR mmHg MMK MMOA mmol MMPI MMR MMS MMT MMWR MN M & N MNC MNG MNR Mn SSEPS MNTB MO MOA MOB MOD MODY MOF mono mOsm mOsmol MP MPGN MPH MPJ MPL MPR MPS MPTR MQ MR

M R X 1 MRA

monocyte monolayer assay multiple monitor electroconvulsive therapy maximal midexpiratory flow rate mean maximum flow maximal midexpiratory flow rate millimeters of mercury Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz (cystourethropexy) maxillary mandibular odontectomy alveolectomy millimole Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory measles, mumps, rubella; midline malignant reticulosis Mini-Mental State (examination) manual muscle test Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report midnight morning and night mononuclear leukocytes multinodular goiter marrow neutrophil reserve median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials medial nucleus of the trapezoid body month; medial oblique mechanism of action medical office building medical officer of the day; moderate maturity onset diabetes of youth multiple organ failure monocyte; infectious mononucleosis milliosmole milliosmole metacarpal phalangeal joint membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Master of Public Health metacarpophalangeal joint maximum permissible level multifetal pregnancy reduction mucopolysaccharidosis motor, pain, touch reflex deficit memory quotient mental retardation; may repeat; magnetic resonance; mitral

regurgitation may repeat times one medical record administrator; magnetic resonance angi-

ography

MRAN MRD MRG MRI mRNA MRS MRSA MS

M & S MSAF MSAFP MSC MSE MSH MSK MSL MSR MSS

MST MSTA@ MSU MSUD MSW MT MTAL MTD MTI MTM MTP MTU MU MUDPIES

MULEPAK

MUGA MUGX MVA MVB

medical resident admitting note Medical Records Department murmurs, rubs and gallops magnetic resonance imaging messenger ribonucleic acid magnetic resonance spectroscopy methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus multiple sclerosis; mitral stenosis; musculoskeletal; medi-

cal student; minimal support; muscle strength; mental status

microculture and sensitivity meconium stained amniotic fluid maternal serum alpha fetoprotein medical social consultant Mental Status Examination melanocyte-stimulating hormone medullary sponge kidney midsternal line muscle stretch reflexes minor surgery suite; muscular subaortic stenosis; Marital

Satisfaction Scale mean survival time mumps skin test antigen midstream urine maple syrup urine disease multiple stab wounds; Master of Social Work music therapy; medical technologist medullary thick ascending limb Monro Tidal drainage malignant teratoma interminate modified Thayer-Martin medium metatarsal phalangeal malignant teratoma undifferentiated million units methanol, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, paraldehyde, idio-

pathic, ethylene glycol, salicylate (cause of metabolic acidosis)

methanol, uremia, lactic acidosis, ethylene glycol, paraldehyde, aspirin, diabetic ketoacidosis (cause of metabolic acidosis)

multiple gated acquisition multiple gated acquisition exercise motor vehicle accident; malignant ventricular arrhythmias mixed venous blood


MVC MVI@ MV02 MVP MVR M V S MVV M W S MY myelo

N 5'-N NA NAA NABS NAD

NAEP NAG NANB NANC NAS NAT NB NBM

NBN NBS NBT NBTE NC

NCA NCIAT NCB NCD NCF NCI NCJ NCL NCM NCNC NCPR

maximal voluntary contraction parenteral multivitamins myocardial oxygen consumption mitral valve prolapse mitral valve replacement; mitral valve regurgitation mitral valve stenosis maximum voluntary ventilation; mixed vespid venom Mickey-Wilson syndrome myopia myelocyte

normal; negative; Negro 5'-nucleotidase nursing assistant; nurse anesthetist; not applicable neutron activation analysis normoactive bowel sounds no acute distress; no apparent distress; no appreciable dis-

ease; normal axis deviation; nothing abnormal detected National Asthma Education Program narrow angle glaucoma non-A, non-B hepatitis nonadrenergic, noncholinergic no added salt; neonatal abstinence syndrome no action taken newborn; note well; needle biopsy no bowel movement; normal bowel movement; nothing by

mouth newborn nursery normal bowel sound; no bacteria seen nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis neurologic check; no complaints; not completed; nasal

cannula neurocirculatory asthenia normal cephalic atraumatic no code blue normal childhood diseases; not considered disabling neutrophilic chemotactic factor National Cancer Institute needle catheter jejunostomy neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis nailfold capillary microscopy normochromic, normocytic no cardiopulmonary resuscitation

NCS NCV ND

NDA NDD NDT NDV NE NEC NED NEG NEMD NET neut NF NFL NFTD NFTT N W NG NGF NGR NGT NGU NH NHD NHL NHP NCC NICU

NIDD NIDDM NIF NIH NINVS NJ NK NKA NKDA NKHS NKMA NL

no concentrated sweets; nerve conduction studies nerve conduction velocity normal delivery; normal development; not done; not diag-

nosed; nasal deformity new drug application no dialysis days neurodevelopmental treatment Newcastle disease virus norepinephrine; not elevated; not examined necrotizing enterocolitist elsewhere classified no evidence of disease negative nonspecific esophageal motility disorder naso-endotracheal tube neutrophil Negro female; not found; neurofibromatosis nerve fiber layer normal full-term delivery nonorganic failure to thrive nursed fairly well nasogastric; nanogram nerve growth factor nasogastric replacement nasogastric tube nongonococcal urethritis nursing home normal hair distribution non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; nodular histiocytic lymphoma nursing home placement neonatal intensive care center neurosurgical intensive care unit; neonatal intensive care

unit non-insulin-dependent diabetes non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus negative inspiratory force National Institutes of Health noninvasive neurovascular studies nasoj ejunal natural killer (cells) no known allergies no known drug allergies nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome no known medication allergies normal; normal limits

NLD NLF NLP NLT NM NMD NMR NMI NMS NMT NN NND NNE NNM NNO NNP NNU no noc noct NOD NOMI NOOB NOS NOSIE NP

NPA NPC

NPDL NPDR NPH

NPO NPR NPT

NR NRBS NRC NREM NREMS

necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum; nasolacrimal duct nasolabial fold nodular liquefying panniculitis; no light perception not later than; not less than Negro male; neuromusculardular melanoma normal muscle development nuclear magnetic resonance no middle initial neuroleptic malignant syndrome no more than neonatal; nursing notes neonatal death neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis Nicole-Novy-MacNeal (media) no new orders neonatal nurse practitioner net nitrogen utilization number night nocturnal notify of death nonocclusive mesenteric infarction not out of bed not otherwise specified Nurse Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation neuropsychiatric; nasopharyngeal; newly presented; no

pain; not pregnant; not present; nursed poorly; nasal prongs; nurse practitioner

near point of accommodation near point convergences; nodal premature contractions;

nonpatient contact nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy normal pressure hydrocephalus; no previous history; neu-

tral protamine Hagedorn (insulin) nothing by mouth noncardiogenic pulmonary reaction normal pressure and temperature; nocturnal penile tumes-

cence nonreactive non-rebreathing system normal retina1 correspondence nonrapid eye movement nonrapid eye movement sleep

NLD NVS 267

NRT NS

NSA NSABP NSC NSCLC NSD NSDA NSE NSFTD NSG NSILA NSN NSPVT NSR

NSSTT NST NSU NSV NSVD NT N & T NTC NTD NTE NTF NTG NTMB NTMI NTP NTS NTT NUD nullip NV N & V NVD

NVE NVG NVS

neuromuscular reeducation techniques nephrotic syndrome; nuclear sclerosis; not seen; not signifi-

cant; nylon suture normal serum albumin; no significant abnormality National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project no significant change; not service connected non-small-cell lung cancer normal spontaneous delivery; nominal standard dose non-steroid-dependent asthmatic neuron-specific enolase normal spontaneous full-term delivery nursing nonsuppressible insulin-like activity nephrotoxic serum nephritis nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia normal sinus rhythm; not seen regularly; nonspecific reac-

tion; nasoseptal repair nonspecific ST and T wave nutritional support team; nonstress test; not sooner than nonspecific urethritis nonspecific vaginitis normal spontaneous vaginal delivery not tested; nasotracheal; not tender nose and throat neurotrauma center neural tube defects not to exceed normal throat flora nontreatment group nontuberculous mycobacteria nontransmural myocardial infarction normal temperature and pressure nasotracheal suction; nucleus tractus solitarii nasotracheal tube nonulcer dyspepsia nullipara neurovascular nausea and vomiting nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; neck vein distention; no ve-

nereal disease; neurovesicle dysfunction; nonvalvular disease; neovascularization of the disc

neovascularization elsewhere neovascular glaucoma neurological vital signs

NWB NWTS NYD NZ

O & A OAF Ob OB OBE-CALP Ob-Gyn OBS OC

OCA OCCC OCCM OCD OCG OCP OCT OCU OD OER OFC OG OGTT OH OHA OHD OHF OHG OHP OHRR OHS 0 1 OIF

non-weight bearing National Wilms' Tumor Study not yet diagnosed enzyme

oxygen; objective finding; eye; oral; open; obvious; often; other; occlusal

singlet oxygen oxygen; both eyes superoxide oral alimentation; occiput anterior; osteoarthritis; Overeat-

ers Anonymous observation and assessment osteoclast activating factor obstetrics occult blood placebo capsule or tablet obstetrics and gynecology organic brain syndrome oral contraceptive; obstetrical conjugate; oral care; on call;

office call oculocutaneous albinism open chest cardiac compression open chest cardiac massage obsessive-compulsive disorder oral cholecystogram ova, cysts, parasites oxytocin challenge test; optical coherence tomography observation care unit right eye; overdose; on duty; Doctor of Optometry oxygen enhancement ratios occipital-frontal circumference orogastric (feeding) oral glucose tolerance test occupational history; open heart oral hypoglycemic agents organic heart disease omsk hemorrhage fever oral hypoglycemic oxygen under hyperbaric pressure open heart recovery room open heart surgery osteogenesis imperfecta oil-immersion field

OJ OKAN OKN OLA OM OME OM1 OMR OMSC ON ONC OOB OOBBRP OOC OOP OOR OOT OP O & P OPB OPC OPCA OPD OPG OPM OPPG OPS OPV OR ORIF ORL OS OSA OSD OSM S OSM U OSN OSS OT OTC OTD OTO OTR OTS

orthoplast jacket; orange juice optokinetic after nystagmus optokinetic nystagmus occiput left anterior otitis media; every morning Office of the Medical Examiner; otitis media with effusion old myocardial infarct operative mortality rate otitis media secretorylsuppurative chronic overnight; every night over-the-needle catheter out of bed out of bed with bathroom privileges out of control out on pass; out of pelvis out of room out of town outpatient; operation; occiput posterior; open ova and parasites outpatient basis outpatient clinic olivopontocerebellar atrophy outpatient department ocular plethysmography occult primary malignancy oculopneumoplethysmography operations oral polio vaccine operating room; oil retention open reduction internal fixation otorhinolaryngology left eye; mouth; opening snap obstructive sleep apnea overside drainage osmolarity serum osmolarity urine off service note osseous old tuberculin; occupational therapyltherapist over-the-counter out the door otology Occupational Therapist, Registered orotracheal suction

270

OTT OU ov OW 02

P P P2 PA

P & A PAB PAC PACH PACO


orotracheal tube both eyes office visit; ovum; ovary out of wedlock ounce

PaC02 PADP PAF PAGE PAIVS Pa Line PALN PAN PA02 PAOG PAOP PAP Pap smear PAPS PAR PARA para PARU PAS

FasEx PAT

Path PAWP Pb PB

plan; protein; pint; pulse; peripheral; phosphorus; para after pulmonic second heart sound posterior-anterior; pulmonary artery; pernicious anemia;

physician assistant; presents again; psychiatric aide; professional association

percussion and auscultation premature atrial beat premature atrial contraction pipers to after coming head pivot ambulating crutchless orthosis arterial carbon dioxide tension pulmonary artery diastolic pressure paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; platelet activating factors polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pulmonary atresia with intact ventricle septum pulmonary artery line para-aortic lymph node periodic alternating nystagmus; polyarteritis nodosa arterial oxygen tension primary open angle glaucoma pulmonary artery occlusion pressure pulmonary artery pressure; prostatic acid phosphatase Papanicolaou smear pulmonary atresiafpulmonary stenosis postanesthetic recovery; platelet aggregate ratio number of pregnancies paraplegic postanesthetic recovery unit periodic acid-Schiff (reagent); peripheral anterior synechia;

pulmonary artery stenosis passive exercise paroxysmal atrial tachycardia; preadmission testing; per-

cent acceleration time pathology pulmonary artery wedge pressure lead powder board; paraffin bath

07T PDR 271

PBA PBC PBD PBL PBMC PBMNC PBO PC

PCA

PCCU PCG PCH PC1 PCIOL PCL PCM PC0 PC02 PCOD PCP

PCR PCT PCTA PCU PCV PCWP PD

P/D PDA PDE

PDFC PDGF PDL PDL-D PDL-N PDMC PDN PDR

percutaneous bladder aspiration point of basal convergence; primary biliary cirrhosis percutaneous biliary drainage peripheral blood lymphocyte peripheral blood mononuclear cell peripheral blood mononuclear cell placebo after meal; packed cells; professional corporation; platelet

concentrate patient care assistantlaide; patient-controlled analgesia;

posterior cerebral artery; procoagulation activity; passive cutaneous anaphylaxis

postcoronary care unit phonocardiogram paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria prophylactic cranial irradiation posterior chamber intraocular lens posterior chamber lens; posterior cruciate ligament protein-calorie malnutrition polycystic ovary carbon dioxide pressureltension polycystic ovarian disease Pneumonocystis carinii pneumonia; pulmonary capillary

pressure protein catabolic/caloric rate; polymerase chain reaction porphyria cutanea percutaneous transluminal angioplasty progressive care unit packed cell volume pulmonary capillary wedge pressure peritonea1 dialysis; postural drainage; Parkinson's disease;

interpupillary distance; percutaneous drain packs per day (cigarettes) patent ductus arteriosus paroxysmal dyspnea on exertion; pulsed Doppler echocar-

diography premature dead female child platelet-derived growth factor poorly differentiated lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphocytic-diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic-nodular premature dead male child private duty nurse proliferative diabetic reinopathy; Physician 'S Desk Reference

PDS PDGXT PDT PDU PE

PECHO PEC02 Peds PEEP PEER PEG

PEN PENS PEP

PER perf PERL per OS

PERR PERRLA PES PET

PF PFC PFM PFR PFT PFU PG PGF PGH PGL PGM P@ PGU pH PH PHA

pain dysfunction syndrome predischarge graded exercise test photodynamic therapy pulsed Doppler ultrasonography physical examination; pulmonary embolism; pressure

equalization; pleural effusion prostatic echogram mixed expired carbon dioxide tension pediatrics positive end-expiratory pressure peak expiratory flow rate pneumoencephalogram; percutaneous endoscopic

gastrostomy parenteral and enteral nutrition percutaneous epidural nerve stimulator protein electrophoresis; pre-ejection period; Parkinson's

educational program pediatric emergency room perforation pupils equal, reactive to light by mouth pattern evoked retina1 response pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation pre-excitation syndrome positron-emission tomography; pre-eclamptic toxemia;

pressure equalizing tubes power factor persistent fetal circulation porcelain fused to metal peak flow rate; parotid flow rate pulmonary function test plaque-forming unit pregnant parenteral grandfather pituitary growth hormones persistent generalized lymphadenopathy paternal grandmother progesterone receptor postgonococcal urethritis hydrogen ion concentration past history; poor health; public health passive hemagglutinating; phytohemagglutinin; arterial

pH; phytohemagglutinin antigen; peripheral hyperalimentation

PDS PMC 273

Pharm PHC PHH PHN PHPT PHPV Phx PI PIAT PICA

PICU PID PIE

PIFR PIH PIOK PIP PISA PITR PIV PIVD PJB PJC PJS PK PIU) PK test PKU PL PLAP PLFC PLH PLL PLMC PLN PLS plts PM

PMA PMB PMC

pharmacy primary hepatocellular carcinoma posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus public health nurse; postherpetic neuralgia primary hyperparathyroidism persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous pharynx present illness; pulmonary infarction; peripheral iridectomy Peabody Individual Achievement Test posterior inferior communicating artery; posterior inferior

cerebellar artery pediatric intensive care unit pelvic inflammatory disease; prolapsed intervertebral disc pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia; pulmonary inter-

stitial emphysema peak inspiratory flow rate pregnancy-induced hypertension poikilocytosis proximal interphalangeal joint; postinspiratory pressure phase invariant signature algorithm plasma iron turnover rate peripheral intravenous protruded intervertebral disc premature junctional beat premature junctional contractions Peutz-Jeghers syndrome penetrating keratoplasty polycystic kidney disease Prausnitz-Kustner transfer test phenylketonuria plantar; place; light perception placental alkaline phosphatase premature living female child paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis prolymphocytic leukemia premature living male child pelvic lymph node; popliteal lymph node primary lateral sclerosis platelets postmortem; evening; pretibial myxedema; primary moti-

vation; presents mainly Prinzmetal's angina; premenstrual asthma postmenopausal bleeding; polymorphonuclear basophils pseudomembranous colitis


PMD PME PMF PMH PM1 PML PMN PMP PMR PM & R PMS PMT PMTS PMV PMW PN PNAS PNB PNC PND PNET-MB PNF PNH PNI PNMG PNP PNS

PNT PNU PNV Pnx PO P 0 2 POA POAG POC POD l POEMS

POG POIK POL POLY

private medical doctor postmenopausal estrogen progressive massive fibrosis past medical history point of maximal impulse; patient medication instructions progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy polymorphonuclear neutrophil pain management program; previous menstrual period polymyalgia rheumatica; polymorphic reticulosis physical medicine and rehabilitation premenstrual syndrome premenstrual tension premenstrual tension syndrome prolapse of mitral valve pacemaker wires parenteral nutrition; progress note; percussion note prudent no added salt premature nodal beat premature nodal contraction; peripheral nerve conduction paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; postnasal drip primitive neuroectodermal tumors-medulioblastoma proprioceptive neuromuscular fasciculation reaction paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria prognostic nutrition index; peripheral nerve injury persistent neonatal myasthenia gravis Pediatric Nurse Practitioner; progressive nuclear palsy peripheral nervous system; partial nonprogressing stroke;

practical nursing student percutaneous nephrostomy tube protein nitrogen units prenatal vitamins pneumothorax postoperative; phone order; by mouth (per OS) partial pressure of oxygen pancreatic oncofetal antigen primary open-angle glaucoma product of conception; postoperative care postoperative day one plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly,

endocrinopathy, monoclonal (M)-protein, skin changes Pediatric Oncology Group poikilocytosis premature onset of labor polymorphonuclear leukocyte

POMR poplit PORT POS POSM post post op PP

P & P PPB PPBG PPBS PPC PPD

P & P D PPD-B PPD-S PPF PPG PPH PPHN PP1 PPL PPLO PPM PPN PPNG P P 0 PPP PPPG PPPBL PPROM PPS

PPTL PPVT PR

P & R PRA PRAT

problem-oriented medical record popliteal postoperative respiratory therapy parosteal osteosarcoma; point of service patient-operated selector mechanism postmortem examination (autopsy) postoperative postparturn; postprandial; paradoxical pulse; pin prick; pa-

tient profile; protoporphyria; proximal phalanx; private patient; near point of accommodation

pins and plater parts per billion postprandial blood glucose postprandial blood sugar progressive patient care packs per day; postpartum day; posterior polymorphous

dystrophy; purified protein derivative percussion and postural drainage purified protein derivative, Battey purified protein derivative, standard plasma protein fraction photoplethysmography postpartum hemorrhage persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn patient package insert pars planus lensectorny pleuro-pneumonia-like organisms parts per million peripheral parenteral nutrition penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae preferred provider organization postpartum psychosis postprandial plasma glucose peripheral pulses palpable both legs prolonged premature rupture of membranes postparturn sterilization; pneumococcal polysaccharide

(vaccine) postpartum tuba1 ligation Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test per rectum; pulse rate; profile; Puerto Rican; far point of ac-

commodation pulse and respiration; pelvic and rectal plasma renin angiotensin platelet radioactive antiglobulin test


PRBC PRCA PRE pre-op Prep PRG PRIMP PRN PRO prob PROC-TO Prog PROM ProMACE prov PRP PRRE PRSs PRTH-C PRV PRVEP PRW PS

P & S PSA PS I PS I1 PS I11

PS IV PS v PS A PSC PSE PSF PSG PSGN PSH PSI PSM PSP

packed red blood cells pure red cell aplasia progressive/passive resistive exercise before surgery prepare for surgery phleborrheogram primipara (first pregnancy) as needed protein; peer review organization probable proctology; proctoscopic prognosis; prognathism passive range of motion; premature rupture of membranes a drug protocol combination provisional panretinal photocoagulation pupils round, regular, equal positive rolandic spikes prothrombin time control polycythemia rubra vera pattern reversal visual evoked potentials polymerized ragweed pulmonary stenosis; paradoxic sleep; pathologic stage;

plastic surgery; serum from pregnant women; performance status

paracentesis and suction; pain and suffering prostate-specific antigen healthy patient with localized pathological process patient with mild to moderate systemic disease patient with severe systemic disease limiting activity, but

not incapacitating patient with incapacitating systemic disease moribund patient not expected to live psoriatic arthritis posterior subcapsular cataract; primary sclerosing cholangitis portal systemic encephalopathy posterior spinal fusion polysomnography poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis postspinal headache pounds per square inch presystolic murmur pancreatic spasrnolytic peptide; progressive supranuclear

palsy

PRBC PVC 277

PSRBOW PSS PSW PSVT PT

PTA

PTB PTBD-EF

PTC

PTCA PTD PTE

PTF PTH PTL PTMDF pTNM PTPM PTPN PTS PTSD PTT PTX PU PUBS PUD PUFA P U ' PUN PUO PUPPP PUVA PV

P & V PVB PVC

premature spontaneous rupture of bag of waters progressive systemic sclerosis; physiologic saline solution psychiatric social worker paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia physical therapyltherapist; patient; prothrombin time; pine

tar; posterior tibial; pint prior to admission; plasma thromboplastin antecdent; pre-

treatment anxiety; puretone average; physical therapy assistant; percutaneous transluminal angioplasty

patellar tendon bearing percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage-enteric

feeding plasma thromboplastin components; percutaneous

transhepatic cholangiography percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty period to discharge; permanent and total disability proximal tibial epiphysis; pulmonary thromboembolism;

pretibial edema plasma thromboplastin factor post transfusion hepatitis; parathyroid hormone pre-term labor pupils, tension, media, disc, fundus postsurgical resection-pathologic staging of cancer posttraumatic progressive myelopathy peripheral (vein) total parenteral nutrition prior to surgery posttraumatic stress disorder partial thromboplastin time pneumothorax peptic ulcer; pregnancy urine percutaneous umbilical blood sampling peptic ulcer disease polyunsaturated fatty acids pulmonary plasma urea nitrogen pyrexia of undetermined origin pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy psoralen-ultraviolet light polycythemia vera; polio vaccine; portal vein; pulmonary

vein; per vagina pyloroplasty and vagotomy premature ventricular beat premature ventricular contraction; pulmonary venous

congestion


PVD

PVE

PVO PVOD PVP PVR

PVS

PVT PWB PWLV PWM PWP PWV Px PXE PTx PY

9 QA QAM QCA qd QEEG q4h qh qhs qid q" 'P"' qod qoh q'"'

:E QS QUART qwk

R

patient very disturbed; peripheral vascular disease; posterior vitreous detachment

premature ventricular extrasystole; perivenous encephalomyelitis

peripheral vascular occlusion; pulmonary venous occlusion pulmonary vascular obstructive disease peripheral venous pressure peripheral vascular resistance; postvoiding residual; prolif-

erative vitreoretinopathy; pulse-volume recording peritoneovenous shunt; pulmonic valve stenosis; vibration,

and suction paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia; private partial weight bearing posterior wall of left ventricle pokeweed mitogens pulmonary wedge pressure polistes wasp venom physical exam; prognosis; pneumothorax; practice pseudoxanthoma elasticurn parathyroidectomy pack years

every quality assurance every morning quantitative coronary angiography every day quantitative electroencephalogram every four hours every hour every night four times daily every night quantity not sufficient every other day every other hour every other night every evening principal deflection in an electrocardiogram sufficient quantity; every shift quadrantectomy, axillary dissection, and radiotherapy once a week

respiration; right; rectum; regular; rate; regular insulin

PVD RCV 279

RABG RAC RAD RAE RAEB RAG RA1 RAIU RALT RAM RAN RA0 RAP RAPD RAS RAST RAT RA test R (AW) RB R & B RBA RBB RBBB RBCD RBC RBD RBE RBF RBOW RBP RBV WC RCA

RCC RCD RCM RCR RCS RCT RCV

rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium; right auricle; right arm; room air

room air blood gas right atrial catheter right axis deviation; radical right atrial enlargement refractory anemia, erythroblastic room air gas resident assessment instrument radioactive iodine uptake routine admission laboratory tests rapid alternating movements resident admission notes right anterior oblique right atrial pressure; resident assessment protocol relative afferent pupillary defect renal artery stenosis radioallergosorbent test right anterior thigh test for rheumatoid factor airway resistance retrobulbar; right buttock right and below right brachial artery right breast biopsy right bundle branch block right border cardiac dullness red blood cell/count right border or dullness relative biologic effectiveness renal blood flow rupture bag of water retinol-binding protein right brachial vein reclining chair right coronary artery; radionuclide cerebral angiogram; re-

gional citrate anticoagulation renal cell carcinoma relative cardiac dullness right costal margin; radiographic contrast media replication-competent retrovirus reticulum cell sarcoma root canal therapy red cell volume

RD

RDA RDPE RDH RDI RDS RDT RDVT RDW RE

REE REF rehab Re1 REM REMS REP repol RER RES

RESC resp retic REV RF RFA RFL RFP RFT RG RGM Rh RH

RHB RHC RHD RHE RHF RHL R-HuEPO

registered dietitian; renal disease; retina1 detachment; respiratory disease

recommended daily allowance reticular degeneration of pigment epithelium Registered Dental Hygienist respiratory disturbance/distress index respiratory distress syndrome regular dialysis/hemodialysis treatment recurrent deep vein thrombosis red cell size distribution width reticuloendothelial; rectal examination; regional enteritis;

right eye; concerning resting energy expenditure renal erythropoietic factor; referred rehabilitation religion rapid eye movement rapid eye movement sleep repeat; report; repair repolarization renal excretion rate reticuloendothelial system; resident; rehabilitation evalua-

tion system resuscitation respiratory; respiration reticulocyte revolutions; review; reverse rheumatoid factor; rheumatic fever; renal failure right fronto-anterior; right femoral artery right frontolateral right frontoposterior right frontotransverse right gluteal right gluteus medius Rhesus factor in blood right hyperphoria; right hand; reduced haloperidol; room

humidifier raise head of bed respiration has ceased rheumatic heart disease; relative hepatic dullness recombinant human erythropoietin right heart failure right hemisphere lesions recombinant human erythropoietin

RHT RIA RIC RICE RICS RICU RID RIF RIH RIMA RIND RIP RISA RIST RK RL R-L RLE RLF RLL RLQ RLR RLT RM

R & M RMA RMCA RMCL RMD RME RMEE RMI RML RMP RMR RMSF RMT RN RNA RND RNEF R 0 ROA

right hypertropia radioimmunoassay right iliac crest; right internal carotid (artery) rest and immobilization, ice, compression, elevation right intercostal space respiratory intensive care unit radial immunodiffusion rigid internal fixation; right iliac fossa right inguinal hernia right internal mammary anastomosis reversible ischemic neurologic defect radioimmunoprecipitin test; rapid infusion pump radioactive iodinated serum albumin radioimmunosorbent test radial keratotomy right leg; right lung; right lateral right to left right lower extremity retrolental fibroplasia right lower lobe right lower quadrant right lateral rectus right lateral thigh repetitions maximum; room; radical mastectomy; respira-

tory movement routine and microscopic right meno-anterior right main coronary artery right midclavicular line rapid movement disorder right medilateral episiotomy right middle ear exploration repetitive motion injuries right middle lobe right mentoposterior right medial rectus; resting metabolic rate Rocky Mountain spotted fever right mentotransverse; registered music therapist registered nurse radionuclide angiography radial neck dissection restinglradionuclide ejection fraction rule out; routine order right occiput anterior

ROM ROP ROS ROSC RoRx ROT RP

RPA

RPCF RPD RPE RPF RPGN RPH RPICCE RPLND RPM RPN R P 0 RPP RPR RPT RQ RR R & R RRE RREF rRNA RRND RRR RRRN RS

RSA RSDS RSI R-SICU RSO RSP RSR RSTs RSV

range of motion right occiput posterior; retinopathy of prematurity review of systems restoration of spontaneous circulation radiation therapy right occipital transverse; remedial occupational therapy retinitis pigmentosa; retrograde pyelogram; Raynaud's phe-

nomenon right pulmonary artery; radial photon absorptiometry; regis-

tered physician assistant/associate Reiter protein complement fixation removable partial denture retina1 pigment epithelium; rating of perceived exertion renal plasma flow; relaxed pelvic floor rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis retroperitoneal hemorrhage; registered pharmacist round pupil intracapsular cataract extraction retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy renal parenchyma1 malacoplakia renal papillary recrosis right posterior oblique rate-pressure product rapid plasma reagin; Reiter protein reagin registered physical therapist respiratory quotient recovery room; respiratory rate; regular respirations rate and rhythm round, regular, and equal resting radionuclide ejection fraction ribosomal ribonucleic acid right radical neck dissection regular rhythm and rate round, regular, react normally Reiter's syndrome; Reye's syndrome; rhythm strip; right

side right sacrum anterior; right subclavian artery reflex-sympathetic dystrophy syndrome repetitive stress injury respiratory-surgical intensive care unit right salpingo-oophorectomy; radiation safety officer right sacroposterior regular sinus rhythm; relative survival rate Rodney Smith tubes respiratory syncytial virus

ROM S2 283

RSW RT

wt RTA RTC RTL rTNM RTO RTOG rtPA RTRR RTS RT3U RTx RUA RUE RUG RUL rupt RUQ RURTI RUSB RV

RVD RVE RVET RVG RVH RVL R V 0 RVOT RVR RVSWI RVITLC RVV Rx RXN

right-sided weakness right; radiation therapy; recreational therapy; renal trans-

plant; running total; respiratory therapist; radiologic technician

related to renal tubular acidosis return to clinic; round the clock reactive to light retreatment staging of cancer return to office Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recombinant tissue-type plasminogen return to recovery room real time scan resin triiodothyronine uptake radiation therapy routine urine analysis right upper extremity retrograde urethrogram right upper lobe ruptured right upper quadrant recurrent upper respiratory tract infection right upper sterna1 border right ventricle; residual volume; rectovaginal; rubella vac-

cine relative vertebral density right ventricular enlargement right ventricular ejection time radionuclide ventriculography right ventricular hypertrophy; renovascular hypertension right vastus lateralis retina1 vein occlusion; relaxed vaginal outlet right ventricular outflow tract rapid ventricular response right ventricular stroke work index residual volume to total lung capacity ratio rubella vaccine virus therapy; drug; medication; treatment; take reaction

subjective findings; serum; suction; sacral; single; sister first heart sound; sacral vertebrae 1 second heart sound

SA

SIA SAARD SAB SAC SACH SAD SAE SAF SAFE Sag D SAH SAL 12 SAM SAN sang SAPD SAPHO SAS SAT SAVD SB

SBE SBFT SBGM SBI SB-LM SBO SBP SBR SBT SC

SCA SCB SCBC SCC SCCa SCCA SCD

sinoatrial; salicylic acid; sustained action; surface area; Spanish American

sugar and acetone slow-acting antirheumatic drugs subarachnoid blocklbleed short arm cast solid ankle cushion heel sugar and acetone determination; seasonal affective disorder signal-averaged electrocardiogram self-articulating femoral stationary attachment and flexible endoskeletal (prosthesis) sagittal diameter subarachnoid hemorrhage; systemic arterial hypertension sequential analysis of 12 chemistry constituents systolic anterior motion; self-administered medication sinoatrial node sanguinous self-administration of psychotropic drugs synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis sleep apnea syndrome subacute thyroiditis; saturation spontaneous assisted vaginal delivery stillbirth; stillborn; spina bifida; sterna1 border; Sengstaken-

Blakemore (tube); sinus bradycardia; small bowel subacute bacterial endocarditis small bowel follow through self blood glucose monitoring systemic bacterial infection Stanford Binet Intelligence Test-Form LM small bowel obstruction systolic blood pressure; spontaneous bacterial peritonitis strict bed rest serum bacterial titers subcutaneous; subclavian; sternoclavicular; sickle-cell; sul-

fur colloid; service connnected subcutaneous abdominal (block) strictly confined to bed small cell bronchogenic carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma; sickle cell crisis sqwdrnous cell carcinoma semi-closed circle absorber sudden cardiac death; sickle cell disease; subacute com-

bined degeneration; service connected disability; spinal cord disease

SA SFP 285

SCE SCI SCID SCIV SCLC SCLE SCLs SCM SCR SC/SP SCT

SCUT scv SD

S & D SDA SDAT SDH SDL SDS SDT SE sec sed sed rt SEER seg SEM

SEMI SENS SEP

SER-IV SERs SES SF

SFA SFC SFEMG SFP

sister chromatic exchange spinal cord injury severe combined immunodeficiency disorder subclavian intravenous small-cell lung cancer subcutaneous lupus erythematosis soft contact lenses sternocleidomastoid; spondylitic caudal myelopathy spondylitic caudal radiculopathy supracondylar/suprapatellar prosthesis sickel cell trait; sugar coated tablet; sentence completion

test schizophrenia chronic undifferentiated type subcutaneous vaginal (block) senile dementia; scleroderma; spontaneous delivery; sterile

dressing; surgical drain stomach and duodenum steroid-dependent asthmatic; Seventh-Day Adventist senile dementia of Alzheimer's type subdual hematoma serum digoxin level same day surgery speech detection threshold side effect secondary sedimentation sedimentation rate Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (program) segment; segmented neutrophil systolic ejection murmur; scanning electron microscopy;

standard error of mean subendocardial myocardial infarction sensorium systolic ejection period; somatosensory evoked potential;

separate supination external rotation, type 4 fracture somatosensory-evoked responses socioeconomic status scarlet fever; sugar free; salt free; symptom free; spinal

fluid superficial femoral artery; saturated fatty acids spinal fluid count single-fiber electromyography spinal fluid pressure

SFPT SG SGA SGD SGE S g1 SGOT SGPT SH S & H SIH SHA S Hb SHEENT SHS S1 SIADH S & I SIB sibs SICT SICU SIDS sig SIJ SIMV SISI SIT S W SJS SK SL SLB SLC SLE SLGXT SLK SLR SLRT SLWC SM SMA

standard fixation preference test specific gravity; serum glucose; Swan-Ganz small for gestational age straight gravity drainage significant glandular enlargement without correctiodglasses serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase serum hepatitis; social history; shower; short; shoulder speech and hearing suicidal/homicidal ideation super heater aerosol sickle hemoglobin screen skin, head, eyes, ears, nose, throat Student Health Service sacroiliac syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion suction and irrigation self-injurious behavior siblings selective intracoronary thrombolysis surgical intensive care unit sudden infant death syndrome let it be marked sacroiliac joint synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation short increment sensitivity index sperm immobilization test; Slossen Intelligence Test self-inflicted wound Stevens-Johnson syndrome ~ m i t h ~ l i n e ~ sublingual; slight short leg brace short leg cast systemic lupus erythematosus; slit lamp examination symptom limited graded exercise test superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis straight leg raising straight leg raising cast short leg walking cast systolic murmur; small sequential multiple analyzer; simultaneous multichannel

autoanalyzer; superior mesenteric artery; spinal muscular atrophy

SFPT SPEP 287

SMC SMD SMI SMON SMP SMR

SMS SMVT SN SNAP SNCV SND SNE SNGFR SNT S - 0 SOA SOAA SOAP SOB S & O C SOD SOFAS sol SOM SOMI Sono SONP SOP SOS SOT SP

S/P SPA SPAG SPBI SPBT SPE spec SPECT Spec Ed SPEP

special mouth care; somatomedin-C senile macular degeneration small volume infusion; sustained maximal inspiration subacute myelopticoneuropathy self-management program submucosal resection; standardized mortality ratio; skeletal

muscle relaxant; senior medical resident senior medical student sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia student nurse sensory nerve action potential sensory nerve conduction velocity sinus node dysfunction subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy single nephron glomerular filtration rate Suppan nail technique salpingo-oophorectomy swelling of ankles; supraorbital artery signed out against advice subjective, objective, assessment, and plan shortness of breath signed and on chart (permission) surgical officer of the day; superoxide dismutase Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale solution serous otitis media sterno-occipital mandibular immobilizer sonograrn solid organs not palpable standard operating procedure may be repeated once if urgently required stream of thought suprapubic; sequential pulse; sacrum to pubis; speech

pathologist status post albumin human; stimulation produced analgesia small particle aerosol generator serum protein bound iodine suprapubic bladder tap serum protein electrolytes specimen single photon emission computer tomography special education serum protein electrophoresis

SPF sP fl SP gr SPK SPMA SPMSQ SPN SPP SPROM SPT SP TAP SPU SPVR SQ Sq CCa SR

SRBC SRBOW SRC Sr Cr SRF SRF-A SRIF SRMD SRJNE SRNS SROM SRS-A SRT SRU SS

S & S SSCA SSD SSDI SSE SSEPs SSM SSOP SSPE SSS SSSS

sun protective factor spinal fluid specific gravity superficial punctate keratitis spinal progressive muscle atrophy Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire solitary pulmonary nodule suprapubic prostatectomy spontaneous premature rupture of membrane skin prick test spinal tap short procedure unit systemic peripheral vascular resistance subcutaneous squamous cell carcinoma sedimentation rate; sustained release; side rails; system re-

view; sinus rhythm sicklelsheep red blood cells spontaneous rupture of bag of waters scleroderma renal crisis serum creatinine somatotropin releasing factor slow releasing factor of anaphylaxis somatotropin-release-inhibiting factor stress-related mucosal damage sinus rhythm, no ectopy steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome spontaneous rupture of membrane slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis speech reception threshold; sedimentation rate test side rails up saline solution; salt substitute; sickle cell; social secu-

ritylservice; slip sent; symmetrical strength signs and symptoms single shoulder contrast arthrography social security disability; source to skin distance social security disability income saline solutionlsoapsuds enema; systemic side effects somatosensory evoked potentials superficial spreading melanoma Second Surgical Opinion Program subacute sclerosing panencephalitis sick sinus syndrome; sterile saline soak staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

SPF SW 289

ST STA stab staph stat STB ST BY STD STD TF STET STF STG STH STJ STM sTNM STNR STORCH

STPD strep STS STSG STU S & U su SUB sub q SUD SUID SUNDS SUP SUPP SUR sv svc svco SVD SVE SVPB SVR SVRI SVT SW

speech therapist; sinus tachycardia; split thickness superficial temporal artery polymorphonuclear leukocytes in nonmature form Staphylococcus aureus immediately stillborn standby sexually transmitted disease; skin test dose standard tube feeding submaximal treadmill exercise test special tube feeding short-term goals soft tissue hemorrhage; somatotrophic hormone subtalar joint short-term memory surgical-evaluative staging of cancer symmetrical tonic neck reflex syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other agents, rubella, cytomega-

lovirus, and herpes standard temperature and pressure-dry streptococcus serologic test for syphilis split thickness skin graft shock trauma unit supine and upright sensory urgency; Somogyi units Skene's urethra and Bartholin's glands subcutaneous sudden unexpected death sudden unexplained infant death sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome supinator; superior suppository surgery; surgical single ventricle; stock volume; sigmoid volvulus superior vena cava superior vena cava obstruction spontaneous vaginal delivery sterile vaginal examination supraventricular premature beat supraventricular rhythm; systemic vascular resistance systemic vascular resistance index supraventricular tachycardia social worker

SWD SWFI SW1 SWOG SWS

SWT Sx sz

T T1/2 T1 T3 4 T-7 TA Ta T & A T(A) TAA

TAB TAD TAE TAF TAH TAL TAN1 T A 0 TAPVC TAPVD TAPVR TAR TARA TAS TAT TB TBA TBB tbc TBE TBG TB1

short wave diathermy sterile water for injection sterile water for injection Southwest Oncology Group slow wave sleep; Sturge-Weber syndrome; student ward

secretary stab wound of the throat symptom; signs; surgery seizure; suction; schizophrenic

temperature half-life tricuspid first sound; first thoracic vertebra triiodothyronine thyroxine free thyroxine factor therapeutic abortion; temperature axillary; tricuspid atresia tonometry applanation tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy axillary temperature total ankle arthroplasty; thoracic aortic aneurysm; tumor-

associated antigen (antibodies); transverse aortic arch therapeutic abortion; triple antibiotic; tablet transverse abdominal diameter transcatheter arterial embolization tissue angiogenesis factor total abdominal hysterectomy; total artificial heart tendon Achilles lengthening total axial node irradiation thromboangiitis obliterans total anomalous pulmonary venous connection total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage total anamalous pulmonary venous return thrombocytopenia with absent radius total articular replacement arthroplasty therapeutics activities specialist tetanus antitoxin; till all taken; Thematic Apperception Test tuberculosis to be admitted; to be absorbed transbronchial biopsy tuberculosis tick-borne encephalitis thyroxine-binding globulin total body irradiation

SWD TEG 291

T bili tbl TBM TBN A TBPA TBR TBSA tbsp TBV TBW TIC TC T & C TCA TCABG TCBS agar TCCB TCDB T-cell TCH TCIDSO TCM TCMH TCT TCVA TD

Td TDD TDE TDF TDK TDM TdP TDT TE T & E TEA TEC TEDS@ TEE TEF TEG

total bilirubin tablespoon (l 5 mL) tubule basement membrane treated but not admitted thyroxine-binding prealbumin total bed rest total bum surface area tablespom ( l 5 mL) total blood volume; transluminal balloon valvuloplasty total body water to consider throat culture; true conjugate type and crossmatch; turn and cough tricuspid atresia; terminal cancer triple coronary artery bypass graft thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar transitional cell carcinoma of bladder turn, cough, and deep breathe small lymphocyte turn, cough, hyperventilate median tissue culture doses transcutaneous monitor; tissue culture media tumor-direct cell-mediated hypersensitivity thrombin clotting thromboembolic cerebral vascular accident tardive dyskinesia; travelers diarrhea; Takayasu's disease;

transverse diameter; tidal volume; treatment discontin- ued; tetanus-diphtheria toxoid

tetanus-diphtheria toxoid thoracic duct drainage total daily energy (requirement) tumor dose fractionation tardive dyskinesia therapeutic drug monitoring torsades de pointes tentative discharge tomorrow tracheoesophageal; trace elements; thromboembolism trial and error total elbow arthroplasty; thromboendarterectomy total eosinophil count anti-embolism stockings transesophageal echocardiography tracheoesophageal fistula thromboelastogram


tele TEM TEN TEN@ TENS tert TES TET TF

TFB TFTs TG TGA TGF TGFA TGS TGT TH THA THC TH-CULT THE Ther Ex THI THR TI TIA tib TIBC TIE TIG TIN tinct TJ TJN TKA TKNO TKP TKO TKR TL TLC

telemetry transmission electron microscopy toxic epidermal necrolysis total enteral nutrition transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation tertiary treatment emergent symptoms; trace element solution treadmill exercise test tetralogy of Fallot; tactile fremitus; tube feeding; to

follow trifascicular block thyroid function tests trigly cerides transient global amnesia; transposition of the great arteries tissueltransforming growth factor triglyceride fatty acid tincture of green soap thromboplastin generation test total hysterectomy; thyroid hormone; thrill total hip arthroplasty; transient hemispheric attack transhepatic cholangiogram throat culture transhepatic embolization therapeutic exercise transient hypogammag lobulinemia of infancy total hip replacement tricuspid insufficiency transient ischemic attack tibia total iron binding capacity transient ischemia episode tetanus immune globulin tubulointerstitial nephritis tincture triceps jerk twin jet nebulizer total knee arthroplasty to keep needle open thermokeratoplasty to keep open total knee replacement tuba1 ligation; team leader; trial leave triple lumen catheter; thin layer chromatography; total lung

capacity; total lymphocyte count; tender loving care

tele TPPE 293

TLI TLS TLV TM TMA TMB TMC TMET TMI TMJ TMP TMS TMTC Tn TNF TNI TNM TNTC TO T(O) TOA TOF TOGV TOL tomo TOP TOPP TOPV TORCH

TORP TOS TP TPA

TPC TPD TPE TPH TPI TPM TPN T P & P TPPE

total lymphoid irradiation tumor lysis syndrome total lung volume tympanic membrane; travecular meshwork transmetatarsal amputation transient monocular blindness transmural colitis treadmill exercise test threatened myocardial infarction temporomandibular joint trimethoprim; thallium myocardial perfusion trace metal solution too many to count normal intraocular tension tumor necrosis factor total nodal irradiation tumor node metastasis too numerous to count telephone order oral temperature tubo-ovarian abscess; time of arrival tetralogy of Fallot transposition of the great vessels trial of labor tomography termination of pregnancy a drug combination protocol trivalent oral polio vaccine toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis, hepatitis, Zoster), rubella,

cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex total ossicular replacement prosthesis thoracic outlet syndrome total protein; Todd's paralysis tissue plasminogen activator; tissue polypeptide antigen;

total parenteral alimentation total patient care tropical pancreatic diabetes total protective environment thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension treponema pallidum immobilization test temporary pacemaker total parenteral nutrition time, place, and person time, person, place, and event

TPPN TPR

TPT TPVR Tr W ) TRA trach Trans D TRC TRD Tren TRH TRlG tRNA TRNG TRP TRT T3RU TS TSA TSAR@ TSBB TSD T set TSF TSH tSP TSP TSR TSS TST T & T TT

TT3 TT4 TTA TTN TTNB TTP TTS TTVP

total peripheral parenteral nutrition temperature, pulse and respiration; temperature; total pe-

ripheral resistance time to peak tension total peripheral vascular resistance trace; tremor; treatment; tincture rectal temperature therapeutic recreation associate tracheal; tracheostomy transverse diameter tanned red cells traction retina1 detachment Trendelenberg thyrotropin-releasing hormone trigl ycerides transfer ribonucleic acid tetracycline resistant Neisseria gonorrhea tubular reabsorption of phosphate thermoradiotherapy triiodothyroxine resin uptake test solution; Tourette's syndrome total shoulder arthroplasty tape surrounded ~ ~ ~ l i - r u l e r s @ transtracheal selective bronchial brushing Tay-Sachs disease; target to skin distance tracheotomy set triceps skin fold thyroid stimulating hormone teaspoon (5 mL) total serum protein total shoulder replacement toxic shock syndrome titmus stereocuity test touch and tone thrombin time; thymol turbidity; twitch tension; transtra-

cheal; tilt table total serum triiodothyronine total thyroxine total toe arthroplasty transient tachypnea of the newborn transient tachypnea of the newborn thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura through the skin temporary transvenous pacemaker

TPPN uco 295

TTY-TDD TU TUN TUR T3UR TURB TURBN TURP TURV TV TVC TVH TVP TW TWD TWE TWETC TWWD Tx TxA2 T Y ~

U U11 1/U U/ UA UAC UAE UAL UAO UAT UAVC UBF UBI UBM UC

U & C UCD UCG UCHD UCI UCO

teletypewriter for the deaf tuberculin units total urinary nitrogen transurethral resection triiodothyronine uptake ratio turbidity transurethral resection bladder tumor transurethral resection of prostate transurethral resection valves tidal volume; trial visit; Trichomonas vaginalis triple voiding cystogram; true vocal cord total vaginal hysterectomy transvenous pacemaker test weight total white and differential count tapwater enema tapwater enema till clear tapwater wet dressing treatment; therapy; traction; transfuse; transplant thromboxane A2 tylorna

units; urine I finger breadth below umbilicus 1 finger over umbilicus at umbilicus uric acid; urinalysis; unauthorized absence; uncertain about umbilical artery urinary albumin excretion umbilical artery line upper airway obstruction up as tolerated univentricula~ atrioventricular connection unknown black female ultraviolet blood irradiation unknown black male urine culture; urethral catheter; uterine contraction; ulcera-

tive colitis urethral and cervical usual childhood diseases urinary chorionic-gonadotropins usual childhood diseases urethral catheter in urethral catheter out

UCX UD UDC UE UES UFO UFR UG UGDP UGH UGI UHBI UHDDS UID UIQ UIL ULN ULQ UK UN UNA

UNK UOQ UPEP UPJ U/P ratio UPP UPT UR URI urol us USA USB USG US1 USN USP USRDS UTD ut dict UTF UTI

urine culture urethral discharge usual diseases of childhood upper extremity upper esophageal sphincter unflagged order uroflowmetry urogenital University Group Diabetes Program uveitis, glaucoma, hyphema upper gastrointestinal series upper hemibody irradiation Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set once daily upper inner quadrant upper and lower upper limits of normal upper left quadrant urokinase; unknown urinary nitrogen urinary nitrogen appearance; urine sodium ointment unknown upper outer quadrant urine protein electrophoresis ureteropelvic junction urine to plasma ratio urethral pressure profile studies urine pregnancy test utilization review upper respiratory infection urology ultrasonography; unit secretary unit services assistant upper sterna1 border ultrasonography urinary stress incontinence ultrasonic nebulizer United States Pharmacopeia United States Renal Data System up to date as directed usual throat flora urinary tract infection

UCX VDT 297

UTO UTZ UUN uv UVA UVB uvc UVJ UVL UVR UWF UWM

v VA VAC VAD "W VAG HYST VAH VAMC VAPA VAR VAS VASC VAS RAD VB VBAC VBI VBS VC

VCG VCT VCU VCUG VD VDA VDG VDH VDRL VDRR VDS VDT

upper tibial osteotomy ultrasound urine urea nitrogen ultraviolet ultraviolet A light; ureterovesical angle ultraviolet B light umbilical vein catheter ureterovesical junction ultraviolet light ultraviolet rays unknown white female unknown white male

vomiting; vein; vagina; five Veterans Administration; visual acuity; vacuum aspiration ventriculoarterial connections vascular/venous access device vagina vaginal hysterectomy Veterans Administration Hospital Veterans Administration Medical Center a drug combination protocol variant vascular; visual analogue scale Visual-Auditory Screen Test for Children vascular radiology VanBuren (catheter) vaginal birth after cesarean vertebrobasilar insufficiency vertebral-basilar system vital capacity; vena cava; vocal cords; color vision; vomit-

ing center vectorcardiography venous clotting time voiding cystourethrograrn vesicoureterogram; voiding cystourethrogram venereal disease; volume of distribution; voided visual discriminatory acuity; venous digital angiogram venereal disease-gonorrhea valvular disease of the heart Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (test for syphilis) vitamin D-resistant rickets venereal disease-syphilis video display terminal

VE VEB VEE vent VEP VER VF V fib VFP VG VH

v 1 vib VID VIG VIP

VISC VIT vit cap VKC VLBW VLDL VLH VMH VNA v0 VOCTOR VOD VOL VOR VOS VOU VP

V & P VPB VPC VPDs VPL V/Q VR VRA

vaginal examination; vertex; volume of expired gas ventricular ectopic beat Venezuelan equine encephalitis ventricular; ventral visual evoked potential visual evoked response; ventricular escape rhythm ventricular fibrillation; vision field; vocal fremitus ventricular fibrillation vitreous fluorophotometry vein graft; ventricular gallop; very good vaginal hysterectomy; viral hepatitis; vitreous hemorrhage;

Veterans Hospital volume index; six vibration videodensitometry vaccinia immune globulin voluntary interruption of pregnancy; vasoactive intestinal

peptide vitreous infusion suction cutter vitamin; vital; venom immunotherapy vital capacity vernal keratoconjunctivitis very low birth weight very low density lipoprotein ventrolateral nucleus of the hypothalamus ventromedial hypothalamus Visiting Nurses Association verbal order void on call to operating room vision right eye; venocclusive disease voluntary vestibular ocular reflex vision left eye vision both eyes venous pressure; variegate porphyria; ventriculoperitoneal;

ventricular-peritonea1 ventilation and perfusion; vagotomy and pyloroplasty ventricular premature beat ventricular premature contractions ventricular premature depolarizations ventro-posterolateral ventilationlperfusion (scan) ventricular rhythm; verbal reprimand visual reinforcement audiometry

vs VSD VSS VT v tach VTE VTX vv V & V V N VVFR VVOR VW VWM vz VZIG vzv W

WA WAIS WAIS-R WAP WAS WASS WB WBAT WBC WBH WBN WC W/D W-D WDHA WDL WDLL WDWN-BF WDWN-BM WDWN-WF WDWN-WM WE WEE WEP WF

vital signs; versus venous stasis retinopathy vital signs stable ventricular tachycardia; tidal volume ventricular tachycardia venous thromboembolism vertex varicose veins vulva and vagina volume to volume ratio vesicovaginal fistula repair visual-vestibulo-ocular-reflex vessel wall ventricular wall motion varicella zoster varicella zoster immune globulin varicella zoster virus

white; with; widowed while awake; when awake Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised wandering atrial pacemaker Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Wasserman test whole blood; weight bearing weight bearing as tolerated white blood celllcount whole-body hyperthermia wellborn nursery wheelchair; white count; ward clerk; whooping cough warm and dry; withdrawal wet to dry watery diarrhea; hypokalemia, and achlorhydria well-differentiated lymphocyte well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma well-developed, well-nourished black female well-developed, well-nourished black male well-developed, well-nourished white female well-developed, well-nourished white male weekend western equine encephalitis weekend pass white female

WFI WFL WFR WHO WHV WHVP W IA WIC WID W ISC WLS WLT WKS WM WMA WN WND WNL W10 WO WP WPFM WPPSI WPW WR WS wt WWAC W/U W N W/W

X

X3 X & D XM X-mat XMM XRT XS-LIM XT XX XY

water for injection within functional limits wheel-and-flare reaction World Health Organization woodchuck hepatitis virus wedged hepatic venous pressure wounded in action women, infants, and children widow; widower Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children wet lung syndrome waterload test Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome white male wall motion abnormality well-nourished wound within normal limits without written order; weeks old whirlpool Wright peak flow meter Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence W olff-Parkinson- W hite Wasserman reaction; wrist ward secretary; watt seconds weight walk with aid of cane workup weight-to-volume ratio weight-to-weight ratio

cross-match; start of anesthesia; except; times, ten; break

orientation as to person, place, and time examination and diagnosis cross-match cross-match xeromammography radiotherapy exceeds limits of procedure exotropia normal female sex chromosome type normal male sex chromosome type

WFI Zn 301

YACP YAG YF YJV YLC YO YORA YSC

ZEEP ZES Z-ESR ZIFT ZIG ZIP ZIZ ZMC Zn

young adult chronic patient yttrium aluminum garnert (laser) yellow fever yellow jacket venom youngest living child years old younger-onset rheumatoid arthritis yolk sac carcinoma

zero end-expiratory pressure Zollinger-Ellison syndrome zeta erythrocyte sedimentation rate zygote intrafallopian transfer zoster serum immune globulin zoster immune plasma zoster serum immune globulin zygomatic zinc

Terms Used in Prescription Writing

Term Meaning Abbreviation

acidum ad adde, addatur ad libitum admove, admoveatur ad partes dolentes agita, agitetur albus, -a, -um aluminum ampulla ana ante ante cibos ante cibum aqua aqua bulliens aqua destillata balneum balneum vaporis benc bis in die bromidum calcium capsula, capsulae carbons cataplasma charta, chartae charta cerata chartula chioridum cochleare amplum

an acid to, up to add, let be added as much as desired apply, let be applied to the painful parts shake, stir white aluminum an ampul of each before before meals before food water boiling water distilled water bath steam bath well twice a day a bromide calcium capsule, capsules carbonate a cataplasm, poultice paper(s), powder(s) waxed paper (small) paper, powder chloride tablespoonful

acid, ac. ad add. ad lib. adm ov. ad part. dolent. agit. alb. al. ampul. aa a. a.c., ac a.c., ac a9. aq. bull. uq. dest. baln. haln. vap., b.v. hene b.i.d., BID hrom. calc., Ca cap., caps. carb. catapl. chart. chart. cerat. c hart. chlorid. coch. ampl/.

304 TERMS USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING


cochleare magnum cochleare parvum collodium collunarium collyrium compositus, -a, -um congius cu m cum aqua curn cibos da, detur, dentur dentur tales doses diebus alternis dilutus, -a, -urn dimidius, -a, -urn dividatur in partes

aequales dosis durante elixir emplastrum emulsum et ex aqua ex mod0 praescripto extracturn fac, fiat, fiant ferrum fiant fiat fiat lege artis

filtra gargarisma gelatum glyceritum glycerogelatin urn granum, grana gutta, guttae guttatim hora decubitus hora sornni

tablespoonful teaspoonful collodion nasal douche eye lotion, eyewash compound gallon with with water with meals, food give, let be given give of such doses on alternate days dilute one half let be divided into equal

P*S dose while pain lasts an elixir a plaster emulsion and in water in the manner prescribed an extract make iron let them be made let it be made let be made according to

the law of the art filter a gargle a gel, jelly a glycerite glycerogelatin a grain, grains drop, drops drop by drop at bed hour, at bedtime before sleep

coch. mug. coch. pan . collod. collun. collyr. comp., CO.

cong., C. C

cum aq. CC

d., det. d.t.d. DTD dieb. alt., QOD dil. dim. div. in par. aeq.

dos. dur. dol. elix., el. emp. emuls. et ex aq. e. m.p. ext. ft- ferr. St. ft. j l . a.

filt. garg. gel. glycer. glycerogel. gr. gt., gtt. guttat. hor. decub., h.d. h.s., HS

Term

Terms Used in Prescription Writing 305

Meaning Abbreviation

hydrargyrum in in aqua in die infusum inhalatio in vitro iodidum kalium lavatio leviter linimentum liquor lotio magma magnesium magnus, -a, -urn mane primo misce mistura mitte tales modo dictu mod0 praescripto mollis moro dicto mucliago natrium nebula nihil album nocte nocte maneque non repetatur octarius oculo dextro

mercury in, into, within in water in a day an infusion inhalation in glass an iodide potassium a wash lightly a linament a liquor, solution a lotion a magma, milk magnesium large first thing in the morning you mix a mixture send such as directed in the manner prescribed soft in the manner directed a mucilage sodium a spray zinc oxide at night night and morning do not repeat a pint in the right eye

oculo sinistro

oculo utro

odontalgicum oleum omni hora

in the left eye

each eye

toothache drops an oil every hour

hydrarg. in in aq. in d. in$ inhal. in vit. iodid. K lavat. lev., levit. fin. liq. lot. m ag. Mg mug. man. prim. M. mist. mitt. tal. m. dict. mod. praes., m.p. moll. mor. dict. m u d . Na nebul. nihil alb. noct. noct. maneq. non rep. o., Oct. ocul. dext., o.d.,

0. D. oczd. sinist., OS.,

0. S. oczrl. utro, o.u.,

0. U. odont. 01. omn. hor., qh

306 TERMS USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING


omni mane vel nocte omni quarta hora omnis omni secunda hora omni tertia hora optimus, -a, -urn partes aequales parvus, -a, -um pasta pastillus per diem per OS

phosphas pilula, pilulae placebo ponderosus post cibum, post cibos praecipitatus pro dose pro ratione aetatis pro recto pro re nata pro urethra pro usu externo pro vagina pulvis, pulveres quantum libetl

placetlvis quantum sufficit quaque die quaque hora quater in die recipe ruber, rubra, rubrum sal saturatus, -a, -um secundum artem semel semi, semis semihora sesqui signa, signetur

every morning or night every four hours all, every every two hours every three hours the best equal parts small a paste lozenge, pastille per day by mouth a phosphatate a pill, pills I please heavy afler food, after meals precipitated for a dose according to age rectally as occasion arises urethral for external use vaginal a powder, powders as much as you wish

as much as suffices every day every hour four times a day take thou red salt saturated according to art once one half half hour one and one half write, let it be written

omn. man. vel noct. omn. 4 hr., q4h omn. omn. 2 hr, q2h omn. tert. hor., q3h opt. p.e., part. aeq. pan . pat. past il. per diem per OS, PO phos. pil. placebo pond. p. C., PC PP t. pro dos. pro rat. aet. pro rect. p. r. n., PRN pro ureth pro us. ext. pro vagin. pdv. q.l., q.p., q.v.

q . ~ . , QS q.d., QD qq. hor., qh q. i. d Rx. rub. sal sat. S. a. semel SS, sem. semih. sesq. sig., S.

Term

Terms Used in Prescription Writing 307

Meaning Abbreviation

simul sine sine aqua si opus sit sodium solutio solutio saturata spiritus spiritus vini rectifi-

catus spiritus vini tenuis

statim sume, sumendus suppositoria suppositoria rectalia suppositorium syrupus ta bletta tales doses talis, tales, talia ter ter in die tinctura trituratio trochiscus, trochisci uncia unguentum ut dictum vaccinum vel vinum viridis

at the same time without without water if there is need sodium a solution a saturated solution a spirit alcohol

proof spirit, diluted alcohol

immediately take, to be taken suppositories rectal suppositories a suppository a syrup tablet such doses such three times, thrice three times a day a tincture a trituration a troche, troches ounce an ointment as told, as directed a vaccine vel a wine green

sumul S., w/o sine aq. si op. sit, s.0.s. sod., Na sol. sol. sat. SP. sp. vin. rect.,

S. v. r. sp. vin. ten., s.v.t.

stat., STAT sum. s21ppos. suppos. rect., RS sz1ppos. syr. tab. tal. dos. tal. t. t. i. d., TID tr., tinct. trit. troch. oz. ungt. t ~ t dict. vac. or vin. vir.

TABLES AND STANDARDS

This section is designed to put a number of needed information points into one place. The Conversion Factors segment provides the formulas and data needed to quickly calculate milliequivalents and a list of weights and measures. The Anthropometric segment provides creatine clearance formulas, ideal body weight and surface area nomograms. The Laboratory Indices provide typical reference ranges for most common clinical laboratory tests. This segment is followed by a list of tests that is organized first by body system and then by type of test. The clinical laboratory segments are particularly helpful when confronted with a patient who knows what was tested but not necessarily for what. The normal values are also helpful but care needs to be exercised when applying them to individual patients since reference ranges can vary widely depending on where the test was done.

Finally, a quick checklist to help in evaluating the clinical literature is included as is the Indian Health Service patient counseling algorithm.

Conversion Calculations

TEMPERATURE

Fahrenheit to Celsius (OF-32) X 519 = 'C Celsius to Fahrenheit ("C X 915) + 32 = OF Celsius to Kelvin "C + 273 = K

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Metric Weight Equivalents l kilogram (kg) = l000 grams

I gram (g) = 1000 milligrams I milligram (mg) = 0.001 gram

1 microgram (mcg, pg) = 0.001 milligram I nanogram (ng) = 0.001 microgram I picogram (pg) = 0.001 nanogram

l femtogram (fg) = 0.001 picogram

Metric Volume Equivalents l liter (L) = 1000 milliliters

l deciliter (dL) = l00 milliliters I milliliter (mL) = 0.001 liter

I microliter (pL) = 0.001 milliliter I nanoliter (nL) = 0.001 microliter l picoliter (pL) = 0.001 nanoliter

l femtoliter (C) = 0.001 picoliter

Apothecary Weight Equivalents I scruple (3) = 20 grains (gr)

60 grains (gr) = l dram (3) 8 drams (3) = l ounce (3) l ounce (3) = 480 grains

12 ounces (S) = l pound (lb)

31 2 CONVERSION CALCULATIONS

Apothecary Volume Equivalents 60 minims (m) = l fluidram (fl 3)

8 fluidrams (fl j) = l fluid ounce (fl j ) l fluid ounce (fl j ) = 480 minims

16 fluid ounces (f l3) = l pint (pt)

Avoirdupois Equivalents

l ounce (02) = 437.5 grans 16 ounces (oz) = l pound (lb)

WeightNolu me Equivalents

I mg/dL = 10 pg/mL l mg/dL = l mg%

l p p m = l m g / L

Conversion Equivalents

l gram (g) = 15.43 grains I grain (gr) = 64.8 milligrams l ounce (3) = 3 l . l grams

l ounce (02) = 28.35 grams l pound (lb) = 453.6 grams

l kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds l milliliter (mL) = 16.23 minims

l minim (m) = 0.06 milliliter l fluid ounce (fl oz) = 29.57 mL

l pint (pt) = 473.2 mL 0.1 mg = V600 gr

0.12 mg = V500 gr 0.15 mg = V400 gr 0.2 mg = V300 gr 0.3 mg = V200 gr 0.4 mg = V150 gr 0.5 mg = V120 gr 0.6 mg = V100 gr 0.8 mg = 1/80 gr l .O mg = 1/65 gr

MICROMOLECULES

S1 units (le SystBme International d'unitks) are used to express clinical

Milliequivalents 31 3

laboratory and serum drug concentrations. The S1 system uses moles (mol) to designate the amount of a substance instead of using units of mass such as mi- crograms. A molar solution contains one mole (grams of the substance divided by molecular weight) of the solute in one liter of solution. Below is the formula used to covert units of mass to moles (mg/mL to mmolL or ng/mL to nmol/L, etc.)

Micromoles per Liter (mmolL)

Drug Concentration (pg/mL) X 1000 pmolL =

Molecular weight (g/mol)

MILLIEQUIVALENTS

A milliequivalent is the gram weight of a substance that will combine with or replace one milligram (one millimole) of hydrogen. A milliequivalent is 111000 of an equivalent weight.

Milliequivalents per Liter (mEq/L)

Weight of salt X Valence of ion X 1000 mEqL =

Molecular weight of salt

mEq/L X Molecular Weight of salt Weight of salt (g) =

Valence of ion X 1000

Valences and Atomic Weights of Selected lons.

Substance

Calcium Chloride Magnesium Phosphate

(ph = 7.4) Potassium Sodium Sulfate

Electrolyte Valence Molecular Weight

Ca2+ 2 40 Cl- 1 35.5

Mg2+ 2 24 H PO 2,- (80%) 1.8 96 H2P0, (20%) 1.8 96

K+ 1 39 Na+ 1 23

SO$- 2 96

Approximate Milliequivalents and Weights of Selected Ions.

Salt mEq/g Salt Mg SaltImEq

Calcium Carbonate [CaCO,] Calcium Chloride [CaC12-2H20] Calcium Gluconate

(Ca gluconate2- 1 H20) Calcium Lactate

(Ca lactate-5H20) Magnesium sulfate (MgSO,) Magnesium sulfate (MgS0,-7H,O) Potassium acetate (K acetate) Potassium chloride (KCI) Potassium citrate K, citrate- 1 H20) Potassium iodide (KI) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO,) Sodium chloride (NaCI) Sodium citrate (Na, citrate-2H20) Sodium iodide (Nal) Sodium lactate (Na lactate)

ANION GAP

The anion gap is the concentration of plasma anions that is normally not measured by plasma electrolyte assays. It is useful in the evaluation of acid- base disorders. The anion gap is greater with increased plasma concentrations of endogenous (e.g., phosphate, sulfate, lactate, ketoacids) or exogenous (e.g., salicylate, penicillin, ethylene glycol, ethanol, methanol) compounds. The formulas for calculating the anion gap are as follow:

(1) Anion Gap = (Na+ + K') - (Cl- + HCO;)

(2) Anion Gap = Na+ - (Cl- + HCO; 1

where

the anticipated normal value for I is 11-20 mmol/L the anticipated normal value is 7-16 mmol/L (Note that there are variances at the upper and lower limits of the normal range. Ranges may vary from laboratory to laboratory.)

Anthropometrics

CREATININE CLEARANCE FORMULAS

Formulas for Evaluating Creatinine Clearance in Patients with Stable Renal Function

Adults (Age 18 Years and Older) [ l ]

(140 - Age) X (Weight) Cl,, (Males) =

Cl, X 72

Cl,, (Females) = 0.85 X (male Cl,,)

where

Cl,, = creatinine clearance in mL/min Cl, = serum creatinine in mg/dL

Age in years. Weight in kilograms. (Some studies suggest that the prediction accuracy of this formula for women is better without the correction factor of 0.85)

Children (Age 1-18 Years) [2]

0.48 X (Height) X (BSA) Cl,, =

Cr, X 1.73

where

BSA = body surface area in m2 Cl, = creatinine clearance in mL/min Cl, = serum creatinine in mg/dL

Height is in centimeters.

Creatinine Clearance from a Measured Urine Collection

u x v * Formula: Cl,, (mL/min) = -

P x t

where

U = concentration of creatinine in specimen (in same units as P) V = volume of urine (mL) P = concentration of creatinine in serum at the midpoint of the urine collec-

tion period (same units as U) t = time of the urine collection period in minutes

IDEAL BODY WEIGHT

Ideal body weight (IBW) is the weight expected for person of normal weight for a given height. The IBW formulas below, as well as many life insurance tables, can be used to estimate IBW. Most dosing methods described in the literature make use of IBW as a method in dosing obese patients.

Adults (18 Years and Older) [3] IBW (Males) = 50 + (2.3 X Height in inches over 5 feet)

IBW (Females) = 45.5 + (2.3 X Height in inches over 5 feet)

where ideal body weight is in kilograms

Children (1-18 Years) [Z] Children Under 5 Feet Tall

where ideal body weight is in kilograms and height is in centimeters

Children 5 Feet or Taller in Height IBW (Males) = 39 + (2.27 X Height in inches over 5 feet)

IBW (Females) = 42.2 + (2.27 X Height in inches over 5 feet)

where ideal body weight is in kilograms

*The product of U X V equals the production of creatinine during the collection period and should equal 20-25 mg/kg/day ideal body weight in males and 15-20 mg/kg/day ideal body weight in females. If the value is less than this value, insufficient urine collection may have occurred and Cl,, will be underestimated.)

Body Surface Area of Adults and Children-Nomograms 31 7

BODY SURFACE AREA OF ADULTS AND CHILDREN-NOMOGRAMS

Calculating Body Surface Area in Infants and Adults

To determine body surface area for infants and adults, lay a straightedge on the corresponding height and weight points for the child and read the intersect- ing point on the surface area scale.

Nomogram for Determining Body Surface Area from Height and Weight (Infants) [4]

S A ( ~ ~ ) Height (H) in centimeters Weight (W) in kilograms

Nornogram for Determining Body Surface Area from Height and Weight (Adults) [5]

S A ( ~ * ) Height (H) in centimeters Weight (W) in kilograms

REFERENCES

1. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron, 1976; 16:3 1 4 1.

2. Traub SL, Johnson CE. Comparison of methods of estimating creatinine clearance in children. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1980; 37: 195-20 1.

3. Devine BJ, Gentamicin therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1974; 8:650-5. 4. From Haycock GB et al. Geometric method for measuring body surface

area: a height-weight formula validated in infants, children, and adults. J. Pediatr, 1978; 93 :62-6.

5. DuBois and DuBois. Arch Intern Med, 1916; 17363.

Laboratory Indices

BLOOD, SERUM, PLASMA CHEMISTRY; URINE, RENAL FUNCTION TESTS; HEMATOLOGY

The following table includes typical reference ranges for clinical laboratory tests in common use. Reference ranges for laboratory tests may vary widely among testing facilities, often as a result'of methodologic differences. It is therefore always advisable to obtain reference ranges from the laboratory performing the analyses. Laboratory test results should never be accepted without correct identification of the units of measurement, because most tests can be reported in several systems of measurement. The table presents both conventional and international (usually the same as Systsme International, or SI) units.

The following abbreviations are used to identify the specimen:

(P)-Plasma (S>--Serum (U)-Urine (WB)-Whole Blood (WB, art)-Whole Blood, Arterial

This section was reprinted from 1999 Handbook ofClinica1 Drug Data, 9th edition, P . 0. Anderson et al., O 1999, Appleton & Lange. Reproduced with permission of The McGraw-Hill Companies.

0 N Blood, Serum, Plasma Chemistry. N

Reference Range

TestISpecirnen Age Group or Other Factor Conventional International Units

Acid Phosphatase (S) 0.1 1-0.60 unitsll 0.1 1-0.60 unitsll Alanine Aminotransferase (S) unitslL unitslL

(ALT, SGPT) Adult 8-20 8-20 >60 yr, M 7-24 7-24 >60 yr, F 7-1 6 7-1 6

Alkaline Phosphatase (S) unitslL unitslL Child 20-1 50 20-1 50 Adult 20-70 20-70 >60 yr 30-75 30-75

Ammonia Nitrogen (S,P) Adult 1 5-45 ,U gldL 1 1-32 prnoVL Amylase (S) unitslL unitslL

Adult 25-1 25 25-1 25 >70 yr 20-1 60 20-1 60

Anion Gap (Na+- [Cl- + HCO,])(P) 7-1 6 rnEq/L 7-1 6 rnrnol1L

Aspartate Aminotransferase (S) unitslL unitslL (AST, SGOT) Adult 8-20 8-20

>60 yr, M 1 1-26 1 1-26 >60 yr, F 1 0-20 1 0-20

Bicarbonate (S) rnEqlL rnmollL Arterial 21-28 21 -28 Venous 22-29 22-29

WB, art) Adult 1 8-23 18-23

Blood, Serum, Plasma Chemistry (continued).

Reference Range TestISpecimen Age Group or Other Factor Conventional International Units

Bilirubin (S) Total Conjugated (direct)

Calcium (S) Ionized Total

Carbon Dioxide, Partial Pressure (WB, art) (pc021

Child, Adult Child, Adult

Adult Child Adult

Adult, M Adult, F

Chloride (S,P) Cholesterol, Total (S,P)

Child Adolescent

Adult Desired, Adult

Cortisol (S,P)

Creatine Kinase (CK)(S) Adult, M Adult, F

0 N

Blood, Serum, Plasma Chemistry (continued). P Reference Range

TestISpecirnen Age Group or Other Factor Creatinine (S,P)

Child Adolescent

Adult, M Adult, F

(y)-Glutarnyltransferase (S) (GGT) Adult, M

Adult, F Glucose, 2-hr Postprandial (S)

Conventional International Units

Glucose Tolerance Test (S) mgldL mmollL

(Oral) Normal Diabetic Normal Diabetic

Fasting 70-1 05 >l40 3.9-5.8 >7.8 60 min 120-1 70 2 200 6.7-9.4 211.1 90 min 100-1 40 1200 5.6-7.8 111.1 120 min 70-1 20 1140 3.9-6.7 17.8

HDL-Cholesterol (S,P) mgldL mmollL 15-1 9 yr, M 30-65 0.78-1.68 15-19 yr, F 30-70 0.78-1.81 20-29 yr, M 30-70 0.78-1.81 20-29 yr, F 30-75 0.78-1.94 30-39 yr, M 30-70 0.78-1.81 30-39 yr, F 30-80 0.78-2.07 >40 yr, M 30-70 0.78-1.81 >40 yr, F 30-85 0.78-2.20

Values for Blacks 10 mgIdL higher.


Reference Range


Iron (S) NldL mmollL Child 50-1 20 8.95-21.48

Adult, M 65-1 70 1 1.64-30.43 Adult, F 50-1 70 8.95-30.43

lron Binding Capacity, Total (S) CrlW

lsocitrate Dehydrogenase (S) Lactate Dehydrogenase (S)

Child Adult >6O yr

lsozymes (S) Fraction 1 Fraction 2 Fraction 3 Fraction 4 Fraction 5

Lead (WB)

Lipase (S)

Child Adult

Adult

100-1 90 110-210

% of Total 1 4-26 29-39 20-26 8-1 6 6-1 6

P W L <l5 < 30

unitslL 1 0-1 50

1 00-1 90 110-210

Fraction of Total 0.1 4-0.26 0.29-0.39 0.20-0.26 0.08-0.16 0.06-0.1 6 pmollL <0.72 <l .45 unitslL 1 0-1 50


TestISpecimen Age Group or Other Factor P-Lipoprotein (LDL)(S)

Magnesium (S) 6-1 2 yr 12-20 yr

Adult Osmolality (S)

Child, Adult >6O yr

Osmolal Gap Measured Osmolality-Calculated Osmolality Calculated Osmolality = 2(Na+) + (Glucose/l8) + (BUNl2.8)

Oxygen, Partial Pressure (WB, art) (pOJ (Decreases with age and attitude)

pH (WB, art) Phosphorus, Inorganic (S)

Child Adult

>60 yr, M >60 yr, F

Potassium (S,P) Child Adult

Reference Range


28-53% of total lipoproteins

mEqIL 1.7-2.1 1.7-2.2 1.6-2.6

m0smollkg 275-295 280-301

110


Reference Range

TestISpecimen Age Group or Other Factor Conventional International Units

Protein, Total (S)

Albumin

Globulins Prealbumin

Sodium (S,P)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (S,P) (=H)

Thyroxine, Total (S) (T4)

Adult Ambulatory Recumbent >60 yr Adult >60 yr Adult Adult

Child Adult

Child Adult

>60 yr, M >60 yr, F

5-1 0 yr Adult

>60 yr, M >60 yr, F

4-9 mo pregnant

6.4-8.3 6.0-7.8

lower by 0.2 3.5-5.0 3.7-4.7 2.3-3.5

1 0-40 mg/dL mEqlL 1 38-1 45 136-1 46

punitslmL 4.5 5 3.6 <l0 2-7.3 2-1 6.8 P ~ I ~ L 6.4-1 3.3 5-1 2 5-1 0

5.5-1 0.5 6.1-1 7.6

64-83 60-78

lower by 2 35-50 37-47 23-35

100-400 mg/L mmollL 138-1 45 136-1 46 munitslL 4.5 2 3.6 <l0 2-7.3 2-1 6.8 nmollL 83-1 72 65-1 55 65-1 29 71 -1 35 79-227

0 h) Blood, Serum, Plasma Chemistry (continued). W

Reference Range


Transferrin (S)

Triglycerides (S)

Adult >60 yr

Triiodothyronine Resin Uptake (S) (T3RU)

Triiodothyronine, Total (S) U,)

1 2-1 5 yr 16-19 yr 20-29 yr 30-39 yr 40-49 yr 50-59 yr

Desired, Adult

Adult >60 yr, M >60 yr, F

10-15 yr Adult

>60 yr, M >60 yr, F

% of Total 24-34 24-32 22-32 ngldL 80-21 0 120-1 95 1 05-1 75 108-205

Fraction of Total 0.24-0.34 0.24-0.32 0.22-0.32 nmollL 1.23-3.23 1.85-3.00 1.62-2.69 1.66-3.1 6


TestISpecirnen Age Group or Other Factor

~eference Range


Urea Nitrogen (S)

Uric Acid (S) (Uricase Method)

Child Adult >60 yr

Child Adult, M Adult, F

mgldL rnrnollL urea 5-1 8 0.8-3.0 7-1 8 1.2-3.0 8-2 1 1.3-3.5

rngldL rnrnollL 2.0-5.5 0.1 2-0.32 3.5-7.2 0.21 -0.42 2.6-6.0 0.1 5-0.35

Urine, Renal Function Tests.

Reference Range


Catecholarnines, 24-hr (U) <IlOpg <650 nmol Creatinine, 24-hr (U) mglkg pmollkg

Child 8-22 71 -1 95 Adolescent 8-30 7 1 -265

Adult, M 1 4-26 124-230 Adult, F 1 1-20 97-1 77

Decreases with age to 10 mglkglday at age 90

Urine, Renal Function Tests (continued).

Reference Range


Creatinine Clearance (S, P, and U) mLlminl1.73 m2 mLlseclm2 c40 yr, M 97-1 37 0.93-1.32 <40 yr, F 88-1 28 0.85-1.23

Decreases with age <40 yr.

lnulin Clearance (S and U)

PH (U) Protein, Total (U)

At Rest Specific Gravity, Random (U) Uric Acid, 24hr (U)

4.5-8 4.5-8 1-1 4 mg/dL 10-1 40 mg/L 50-80 mglday 5G80 mglday 1.002-1.030 1.002-1.030 250-750 mg 1.48443 mm01

Hematology.

Reference Range

Hemoglobin (WB)

g Hemoglobin A,. (WB) 4

6-1 2 yr 12-1 8 yr, M 12-18 yr, F 1 8-49 yr, M 18-49 yr, F

6-1 2 yr 12-1 8 yr, M 12-18 yr, F 18-49 yr, M 18-49 yr, F

TestlSpecimen Age Group or Other Factor Conventional International Units

Bleeding Time 3-9 min 180-540 sec Erythrocyte Count (WB) X 1061~ L X 1 012/L

M 4.6-6.2 4.6-6.2 F 4.2-5.4 4.2-5.4

Erythrocyte Indices (WB) Mean Corpuscular Volume 80-96 pm3 80-96 fL Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin 27-31 pg 27-31 pg

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (WB) mmlhr mmlhr 1-13 1-13 1-20 1 -20

Fibrinogen (P) 200-400 mgldL 2.00-4.00 gIL Hematocrit (WB) % Packed RBC Volume Fraction

Volume 35-45 0.35-0.45 37-49 0.37-0.49 36-46 0.36-0.46 41 -53 0.41 -0.53 36-46 0.36-0.46 gldL mmo//L

1 1.5-1 5.5 1.78-2.40 13.0-1 6.0 2.02-2.48 12.0-1 6.0 1.86-2.48 13.5-1 7.5 2.09-2.71 12.0-1 6.0 1.86-2.48

5.3-7.5% of total Hb 0.053-0.075

Hematology (continued).

Reference Range


Leukocyte Count (WB)

Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) ANC = (% Segs % Bands) X Leukocyte Count

Partial Thromboplastin Time, Activated (WB) (aPTT)

Platelets (WB) Prothrombin Time (WB) Reticulocytes (WB)

4.5-11 X 103/pL 4.5-1 1 x 1 09/L Segs 31-71 % 31-71% Bands 0-1 2% 0-1 2%

Lym phocytes 1550% 1 5-50% Monocytes 0-1 2% 0-1 2% Eosinophils 0-5% 0-5% Basophils 0-2% 0-2%

25-37 sec 25-37 sec 150-440X103/pL 0.15-0.44X1012/L

Less than 2 sec deviation from control 0.5-1 .5% of 0.005-0.01 5 erythrocytes

References 333

REFERENCES

1. Bwrtis CA, Ashwood ER, eds. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1 994.

2. Henry JB, ed. Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods, 1 8th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 199 1.

3. Preventing lead poisoning in young children: a statement by the Centers for Disease Control, 4th Rev. ed. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control; 199 1.

4. Systeme International (SI) units conversion table for common laboratory tests. Ann Pharmacother 1995; 29: 100-7.

5. Tietz NW, ed. Clinical guide to laboratory tests, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990.

6. Wallach J. Interpretation of diagnostic tests: a synopsis of laboratory medicine, 5th ed. Boston: Little, Brown; 1996.

CANCER STUDIES

Acid phosphatase Bence Jones protein Bone scan CA 27.29 and CA 15-3 tumor

markers CA 19-9 tumor marker CA- 1 25 tumor marker Carcinoembryonic antigen Estrogen-receptor assay Gallium scan Lymphangiography Mammography Octreotide scan Oncoscinct scan Papanicolaou smear Progesterone receptor assay Prostate-specific antigen Sputum cytology

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Adenosine stress test

List of Tests by Body System

Aldosterone assay, blood Antimyocardial antibodies Antistreptolysin 0 titer Apolipoproteins Arteriography Aspartate aminotransferase Atrial natriuretic factor Cardiac catheterization Cardiac exercise stress testing Cardiac nuclear scanning Carotid duplex scanning Catecholamines Chest x-ray Cholesterol Computed tomography of

chest Creatine phosphokinase Cryoglobulin Digital subtraction angiography Dipyridamole-thallium scan Dobutarnine stress test Doppler studies Echocardiography Electrocardiography Electrophysiologic study Fibrinogen

Tests in this list are grouped by the following: cancer studies; cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematologic, hepatobiliary, and immunologic systems; miscellaneous studies; and nervous, pulmonary, reproductive, skeletal, and urologic systems. This section was reprinted from Mosby 'S Diagnostic and Laboratoly Test Reference, 5th edition, Pagana and Pagana, O 2001, Mosby, Inc.

336 LIST OF TESTS BY BODY SYSTEM

Holter monitoring Homoc ysteine Isonitrile scan Lactic dehydrogenase Lipoproteins MUGA scan Myoglobin Pericardiocentesis Plethysmography

arterial venous

Positron-emission tomography Renin assay

plasma renal vein

Tilt-table testing Transesophageal echocardiography Transthoracic echocardiography Triglycerides Troponins Vanillylmandelic acid Venography of lower extremities

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Adrenal angiography Adrenal venography Adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulation test Aldosterone assay, blood Androstenedione Antidiuretic hormone Antithyroglobulin antibody Antithyroid microsomal antibody Blood glucose Calcitonin Calcium Catecholamines Chromosome karyotype Computed tomography of adrenals Cortisol

blood urine

C-peptide

Dexamethasone suppression test Estriol excretion Follicle-stimulating hormone Free thyroxine Gastrin Glucagon Glucose

blood postprandial urine

Glucose tolerance test Glycosylated hemoglobin Growth hormone

stimulation test 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Insulin antibody Insulin assay Ketones 17-Ketosteroids Long-acting thyroid stimulator Luteinizing hormone assay Metyrapone Osmolality, blood Parathyroid hormone Phosphorus Postprandial glucose Prolactin levels Renin assay

plasma renal vein

Somatomedin C Testosterone Thyroid scanning Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyroid ultrasound

stimulation test Thyrotropin-releasing hormone test Thyrotine-binding globulin Thyroxine, free Thyroxine, total Thyroxine index, free Triiodothyronine Urine glucose Vanillylmandelic acid

Hema tologic System 337

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Abdominal ultrasound Barium enema Barium swallow Carcinoembryonic antigen Clostridial toxin assay Colonoscopy Computed tomography of abdomen Computed tomography portogram Esophageal function studies Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Fecal fat Gastrin Gastroesophageal reflux scan Gastrointestinal bleeding scan Helicobactor pylori antibodies 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid Lactose tolerance test Laparoscopy Meckel's diverticulum nuclear scan Obstruction series Paracentesis Prealbumin Protein, blood Schilling test Sialography Sigrnoidoscopy Small bowel follow-through Stool culture Stool for occult blood testing Transrectal ultrasonography Upper gastrointestinal x-ray study Urea nitrogen blood test Videofluoroscopy D-Xylose absorption test

HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM

Activated clotting time Antithrombin I11 Basophils Bleeding time

Blood smear Blood typing Bone marrow biopsy Clot retraction test Coagulating factors concentration Complete blood count differential

count Coomb's test

direct indirect

D-Dimer test Delta-aminolevulinic acid 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Disseminated intravascular

coagulation screening Eosinophils Euglobulin lysis time Ferritin Fibrin degradation products Fibrinogen Folic acid Glucose-6-phosphate

dehydrogenase Ham's test Haptoglobin Hematocrit Hemoglobin

electrophoresis Iron level and total iron-binding

capacity Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils Partial thromboplastin time, activated Plasminogen Platelet aggregation Platelet antibody detection tests Platelet count Platelet volume, mean Porphyrins and porphobilinogens Prothrombin time Red blood cell count Red blood cell indices Red blood cell survival study

Red blood cells and casts, urine Reticulocyte count Sickle cell test Uroporphyrinogen-I-synthase Vitamin B12 White blood cell count and

differential count

HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM

Abdominal ultrasound Alanine aminotransferase Aldolase Alkaline phosphatase Alpha-fetoprotein Ammonia level Amylase

blood urine

Aspartate aminotransferase Bilirubin blood CA 19-9 tumor marker Cholesterol Computed tomography of abdomen Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatography Epstein-Ban virus Fecal fat Gallbladder scanning Gallium scan Gamma-glutamyl

transpeptidase Hepatitis virus studies Lactic dehydrogenase Leucine aminopeptidase Lipase Liver biopsy Liver and pancreatobiliary system

ultrasonography Liverlspleen scanning 5 '-Nucleotidase Obstruction series Percutaneous transhepatic

cholangiography

Protein, blood Secretin-pancreozymin Sweat electrolytes test

IMMUNOLOGIC SYSTEM

Agglutinins, febrile/cold AIDS serology Aldolase Allergy blood testing Allergy skin testing Anticardiolipin antibodies Anticentromere antibody Antideoxyribonuclease-B titer Anti-DNA antibody Anti-extractable nuclear antigens Antiglomerular basement membrane

antibody Antimitochondrial antibody Antimyocardial antibodies Antineutrophil cytoplasmic

antibody Antinuclear antibody Antiscleroderma antibody Anti-smooth muscle antibody test Anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B

antibody CD4/CD8 for HIV Complement assay Cry oglobulin Cutaneous immunofluorescence

biopsy Epstein-Ban virus HIV oral testing HIV urine testing HLA-B27 antigen Human T-cell lymphotropic virus Immunoglobulin electrophoresis Lyrne disease test Mononucleosis spot test Parvovirus B-1 9 antibody Protein electrophoresis Rabies-neutralizing antibody test Rheumatoid factor

Pulmonary System 339

MISCELLANEOUS TESTS

Blood culture and sensitivity Blood glucose Carbon dioxide content Carboxyhemoglobin Chloride, blood Cholinesterase C-Reactive protein Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Ethanol Magnesium Positron emissiotl tomography Potassium

blood urine

Protein, blood Sialography Sleep studies Sodium

blood urine

Therapeutic drug monitoring Throat culture and sensitivity Toxicology screening Urine culture and sensitivity Urine glucose White blood cell scan Wound culture and sensitivity

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Acetylcholine receptor-binding antibody

Amyloid beta protein precursor, soluble

Apolipoprotein E4 Caloric study Cerebral angiography Cerebrospinal fluid examination Computed tomography of brain C-reactive protein Digital subtraction angiography Electroencephalography

Electromyography Electroneurography Electrony stagmography Evoked-potential studies Hexosaminidase Lumbar puncture Magnetic resonance angiography Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Myelography Positron emission tomography Skull x-ray Spinal x-rays Tau protein

PULMONARY SYSTEM

Acid-fast bacilli Alpha1-antitrypsin Angiotensin-converting enzyme Blood gases Bronchoscopy Carbon dioxide content Carboxyhemoglobin Chest x-ray Computed tomography of

chest Legionnaires' disease antibody Lung biopsy Lung scan Mediastinoscopy Nose culture Oximetry Pleural biopsy Pulmonary angiography Pulmonary hnction tests Sleep studies Sputum culture and sensitivity Sputum cytology Strept screen Thoracentesis and pleural fluid

analysis Thoracoscopy Throat culture

340 LIST OF TESTS BY BODY SYSTEM

Tuberculin test Tuberculosis culture Urine pH

RENALIUROLOGIC SYSTEM

Acid phosphatase Aldosterone assay Anion gap Antidiurectic hormone Antistreptolysin 0 titer Bilirubin, urine Captopril renal scan Carbon dioxide content Catecholamines Chloride, blood Computed tomography of

kidney Creatinine, blood Creatinine clearance Crystals Cystography Cystometry Cystoscopy Epithelia1 casts Fatty casts Granular casts Hyaline casts Intravenous pyelogram Ketones Kidney sonogram Kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray

study Lactic acid Leukocyte esterase Nitrites Osmolality

blood urine

Pelvic floor sphincter electromyography

Percent fiee PSA Potassium

blood urine

Prostate sonogram Prostate-specific antigen PSA velocity Protein, urine Renal angiography Renal biopsy Renal scanning Renin assay

plasma renal vein

Retrograde pyelography Scrotal scan Scrotal ultrasound Sodium

blood urine

Testicular sonogram Urea nitrogen blood test Urethral pressure profile Uric acid Urinalysis Urine appearance and color Urine culture and sensitivity Urine flow studies Urine odor Urine pH Urine specific gravity Vanillylmandelic acid Waxy casts White blood cells and casts

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Alpha-fetoprotein Amniocentesis Antispermatozoal antibody Breast cancer genetic screening Breast scintography Breast sonogram CA 27.29 and CA 15-3 tumor

markers CA- 125 tumor marker

Skeletal System 341

Chlamydia Chorionic villus sampling Colposcopy Cytomegalovirus Endometrial biopsy Estriol excretion Fetal biophysical profile Fetal contraction stress test Fetal nonstress test Fetal scalp blood pH Fetoscopy Follicle-stimulating hormone Gonorrhea culture Herpes genitalis Hysterosalpingography Hysteroscopy TUD localization Lamellar body count Laparoscopy Luteinizing hormone assay Marnrnography Obstetric ultrasonography Papanicolaou smear Phenylketonuria test Pregnancy tests Pregnanediol Progesterone assay Prolactin

Rubella antibody test Semen analysis Sexually transmitted disease cultures Sims-Huhner test Syphilis detection test TORCH test Toxoplasmosis antibody titer

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Aldolase Alkaline phosphatase Arthrocentesis with synovial fluid

analysis Arthrography Arthroscopy Bone densitometry Bone scan Bone x-ray Electromyography HLA-B27 antigen Lactate dehydrogenase Magnetic resonance imaging Myoglobin N-telopeptide Rheumatoid factor Spinal x-rays Uric acid

BLOOD TESTS

Acetylcholine receptor antibody Acid phosphatase Activated clotting time (ACT) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulation test Agglutinins, febrilelcold AIDS serology Alanine aminotransferase Aldolase Aldosterone assay Alkaline phosphatase Allergy blood testing Alpha, -antitrypin Alpha-fetoprotein Ammonia level Amylase Androstenedione Angiotensin-converting enzyme Anion gap Anticardiolipin antibodies Anticentromere antibody test Antideoxyribonuclease-B titer Antidiuretic hormone Anti-DNA antibody

List of Tests by Type

Anti-extractable nuclear antigens antibody

Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody

Antimitochondrial antibody Antimyocardial antibodies Antineutrophil cytoplasmic

antibody Antinuclear antibody test Antiscleroderma antibody Anti-smooth muscle antibody Antispermatozoal antibody Anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B antibody Antistreptolysin 0 titer Antithrombin I11 Antithyroglobulin antibody Antithyroid microsomal antibody Apolipoproteins Aspartate aminotransferase Atrial natriuretic factor Basophils Bilirubin Bleeding time Blood culture and sensitivity Blood gases Blood smear

Tests in this list are grouped by the following types: blood, electrodiagnostic, endoscopy, fluid analysis, manometric, microscopic examination, nuclear scan, other studies, sputum, stool, ultrasound, urine, and x-ray. This section was reprinted from Mosby S Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference, 5th edition, Pagana and Pagana, O 2001, Mosby, Inc.

344 LIST OF TESTS BY TYPE

Blood typing Breast cancer genetic screening CA 27.29 and CA 15-3 tumor

markers CA 19-9 tumor marker CA-125 tumor marker Calcitonin Calcium Carbon dioxide content Carboxyhemoglobin Carcinoembryonic antigen CD4lCD8 for HIV Chlamydia Chloride Cholesterol Cholinesterase Chromosome karyotype Clot retraction test Coagulating factors concentration Complement assay Complete blood count Coomb's test

direct indirect

Cortisol C-peptide C-reactive protein Creatine phosphokinase Creatinine Creatinine clearance Cryoglobulin Cytomegalovirus Dexamethasone suppression test Differential count D-Dimer test 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Disseminated intravascular

coagulation screening Eosinophils Epstein-Barr virus titex Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Estriol excretion Ethanol Euglobulin lysis time

Ferritin Fetal scalp blood pH Fibrin degradation products Fibrinogen Folic acid Follicle-stimulating hormone Free thyroxine Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase Gastrin Glucagon Glucose

blood postprandial

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glucose tolerance test Glycosylated hernoglobin Growth hormone

stimulation test Ham's test Haptoglobin Helicobacter pylori antibodies Hematocrit Hemoglobulin

electrophoresis Hepatitis virus studies Hexosaminidase HLA-B27 antigen Homocysteine Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus Immunoglobulin electrophoresis Insulin antibody Insulin assay Iron level and total iron-binding

capacity Lactate dehydrogenase Lactic acid Lactose tolerance test Legionnaires' disease antibody Leucine aminopeptidase Lipase Lipoproteins Long-acting thyroid stimulator Luteinizing hormone assay

Electrodiagnostic Tests 345

Lyme disease test Lyrnphocytes Lymphocyte irnrnunophenotyping Magnesium Metyrapone Monocytes Mononucleosis spot test Myoglobin Neutrophils N-telopeptide 5 '-Nucleotidase Osmolality Parathyroid hormone Partial thromboplastin time,

activated Parvovirus B- 19 antibody Percent fiee PSA Phenylketonuria test Phosphorus Plasminogen Platelet aggregation Platelet antibody detection tests Platelet count Platelet volume, mean Potassium Prealbumin Pregnancy tests Progesterone assay Prolactin level Prostate-specific antigen Protein Prothrombin time PSA velocity Rabies-neutralizing antibody test Red blood cell count Red blood cell indices Renin assay

plasma renal vein

Reticulocyte count Rheumatoid factor Rubella antibody test Sexually transmitted diseases Sickle cell test

Sodium Somatomedin C Syphilis detection test Testosterone Therapeutic drug monitoring Thyroid-binding globulin Thyroid-stimulating hormone

stimulation test Thyrotropin-releasing hormone test Thyroxine, fiee Thyroxine, total Thyroxine index, fiee Toxicology screening Toxoplasmosis antibody titer Triglycerides Triiodothyronine Troponins Urea nitrogen blood test Uric acid Uroporphyrinogen-I-synthase Vitamin BI2 White blood cell count and

differential count D - X ~ ~ O S ~ absorption test

ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC TESTS

Caloric study Cardiac exercise stress testing Contraction stress (fetal) Electrocardiography Electroencephalography Electromyography Electroneurography Electronystagmography Electrophysiologic study Evoked potential studies Holter monitoring Nonstress (fetal) Pelvic floor sphincter

electromyography Signal-averaged electrocardiography Sleep studies

346 LIST OF TESTS BY TYPE

ENDOSCOPY

Arthroscopy Bronchoscopy Colonoscopy Colposcopy Cystoscopy Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatography Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Fetoscopy Gastroscopy Hysteroscopy Laparoscopy Mediastinoscopy Sigmoidoscopy Thoracoscopy Transesophageal echocardiography

FLUID ANALYSIS

Amniocentesis Amyloid beta protein precursor,

soluble Antispermatozoal antibody Arthrocentesis with synovial fluid

analysis HIV oral testing Lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal

fluid examination Paracentesis Pericardiocentesis Secretin-pancreozymin Semen analysis Sims-Huhner test Sweat eIectrolytes test Tau protein Thoracentesis and pleural fluid

analysis

MANOMETRIC TESTS

Cystometry Esophageal function studies

Plethysmography arterial venous

Urethral pressure profile

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS

Antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies

Bone marrow biopsy Chlamydia Cutaneous immunofluorescence

biopsy Endometrial biopsy Estrogen receptor assay Gonorrhea culture Helicobacter pylori antibodies Herpes genitalis Liver biopsy Lung biopsy Nose culture Papanicolaou smear Pleural biopsy Progesterone receptor assay Renal biopsy Sexually transmitted disease

cultures Strept screen Throat culture Tuberculosis culture Urine culture Wound culture and sensitivity

NUCLEAR SCANS

Bone scan Breast scintography Cardiac nuclear scanning Gallbladder scanning Gallium scan Gastroesophageal reflux scan Gastrointestinal bleeding scan Isonitrile scan

Urine Tests 347

Liverlspleen scanning Lung scan Meckel's diverticulum nuclear scan MUGA scan Octreotide scan Oncoscint scan Positron emission tomography Red blood cell survival study Renal scanning Scrotal scan Thallium scan Thyroid scanning White blood cell scan

OTHER STUDIES

Allergy skin testing Chorionic villus sampling Colposcopy Fetal nonstress test Magnetic resonance angiography Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Oximetry Pulmonary function tests Tilt-table testing TORCH test Tuberculin test Urine flow studies

SPUTUM TESTS

Acid-fast bacilli Culture and sensitivity Cytology

STOOL TESTS

Clostridial toxin assay Culture Fecal fat Occult blood testing Ova and parasites

ULTRASOUND TESTS

Abdominal ultrasound Breast sonogram Carotid duplex scanning Doppler studies Echocardiography Fetal biophysical profile IUD localization Kidney sonogram Liver and pancreatobiliary system

ultrasonography Obstetric ultrasonography Prostatelrectal sonogram Scrotal ultrasound Testicular ultrasound Thyroid ultrasound Transesophageal echocardiography Transrectal ultrasonography

URINE TESTS

Aldosterone Amylase Appearance and color Bence Jones protein Cortisol Creatinine clearance Crystals Culture and sensitivity Delta-aminolevulinic acid Dexamethasone suppression

test Epithelia1 casts Estriol excretion Ethanol Fatty casts Flow studies Glucose Glucose tolerance test Granular casts HIV urine testing Hyaline casts 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid Ketones 17-Ketosteroids Leucine aminopeptidase Leukocyte esterase Metyrapone N-telopeptide Nitrites Odor Osmolality PH Phenylketonuria test Porphyrins and

porphobilinogens Potassium Prealbumin Pregnancy Pregnanediol Protein Red blood cells and casts Schilling test Sodium Specific gravity Toxicology screening Uric acid Urinalysis Vanillylmandelic acid and

catecholamines Waxy casts White blood cells and casts D-Xylose absorption test

X-RAY EXAMINATIONS

Adrenal angiography Adrenal venography Arteriography Arthrography

Barium enema Barium swallow Bone densitometry Bone x-ray Cardiac catheterization Cerebral angiography Chest X-ray Computed tomography

of abdomen of adrenals of brain of chest of kidney

Computed tomography portogram Cystography Digital subtraction angiography Hysterosalpingography Intravenous pyelogram Kidney, ureter, and bladder

x-ray study Lymphangiography Magnetic resonance imaging Mammography Myelography Obstruction series Percutaneous transhepatic

cholangiography Positron emission tomography Pulmonary angiography Renal angiography Retrograde pyelography Sialography Skull x-rays Small bowel follow-through Spinal x-rays Upper gastrointestinal x-ray study Venography of lower extremities Video fluoroscopy

Patient Counseling Principles

INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE INTERACTIVE PATIENT COUNSELING TECHNIQUE EVALUATION FORM

A. Setting the Stage I Yes I No 1 NIA I 1. Did the pharmacist identify the patient? 2. Did the pharmacist identifjr himherself and the

purpose of the counseling?

3. Were the physical and patient barriers identified and dealt with?

B. Consuitation Process I I I 1 - -

1. Were the open-ended "Prime" or "Show & Tell" questions used appropriately to direct the dialogue to cover the three major areas of understanding? a. What did the doctor tell you the medication was

for? (What do you take this for?) b. How did the doctor tell you to take the medica-

tion? (How do you take it?) c. Were other open-ended questions used to break

up "How" discussion? e.g., "What does three times a day mean to you?"

d. What did the doctor tell you to expect? (What kind of problems are you having?)

2. Was dialogue for each Prime Question completed before moving onto the next one?

3. Did the pharmacist talk continuously for more than 60 seconds at a time?

4. Was the patient asked to demonstrate wherever possible?

C. Closure

1. Was the patient asked to verify overall understanding (Final Verification)? e.g., "Just to make sure I didn't leave anything out, please go over how you are going to use the medicine."

2. Was an appropriate closure used? e.g., "Is there anything else I can do for YOU?"

Yes No

F- I 1

Pharmacist Name: Date:

Principles of Literature Evaluation

OVERVIE W

1. What is the journal's reputation? Are the clinical studies refereed? 2. Is the title of abstract misleading? Does the author's bias show? 3. Are the researcher's qualified to undertake this study? 4. Is the location of the study adequate or appropriate? 5. Is the article referenced with key up-to-date articles?

INTRODUCTION

6. Is there a brief review of previous work and background on why the study was done?

7. Is the hypothesis or objectives of the trial clearly stated?

METHODOLOGY

8. Was the study design appropriate for the hypothesis? Ethical? 9. Was subject selection and exclusion criteria clearly detailed? Was subject

selection adequate for extrapolation to the appropriate population? 10. Was the number of subjects enrolled adequate? 1 1. Was the subject sample described sufficiently (age range, sex, severity of

disease) to make sure groups were comparable? Were group differences subjected to statistical analysis?

12. Were appropriate controls used? 13. Was allocation to treatment groups truly random? 14. Were doses, schedules, and duration of drug treatment adequate and com-

parable? 15. Were washouts used? Were they of sufficient duration? 16. Was concurrent therapy allowed? Controlled? 17. Was the study blinded? Was it truly blinded? 18. Were observers identified? Were they qualified? Were they blinded? 19. Were the test measures used indicative of therapeutic efficacy?

20. Did the test measurements use subjective or objective assessment? 21. What is the test measurement's sensitivity, specificity and reliability?

Could a more reliable test measure have been used? 22. How long were subjects followed? Was it long enough?

RESULTS

23. Were the results clearly, accurately and adquately presented? 24. Were the results presented? 25. Were dropouts adequately accounted for? 26. Was an appropriate statistical method used?

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

27. Does a statistically significant difference necessarily imply clinical significance?

28. Were valid conclusions based upon the results presented? 29. Were valid conclusions based upon the hypotheses of the study? 30. Does the discussion place the results of this study into the perspective of

previous clinical trials comparing and contrasting results? Does the discussion honestly outline the clinical trial's shortcomings?

ASSOCIATIONS AND CONTACTS

Professional associations are an important part of pharmacy. State and national associations represent the profession in a number of venues. The addresses and other contact information are provided for the national and state associations. Contact information for the state boards of pharmacy is also provided. Con- tact information and addresses on Canadian national associations as well as regulatory and voluntary organizations are included.

AACP

M P S

ACA

ACCP

ACPE

AFPC

AFPE

AIHP

AMCP

ANMP

APhA

National Pharmacy Associations

American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy 1426 Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 223 14-2841 Tel: 7031739-2330, Fax: 7031836-8982, http://www.aacp.org American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 1650 King Street, Alexandria, VA 223 14 Tel: 7031243-2800, Fax: 7031243-9650, http://www.aaps.org American College of Apothecaries P.O. Box 341266, Memphis, TN 38184 Tel: 9011383-81 19, Fax: 9011383-8882, http://www.acainfo.org American College of Clinical Pharmacy 3 101 Broadway, Suite 650, Kansas City, MO 641 1 1 Tel: 8 16/53 1-2 177, Fax: 8 16/53 1-4990, http://www.accp.com American Council of Pharmaceutical Education 3 1 1 West Superior Street, Suite 5 12, Chicago, IL 6061 0-3537 Tel: 3 121664-3575, Fax: 3 1216644652, http://www.acpe-accredit.org Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada 2609 Eastview, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7J 3G7 Tel: 30613 74-6327 American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education One Church Street, Suite 202, Rockville, MD 20850 Tel: 301/738-2160, Fax: 3011738-21 61, http://www.afpenet.org American Institute for the History of Pharmacy 425 North Charter Street, Madison, W1 53706-1 51 5 Tel: 6081262-5378, Fax: 6081262-3397, http://www.aihp.org Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy l00 North Pitt Street, Suite 400, Alexandria, VA 223 14 Tel: 7031683-8416, Fax: 7031683-8417, http://www.amcp.org Association of Natural Medicine Pharmacists P.O. Box 150727, San Rafael, CA 949 15-0727 Tel: 41 51453-3534, Fax: 41 51453-4963, http://www.anmp.org American Pharmaceutical Association 22 15 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20037-2985 Tel: 2021628-4410, Fax: 2021429-6300, http://www.apha.org

ASAP

ASCP

ASHP

ASPL

BPS

CCAPP

CPhA

FIP

NABP

NACDS

NAPRA

NCPA

NCPIE

NPhA

American Society of Automation in Pharmacy 492 Norristown Road, Suite 160, Blue Bell, PA 19422 Tel: 6101825-7783, Fax: 61 01825-7641, http://www.asapnet.org American Society of Consultant Pharmacists 132 1 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 223 14 Tel: 7031739-1 300, Fax: 7031739-1321, http://www.ascp.com American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 208 l4 Tel: 3011657-3000, Fax: 3011664-8877, http://www.ashp.org American Society of Pharmacy Law 1301 7 Wisteria Drive, #336, Germantown, MD 20874 Tel: 30119 16-6968, Fax: 30 119 16-6961, http://www.aspl.org Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties 22 15 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20037-2985 Tel: 2021429-7591, Fax: 2021429-6304, http://www.bpsweb.org Canadian Council for Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs Thorvaldson Building, Room 123, l l 0 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7J 5C9 Tel: 3061966-6388, Fax: 3061966-6377 Canadian Pharmacists Association 1785 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1 G 3Y6 Tel: 61 31523-7877, Fax: 61 31523-0445, http://www.cdnpharm.ca International Federation of Pharmacy P.O. Box 84200,2508 Hague, Netherlands Tel: 3 1170-302-1 970, Fax: 3 1170-302-1999, http/www.fip.nl National Association of Boards of Pharmacy 700 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068-2402 Tel: 8471698-6227, Fax: 8471698-0 124, http://www.nabp.net National Association of Chain Drug Stores P.O. Box l4 17-D49, Alexandria, VA 223 13-1480 Tel: 7031549-300 1, Fax: 7031836-4869, http://ww.nacds.org National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities http:l/www.napra.org National Community Pharmacists Association 205 Daingerfield Road, Alexandria, VA 223 14 Tel: 7031683-8200, Fax: 7031683-3619, http://www.ncpanet.org National Council on Patient Information and Education 49 15 Saint Elmo Avenue, Suite 505, Bethesda, MD 208 14-6053 Tel: 3011656-8565, ww.talkaboutrx.org National Pharmaceutical Association 107 Kilmayne Drive, Suite C, Cary, NC 275 1 1 Tel: 8001944-6742, Fax: 9 191469-5870, http://www.npha.net

ASAP USPHS 357

PCMA Pharmaceutical Care Management Association 2300 Ninth Street, Suite 21 0, Arlington, VA 22204 Tel: 7031920-8480, Fax: 7031920-849 1, http://www.pcmanet.org

USP United States Pharmacopeia1 Convention, Inc. 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852 Tel: 30 1/88 1-0666, Fax: 30118 16-8299, http://www.usp.org

USPHS U.S. Public Health Service 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 9A-05, Rockville, MD 20857 Tel: 30 11827-5846, Fax: 3011443-3847

State Pharmacy Associations

Alabama Pharmacy Association 12 1 1 Carmichael Way, Montgomery, AL 361 06-3672 Tel: 334127 1-5423, Fax: 3341271-5423, http://www.aparx.org

Alaska Pharmaceutical Association Box 10 1 1 85, Anchorage, AK 995 10 Tel: 9071563-8880, Fax: 9071563-7880 http:l/www .alaska.net/-akphrmcy

Arizona Pharmacy Association 1845 E. Southern Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85282-583 1 Tel: 4801838-3385, Fax: 4801838-3557, http:/lwww.azpharmacy.org

Arkansas Pharmacists Association 41 7 South Victory, Little Rock, AR 72201 Tel: 5011372-5250, Fax: 5011372-0546, http://www.arpharmacists.org

California Pharmacists Association 11 12 "I" Street, Suite 300, Sacramento, CA 95814 Tel: 9 1614-44-78 1 1, Fax: 91 614447929, http://www.cpha.com

Colorado Pharmacists Association 51 50 East Yale Circle, Suite 304, Denver, CO 80222 Tel: 3031756-3069, Fax: 3031756-3649 http://www.coloradopharmacy.org/CphA.htrn

Connecticut Pharmacists Association 35 Cold Spring Road, Suite 125, Rocky Hill, CT 06067 Tel: 8601563-4619, Fax: 8601257-8241, http://www.ctpharmacists.org

Delaware Pharmacists Society P.O. Box 454, Smyrna, DE 19977 Tel: 8001782-37 16, Fax: 3021659-3089 http://www.depharmacy.org/Index.htm

Florida Pharmacy Association 610 North Adams Street, Tallahassee, FL 32301 Tel: 8501222-2400, Fax: 8501561-6758, http://www.pharmview.com

Georgia Pharmacy Association 20 Lenox Pointe, NE, Atlanta, GA 30327 Tel: 404123 1-5074, Fax: 4041237-8435, http://www.gpha.org

Hawaii Pharmacists Association 2448 East Manoa Drive, Honolulu, HI 96807 Tel: 8081739-1230, Fax: 8081235-5 189 http://www.helix.com/helix/assoc/assnqharm/hpha/hpha.htm

Idaho State Pharmacy Association P.O. Box 1401 17, Boise, ID 83714 Tel: 208/424- 1 107, Fax: 208/424- 1 102, http://www.idahopharmacy.org

Illinois Pharmacists Association 204 West Cook, Springfield, IL 62704 Tel: 2 l7/522-73OO, Fax: 2 l7/522-7349, http://www.ipha.org

Indiana Pharmacists Association 729 N. Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204- 1 17 1 Tel: 3 171634-4968, Fax: 3 171632- 12 19 http://www.indianapharmacists.org

Iowa Pharmacy Association 85 15 Douglas Avenue, Suite 16, Des Moines, IA 50322 Tel: 5 l5/27O-O7 13, Fax: 5 l5/270-2979, http://www.iarx.org

Kansas Pharmacists Association 1020 SW Fairlawn Road, Topeka, KS 66604 Tel: 7851228-2327, Fax: 7851228-9147, http://www.kansaspharmacy.org

Kentucky Pharmacists Association 1228 U.S. 127 South, Frankfort, KY 4060 1-4330 Tel: 5021227-2303, Fax: 5021227-2258, http://www.kphanet.org

Louisiana Pharmacists Association P.O. Box 14446, Baton Rouge, LA 70898 Tel: 2251926-2666, Fax: 225/926- 1020

Maine Pharmacy Association P.O. Box 346, Brewer, ME 04412 Tel: 2071989-6 190, Fax: 2071989-6743, http://www.mainepharmacyassoc.com

Maryland Pharmacists Association 650 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 Tel: 4 lO/727-0746, Fax: 41 01727-2253 http://www.users.erols.comlmpha

Massachusetts Pharmacists Association 681 Main Street, Suite 3-32, Waltham, MA 0245 1-0621 Tel: 781/736-OlOl, Fax: 7811736-0080 http://www.channel l .corn/users/mpha

Michigan Pharmacists Association 8 15 N. Washington Avenue, Lansing, M1 48906-5 198 Tel: 5 171484- 1466, Fax: 5 171484-4893, http://www.mipharm.com

Minnesota Pharmacists Association 1935 W. County Road, B2#450, Roseville, MN 55 1 13 Tel: 65 11697-177 1, Fax: 65 11697- 1776, http://www.mpha.org

Hawaii Pharmacists Oklahoma Pharmacists 361

Mississippi Pharmacists Association 341 Edgewood Terrace Drive, Jackson, MS 3921 1 Tel: 6Ol/98 1-04 16, Fax: 60 1/98 1 - 0 6 1

Missouri Pharmacy Association 2 1 1 E. Capitol Avenue, Jefferson City, MO 65 10 1 Tel: 5731636-7522, Fax: 5731636-7485, http://www.morx.com

Montana State Pharmaceutical Association P.O. Box 47 18, Helena, MT 59604 Tel: 4061449-3843, Fax: 4061443-1 592, http://www.mmt.com

Nebraska Pharmacists Association 6221 South 58th Street, Suite A, Lincoln, NE 68516-3687 Tel: 402/42O- 1500, Fax: 402/42O- 1406, http://www.npa.creighton.edu

Nevada Pharmacy Alliance 100 N. Green Valley Parkway, Henderson, NV 8901 4 Tel: 7021732-46 1 0, Fax: 702/990-60 1 8, http://www.nvphall.org

New Hampshire Pharmacists Association 2 Eagle Square, Suite 400, Concord, NH 03301-4956 Tel: 6031229-0292, Fax: 6031224-7769 http://www.state.nh.us/pharmacy/nhpa.htm

New Jersey Pharmacists Association 3 Marlen Drive, #B, Robbinsville, NJ 0869 1-1 604 Tel: 6091584-9063, Fax: 6091586-8 1 86

New Mexico Pharmaceutical Association 4800 Zuni Southeast, Albuquerque, NM 87 108 Tel: 5051265-8729, Fax: 5051255-8476 http://www.nm-pharmacy.com

Pharmacists Society of the State of New York 2 10 Washington Avenue Ext., Albany, NY 12203 Tel: 5 181869-6595, Fax: 5 181464-061 8, http://www.pssny.org

North Carolina Association of Pharmacists 109 Church Street, Chapel Hill, NC 275 16 Tel: 9 191967-2237, Fax: 9 191968-9430, http://www.ncpharmacists.org

North Dakota Pharmaceutical Association 1906 East Broadway Avenue, Bismark, ND 58501 Tel: 7011258-4968, Fax: 7011258-93 12 http://www.nodakpharmacy.com

Ohio Pharmacists Association 6037 Frantz Road, Suite 106, Dublin, OH 4301 7 Tel: 6141798-0037, Fax: 6141798-0978, http://www.ohiopharmacists.org

Oklahoma Pharmacists Association P.O. Box 1873 1, Oklahoma City, OK 73 154 Tel: 4051528-3338, Fax: 4051528-1417, http:/lwww.opha.com

Oregon State Pharmacists Association 1460 State Street, Salem, OR 97301 Tel: 5031585-488'7, Fax: 5031378-9067 http://www.oregonpharmacists.com

Pennsylvania Pharmacists Association 508 North 3rd Street, Harrisburg, PA 17 10 1 - 1 199 Tel: 7 171234-615 1, http://www.papharmacists.com

Colegio de Farmeceuticos de Puerto Rico P.O. Box 360206, San Juan, PR 00936-4087 Tel: 7871753-7167, Fax: 7871759-9793, http://www.ccfjr.org

Rhode Island Pharmacists Association 500 Prospect Street, Pawtucket, RI 02860 Tel: 40 11725-4 14 1, Fax: 40 11725-9960, http://www.ripharm.com

South Carolina Pharmacy Association 1405 Calhoun Street, Columbia, SC 29201 Tel: 8031254-1 065, Fax: 8031254-9379 http://www.scpharmacyasssociation.org

South Dakota Pharmacists Association P.O. Box 5 18, Pierre, SD 57501 Tel: 6051224-2338, Fax: 6051224- 1280, http://ww.sdpha.org

Tennessee Pharmacists Association 226 Capitol Boulevard, Suite 8 10, Nashville, TN 372 19-1 893 Tel: 61 51256-3023, Fax: 61 51255-3528, http://ww.tnpharm.org

Texas Pharmacy Association P.O. Box 14709, Austin, TX 78761 Tel: 5 121836-8350, Fax: 5 121836-0308 http://www .&pharmacy .corn

Utah Pharmaceutical Association 1805 South Columbia Lane, Orem, UT 84058 Tel: 80 11762-0452, Fax: 80 11762-0454, http://www.upha.com

Vermont Pharmacists Association P.O. Box 790, Richmond, VT 05477-0790 Tel: 8021434-3001, Fax: 8021434-4803

Virginia Pharmacists Association 5501 Patterson Ave., Suite 200, Richmond, VA 23226 Tel: 800152743742, Fax: 8041285-4227 http://www.pharmacy.su.edu/vpha/homepage.htrn

Washington State Pharmacists Association 150 1 Taylor Avenue SW, Renton, WA 98055-3 139 Tel: 4251228-7 17 1, Fax: 4251277-3897 http://www.pharmcare.org

West Virginia Pharmacists Association 2003 Quarrier Street, Charleston, WV 253 1 1-221 2 Tel: 3041344-5302, Fax: 3041344-53 16

Oregon State Pharmacists Dispict of Columbia Pharmaceutical 363

Pharmacy Society of Wisconsin 70 1 Heartland Tr., Madison, W1 537 17 Tel: 6081827-9200, Fax: 6081827-9292, http://www.pswi.org

Wyoming Pharmacists Association P.O. Box 54 1, Powell, WY 82435 Tel: 3071754-4284, Fax: 3071754-4284, http://www.wpha.net

District of Columbia Pharmaceutical Association 6406 Georgia Avenue SW, Suite 202, Washington, DC 20012-2953 Tel: 202/829- 15 1 5, Fax: 202/829- 15 14

State Boards of Pharmacy

Alabama Board of Pharmacy 1 Perimeter Park South, Suite 425 South, Birmingham, AL 35243 Tel: 2051967-0 130, Fax: 205/967- 1009, http://www.albop.com

Alaska Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 1 10806,333 Willoughby Avenue, Juneau, AK 998 1 1 Tel: 9071465-2589, Fax: 9071465-2974 http://www.dced.state.ak.us/occ/ppha.htm

Arizona State Board of Pharmacy 4425 West Olive Avenue, Suite 140, Glendale, AZ 85302 Tel: 6231463-2727, Fax: 6231934-0583 http://www.pharmacy.state.az.us

Arkansas State Board of Pharmacy l01 E. Capitol, Suite 21 8, Little Rock, AR 72201 Tel: 5011682-0 19 1, Fax: 50 11682-0 195, http://www.state.ar.us/asbp

California Board of Pharmacy 400 R. Street, Suite 4070, Sacramento, CA 958 l4 Tel: 91 61445-5014, Fax: 91 61327-6308 http://www.pharmacy.ca.gov

Colorado State Board of Pharmacy 1560 Broadway, Suite 13 10, Denver, CO 80202-5 146 Tel: 3031894-7750, Fax: 3031894-7764 http://www.dora.state.co.us/pharmacy

Connecticut Commission of Pharmacy State Office Building, l65 Capitol Avenue, Room 147, Hartford, CT 06 l06 Tel: 86017 13-6065, Fax: 86017 13-7242 http://www.ctdrugcontrol.com/rxcommission.htm

Delaware State Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 637, Dover, DE 19901 Tel: 3021739-4798, Fax: 3021739-307 1

Florida Board of Pharmacy 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Bin #C04, Tallahassee, FL 32399-3254 Tel: 8501245-4292, Fax: 85014 13-6982 http://www.doh.state.fl.us/mqa~pharmacylpshome.htm

366 STATE BOARDS OF PHARMACY

Georgia State Board of Pharmacy 237 Coliseum Drive, Macon, GA 3 12 17-3858 Tel: 4381207-1 686, Fax: 4381207-1 699 http://www.sos.state.ga.us/ebd-pharmacy

Hawaii State Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 3469, Honolulu, HI 96801 Tel: 8081586-2698, Fax: 8081586-2689

Idaho Board of Pharmacy 3380 American Terrace, Suite 320, P.O. Box 83720, Boise, ID 83720-0067 Tel: 2081334-2356, Fax: 2081334-3536, http://www.state.id.us/bop

Illinois Department of Professional Regulation 320 W. Washington, 3rd Floor, Springfield, IL 62786 Tel: 2 l7/785-O8OO, Fax: 2 171782-7645, http://www.dpr.state.il.us

Indiana Board of Pharmacy 402 W. Washington Street, Room 04 1, Indianapolis, IN 46204-2739 Tel: 3 171232-1 140, Fax: 3 171232-4236, http://www.ai.org/hbp/isbp

Iowa Board of Pharmacy Examiners 400 S.W. Eighth Street, Suite F, Des Moine, IA 50309-4688 Tel: 5 15/28 1-5944, Fax: 5 15/28 1-4609, http://www.state.ia.us/ibpe

Kansas State Board of Pharmacy 900 Jackson, Room 513, Topeka, KS 66612 Tel: 7851296-4056, Fax: 7851296-8420 http://www.ink.org/public/pharmacy

Kentucky Board of Pharmacy 1024 Capitol Center Drive, Suite 2 10, Frankfort, KY 4060 1-8204 Tel: 5021573-1 580, Fax: 5021573-1 582, http://www.kyboardrx.org

Louisiana Board of Pharmacy 5615 Corporate Boulevard, Suite 8E, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808-2537 Tel: 2251925-6496, Fax: 2251925-6499, http://www.labp.com

Maine Board of Pharmacy 35 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333 Tel: 2071624-8603, Fax: 2071624-8637 http://www.state.me.us/pfr/olr

Maryland Board of Pharmacy 420 1 Patterson Avenue, Baltimore, MD 2 12 1 5-2299 Tel: 4101764-4755, Fax: 4101358-6207

Massachusetts Board of Registration in Pharmacy 239 Causeway Street, Boston, MA 021 13 Tel: 6 171727-9953, Fax: 6 l7/727-2 197 http://www.state.ma.us/reg/boards/ph

Michigan Board of Pharmacy 61 1 W. Ottawa, First Floor, P.O. Box 30670, Lansing, M1 48909-8170 Tel: 5 171373-9102, Fax: 5 171373-2179 http://www.cis.state.mi.us:8020/public/lic~reg$.startup

Georgia State Board of Pharmacy North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy 367

Minnesota Board of Pharmacy 2829 University Avenue SE, Suite 530, Minneapolis, MN 55414-3251 Tel: 6121617-2201, Fax: 6121617-2212 http://www.phcybrd.state.mn.us

Mississippi Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 24507, Jackson, MS 39225-4507 Tel: 60 11354-6750, Fax: 60 11354-607 1, http://www.mbp.state.ms.us

Missouri Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 625, 3605 Missouri Blvd., Jefferson City, MO 65102 Tel: 573/75 1-009 1, Fax: 5731526-3464 http://www .ecodev.state.mo.us/pr/pharmacy

Montana Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 2005 13, l l l North Jackson, Helena, MT 59620-05 13 Tel: 4061841-2356, Fax: 4061841-2343 http://www.com.state.mt.~icense/POL/plIboards/phaaboard~boardgage. htrn

Nebraska Board of Examiners in Pharmacy P.O. Box 94986, 301 Centennial Mall South, Lincoln NE 68509 Tel: 402/471-2115, Fax: 4021471-0555, http://www.hhs.state.ne.us

Nevada State Board of Pharmacy 555 Double Eagle Court, Suite 1 100, Reno, NV 8951 1-899 1 Tel: 775/85O- 1440, Fax: 7751850- 1444 http://www.state.nv.us/pharmacy

State of New Hampshire Board of Pharmacy 57 Regional Drive, Concord, NH 0330 1-85 18 Tel: 603127 1-2350, Fax: 6031271-2856, http://www.state.nh.us/pharmacy

New Jersey Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 4501 3, 124 Halsey Street, Newark, NJ 071 01 Tel: 9731504-6450, Fax: 9731648-3355 http://www .state.nj .us/lps/ca/brief/pharm. htm

New Mexico Board of Pharmacy 1650 University Boulevard NE, Suite 400B, Albuquerque, NM 87 102 Tel: 505184 1-9 102, Fax: 5051841-9 1 13 http://www.state.nm.us/pharmacy

New York Board of Pharmacy Cultural Education Center, Room 3035, Madison Avenue, Albany, NY 12230 Tel: 5 181474-38 17, ext. 130, Fax: 5 1 81473-6995 http://www.op.nysed.gov.pharm.htm

North Carolina Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 459, Carrboro Plaza, Carrboro, NC 275 10-0459 Tel: 9 191942-4454, Fax: 9 191967-5757, http://ww.ncbop.org

North Dakota State Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 1354,405 E. Broadway, 3rd Floor, Bismarck, ND 58502-1354 Tel: 7011328-9535, Fax: 7011258-93 12

Ohio State Board of Pharmacy 77 S. High Street, 17th Floor, Room 1702, Columbus, OH 432 15-6126 Tel: 6141466-4143, Fax: 6141752-4836 http://www.state.oh.us/pharmacy

Oklahoma State Board of Pharmacy 4545 Lincoln Boulevard, Suite 1 12, Oklahoma City, OK 73 105-3488 Tel: 405152 1-38 15, Fax: 405152 1-3758 http://www.state.ok.usl-pharmacy

Oregon Board of Pharmacy 800 NE Oregon Street #9, State Office Building Room 425 Portland, OR 97232 Tel: 503173 1-4032, Fax: 503173 1-4067 http://www.pharmacy.state.or.us

Pennsylvania State Board of Pharmacy 124 Pine Street, P.O. Box 2649, Harrisburg, PA 17 105-2649 Tel: 7171783-71 56, Fax: 7171787-7769 http:l/www.dos.state.pa.us/bpoalphabd~mainpage.htm

Puerto Rico Board of Pharmacy 800 Avenida Robert T. Todd, Office #201, Stop 18, Santurce, PR 00908 Tel: 787/725-8161, Fax: 7871725-7903

Rhode Island Board of Pharmacy 3 Capitol Hill, Room 205, Providence, RI 02908 Tel: 4011277-2837, Fax: 4011277-2499

South Carolina Board of Pharmacy 1026 Sumter Street, Room 209, P.O. Box 1 1927 Columbia, SC 292 1 1 - 1927 Tel: 8031896-4700, Fax: 8031734-1 552 http://www.llr.state.sc.us/POL/Pharmacy

South Dakota Board of Pharmacy 4305 South Louise Avenue, Suite 104, Sioux Falls, SD 57106 Tel: 6051362-2737, Fax: 6051362-2738 http://www .state. sd.us/dcr/pharmacy

Tennessee Board of Pharmacy 500 James Robertson Parkway, 2nd Floor, Davey Crockett Tower Nashville, TN 37243 Tel: 6 15/74 1-27 18, Fax: 6 15/74 1-2722 http://www. state. tn.us/commerce/pharmacy

Texas State Board of Pharmacy 333 Guadalupe, Tower 3, Suite 600, Box 2 1, Austin, TX 78701 -3942 Tel: 5 121305-8000, Fax: 5 121305-8082 http://www.tsbp.state.tx.us

Utah Board of Pharmacy l60 E. 300 South, P.O. Box 146741, Salt Lake City, UT 841 14-6741 Tel: 8011530-6767, Fax: 8011530-651 1

Ohio State Board of Pharmacy District of Columbia Board of Pharmacy 369

Vermont Board of Pharmacy 26 Terrace Street, Drawer 09, Montpelier, VT 05609-1 106 Tel: 8021828-2875, Fax: 8021828-2465 http://www.vtprofessionals.org/pharmacists

Virginia Board of Pharmacy 6606 W. Broad Street, Suite 400, Richmond, VA 23230- 17 17 Tel: 8041662-99 1 1, Fax: 8041662-93 13 http://www.dhp.state.va.us/pharmacy

Washington State Board of Pharmacy P.O. Box 47863, Olympia, WA 98504-7863 Tel: 3601236-4825, Fax: 3601586-4359, http://www.doh.wa.gov/pharmacy

West Virginia Board of Pharmacy 232 Capitol Street, Charleston, WV 25301 Tel: 3041558-0558, Fax: 3041558-0572

Wisconsin Pharmacy Examining Board 1400 E. Washington, P.O. Box 8935, Madison, W1 53708 Tel: 6081266-28 12, Fax: 6O8/26l -7083, http://www.state.wi.us/agencies/drl

Wyoming State Board of Pharmacy 1720 S. Poplar Street, Suite 4, Casper, WY 82601 Tel: 3071234-0294, Fax: 3071234-7226 http://www.phamacyboard.state.wy.us

District of Columbia Board of Pharmacy 825 North Capitol Street, N.E., Room 2224, Washington, DC 20002 Tel: 2021442-9200, Fax: 2021442-943 1

Canadian Provincial Voluntary Organizations

Pharmacy Association of Alberta 10 130-1 12th Street, 7th Floor, Edmonton, Alberta, T5K 2K4 Tel: 7801990-0326, Fax: 7801990-0328 http://www.altapharm.org

Alberta College of Pharmacists 10 130-1 12th Street, 7th Floor, Edmonton, Alberta, T5K 2K4 Tel: 7801990-032 1, Fax: 7801990-0328 http:l/www.altapharm.org

British Columbia Pharmacy Association 150-375 1 Shell Road, Richmond, British Columbia, V6X 2W2 Tel: 6041279-2053, Fax: 6041279-2065

College of Pharmacists of British Columbia 200-1765 West 8th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6J lV8 Tel: 6041733-2440, Fax: 6041733-2493 http://www.collpharmbc.org

Manitoba Society of Pharmacists 22-90 Garry Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 4H1 Tel: 2041956-6680, Fax: 2041956-6686, http://ww.msp.mb.ca

New Brunswick Pharmacists' Association Inc. 4 10-2 12 Queen Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 1 A8 Tel: 5061459-6008, Fax: 5061453-0736

Pharmacy Association of Nova Scotia P.O. Box 3214 (S), 1526 Dresden Row, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 3H5 Tel: 9021422-9583, Fax: 9021422-2619, http://www.pans.ns.ca

Ontario Pharmacist Association 301-23 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Ontario, M3B 3P6 Tel: 4 161441 -0788, Fax: 4 161441 -079 1, http://www.opatoday.com

Prince Edward Island Pharmaceutical Association P.O. Box 1404, Summerside, Prince Edward Island, C1N 4K2 Tel: 9021854-3 127, Fax: 9021854-3 127

Association quCbCcoise des pharmaciens propriktaires 4378, avenue Pierre-de-Coubertin, MontrCal, QuCbec, H l V 1 A6 Tel: 5141254-0676 or 8001361-7765, Fax: 5141254-1288

Representative Board of Saskatchewan Pharmacists 70040 10 Pasqua Street, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 7B9 Tel: 3061359-7277, Fax: 3061584-9695

Canadian Provincial Regulatory Authorities

Alberta College of Pharmacists 10 13 0-1 12th Street, 7th Floor, Edmonton, Alberta, T5K 2K4 Tel: 7801990-032 1, Fax: 7801990-0328 http://www.altapharm.org

College of Pharmacists of British Columbia 200-1765 West 8th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6J 1V8 Tel: 6041733-2440, Fax: 6041733-2493, http:/lwww.collpharmbc.org

Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association 187 St. Mary's Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 1 J2 Tel: 2041233-141 1, Fax: 2041237-3468

New Brunswick Pharmaceutical Society Burbank Complex, 10 1-30 Gordon Street, Moncton, New Brunswick, E 1 C 1 L8 Tel: 5061857-8957, Fax: 5061857-8838

Newfoundland Pharmaceutical Association Apothecary Hall, 488 Water Street, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1E 1B3 Tel: 7091753-5877, Fax: 7091753-86 15

Northwest Territories Regulatory Authority P.O. Box 1320, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, XlA 2L9 Tel: 8671920-8058, Fax: 8671873-0484

Nova Scotia Pharmaceutical Society P.O. Box 3363 (S), l526 Dresden Row, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 3J1 Tel: 9021422-8528, Fax: 9021422-2619

Ontario College of Pharmacists 483 Huron Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5R 2R4 Tel: 4 161962-486 1, Fax: 4 161962- 16 19 http://www.ocpharma.com

Prince Edward Island Pharmacy Board P.O. Box 89, Crapaud, Prince Edward Island, COA 1 JO Tel: 9021658-2780, Fax: 9021658-2 198

374 CANADIAN PROVINCIAL REGULATORY AUTHORITIES

Ordre des pharrnaciens du QuCbec 266, rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Bureau 301, Montrkal, Qukbec, H2Y 1T6 Tel: 8001363-0324 or 5141284-9588, Fax: 5141284-3420 http:/lwww.opq.org

Saskatchewan Pharmaceutical Association 700401 0 Pasqua Street, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 7B9 Tel: 30615 84-2292, Fax: 30615 84-9695

Yukon Regulatory Authority P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, Yukon, YlA 2C6 Tel: 8671667-5 1 1 1, Fax: 867/667-3609

Canadian National Pharmacy Associations

Canadian Association of Pharmacy Students and Interns 14 Kingsbridge Road, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1 C 3K3 Tel: 7091754-2739, Fax: 7091737-7044

Canadian College of Clinical Pharmacy 275 Armand Frappier Boulevard, Laval, Quebec, H7V 4A7 Tel: 4501978-7870, Fax: 4501978-7946

Canadian Council on Continuing Education in Pharmacy 3861 Athol Street, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 352 Tel: 3061584 5703, Fax: 3061584-5703

Canadian Pharmacists Association 1785 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, KlG 3Y6 Tel: 80019 17-9489 (inside Canada) or 61 31523-7877 (outside Canada) Fax: 61 31523-0445, http:/Iwww,cdnpharm.ca

Canadian Society of Consultant Pharmacists 243 Consumers Road, Toronto, Ontario, M2J 4W8 Tel: 4 161490-2865, Fax: 4 1 6/493- l58 1, http://www.ascp.com

Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists 350-1 145 Hunt Club Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1V OY3 Tel: 6 131736-9733, Fax: 6 1 317364660, http://www.cshp.ca

National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities 1005- 1 16 Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Kl P 5G3 Tel: 6 131569-9658, Fax: 61 31569-9659, http://napra.org

Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada 603- 123 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1 E2 Tel: 4 161979-243 1, Fax: 4 161599-9244

BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE

The typical dictionary definition of herb includes the fact that it is a plant that does not develop persistent, above-ground woody tissue and that it is used for both medical reasons and for flavoring foods. Professor Varro Tyler, a world-famous pharmacy educator, takes this definition a step further and presents it in a fashion truly relevant to pharmacy: "crude drugs of vegetable origin utilized for the treatment of disease states, often of a chronic nature, or to at- tain or maintain a condition of improved health."'

In 1900, over 50% of the medicines in the United States Pharmaco- poeia were still botanical products. These "weeds and seeds" were usually bought in bulk or intermediate form and then compounded to meet the requirements set down in the physician's prescription. In order to be a successful apothecary, one had to know the names, both common and official, of these botanical medicines.

Thanks to the modern herbal movement, many botanical products are again gaining popularity. This time it is the consumer who is making decisions about which herbs, and in which dosage forms, they will use. Many of these consumers are seeking information on the proper use and expected consequences of herbal use, and will turn to the pharmacist for this information.

This Section provides a list of the common and official names of the most popular herbs used for health purposes.

' ~ ~ l e r , V m o E . Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals, Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY, 1994.

Herbal Taxonomy

PRIMARY COMMON NAME SORT

Primary Common Name Latin Name Common Names

Agrimony

Alfalfa Aloe Angelica Arnica

Artichoke Ashwaganda

Asparagus Astragalus

Balm Barberry Basil Bearberry Bilberry Black Cohosh

Blessed Thistle

Bloodroot Blue Cohosh

Bold0 Borage

Agrimonia eupatoria

Medicago sativa Aloe vera Angelica archangelica Arnica montana

Cynara scolymus Withania somn fera

Asparagus officinalis Astragalus mem branaceus

Melissa officinalis Berberis vulgaris Ocimum basilicum Arctostaphylos uva ursi Vaccinium myrtillus Cimicifuga racemosa

Centaurea benedictus

Sanguinaria canadensis Caulophyllum thalictroides

Peumus boldus Borago oficinalis

Church steeples, cocklebur

Buffalo grass

Wild celery Mountain tabacco,

wolfsbane

Indian ginseng, winter cherry

Milk vetch, yellow leader

Bee balm, lemon balm Sowberry St. Josephwort Upland cranberry Bog bilberry Black snakeroot,

squaw root, bugbane Holy ghost herb, holy

thistle Redroot, sanguinara Blue ginseng, papoose

root Boldea Bee plant, ox's tongue,

starflower


Broom Burdock Butcher's Broom Calendula

Cardamom Cascara Sagrada Castor Cat's-Claw

Cayenne Celery Chamomile Chaparral

Chickweed Cinnamon Comfrey

Coriander

Cranberry Damiana Dandelion Devil's Claw

Dong-quai Echinacea

Elder Eleu thero Ephedra Eucalyptus Evening Primrose Eyebright Fennel Fenugreek Feverfew

Cytisus scoparius Articum lappa Ruscus aculeatus Calendula officinalis

Elettaria cardamomum Rhamnus purshiana Ricinus communis Uncaria tomentosa

Capsicum annuum Apium graveolens Matricaria recutita Larrea tridentate

Stellaria media Cinnamonum verum Symphytum oflcinale

Coriandrum sativum

Vaccinium macrocarpon Turnera diffusa Taraxacum oflcinale Harpagophytum procumbens

Angelica sinensis Echinacea

Sambucus canadensis Eleutherococcus senticosus Ephedra sinica Eucalyptus globules Oenothera biennis Euphrasia oficinalis Foeniculum vulgare Trigonella foenum graecum Tanacetum parthenium

Linum usitatissimum

Banal, hogweed Beggar's buttons, burr Box holly Goldblood, pot

marigold

Buckthorn, sacred bark

Life-giving vine of Peru

Marsh parsley

Creosote bush, greasewood

Mouse-ear, stanveed

Blackwort, slippery root

Chinese parsley, cilantro

Old woman's broom Wild endive Grapple plant, wood

spider

American coneflower, black susan

Elderberry

Cao mahaung Blue gum, fever tree King's cure-all Augentrot, eufrasia Carosella, finocchio Bird's foot, trigonella Altamisa, midsummer

daisy, wild chamomile

Flaxseed, linseed

Herbal Taxonomy 381


Polygonum multiflorum Climbing knotweed, knotweed

Fairy cap, fairy finger Foxglove Garcinia Garlic

Digitalis purpurea Garginia cam bogia Allium sativum Camphor of the poor,

stinking rose Bitterroot, gall weed Gan jiang Kew tree, maidenhair

tree

Gentian Ginger Ginkgo

Gentiana lutea Zinigiber oficinale Ginko biloba

Ginseng Goldenseal

Panax ginseng Hydrastis canadensis Indian paint,

yellowroot Indian pennywort,

marsh penny, sheep rot

Gotu Kota Centella asiatica

Grapeseed Hawthorn

Vitis vinifera Crataegus spp. May blossom,

mayflower Hops Horehound Horse Chestnut Horseradish Horsetail

Humulus lupulus Marrubium vulgare Aesculus hippocastanum Armoracia rusticana Equisetum arvense

Aesculus

Bottle brush, scouring rush

Hyssop Iceland Moss Ipecac Jojoba

Hyssopus oflcinalis Cetraria islandica Cephaelis ipecacuanha Simmondsia chinensis

Consumption moss

Deernut oil, goatnut oil

Geneva, giniver Intoxicating pepper Ge gen, Japanese

arrowroot

Juniper Kava-kava Kudzu

Juniperus communis Piper methysticum Pueraria montana

Lemon Balm Lemon Grass Licorice Lobelia

Melissa oficinalis Cymbopogon citratus Glycyrrhiza glabra Lobelia infata

Gan cao Indian tobacco,

pukeweed Kitme, mallards American mandrake

Marshmallow Mayapple

Althaea oflcinalis Podophyllum peltati


Meadowsweet

Milk Thistle

Motherwort Mullein

Myrrh Neem Nopal Oatstraw Olive Onion Oregano Parsley Passionflower

Pau d9arco Peppermint Plantain Pokeweed

POPPY Prickly Ash

Psyllium Pumpkin Pygeum Red Clover Reishi Rhubarb Rose hips Rosemary Sage Sarsaparilla Sassafras Saw Palmetto Schisandra Seneg a

Filipendula ulmaria

Silybum marianum

Leonurus cardiaca Varbascum denszjlorum

Commiphora myrrhea Azadirachta indica OpuntiaJicus-indica Avena sativa Olea europaea Allium cepa Origanum heracleoticum Petroselinum crispum Passzjlora incarnata

Tabebuia impetiginosa Mentha X piperita Plantago major Phytolacca americana

Papaver somniferum Zanthoxylum americanum

Plantago ovata Cucurbita pep0 Prunus africana Trifolium pratense Ganoderma lucidum Rheum ofJicinale Rosa canina Rosmarinus oflcinalis Salvia ofJicinalis Smilax spp. Sassafras albidum Serenoa repens Schisandra chinensis Polygala senega

Bridewort, queen- of-the meadow

Marian, Our Lady's thistle

Heartwort, lion's tail Aaron's rod, flannel

plant, shepherd's staff

Ma yao Margosa

Wild sage

Apricot vine, maypop, water lemon

Ipe roxo

Cancer root, pigeon beny

Opium POPPY Angelica tree, tooth-

ache tree Fleawort seed

Cow clover, trefoil Holy mushroom

Heps, hipberries Mi die xiang, old man

Ague tree, saloop Cabbage palm, serenoa Five-flavor seed Rattlesnake root,

milkwort

Herbal Taxonomy 383


Senna Shepard's Purse

Skullcap Slippery Elm Squill St. John's Wort Stinging Nettle Tea Tree Thyme Tumeric

Valerian Vitex White Oak Wild Yam Willow Witch Hazel

Yellow Dock Yohimbe Yucca

Senna alexandrina Capsella bursa pastoris

Scutellaria lateriflora Ulmus rubra Urginea maritime Hypericum perforatum Urtica dioica Melaleuca alternifolia Thymus vulgaris Curcuma domestica

Valeriana officinalis Vitex agnus castus Quercus alba Dioscorea villosa Salix spp. Hamamelis virginiana

Rumex crispus Pausinystalia yohimbe Yucca schidigera

Lady's purse, shovelweed

Moose elm Sea onion Goat weed, rosin rose

Cajeput

Indian saffron, curcurna

Garden heliotrope Chasteberry, hemp tree

Colic root

Tobacco wood, winter bloom

Rumex

Adam's needle, dagger plant, Joshua tree

Herbal Nomenclature

LATIN NAME SORT

Primary Common Latin Name Name Common Names

Aesculus hippocastanum Agrimonia eupatoria

Allium cepa Allium sativum

Aloe vera Althaea officinalis Angelica archangelica Angelica sinensis Apium graveolens Arctostaphylos uva ursi Armoracia rusticana Arnica montana

Articum lappa Asparagus officinalis Astragalus mem branaceus

Avena sativa Azadirachta indica Berberis vulgaris Borago officinalis

Calendula officinalis

Capsella bursa pastoris

Horse chestnut Agrimony

Onion Garlic

Aloe Marshmallow Angelica Dong-quai Celery Bearberry Horseradish Arnica

Burdock Asparagus Astragalus

Oatstraw Neem Barberry Borage

Calendula

Shepard's Purse

Aesculus Church steeples,

cocklebur

Camphor of the poor, stinking rose

Kitme, mallards Wild celery

Marsh parsley Upland cranberry

Mountain tabacco, wolfsbane

Beggar's buttons, burr

Milk vetch, yellow leader

Margosa Sowberry Bee plant, ox's tongue,

starflower Goldblood, pot

marigold Lady's purse,

shovelweed


Capsicum annuum Caulophyllum thalictroides

Cayenne Blue Cohosh Blue ginseng, papoose

root Holy ghost herb, holy

thistle Indian pennywort,

marsh penny, sheep rot

Centaurea benedictus Blessed Thistle

Centella asiatica Gotu Kola

Cephaelis ipecacuanha Centraria islandica Cimicifuga racemosa

Ipecac Iceland moss Black Cohosh

Consumption moss Black snakeroot,

squaw root, bugbane Cinnamomum verum Commiphora myrrhea Coriandrum sativum

Cinnamon Myrrh Coriander

Ma yao Chinese parsley,

cilantro May blossom,

may flower Crataegus spp. Hawthorn

Cucurbita pep0 Curcuma domestica

Pumpkin Tumeric Indian saffron,

curcuma Cymbopogon citratus Cynara scolymus Cytisus scoparius Digitalis purpurea Dioscorea villosa Echinacea

Lemon Grass Artichoke Broom Foxglove Wild Yam Echinacea

Banal, hogweed Fairy cap, fairy finger Colic root American coneflower,

black susan Elettaria cardamomum Eleutherococcus senticosus Ephedra sinica Equisetum awense

Cardamom Eleuthero Ephedra Horsetail

Cao mahaung Bottle brush, scouring

rush Blue gum, fever tree Augentrot, eufrasia Bridewort, queen-

of-the medow Carosella, finocchio Holy mushroom

Eucalyptus globules Euphrasia o fficinalis Filipendula ulmaria

Eucalyptus Eyebright Meadowsweet

Foeniculum vulgare Ganoderma lucidum Garcinia cam bogia Geniana lutea

Fennel Reishi Garcinia Gentian Bitterroot, gall weed

Herbal Nomenclature 387


Ginko biloba Ginkgo

Glycyrrhiza glabra Licorice Hamam elis virginiana Witch Hazel

Harpagophytum procumbens Devil's Claw

Kew tree, maidenhair tree

Gan cao Tobacco wood, winter

bloom Grapple plant, wood

spider Humulus lupulus Hydrastis canadensis

Hypericum perforatum Hyssopus o fficinalis Juniperus communis Larrea tridentate

Leonurus cardiaca Linum usitatissimum Lobelia inflata

Marrubium vulgare Matricaria recutita Medicago sativa Melaleuca alternifolia Melissa o f f i i n alis Melissa officinalis Mentha xpiperita Ocimum basilicum Oenothera biennis Olea europaea Opuntia fiscus-indica Origanum heracleoticum Panax ginseng Papaver somniferum Passiflora incarnata

Pausinystalia yohimbe Petroselinum crispum Peumus boldus Phytolacca americana

Piper methysticum

Hops Goldenseal

St. John's Wort Hyssop Juniper Chaparral

Motherwort Flax Lobelia

Horehound Chamomile Alfalfa Tea Tree Balm Lemon Balm Peppermint Basil Evening Primrose Olive Nopal Oregano Ginseng POPPY Passionflower

Yohimbe Parsley Bold0 Pokeweed

Indian paint, yellowroot

Goat weed, rosin rose

Geneva, giniver Creosote bush,

greasewood Heartwort, lion's tail Flaxseed, linseed Indian tobacco,

pukeweed

Buffalo grass Cajeput Bee balm, lemon balm

St. Josephwort King's cure-all

Wild sage

Opium POPPY Apricot vine, maypop,

water lemon

Boldea Cancer root, pigeon

berry Kava- kava Intoxicating pepper


Plantago major Plantago ovata Podophyllum peltati Polygala senega

Plantain Psyllium Mayapple Senega

Polygonum multijlorum

Prunus africana Pueraria montana

Quercus alba Rhamnus purshiana Rheum officinale Ricinus communis Rosa canina Rosmarinus officinalis Rumex crispus Ruscus aculeatus Salix spp. Salvia o fficinalis Sambucus canadensis Sanguinaria canadensis Sassafras albidum Schisandra chinensis Scutellaria laterijlora Senna alexandrina Serenoa repens Silybum marianum

Simmondsia chinensis Smilax spp. Stellaria media Symphytum o fficinale

Tabebuia impetiginosa Tanacetum parthenium

Taraxacum officinale Thymus vulgaris Trifolium pratense

White Oak Cascara Sagrada Rhubarb Castor Rose hips Rosemary Yellow Dock Butcher's Broom Willow Sage Elder Bloodroot Sassafias Schisandra Skullcap Senna Saw Palmetto Milk Thistle

Jojoba Sarsaparilla Chickweed Comfiey

Pau d'arco Feverfew

Dandelion Thyme Red Clover

Fleawort seed American mandrake Rattlesnake root,

milkwort Climbing knotweed,

knotweed

Ge gen, Japanese arrowroot

Buckthorn, sacred bark

Heps, hipberries Mi die xiang, old man Rumex Box holly

Elderberry Redroot, sanguinara Ague tree, saloop Five-flavor seed

Cabbage palm, serenoa Marian, Our Lady's

thistle Deernut oil, goatnut oil

Mouse-ear, starweed Blackwort, slippery

root Ipe roxo Altamisa, midsummer

daisy, wild chamomile

Wild endive

Cow clover, trefoil

Herbal Nomenclature 389


Trigonella foenum Turnera diffusa Ulmus rubra Uncaria tomentosa

graecum

Urginea maritime Urtica dioica Vaccinium macrocarpon Vaccinium myrtillus Valeriana officinalis Varbascum densijlorum

Vitex angus castus Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera

Yucca schidigera

Zanthoxylum americanum

Zinigiber officinale

Fenugreek Damiana Slippery Elm Cat' S-Claw

Squill Stinging Nettle Cranberry Bilberry Valerian Mullein

Vitex Grapeseed Ashwaganda

Yucca

Prickly Ash

Ginger

Bird's foot, tirgonella Old woman's broom Moose elm Life-giving vine of

Peru Sea onion

Bog bilberry Garden heliotrope Aaron's rod, flannel

plant, shepherd's staff

Chasteberry, hemp tree

Indian ginseng, winter cherry

Adam's needle, dagger plant, Joshua tree

Angelica tree, toothache tree

Gan jiang

PHARMACY'S PRINCIPLES

No matter which definition of profession is used, a common attrib- ute is the requirement that the profession must fulfil1 a societal need. This is because it is society that determines which activities constitute a profession; an occupation cannot unilaterally declare itself to be a profession. In the case of the profession of pharmacy, this means that not only must the pharmacist be well trained and knowledgeable but that the pharmacist must apply that knowledge for the good of the patient.

One of the attributes of a profession is the existence of a code of ethics or set of standards. Such a code communicates to the public what practitioners of the profession will or will not do. Phar- macists have developed a Code of Ethics that has changed to meet the changing expectations of the public that it serves.

The Pharmacist's Code of Ethics stresses that the individual pharmacist has an obligation to the individual patient, which is to help the patient obtain the best results possible from his or her medications. All other considerations and points of ethical expectations address how this optimum outcome is to be achieved.

The Principles of Practice for Pharmaceutical Care focus attention on the patient. It is not important what pharmacists call their practice; what is important is that all activities be judged by the criteria of what good is delivered to and for the patient. For, without the patient, there is no reason to believe that pharmacy or its practitioners meet the societal needs of a profession.

Code of Ethics for Pharmacists2

PREAMBLE

Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in making the best use of medications. This Code, prepared and supported by pharmacists, is intended to state publicly the principles that form the fundamental basis of the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists. These principles, based on moral obligations and virtues, are established to guide pharmacists in relationships with patients, health professionals, and society.

I. A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship between the patient and pharmacist.

Considering the patient-pharmacist relationship as a covenant means that a pharmacist has moral obligations in response to the gift of trust received from society. In return for this gift, a pharmacist promises to help individuals achieve optimum benefit from their medications, to be committed to their welfare, and to maintain their trust.

11. A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and confidential manner.

A pharmacist places concern for the well-being of the patient at the center of professional practice. In doing so, a pharmacist considers needs stated by the patient as well as those defined by health science. A pharmacist is dedicated to protecting the dignity of the patient. With a caring attitude and a compassionate spirit, a pharmacist focuses on serving the patient in a private and confidential manner.

* ~ d q t e d by the membership of the American Pharmaceutical Association October 27, 1994.

394 CODE OF ETHICS FOR PHARMACISTS

111. A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient.

A pharmacist promotes the right of self-determination and recognizes individual self-worth by encouraging patients to participate in decisions about their health. A pharmacist communicates with patients in terms that are under- standable. In all cases, a pharmacist respects personal and cultural differences among patients.

IV. A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional relationships.

A pharmacist has a duty to tell the truth and to act with conviction of con- science. A pharmacist avoids discriminatory practices, behavior or work conditions that impair professional judgment, and actions that compromise dedi- cation to the best interests of patients.

V. A pharmacist maintains professional competence.

A pharmacist has a duty to maintain knowledge and abilities as new medications, devices, and technologies become available and as health information advances.

VI. A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other health professionals.

When appropriate, a pharmacist asks for the consultation of colleagues or other health professionals or refers the patient. A pharmacist acknowledges that colleagues and other health professionals may differ in the beliefs and values they apply to the care of the patient.

VII. A pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal needs.

The primary obligation of a pharmacist is to individual patients. However, the obligations of a pharmacist may at times extend beyond the individual to the community and society. In these situations, the pharmacist recognizes the responsibilities that accompany these obligations and acts accordingly.

VIII. A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources.

When health resources are allocated, a pharmacist is fair and equitable, bal- ancing the needs of patients and society.

Principles of Practice for Pharmaceutical Care3

PREAMBLE

Pharmaceutical Care is a patient-centered, outcomes-oriented pharmacy practice that requires the pharmacist to work in concert with the patient and the patient's other healthcare providers to promote health, to prevent disease, and to assess, monitor, initiate, and modify medication use to assure that drug therapy regimens are safe and effective. The goal of Pharmaceutical Care is to optimize the patient's health-related quality of life, and achieve positive clinical outcomes, within realistic economic expenditures. To achieve this goal, the following must be accomplished:

A. A professional relationship must be established and maintained.

Interaction between the pharmacist and the patient must occur to assure that a relationship based upon caring, trust, open communication, coopera- tion, and mutual decision making is established and maintained. In this relationship, the pharmacist holds the patient's welfare paramount, maintains an appropriate attitude of caring for the patient's welfare, and uses all hidher professional knowledge and skills on the patient's behalf. In exchange, the patient agrees to supply personal information and preferences, and participate in the therapeutic plan. The pharmacist develops mechanisms to assure the patient has access to pharmaceutical care at all times.

B. Patient-specific medical information must be collected, organized, recorded, and maintained.

Pharmacists must collect andlor generate subjective and objective infor-

3~repared by the APhA Pharmaceutical Care Guidelines Advisory Committee, approved by the APhA Board of Trustees, August 1995.

mation regarding the patient's general health and activity status, past medical history, medication history, social history, diet and exercise history, history of present illness, and economic situation (financial and insured status). Sources of information may include, but are not limited to, the patient, medical charts and reports, pharmacist-conducted healthlphysical assessment, the patient's family or caregiver, insurer, and other healthcare providers including physicians, nurses, mid-level practitioners and other pharmacists. Since this information will form the basis for decisions regarding the development and subse- quent modification of the drug therapy plan, it must be timely, accurate, and complete, and it must be organized and recorded to assure that it is readily re- trievable and updated as necessary and appropriate. Patient information must be maintained in a confidential manner.

C. Patient-specific medical information must be evaluated and a drug therapy plan developed mutually with the patient.

Based upon a thorough understanding of the patient and hisher condition or disease and its treatment, the pharmacist must, with the patient and with the patient's other healthcare providers as necessary, develop an outcomes-oriented drug therapy plan. The plan may have various components which address each of the patient's diseases or conditions. In designing the plan, the pharmacist must carefully consider the psycho-social aspects of the disease as well as the potential relationship between the cost andlor complexity of therapy and patient adherence. As one of the patient's advocates, the pharmacist assures the coordination of drug therapy with the patient's other healthcare providers and the patient. In addition, the patient must be apprised of ( l) various pros and cons (i.e., cost, side effects, different monitoring aspects, etc.) of the options relative to drug therapy and (2) instances where one option may be more beneficial based on the pharmacist's professional judgment. The essential elements of the plan, including the patient's responsibilities, must be carefully and completely explained to the patient. Information should be provided to the patient at a level the patient will understand. The drug therapy plan must be documented in the patient's pharmacy record and communicated to the patient's other healthcare providers as necessary.

D. The pharmacist assures that the patient has all supplies, information and knowledge necessary to carry out the drug therapy plan.

The pharmacist providing Pharmaceutical Care must assume ultimate responsibility for assuring that hisher patient has been able to obtain, and is appropriately using, any drugs and related products or equipment called for in the drug therapy plan. The pharmacist must also assure that the patient has a thorough understanding of the disease and the therapyhedications prescribed in the plan.

Practice Principles 397

E. The pharmacist reviews, monitors, and modifies the therapeutic plan as necessary and appropriate, in concert with the patient and healthcare team.

The pharmacist is responsible for monitoring the patient's progress in achieving the specific outcomes according to strategy developed in the drug therapy plan. The pharmacist coordinates changes in the plan with the patient and the patient's other healthcare providers as necessary and appropriate in order to maintain or enhance the safety andor effectiveness of drug therapy and to help minimize overall healthcare costs. Patient progress is accurately documented in the pharmacy record and communicated to the patient and to the patient's other healthcare providers as appropriate. The pharmacist shares information with other healthcare providers as the setting for care changes, thus helping assure continuity of care as the patient moves between the community setting, the institutional setting, and the long-term care setting.

PRACTICE PRINCIPLES

1. Data Collection

1.1 The pharmacist conducts an initial interview with the patient for the purposes of establishing a professional working relationship and initiating the patient's pharmacy record. In some situations (e.g., pediatrics, geriatrics, critical care, language barriers) the opportunity to develop a professional relationship with and collect information directly from the patient may not exist. Under these circumstances, the pharmacist should work directly with the patient's parent, guardian, andor principal caregiver.

The interview is organized, professional, and meets the patient's need for confidentiality and privacy. Adequate time is devoted to assure that questions and answers can be fully developed without either party feeling un- comfortable or hurried. The interview is used to systematically collect patient-specific subjective information and to initiate a pharmacy record which includes information and data regarding the patient's general health and activity status, past medical history, medication history, social history (including economic situation), family history, and history of present illness. The record should also include information regarding the patient's thoughts or feelings and perceptions of hislher condition or disease.

1.3 The pharmacist uses healthlphysical assessment techniques (blood-pressure monitoring, etc.) appropriately and as necessary to acquire necessary patient-specific objective information.

1.4 The pharmacist uses appropriate secondary sources to supplement the information obtained through the initial patient interview and health/physical assessment. Sources may include, but are not limited to, the patient's medical record or medical reports, the patient's family, and the patient's other healthcare providers.

1.5 The pharmacist creates a pharmacy record for the patient and accurately records the information collected. The pharmacist assures that the pa- tieht's record is appropriately organized, kept current, and accurately reflects all pharmacist-patient encounters. The confidentiality of the information in the record is carefully guarded and appropriate systems are in place to assure security. Patient-identifiable information contained in the record is provided to others only upon the authorization of the patient or as required by law.

2. Information Evaluation

2.1 The pharmacist evaluates the subjective and objective information collected from the patient and other sources, then forms conclusions regarding: (1) opportunities to improve andor assure the safety, effectiveness, andlor economy of current or planned drug therapy; (2) opportunities to minimize current or potential future drug or health-related problems; and (3) the timing of any necessary future pharmacist consultation.

2.2 The pharmacist records the conclusions of the evaluation in the medical andor pharmacy record.

2.3 The pharmacist discusses the conclusions with the patient, as necessary and appropriate, and assures an appropriate understanding of the nature of the condition or illness and what might be expected with respect to its management.

3. Formulating a Plan

The pharmacist, in concert with other healthcare providers, identifies, evaluates and then chooses the most appropriate action(s) to: (1) improve andor assure the safety, effectiveness, andor cost-effectiveness of current or planned drug therapy; andor, (2) minimize current or potential future health-related problems.

The pharmacist formulates plans to effect the desired outcome. The plans may include, but are not limited to, work with the patient as well as with other health providers to develop a patient-specific drug therapy protocol or to modifjr prescribed drug therapy, develop andlor implement drug therapy monitoring mechanisms, recommend nutritional or dietary modifications, add non-prescription medications or non-drug treatments, re-

Practice Principles 399

fer the patient to an appropriate source of care, or institute an existing drug therapy protocol.

For each problem identified, the pharmacist actively considers the patient's needs and determines the desirable and mutually agreed upon outcome and incorporates these into the plan. The plan may include specific disease state and drug therapy endpoints and monitoring endpoints.

The pharmacist reviews the plan and desirable outcomes with the patient and with the patient's other healthcare provider(s) as appropriate.

The pharmacist documents the plan and desirable outcomes in the patient's medical andor pharmacy record.

4. Implementing the Plan

The pharmacist and the patient take the steps necessary to implement the plan. These steps may include, but are not limited to, contacting other health providers to clarify or modify prescriptions, initiating drug therapy, educating the patient andor caregiver(s), coordinating the acquisition of medications andor related supplies, which might include helping the patient overcome financial barriers or lifestyle barriers that might otherwise interfere with the therapy plan, or coordinating appointments with other healthcare providers to whom the patient is being referred.

The pharmacist works with the patient to maximize patient understanding and involvement in the therapy plan, assures that arrangements for drug therapy monitoring (e.g., laboratory evaluation, blood pressure monitoring, home blood glucose testing, etc.) are made and understood by the patient, and that the patient receives and knows how to properly use all necessary medications and related equipment. Explanations are tailored to the patient's level of comprehension and teaching and adherence aids are employed as indicated.

The pharmacist assures that appropriate mechanisms are in place to ensure that the proper medications, equipment, and supplies are received by the patient in a timely fashion.

The pharmacist documents in the medical andor pharmacy record the steps taken to implement the plan including the appropriate baseline monitoring parameters, and any barriers which will need to be overcome.

The pharmacist communicates the elements of the plan to the patient andor the patient's other healthcare provider(s). The pharmacist shares information with other healthcare providers as the setting for care changes, in order to help maintain continuity of care as the patient moves between the ambulatory, inpatient or long-term care environment.

5. Monitoring and Modifying the PlanIAssuring Positive Outcomes

5.1 The pharmacist regularly reviews subjective and objective monitoring parameters in order to determine if satisfactory progress is being made toward achieving desired outcomes as outlined in the drug therapy plan.

5.2 The pharmacist and patient determine if the original plan should continue to be followed or if modifications are needed. If changes are necessary, the pharmacist works with the patientkaregiver and hislher other healthcare providers to modifl and implement the revised plan as described in b'Formulating the Plan" and "Implementing the Plans" above.

5.3 The pharmacist reviews ongoing progress in achieving desired outcomes with the patient and provides a report to the patient's other healthcare providers as appropriate. As progress towards outcomes is achieved, the pharmacist should provide positive reinforcement.

5.4 A mechanism is established for follow-up with patients. The pharmacist uses appropriate professional judgment in determining the need to notify the patient's other healthcare providers of the patient's level of adherence with the plan.

5.5 The pharmacist updates the patient's medical andtor pharmacy record with information concerning patient progress, noting the subjective and objective information which has been considered, hislher assessment of the patient's current progress, the patient's assessment of hisher current progress, and any modifications that are being made to the plan. Cornmu- nications with other healthcare providers should also be noted.

Pharmaceutical care is a process of drug therapy management that requires a change in the orientation of traditional professional attitudes and re-engineering of the traditional pharmacy environment. Certain elements of structure must be in place to provide quality pharmaceutical care. Some of these elements are: (1) knowledge, skill, and function of personnel, (2) systems for data collection, documentation, and transfer of information, (3) efficient work flow processes, (4) references, resources and equipment, (5) communication skills, and (6) commitment to quality improvement and assessment procedures.

4 ~ r o m Pharmaceutical Care, Principles of Practice, American Pharmaceutical Associ- ation, 200 1.

Knowledge, Skill, and Function of Personnel

The implementation of pharmaceutical care is supported by knowledge and skills in the area of patient assessment, clinical information, communication, adult teaching and learning principles and psychosocial aspects of care. To use these skills, responsibilities must be reassessed, and assigned to appropriate personnel, including pharmacists, technicians, automation, and technology. A mechanism of certifying and credentialling will support the implementation of pharmaceutical care.

Systems for Data Collection and Documentation

The implementation of pharmaceutical care is supported by data collection and documentation systems that accommodate patient care communications (e.g., patient contact notes, medicaVmedication history), interprofessional communications (e.g., physician communication, pharmacist to pharmacist communication), quality assurance (e.g., patient outcomes assessment, patient care protocols), and research (e.g., data for pharmacoepidemiology, etc.). Documentation systems are vital for reimbursement considerations.

Efficient Work Flow Processes

The implementation of pharmaceutical care is supported by incorporating patient care into the activities of the pharmacist and other personnel.

References, Resources, and Equipment

The implementation of pharmaceutical care is supported by tools that facilitate patient care, including equipment to assess medication therapy adherence and effectiveness, clinical resource materials, and patient education materials. Tools may include computer software support, drug utilization evaluation (DUE) programs, disease management protocols, etc.

Communication Skills

The implementation of pharmaceutical care is supported by patient-centered communication. Within this communication, the patient plays a key role in the overall management of the therapy plan.

Quality Assessment/Improvement Programs

The implementation and practice of pharmaceutical care is supported and improved by measuring, assessing, and improving pharmaceutical care activities utilizing the conceptual framework of continuous quality improvement.

This document will not cover each and every situation; that was not the intent of the Advisory Committee. This is a dynamic document and is intended to be revised as the profession adapts to its new role. It is hoped that pharmacists will use these principles, adapting them to their own situation and envi- ronments, to establish and implement pharmaceutical care.

Note: Although "drug therapy" typically refers to intended, beneficial effects of pharmacologic drugs, in this document, "drug therapy" refers to the intended, beneficial use of drugs-whether diagnostic or therapeutic-and thus includes diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals, X-ray contrast media, etc. in addition to pharmacologic drugs. Similarly, "drug therapy plan" includes the outcomes oriented plan for diagnostic drug use in addition to pharmacologic drug use.

GLOSSARY OF MANAGED CARE TERMS

Managed care has brought a whole new vocabulary into health care. Important concepts and definitions are more likely to be derived from the insurance or business communities than from health care. Understanding the terms of this payer community is increasingly important as third party programs become the dominant payer for prescription and nonprescription medicines.

Glossary of Managed Care Terms

access a patient's ability to obtain medical care. The ease of access is determined by components such as the availability of medical services and their acceptability to the patient, the location of health care facilities, transporta- tion, hours of operation and affordability of care. accountable health plans (AHPs) (see organized delivery systems) under various Managed Competition Acts introduced in Congress during 1994, providers and insurance companies would be encouraged (through tax incentives) to form AHPs, similar to HMOs, PPOs, and other group practices. Accountable health plans would compete on the basis of quality and cost, and would offer insurance and health care as a single product. They would be responsible for the total health of members and reporting of medical outcomes in accordance with federal and state guidelines. accrete a term used by Medicare to describe the process of adding new enrollees to a health plan. accreditation accreditation programs grant an official authorization or approval to an organization determined by a set of industry-derived standards. actively-at-work a requirement of many insurers' policies stipulating that if a given employee is not actively at work on the day the policy goes into effect, medical coverage will not be provided until that employee returns to work. activities of daily living (ADLs) activities performed as part of a person's daily routine of self-care, such as bathing, dressing, toileting, transfer- ring, continence and eating. actual acquisition cost the pharmacist's net payment made to purchase a drug product, after taking into account such items as purchasing allowances, discounts, rebates and the like. actual charge the amount a physician or other provider actually bills a patient for a particular medical service, procedure or supply in a specific in- stance. The actual charge may differ from the usual, customary, prevailing andor reasonable charge.

This section is reprinted from NPC Pocket Glossary ofManaged Care Terms, National Pharmaceutical Counsel Inc.

405

actuarial table a chart or system for determining insurance rates and eligibility created by using probability and statistics. actuary a person trained in the insurance field who determines policy rates and reserves dividends as well as conducts various other statistical studies. acute care care for a person with a single episode of short-term illness or with an exacerbation of a chronic condition. additional drug benefit list a list of pharmaceutical products approved by a health plan and employer for dispensing in larger quantities than the standards covered under a benefit package in order to facilitate long-term patient use. The list is subject to periodic review and modification by the health plan. Also called drug maintenance list. adjudication processing a claim through a series of edits in order to determine proper payment. adjusted average per capita cost (AAPCC) the estimated average cost of Medicare benefits for an individual in a county, based on the following factors: age, sex, institutional status, Medicaid, disability and end stage renal disease status. HCFA uses the AAPCCs to make monthly payments to risk and cost contractors. adjusted community rating (ACR) insurance premium based on community rating adjusted for group specific demographics and the group's prior experience. Also known as prospective rating andfactor rating. administrative costs the costs incurred by a carrier such as an insurance company or HMO, for services such as claims processing, billing and enrollment, and overhead costs. Administrative costs can be expressed as a percentage of premiums or on a per member per month basis. Additional costs that are often expressed as administrative include those related to utilization review, insurance marketing, medical underwriting, agents' commissions, premium collection, claims processing, insurer profit, quality assurance activities, medical libraries and risk management. adjusted expenses per admission average expense to the hospital in providing care for one inpatient day. Adjusted expenses are derived by sub- tracting outpatient expenses from total expenses. In patient expense is divided by total admissions. adjusted expenses per inpatient day expenses incurred for inpatient care only, and derived by dividing total expenses by adjusted inpatient days. adjusted inpatient days an aggregate figure reflecting the number of days of inpatient care, plus an estimate of the volume of outpatient services, expressed in units equivalent to an inpatient day in terms of level of effort. administrative services only (ASO) an insurance arrangement requiring the employer to be at risk for the cost of health care services provided, while a

actuarial table allied health personnel 407

separate company delivers administrative services. This is a common arrangement when an employer sponsors a self-funded health care program. admissions/l000 the number of hospital admissions per 1000 health plan members. The formula for this measure is: (# of admissions/member months) X 1000 members X # of months. It can also be used to express the number of hospital admissions per 1000 members of any other given population. Exam- ple: 998 admissions11000 elderly in a given state. admits the number of admissions to a hospital or inpatient facility during a reporting period (excludes newborns). admissions number of patients, excluding newborns, accepted for inpatient service during a reporting period. Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) an umbrella term which describes a registered nurse (RN) who has met advanced educational and clinical practice requirements beyond the two to four years of basic nursing education required of all RNs. adverse selection a term used to describe a situation in which a carrier disproportionally enrolls a population which is prone to higher than average utilization of benefits, thereby driving up costs and increasing financial risk. affiliated provider a health care provider of facility that is subcontracted by a primary provider in order to gain additional services for its members. aftercare services following hospitalization or rehabilitation, individualized for each patient's needs. Aftercare gradually phases the patient out of treatment while providing follow-up attention to prevent relapse. age/sex factor a measurement used in underwriting which represents the age and sex risk of medical costs of one population relative to another. A group with an agelsex factor of 1 .OO is average. An agelsex factor above 1 .OO indicates a higher than average demographic risk of expected medical claims. An agelsex factor below 1 .OO indicates a lower than average demographic risk of expected medical claims. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) a federal agency under Health and Human Services (HHS) whose purpose is to enhance the quality and effectiveness of health care by funding health care services research, conducting health technology assessments and outcomes studies, and developing and disseminating clinical practice guidelines. allied health personnel specially trained and licensed (when necessary) health workers other than physicians, dentists, optometrists, chiropractors, podiatrists, and nurses. The term is sometimes used synonymously with para- medical personnel, all health workers who perform tasks which must otherwise be performed by a physician, or health workers who do not usually engage in independent practice.

allowable charge the maximum fee that a third party will reimburse a provider for a given service. An allowable charge may not be the same amount as either a reasonable or customary charge. allowable costs charges for services rendered or supplies furnished by a health provider which qualify for an insurance reimbursement. all-payer system 1. a plan which would impose uniform prices on medical services for all payers, 2. a reimbursement set up where all insurers reimburse providers using the same accounting system. alternative care medical care received in lieu of inpatient hospitalization. Sometimes referred to as care available in lieu of accepted medical practices. alternative delivery systems (ADS) a catch-all phrase used to describe all forms of health care delivery other than traditional fee-for-service and indemnity health care. Just about all managed care organizations are called "alternative delivery systems." alternative-detailing a procedure utilized to contact providers in order to discuss treatment alternatives. Most often used in order to direct compliance with a formulary of medical protocol. ambulatory care health care services that do not require hospitalization of a patient, such as those delivered at a physician's office, clinic, medical center, or outpatient facility. ambulatory setting an institutional health setting in which organized health services are provided on an outpatient basis, such as a surgery center, clinic, or other outpatient facility. ambulatory surgical facility a fkeestanding or hospital-based health care center that performs surgical services not requiring overnight confinement. ambulatory utilization review the review of care provided in ambulatory settings. American Association of Preferred Providers Organizations (AAPPO) reorganized as the Association of Managed health care Organi- zations (AMHO). American Association of Health Plans (AAHP) IPA/HMO trade association American Medical Assoc. (AMA) prominent organization of physicians. Establishes physicians' standards of practice and accredits medical schools. Publishes the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) and the American Medical News. Active lobbyist organization for physicians. American Medical Care and Review Association (AMCRA) merged with GHAA to form the American Association of Health Plans (AAHP).

allowable charge average cost per claim 409

American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists (ASHP) trade group for pharmacists in hospitals and other health systems. American Hospital Association (AHA) organization of hospitals designed to promote high-quality hospital care. Conducts an annual survey of membership listing composite statistical profiles of all registered hospitals. ancillary charge 1. the fee associated with additional service performed prior to andor secondary to a significant procedure. 2. also referred to as hospital "extras" or misc. hospital charges. They are supplementary to a hospital's daily room and board charge. They include such items as charges for drugs, medicines and dressings, lab services, X-ray examinations, and use of the operating room. ancillary services hospital services other than room, board, and professional services. They may include X-ray, laboratory, or anesthesia. any willing provider arequirement that a health insurance plan or a health maintenance organization (HMO) must sign a contract for the delivery of health care services with any provider in the area that would like to provide such services to the plan's or HMO's enrollees. appeal 1. a formal request by a covered person or provider for reconsidera- tion of a decision, such as a utilization review recommendation, a benefit payment or an administrative action. 2. appropriateness of care. 3. a term used in connection with review of care to indicate whether the measures taken and the delivery setting were proper under the circumstances, and whether it would have been proper to have taken other measures or have delivered the care in another setting under the same circumstances. approved health care facility or program a facility or program that is licensed, certified, or otherwise authorized pursuant to the laws of the state to provide health care and which is approved by a health plan to provide the care described in a contract. assignee the person to whom the rights to a health insurance policy are assigned, either in part or in whole, by the original policyholder. assignment of benefits a method under which a claimant requests that hidher benefits under a claim be paid to some designated person or institution, usually a physician or hospital.

Association of Managed Healthcare Organizations (AMHO) national trade association for open model managed care organizations. at-risk accepting prepayment as full coverage for a predetermined health care benefit having to assume the financial liability for any loss which occurs when premiums paid are less than the cost of services provided. average cost per claim the average dollar amount of administrative andor medical services rendered for the unit of measure within each expenditure category. The calculation is: $ amount/# of units.

average length of stay the average number of days in a hospital for each admission average manufacturer price (AMP) the average price paid by wholesalers for products distributed to the retail class of trade. average wholesale price (AWP) the published suggested wholesale price of a drug. It is often used by pharmacies as a cost basis for pricing prescriptions. While a reliable pricing reference for brand-name drugs, it can be misleading in the case of generic drugs since each manufacturer establishes its own AWP for the same generic drug. This can result in a broad range of prices for the identical product. authorization as it applies to managed care, authorization is the approval of care, such as hospitalization.

balance billing 1. a provider's billing of a covered person for charges above the amount reimbursed by the health plan (i.e., the difference between billed charges and the amount paid). This may or may not be appropriate, depending upon the contractual arrangements between the parties. 2. the fee amount remaining after patient CO-payments. base capitation a stipulated dollar amount to cover the cost of health care per covered person, less mental healthhubstance abuse services, pharmacy and administrative charges. basic benefits package a core set of health benefits that everyone in the country should have--either through their employer, a government program, or a risk pool. bed days11 000 the number of inpatient days per 1000 health plan members. The formula is: (# of dayslmember months) X 1000 members X # of months. behavior modification attempts to change patients' habits which bear on health status, such as diet, exercise, smoking, etc., especially through organized health education programs. This is also called lifestyle change or health promotion. behavioral health care assessment and treatment of mental andor psychoactive substance abuse disorders. beneficiary a person designated by an insuring organization as eligible to receive insurance benefits. benefit a service provided under an insurance policy or prepayment plan. benefit bank a flexible spending arrangement under which a reimbursement account is established, reimbursements are made fiom the account, and the employee is entitled to any remaining amounts at the end of the year. benefit level the limit or degree of services a person is entitled to receive based on hisher contract with a health plan or insurer.

average length of stay broker 41 1

benefit maximum a clause in the certificate of coverage or pharmacy rider description which specifies a dollar limit for the total reimbursement of drug costs during a benefit period. benefit package services an insurer, government agency, or health plan offers to a group or individual under the terms of a contract. benefit payment schedule list of amounts an insurance plan will pay for covered health care services. best price lowest price paid by any purchased. bill review third party review of medical bills for excessive or inappropriate charges. Some workers compensation state statutes mandate payers to examine bills. billed claims the fees or costs for health care services provided to a covered person, submitted by a health care provider.

biological equivalents those chemical equivalents which, when administered in the same amounts, will provide the same biological or physiological availability, as measured by blood levels, urine levels, etc. blue book (MDBT) the generic name for a widely used pricing guide, entitled the American Druggist Databank Directory of Pharmaceuticals. Brand name and generic drugs are listed by product, manufacturer, Na- tional Drug or Universal price Codes, direct price, and average wholesale price (AWP). Other pricing guides are the Red Book and Medispan 'S Pricing Guide. board certified a physician who has passed an examination given by a medical specialty board and who has been certified as a specialist in that medical area.

board eligible a physician who is eligible to take the specialty board examination by virtue of having graduated from an approved medical school, completed a specific type and length of training, and practiced for a specified amount of time. brand-brand interchange the dispensing of one name brand prescription product in place of another on the basis of chemical equivalency. See also chemical equivalents. brand name name identifLing a drug as the product of a specific pharmaceutical company. Also known as proprietary trademark name. brand-name drug a drug protected by a patent issued to the original innovator or marketer. The patent prohibits the manufacture of the drug by other companies without consent of the innovator, as long as the patient remains in effect. broker the go-between for individuals or companies and health insurers. A broker may help locate, negotiate and finalize health insurance contracts. A broker may also be an agent for a specific insurance company.

buying group an organization representing multiple independent buying sources. A buying group obtains price concessions from manufacturers and wholesalers through the combined purchasing power of its members, and in turn, redistributes that benefit to its members, such as HMOs, PPOs, hospitals, andor employees.

cafeteria plan an employee benefit plan under which all participants are permitted to choose among two or more benefit options according to their needs andor ability to pay. Also called aflexible benefit plan orflex plan. calendar year the period of time fkom Jan. 1 of any year through Dec. 3 1 of the same year, inclusive. Most often used in connection with deductible amount provisions of major medical plans providing benefits for expense incurred within the calendar year. Also found in provisions outlining benefits in basic hospital, surgical, medical plans. call schedule the schedule for physician availability for afterhours care. Physicians usually rotate on-call responsibilities in order to ensure 24 hour a day access to medical advice or care. capacity an organized system's ability to meet the demands of both routine, scheduled care, and afterhours care. capitation in the strictest sense, a stipulated dollar amount established to cover the cost of health care delivered for a person. The term usually refers to a negotiated per capita rate to be paid periodically, usually monthly, to a health care provider. The provider is responsible for delivering or arranging for the delivery of all health services required by the covered person under the conditions of the provider contract. capitation fund a fund based on the number of members multiplied by the budgeted or capitated amount each member pays. Some HMOs, in lieu of reimbursing physicians on a direct capitation basis, may establish such a fund. Physicians are then reimbursed on a fee-for-service basis from the capitation fund. The HMO monitors patient visits for over-utilization; patients exceeding the norm are notified. card programs the use of a drug benefit identification card which, when presented to a participating pharmacy by employees or their dependents, usually entitles them to receive the medication for a minimal copay. care coordinator see gatekeeper. carrier an entity which may underwrite or administer a range of health benefit programs. May refer to an insurer or a managed health plan. carve out a decision to purchase separately a service which is typically a part of an indemnity or HMO plan. Example: an HMO may "carve out" the behavioral health benefit and select a specialized vendor to supply these services on a stand-alone basis.

buying group certificate of need (CON) 41 3

case management 1. a process whereby covered persons with specific health care needs are identified and a plan designed to efficiently utilize health care resources is formulated and implemented to achieve the optimum patient outcome in the most cost-effective manner. 2. A utilization management program that assists the patient in determining the most appropriate and cost-effective treatment plan. It is used for patients who have prolonged, expensive or chronic conditions, helps determine the treatment location (hospital, or other institution or home), and authorizes payment for such care if it is not covered under the patient's benefit agreement. case manager an experienced professional (e.g., nurse, doctor or social worker) who works with patients, providers and insurers to coordinate all services deemed necessary to provide the patient with a plan of medically necessary and appropriate health care. case mix the relative frequency and intensity of hospital admissions or services reflecting different needs and uses of hospital resources. Case mix can be measured based on patients' diagnoses or the severity of their illnesses, the utilization of services, and the characteristics of a hospital. catastrophic health insurance insurance beyond basics and major medical insurance for severe and prolonged illness which poses a severe financial threat. categorically needy under Medicaid, categorically needy causes are aged, blind, or disabled individuals or families and children who meet financial eligibility requirements for Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Supplemental Security Income, or an optional state supplement. ceiling the highest amount of money that an insurance company will pay to cover a patient's care. Many HMOs have no ceiling on their coverage. center-based HMO same as a staff model HMO centers of excellence a network of health care facilities selected for specific services based on criteria such as experience outcomes, efficiency and effectiveness. For example, an organ transplant managed care program wherein employeesldependents access selected types of benefits through a specific network of medical centers. certificate of authority (COA) a certificate issued by state government, licensing the operation of a health maintenance organization. certificate of coverage (COC) a description of the benefits included in a carrier's plan. The certificate of coverage is required by state laws and represents the coverage provided under the contract issued to the employer. The certificate is provided to the employee. certificate of need (CON) a certificate issued by a government body, where required, to an individual or organization proposing to construct or modify a health facility, acquire major new medical equipment, or offer a new or different health service. Such issuance recognizes that a facility or

service, when available, will meet the needs of those for whom it is intended. chain pharmacy one of a group of pharmacies, usually three or more, under the same management or ownership. channeling use of incentives and plan design to encourage members to use network providers. charged based payment system a system of paying for a health care service (usually a hospital or other facility) on the basis of what the provider furnishing thc service usually charges all patients. chemical dependency see substance abuse. chemical equivalents those multiple-source drug products containing essentially identical amounts of the same active ingrcdients, in equivalent dosage forms, and meeting existing physical/chemical standards. chronic care care for an individual with a long-term illness. claim information, submitted by a provider or a covered person to establish that medical services were provided to a covered person, from which processing for payment to the provider or covered person is made. The term generally refers to the liability for health care services received by covered persons. claims administration a carrier function involving the review of health insurance claims submitted for payment, by individual claim or in the aggregate. Claims administration, as it relates to professional review programs is an identification procedure, screening treatment or charge pattern, for subse- quent peer review and adjudication. claims clearinghouse system system which allows electronic claims submission through a single source. claims review the method by which an enrollee's health care service claims are reviewed before reimbursement is made. The purpose of this monitoring system is to validate the medical appropriateness of the provided services and to be sure the cost of the service is not excessive. clearinghouse capability company capable of submitting electronic andor paper claims to several third-party payers. clinical indicator a tool or marker used to monitor and evaluate care to assure desirable outcomes and to explain or prevent undesirable outcomes. clinical outcome the status of the patient's health, especially after receipt of medical care services. Assessment of outcomes may be dependent upon targeted goals, clinical markers, and the ability to provide objective measurements. clinical privileging process of reviewing a practitioners' credentials for the purpose of granting and delineating the scope of clinical privileges. clinician a staff member providing technical medical services, especially a

chain pharmacy competitive medical plan (CMP) 41 5

physician. Physicians, nurses in patient care, etc., are clinicians. Managers, marketing and finance staff, etc., are not clinicians. closed access a type of health plan in which covered persons are required to select a primary care physician from the plan's participating providers. The patient is required to see the selected primary care physician for care and referrals to other health care providers within the plan. Typically found in a staff, group or network model HMO. Also called closed panel or gatekeeper model. closed panel HMO a closed panel HMO generally offers the service of a relatively limited number of health care providers, e.g., physicians employed by the HMO. Staff- and group-model HMOs are usually referred to as being in this category. coding systems ICD-9 System-a diagnoses and procedure coding system for hospital care; CPT-4 System-used to identify physician services like injections and surgeries; NDC Coding System-a system used by insurers to pay outpatient pharmaceutical claims; HCPCS System-a Medicare system for identifying a wide variety of services including injectable drugs used in physicians' offices. cognitive impairment impairment in memory, reasoning or orientation to person., place or time; or an impairment requiring a person to be supervised to protect hirn/herself or others fiom harm. coinsurance the portion of covered health care costs for which the covered person has a financial responsibility, usually according to a fixed percentage. Often coinswance applies after first meeting a deductible requirement. combined audit patientfmedical care evaluation studies in which physicians, nurses andor other health care disciplines jointly choose and utilize the same topic and the same sample of records, and utilize the same data retrieval process. Criteria development and variation analysis may or may not be conducted separately for the respective care provided. commission the portion of premiums or equivalent premium for self-funded groups to an insurance agent, sales representative, or broker as compensation for services provided. Commission are considered part of the selling administrative expenses. community rating a method of determining a premium structure that is influenced not by the expected level of benefit utilization by specific groups, but by expected utilization by the population as a whole. Most often based on the entire population of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA). community rating by class (CRC) the practice of community rating impacted by the group's specific demographics. Also known as factored rating. competitive medical plan (CMP) a status granted by the federal gov-

ernment to an organization meeting specified criteria, enabling that organization to obtain a Medicare risk contract. completed audit written display of patiendmedical care evaluation study data for which variation records have been analyzed and corrective actions formulated for problems identified. The audit procedure is not considered complete until follow-up of the problem has been planned and final reports forwarded to pertinent medical and professional staff and to the hospital gov- erning body. compliance the degree to which patients follow treatment recommendations. complication 1. an unanticipated change in the patient's clinical status for which special clinical management is required to achieve desired patient outcomes; 2. complication rate; 3. the percent of records in a patiendmedical care evaluation study that indicate that a particular complication developed during treatment composite rate a group billing rate which applied to all subscribers within a specified group, regardless of whether they are enrolled for single or family coverage. comprehensive benefits plan a variation of the major medical plan which cames copayment requirements, usually 10-20 percent of all health expenses and deductibles ranging from $100 to $1000. concurrent certification see admission certification. concurrent drug evaluation an electronic assessment of claims at the point of service to detect potential problems that should be addressed prior to dispensing drugs to patients. concurrent monitors procedures for regular surveillance of patient care conducted while the care is being provided. concurrent review l . an assessment which determines medical necessity or appropriateness of services as they are being rendered; 2. an assessment of hospital admissions, conducted by trained managed care staff via telephone or on-site visits during a covered person's hospital stay, to ensure appropriate care, treatment, length of stay, and discharge planning. conditionally renewable policy a policy that can be renewed up to a certain age limit, such as 65. confinement an uninterrupted stay for a defined period of time (as reflected in a benefit contract) in a hospital, skilled nursing facility or other approved health care facility or program, followed by discharge from that same facility or program. Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) a federal law that, among other things, requires employers to offer continued

completed audit coordination of benefits (COB) 41 7

health insurance coverage to certain employees and their beneficiaries whose group health insurance coverage has been terminated. consultant an outside specialist not on regular staff. E.g., an independent specialty medical provider such as a cardiologist, gastroenterologist, or endo- crinologist, who is called upon by an HMO to render services on a fee-for-service basis. consumer price index (CPI) formerly Cost of Living Index. A price index constructed monthly from Bureau of Labor statistics of the retail prices of 400 goods and services sold in large cities across the country. Weighs products in terms of importance (in terms of total expenditures) and compares prices to those of a selected base year. Expresses current expenditures as a percentage of the base. continuation a situation whereby a covered person who would otherwise lose coverage under a health plan due to certain occurrences such as termination of employment or divorce is allowed to "continue" hisher coverage under specified conditions. continuity of care the coordination of diagnoses and treatment among practitioners and health care settings to maximize treatment benefits for the patient. continuous quality improvement (CQI) a formal process of constantly seeking better ways to achieve stated goals. continuum of care a range of clinical services provided to an individual or group, which may refleci treatment rendered during a single inpatient hospitalization, or care for multiple conditions over a lifetime. The continuum provides a basis for analyzing quality, cost and utilization over the long term. contract pharmacy system pharmaceutical benefit delivery arrangement in which an HMO contracts with community pharmacies (chain or selected independents) to provide medications to members. Reimbursement may be by fee-for-service, capitation, or some other arrangement. contract year the period of time from the effective date to the expiration date of the contract. contributory program a method ofpayment for group coverage in which part of the premium is paid by the employee and part is paid by the employer or union. conversion the privilege given to a covered person to change hisher group medical care coverage to a form of individual coverage without evidence of insurability. The conditions under which conversion can be made are defined in the master group contract. Conversion is usually made when a covered person leaves the group. coordination of benefits (COB) a provision in a contract that applies when a person is covered under more than one group medical program. It re-

41 8 POCKET GLOSSARY OF MANAGED CARE TERMS

quires that payment of benefits will be coordinated by all programs to elimi- nate overinsurance or duplication of benefits. copaylcopayment a cost-sharing arrangement in which a covered person pays a specified charge for a specified service, such as $10 for an office visit. The covered person is usually responsible for payment at the time the health care is rendered. Typical copayrnents are fixed or variable flat amounts for physician office visits, prescriptions or hospital services. Some copayments are referred to as coinsurance, with the distinguishing characteristics that copayments are flat or variable dollar amounts with coinsurance is a defined percentage of the charges for services rendered. cosmetic procedures those procedures which involve physical appearance, but which do not correct or materially improve a physiological function and are not deemed medically necessary. cost-based reimbursement payment by third party insurers in which the amount is based on the cost to the provider of delivering services. cost containment control or reduction of inefficiencies in the consumption, allocation or production of health care services in order to lower health care costs. cost contract a formal agreement with HCFA to arrange for the provision of health services to plan members based on reasonable cost or prudent buyer concepts. The plan receives an interim capitated amount, derived from an estimated annual budget, which may be periodically adjusted during the course of the contract to reflect actual cost experience. The plan's expenses are audited at the end of the contract to determine the final rate the plan should have been paid. The AAPCC may be a factor in establishing the final payment rate. cost-effectiveness the degree to which a service meets a specified goal at an acceptable cost. cost-effectiveness analysis a study to determine the overall ratio of cost to benefit. The underlying premise of cost-effectiveness analysis in health-related decisions is that, for any given level of resources available, the decision maker wishes to maximize the aggregate health benefits conferred to the population of concern. Alternatively, a given health benefit goal may be set, the objective being to minimize the cost of achieving it. The cost-effectiveness ratio is the ratio of costs to health benefits and is expressed, for example, as the cost per year per life saved or the cost per quality-adjusted year per life saved. cost sharing a general set of financing arrangements via deductibles, copays andlor coinsurance in which a person covered by the health plan must pay some of the costs to receive care. See also copayment, coinsurance and deductible. cost shifting the redistribution of payment sources. Typically, cost-shifting

copaykopayment data retrieval analysis form 41 9

occurs when a discount on provider services is obtained by one payer, and the providers increase costs to another payer to make up the difference. counter detailing a process of re-educating or influencing prescribers in a closed or controlled HMO plan. Usually done in order to gain more compliance with a formulary. In a counter-detailing program, techniques used by pharmaceutical sales representatives are adapted to a "counter" objective, i.e., to provide doctors with basic pharmacological information designed to influence their prescribing habits. coverage entire range of protection provided under an insurance contract. covered expenses medical and related costs, experienced by those covered under the policy, that qualify for reimbursement under terms of the insurance contract. covered person an individual who meets eligibility requirements and for whom premium payments are paid for specified benefits of the contractual agreement. covered services/expenses the specific services and supplies for which Medicaid will provide reimbursement. Covered services under Medicaid consist of a combination of mandatory and optional services within each state. CPT see Physician 'S Current Procedural Terminology. credentialing a process of review to approve a provider who applies to participate in a health plan. Specific criteria and prerequisites are applied in determining initial and ongoing participation in the health plan. criteria set a group of similar or related indicators of quality health care, usually for a given study topic. custodial care medical or non-medical services which do not seek to cure, are provided during periods when the medical condition of the patients is not changing, or do not require continued administration by medical personnel. For example, assistance in the activities of daily living. customary, prevailing, and reasonable charges method of reimbursement used under Medicare, which limits payment to the lowest of the following: physician's actual charge, physician's median charge in a recent prior period (customary), or the 75th percentile of charges in the same time period (prevailing). customary charge the charge a physician or supplier usually bills his patients for furnishing a particular service or supply is called the customary charge.

data retrieval and analysis form written display of the audit committee assistant's medical record review, showing the details of each record's compliance/noncompliance with criteria and a committee de-

cision after review of record for instances of noncompliance with criteria. date of service the date on which health care services were provided to the covered person. days the unit of measure of the length of a hospital confinement. days11 000 see bed days/1000. day supply maximum the maximum amount of medication an employee may receive at one time, usually the amount needed for 30 (acute) or 90 (maintenance) days of therapy, as defined by the drug benefit. decision tree the decision tree, the fundamental analytic tool for decision analysis, is a way of displaying the temporal and logical sequence of a clinical decision problem. Its form highlights three structural components: the alternative actions that are available to the decision maker, the proba- bilistic events that follow from and affect these actions, such as clinical information obtained or the clinical consequences revealed; and the outcomes for the patient that are associated with each possible scenario of actions and consequences. deductible the amount of eligible expense a covered person must pay each year from hislher own pocket before the plan will make payment for eligible benefits. deductible carry over credit charges applied to the deductible for services during the last 3 months of a calendar year which may be used to satisfy the following year's deductible under some insurance plans. The deductible for the prior calendar year may or may not have been met. defensive medicine the medical practice of performing laboratory tests or other procedures to protect against potential malpractice lawsuits, although such services may not be necessary to diagnose or treat an illness. deferred compensation administrator (DCA) a company that provides services through retirement planning administration, third-party administration, self-insured plans, compensation planning, salary survey administration and workers compensation claims administration.

demand the amount of care a population seeks to obtain through the health delivery system. dependent an individual who relies on an employee for support or obtains health coverage through a spouse, parent, or grandparent who is the covered person. See also eligible dependent and member. depot price means the price(s) available to any depot of the federal government, for purchase of drugs from the manufacturer through the depot system of procurement.

date ofsewice disallowance 421

designated mental health provider the organization or entity with which the health plan contracts to evaluate, diagnose, refer andor provide mental health and substance abuse services. detoxification medical management while an individual goes through withdrawal from alcohol or other addictive substances. diagnosis the identification of a disease or condition through analysis and examination. diagnosis related groups (DRGs) a system of classification for inpatient hospital services based on principal diagnosis, secondary diagnosis, surgical procedures, age, sex and presence of complications. This system of classification is used as a financing mechanism to reimburse hospital and selected other providers for services rendered. diagnostic related group (DRG) a program in which hospital procedures are rated in terms of cost and taking into account the intensity of services delivered. A standard flat rate per procedure is derived from this scale, which is paid by Medicare for their beneficiaries, regardless of the cost to the hospital to provide that service. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual--3rd Edition, Revised (DSMIII-R) American Psychiatric Association's manual of diagnostic criteria and terminology, widely accepted as the common language of mental health clinicians and researchers. diagnostic center free-standing or hospital-based facility that specializes in diagnosing illness and injuries.

direct costs direct costs are those that are wholly attributable to the service in question, for example, the services of professional and paraprofessional personnel, equipment, and materials. disability 1. any condition which results in functional limitations that interfere with an individual's ability to perform hisher customary work and which results in substantial limitation in one or more major life activities. 2. condition(~) that prevent or limit an individual's ability to engage in normal activities. These may be temporary. disability income insurance type of health insurance that periodically pays a disabled subscriber to replace income lost during the period of disability. disability management a prevention and remediation strategy that seeks to prevent disability from occurring, and to promote a safe and appropriate return to work and achievement of optimal functional capabilities following a disabling illness or injury. disallowance a denial by the payer for portions of the claimed amount. Examples of possible disallows include coordination of benefits, non-covered benefits, or amounts over the maximum fee.

discharges the number of patients who leave an overnight health care facility per time period. Usually refers to hospitals. discharge planning the evaluation of patients' medical needs in order to arrange for appropriate care after discharge from an inpatient setting. disclosure information released by a managed care organization or health care insurer on l. policies and practices affecting access to covered care, 2. the scientific and clinical basis for those policies, 3. any relevant criteria used in such decision-making and 4. the decision-making process itself, including how public input is solicited and considered and the timing of revisions, Pro- posals for disclosure typically apply to all entities with policies and practices impacting patient care (e.g., insurers, plans, networks, HMOs and government health boards). discounted charges usually used with respect to hospital charges. For an HMO buying significant and/or predictable amount of hospital care, a hospital may reduce billed charges by some percent. disease a disorder with specific cause and recognizable signs and symptoms; any bodily abnormality leading to interruption, cessation, or disorder of proper physical or mental functions, systems, or organs, except those resulting directly from physical injury. disease classification a systematic arrangement of related diagnoses into a limited number of clinically homogenous categories, usually to support the analysis of the quality, access, utilization and cost of health care services.

disease episode the entire time period in which a person has a specific disease

disease management see STIIPCH disease specific insurance insurance that provides benefits should the insuree develop a specific illness such as cancer or heart disease. Disease-specific insurance is usually purchased as a supplement to conventional insurance policies that may have ceilings or limitations for such care. disenrollment the process of terminating individuals or groups from their enrollment with a carrier. See delete. dismemberment loss of body parts usually stemming from accidental physical injury. dispense as written (DAW) a prescribing directive issued by physicians to indicate that the pharmacy should not in any way alter a prescription. Such alterations are usually done in order to substitute a generic drug for the brand-name drug ordered. dispensing, fill or professional fee the amount paid to a pharmacy for each prescription, in addition to the negotiated formula for reimbursing ingredient cost. disproportionate share payment an amount added to government pay-

discharges durable medical equipment (DME) 423

ment rates for providers, usually hospitals, which treat large numbers of patients unable to pay their bills. drug detailing presenting information about a brand-name drug product to prescribers to educate them about its activity, uses, side effects, proper dosage and administration, etc. drug formulary a listing of prescription medications which are preferred for use by a health plan and which will be dispensed through participating pharmacies to covered persons. This list is subject to periodic review and modification by the health plan. A plan that has adopted an "open or voluntary" formulary allows coverage for both formulary and non-formulary medications. A plan that has adopted a "closed, select or mandatory" formulary limits coverage to those drugs in the formulary. drug use evaluation (DUE) an evaluation of prescribing patterns of prescribers to specifically determine the appropriateness of drug therapy. There are three forms of DUE: prospectivc (before or at the time of prescription dispensing), concurrent (during the course of drug therapy), and retrospective (after the therapy has been completed). Same as drug utilization review. drug selection when the pharmacist is legally authorized to decide whether to dispense brand name drugs or generic equivalent. drug utilization the prescribing, dispensing, administering and ingestion or use of pharmaceutical products. drug utilization review (DUR) a quantitative evaluation of prescription drug use, physician prescribing patterns or patient drug utilization to determine the appropriateness of drug therapy. dual choice (DC) a term used to describe a situation in which only two carriers are contracted by a specific group. For example, an employer offers its employees one HMO and one indemnity plan, or two HMOs and no indemnity plan. dual diagnosis CO-existence of more than one disorder in an individual patient. Commonly refers to a patient who is diagnosed with mental illness in conjunction with substance abuse. duplicate coverage inquiry (DCI) a request to an insurance company or group medical plan by another insurance company or medical plan to find out whether coverage exists for the purpose of coordination of benefits. duplication of benefits overlapping or identical coverage of an insured person under two or more health plans, usually the result of contracts with different service organizations, insurance companies or prepayment plans. durable medical equipment (DME) equipment which can stand repeated use, is primarily and customarily used to serve a medical purpose, gen-

erally is not useful to a person in the absence of illness or injury, and is appropriate for use at home. Examples of durable medical equipment include hospital beds, wheelchairs and oxygen equipment. Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPSDT) a program which covers screening and diagnostic services to determine physical or mental defects in recipients under age 21, as well as health care and other measures to correct or ameliorate any defects and chronic conditions discovered. effective date the date a contract becomes in force. electronic data interchange (EDI) the computer-to-computer exchange of business or other information. The data may be in either a standardized or priority format. eligibility date the defined date a covered person becomes eligible for benefits under an existing contract. eligible dependent a dependent of a covered employee who meets the requirements specified in the group contract to qualify for coverage and for whom premium payment is made. See also family dependent. eligible employee/person one who meets the requirements specified in the contract to qualify for coverage. Qualifications might include permanent, full time, 35 or more hours per week employment, or permanent, part time, 40 hours or more per 2-week pay period employment. eligible expenses reasonable and customary charges or the agreed upon health services fee for health services and supplies covered under a health plan

emergency a serious medical condition resulting from injury, sickness or mental illness which arises suddenly and requires immediate care and treatment, generally within 24 hours of onset, to avoid jeopardy to the life or health of a person.

emergi-care center see free-standing emergency medical service center. employee assistance program (EAP) services designed to assist employees, their family members, and employers in finding solutions for workplace and personal problems. Services may include assistance for fam- ilylmarital concerns, legal or financial problems, elder care, child care, substance abuse, emotional/stress issues, and daily living concerns. EAPs may address violence in the workplace, sexual harassment, dealing with troubled employees, transition in the workplace, and other events that increase the rate of absenteeism or employee turnover, lower, productivity and other issues that impact an employer's financial success or employee relations management. EAPs also can provide the voluntary or mandatory access to behavioral health benefits through an integrated behavioral health program.

Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment ERISA 425

employee benefits program health insurance and other benefits, beyond salaries, offered to employees at their place of work. The employer typically picks up all or part of the cost of the benefits. employee contribution the amount an employee must contribute toward the premium costs of the contract. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, Public Law 93-406 (ERISA) this law mandates reporting and disclosure requirements for group life and health plans. It also exempts many self-insured employers from many state health insurance regulatory requirements. employer contribution the amount an employer contributes toward the premium costs of the contract. This amount carries widely among employers and is a critical variable in any risk analysis. Employer contributions can be based on dollar amounts, percentages, employment status, length of service, single or family status, or other variables or combinations of the above. employer coverage mandate a government requirement that employers provide health care benefits for employees. A mandate may address a single service or a rangelpackage of services, e.g., preventative care coverage. employer mandate under the federal HMO act, federally qualified HMOs can mandate or require an employer to offer at least one federally qualified HMO plan of each type (IPAhetwork or grouplstaff). Some state laws have similar provisions. encounter a face-to-face meeting between a covered person and a health care provider where services are provided. encounters per member per year the number of encounters related to each member on a yearly basis. The measurement is calculated as follows: total # of encounters per yearltotal # of members per year. enrollee an individual who is enrolled for coverage under a health plan contract and who is eligible on hislher own behalf (not by virtue of being an eligible dependent) to receive the health services provided under the contract. enrolling unit an employer or other entity with which a contract for participation is made. enrollment the total number of covered persons in a health plan. Also refers to the process by which a health plan signs up groups and individuals for membership, or the number of enrollees who sign up in any one group. episode of care treatment rendered in a defined time frame for a specified disease. Episodes provide a useful basis for analyzing quality, cost and utilization patterns. ERISA see Employee Retirement Income Security Act.

426 POCKET GLOSSARY OF MANAGED CARE TERMS

Estimated Acquisition Cost (EAC) estimated acquisition cost based on price information supplied at regular intervals by the DHHS. This information will show estimated costs to groups of providers classified by dollar volume of drug sales. evidence of coverage see certificate of coverage. evidence of insurability (EOI) proof presented through written statements (e.g., an application form) andlor a medical examination that an individual is eligible for a certain type of insurance coverage. This form is required for eligibles who do not enrol1 during the open enrollment period (generally a 3 1 -day period), or who apply for excess amounts of group life insurance. Also known as evidence of good health. exclusions specific conditions or circumstances listed in the contract or employee benefit plan for which the policy or plan will not provide benefit payrnen ts. exclusive provider organization (EPO) a term derived from the phrase preferred provider organization (PPO). However, where a PP0 generally extends coverage for non-preferred provider services as well as preferred provider services, an EPO provides coverage only for contracted providers. Technically, many HMOs also can be described as EPOs. expected claims the projected claim level of a covered person or group for a defined contract period. This level also becomes known as a desired loss ratio or break even point in relationship to projected premium. See also experience rating.

expenditure limits a limit set by a public body on the total amount to be spent on various health services. Used to help determine provider payment levels and utilization of services. expenditures under Medicaid, "expenditures" refers to an amount paid out by a state agency for the covered medical expenses of eligible participants. experience rating the process of setting rates based partially or in whole on previous claims experience and projected required revenues for a future policy year for a specific group or pool of groups. See also expected claims. experimental, investigational or unproven procedures medical, surgical, psychiatric, substance abuse or other health care services, supplies, treatments, procedures, drug therapies or devices that are determined by the health plan (at the time it makes a determination regarding coverage in a particular case) to be either: not generally accepted by informed health care professionals in the U.S. as effective in treating the condition, illness or diagnosis for which their use is proposed; or not proven by scientific evidence to be effective in treating the condition, illness or diagnosis for which their use is proposed. explanation of benefits (EOB) the statement sent to covered persons

Estimated Acquisition Cost (EAC) fee maximum 427

by their health plan listing services provided, amount billed, and payment made. extended care facility a nursing home or nursing center licensed to operate in accordance with all applicable state and local laws to provide 24-hour nursing care. Such a facility may offer skilled, intermediate or custodial care, or any combination of these levels of care. extension of benefits a provision of many insurers' policies which allows medical coverage to continue past the termination date of the policy for employees not actively at work and for dependcnts hospitalized on that date. Such extended coverage usually applies only to the specific medical condition which has caused the disability only until the employee returns to work or the dependent leaves the hospital. Not as common since the implementation of COBRA regulations.

factored rating see community rating by class. family dependent a person enrolled for coverage under a health plan contract who is: the enrollee's spouse; or an unmarried dependent child (including stepchildren or legally adopted children) of either the enrollee or the enrollee's spouse, and whose principal place of residence is with the enrollee unless other arrangements have been made with the health plan. the definition also may be subject to certain conditions and limitations spelled out in the contract. favored nations discount see most favored nations. family planning services any medically approved means, including diagnosis, treatment, drugs, supplies and devices, and related counseling which are furnished or prescribed by or under the supervision of a physician for individuals of childbearing age for purposes of enabling such individuals freely to determine the number of spacing of their children. federal qualification a designation made by HCFA after conducting an extensive evaluation process of an HMO's entire method of doing business: documents, contracts, systems, facilities, etc. An organization must be federally qualified or a designated competitive medical plan to be eligible to participate in certain Medicare cost and risk contracts. fee-for-service equivalency a quantitative measure of the difference betwecn the amount a physician andor other provider receives fiom an alternative reimbursement system, e.g., capitation, compared to fee-for-service reimbursement. fee-for-service reimbursement the traditional health care payment system, under which physicians and other providers receive a payment that does not exceed their billed charge for each unit of service provided. Fees are paid as care is rendered. fee maximum the maximum amount a participating provider may be paid

for a specific health care service provided to a covered person under a specific contract. Sometimes called fee max. fee schedule a listing of codes and related services with pre-established payment amounts which could be percentages of billed charges, flat rates or maximum allowable amounts. field underwriting the process whereby health plan sales personnel screen prospective buyers of the plan's products in order to ensure profitable contracting. Field underwriting also may include authority to quote premium rates of specific products for defined types and sizes of groups. first-dollar coverage health policies that pay all medical expenses up to a predetermined limit, without a deductible charge. fiscal agent a fiscal agent is a contractor that processes or pays vendor claims on behalf of the Medicaid agency. fiscal intermediary the agent that has contracted with providers of service to process claims for reimbursement under health care coverage. In addition to handling financial matters, it may perform other functions such as providing consultative services or serving as a center for communication with providers and making audits of providers' records. fixed fee an established "fee"schedu1e for pharmacy services allowed by certain government and private third-party programs in lieu of cost-of-doing business mark-ups. flexible benefit plan a type of benefit program offered by some employers in which employees are presented annually with a number of benefit options, allowing employees to tailor benefits to their specific needs.

formulary see drug formulary. free-standing emergency medical service center a health care facility that is physically, organizationally and financially separate from a hospital and whose primary purpose is the provision of immediate, short-term medical care for minor but urgent medical conditions. Also called emergi-center or urgi-center. free-standing outpatient surgical center a health care facility, physically separate from a hospital, that provides pre-scheduled, outpatient surgical services. Also called surgi-center. frequency the number of times a service was provided. funding level the amount of revenue to finance a medical care program. Under an insured program, this is usually premium rate. Under a self-hnded program, this amount is usually assessed per expected claim costs, plus stop loss premium, plus all related fees. funding method the means by which an employer pays for the employee health benefit plan. Several fbnding methods shift risk from the employer to a carrier, or an employer may self-fund the employee health bene-

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fit plan. The most common methods are: prospective andlor retrospective premium payments, refunding products, self-funding, and shared risk arrangements.

gatekeeper a primary health care practitioner, (1) who provides primary care services to an enrollee, (2) who is generally responsible for coordinating the enrollee's health care, and (3) with whom, other than in an emergency, a patient must consult to obtain a referral to a specialist provider in order to obtain the highest level of benefits under a health plan. Gatekeepers are sometimes called care coordinators. gatekeeper model a situation in which primary care physician, serves as the patient's "gatekeeper" or the initial contact for medical care and referrals. Also called closed access. generic drug a chemically equivalent copy designed from a brand-name drug whose patent has expired. A generic is typically less expensive and sold under a common or "generic" name for that drug. Also called generic equivalent. generic equivalent see generic drug. generic substitution dispensing a generic drug in place of a brand-name medication. global budget a budget that would determine the total amount of money that a geographic area could spend each year for health care. Under a global budget, providers and hospitals receive predetermined payments. As an enforcement mechanism for staying within budget, providers and hospitals would supposedly not receive additional funding if their costs exceeded their budgeted payments. global target a financing method identical to a global budget except that no strict enforcement mechanism is used to keep providers and hospitals within budget (i.e., providers and hospitals would receive additional funding if their costs exceeded their budgeted payments). grace period a set number of days past the due date of a premium payment during which medical coveragc may not cancelled and the premium payment may be made. This period varies by health plan contract, generally 30,60,90 or 120 days. group a collection of individuals treated as a single entity; usually, an employer purchasing medical coverage on behalf of its full-time employees. group contract the application and addenda, signed by both the health plan and the enrolling unit, which constitutes the agreement regarding the benefits, exclusions and other conditions between the health plan and the enrolling unit. Also, the agreement with persons who obtain coverage for themselves and their children, whether under a group or individual program.

group model HMO a health care model involving contracts with physicians organized as a partnership, professional corporation, or other association. The health plan compensates the medical group for contracted services at a negotiated rate, and that group is responsible for compensating its physicians and contracting with hospitals for care of their patients. Group Health Association of America (GHAA) merged with AMCRA to form the American Association of Health Plans (AAHP). group insurance any insurance policy or health services contract by which groups of employees (and often their dependents) are covered under a single policy or contract, issued by their employer or other group entity. group practice without walls typically a network of physicians who have formed a single entity but maintain their individual practices. The assets of individual practices may be acquired by the larger entity, but some autonomy is retained at each site. The central management provides administrative support. See integrated delivery system. guaranteed renewability the assurance that an insurance company will continue to offer a policy to an individual or group that has made premium payments on a timely basis. An insurance company could not drop coverage due to specific circumstances, including high medical claims or illness.

HCFA 1500 a universal form, developed by the government agency known as Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), for providers of services to bill professional fees to health carriers. HCFA Common Procedural Coding System (HCPCS) a listing of services, procedures and supplies offered by physicians and other providers. HCPCS includes Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, national alpha-numeric codes and local alpha-numeric codes. The national codes are developed by HCFA in order to supplement CPT codes. They include physician services not included in CPT as well as non-physician services such as ambu- lance, physical therapy and durable medical equipment. The local codes are developed by local Medicare carriers in order to supplement the national codes. HCPCS codes are 5-digit codes, the first digit a letter followed by four numbers. HCPCS codes beginning with A through V are national, those beginning with W through Z are local. health alliances or regional alliances purchasing pools which would be responsible under some forms of proposed health care reform, for negotiating health insurance arrangements for employers andlor employees. Al- liances would use their leverage to negotiate contracts that would ensure care is delivered in economic and equitable ways. (Also referred to as health insurance purchasing cooperatives or health plan purchasing cooperatives.)

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health benefits package the services and products (coverage) a health plan offers a group or individual. Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) the federal agency responsible for administering Medicare and overseeing states' administration of Medicaid. health care prepayment plan (HCPP) a cost contract with the HCFA that prepays a health plan a flat amount per month to provide Medicare-eligible Part B medical services to enrolled members. Members pay premiums to cover the Medicare coinsurance, deductibles and copayrnents, plus any additional non-Medicare covered services that the plan provides. The HCPP does not arrange for Part A services.

health coverage protection that provides payment of benefits for covered sickness or injury. This may include short and long term disability, dental, medical and vision care, and sometimes accidental death coverage as well as other benefits.

health history a form used by underwriting personnel for evaluating the medical history of individuals to determine acceptable risk. See also evidence of insurability. health insurance purchasing cooperatives (HIPC) the purchasing entity under a managed competition health care reform proposal that would permit individuals and employer groups to band together to achieve greater purchasing power in negotiating insurance contracts than they otherwise would achieve alone. HIPCs would usually collect and distribute premiums, as well as distribute health plan information on prices, patient satisfaction and health outcomes to consumers. HIPCs might or might not compete with other HIPCs. See health alliances. health IRAs proposed tax-preferred plans to encourage saving for future medical expense. Funds in health IRAs could be later cashed out for medical expenses. health maintenance organization (HMO) 1. an entity that provides, offers or arranges for coverage of designated health services needed by plan members for a fixed, prepaid premium. There are four basic models of HMOs: staff model, group model, network model and individual practice association; 2. Under the federal HMO Act, an entity must have three characteristics to call itself an HMO: a. an organization system for providing health care or otherwise assuring health care delivery in a geographic area. b. an agreed upon set of basic and supplemental health maintenance and treatment services, and c. a voluntary enrolled group of people. health plan health maintenance organization, preferred provider organization, insured plan, self-funded plan or other entity that covers health care services, may also refer to an employer's arrangements to cover health care

needs of its employees which could include a combination of any of the above. Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) a core set of performance measures to assist employers and other health purchasers in understanding the value of health care purchases and evaluating health plan performance. HEDIS 2.0 is currently used and distributed by NCQA (National Committee for Quality Assurance). HEDIS 3.0 is under development. health service agreement (HSA) the detailed procedure and benefit description given to each enrolled employer. This agreement is the basis for discussion andor explanation between the employer and the health plan on enrollment, eligibility limitations, benefit descriptions, etc. home health agency (HHA) a facility or program licensed, certified or otherwise authorized pursuant to state and federal laws to provide health care services in the home. hospice a facility or program engaged in providing palliative and support- ive care of the terminally ill, and licensed, certified or otherwise pursuant to the law of jurisdiction in which services are received. hospital affiliation a contractual relationship between a health plan and one or more hospitals whereby the hospital provides the inpatient benefits offered by the health plan. hospital alliance a group of voluntary hospitals that have joined together to reduce costs by sharing common services and developing group purchasing programs. Hospital alliances are formed to improve competitive positions over other voluntary institutions and chains. human risk management a service designed to reduce the demand for treatment by identifying, assessing, and managing individuals' medical or behavioral health risks before treatment becomes imperative. Human risk management is designed to respond proactively to employee risk areas and to address problemlissues before they become psychological, medical, or financial crises. hybrid model HMO an HMO that combines attributes of more than one of the four principal HMO models and hence is not classifiable in any one of the four categories.

impairment any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure of function (e.g., hearing loss). in-area services health care received within the authorized service area from a participating provider of the health plan. incurred but not reported (IBNR) costs associated with a medical service that has been provided, but for which a claim has not yet been re-

HEDIS integrated delivery service 433

ceived by the carrier. IBNR reserves are recorded by the carrier to account for estimated liability based on studies of prior lags in claim sub- missions. incurred claims the actual carrier liability for a specified period, including all claims with dates of service within a specified period (usually called the experience period). Due to the time lag between dates of service and the dates of claims payments are actually processed, adjustments must be made to any paid claims data to determine incurred claims. incurred claims loss ratio the result of incurred claims divided by premiums. A defined time period is usually specified. indemnity an insurance program in which the insured person is reimbursed or the provider is paid for covered expenses after services are rendered. independent medical evaluation (IME) an examination carried out by an impartial health care provider, generally board certified, for the purpose of resolving a dispute related to the nature and extent of an illness or injury. independent practice association see individualpractice assoc.

independent practice organization (IPO)/independent practice network (IPN) a group of medical providers which contract services to managed care plans. Currently, some IPOsAPNs seek to contract directly with employers. individual practice association (IPA) model HMO a health care model which contracts with physicians and other community health care providers, to provide services in return for a negotiated fee. Physicians continue in their existing individual or group practices and are compensated on a per capita, fee schedule, or fee-for-service basis. initial eligibility period the period of time specified in the contract during which eligible persons may enrol1 themselves and dependents under the health plan, usually without providing evidence of good health. injury physiological damage other than sickness, including all related conditions and recurrent symptoms. inpatient an individual who has been admitted to a hospital as a registered bed patient and is receiving services under the direction of a physician (customarily for at least 24 hours). integrated behavioral health a carve-out benefit plan that combines independent managed care services into what is designed as a seamless delivery system for behavioral health concerns. Components could include employee assistance services, a telephone counseling triage, utilization management, behavioral health treatment networks, claims payment, and data management. integrated delivery system a generic term referring to a joint effort of physicianhospital integration for a variety of purposes. Some models of inte-


gration include physician-hospital organization, group practice without walls, integrated provider organization and medical foundation. integrated provider organization a corporate umbrella for the management of a diversified health care delivery system. The system may include one or more of the following: hospitals, physician group practices, and other health care operations. Physicians practice as employees of the organization or in closely affiliated physician group. See integrated delivery system. integrated service network (ISN) see organized delivery systems. intensive care skilled nursing services, usually in a hospital, prescribed by a physician for individuals with serious medical conditions and delivered with the guidance of a registered nurse. intermediate care facility (ICF) a facility providing a level of care that is less than the degree of care and treatment that a hospital or skilled nursing facility (SNF) is designed to provide, but greater than the level of room and board. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition (Clinical Mod- ification)(lCD-9-CM) a listing of diagnoses and identifying codes used by physicians for reporting diagnoses of health plan enrollees. The coding and terminology provide a uniform language that can accurately designate primary and secondary diagnoses and provide for reliable, consistent communications on claim forms. investigational treatments medical treatments, including drugs waiting for FDA approval, that are considered experimental and, therefore, may not be covered by insurance plans. The definition of experimental currently varies from plan to plan.

Jackson Hole Group an ad hoc group of health executives, business leaders and policy experts that authored the health reform initiative known as "managed competition." The group is named after its meeting place in Jack- son Hole, Wyoming. See managed competition. job-lock the inability of an individual to change employers for fear of los- ing health coverage, particularly if the employee or a dependent has a pre-existing condition which might not be covered, at least for an initial period of new employment. Joint Commission on Accreditation of health care Organizations (JCAHO) a private, not-for-profit organization that evaluated and accredits hospitals and other health care organizations providing home care, mental health care, ambulatory care, and long term care services.

large claim pooling a practice in experience rating which isolates claim

integrated provider organization managed competition 435

amounts per individuals over a defined level (e.g., $30,000). These isolated amounts are charged to a pool funded by a contribution charged to all groups who share this same pooling level. (Handling large claim amounts in this manner helps stabilize significant premium fluctuations more prominent with smaller group sizes. Smaller groups generally will have lower pooling points and larger groups will have larger ones.) legend drug a drug that, by law, can be obtained only by prescription and bears the label, "Caution: federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription." See prescription drug. length of stay (LOS) the number of days that a covered person stays in an inpatient facility. lifetime maximum benefit a limitation on financial coverage for health care for an individual stated by an insurer. This amount serves as a cap on contractual liability and can be exceeded only in rare and unusual circumstances. long term care assistance and care for persons with chronic disabilities who require help with the activities of daily living or who suffer from cognitive impairment. Long term care's goal is to help people with disabilities be as independent as possible; thus it is focused more on caring than on cur- ing.

long term care insurance insurance coverage designed to help pay some or all of any necessary long term care costs. loss ratio the result of paid claims and incurred claims plus expenses divided by the paid premiums. See also incurred claims loss ratio, net loss ratio, paid claims loss ratio and medical loss ratio.

maintenance list see additional drug benefit list. major diagnostic category (MDC) a clinically coherent grouping of ICD-9-CM diagnoses by major organ system or etiology that is used as the first step in assignment of most diagnosis related groups (DRGs). MDCs are commonly used for aggregated DRG reporting.

malpractice reform changing the laws that apply to lawsuits against physicians and other health care providers alleging improper care. managed care l . a system of health care delivery that influences utilization and cost of services and measures performance. The goal is a system that delivers value by giving people access to high quality, cost-effective health care; 2. a systemized approach which seeks to ensure the provision of the right health care at the right time, place and cost. managed competition a proposed policy approach whereby health plans would compete on the basis of cost and other factors. Purchasers would join cooperatives and be given the ability to compare plans across

several dimensions of perfcrmance. The principle behind this approach is improvement of the health economy through increased health plan competition. managed health care plan a health care organization that provides managed care (see definition). Such organizations generally share the following hallmarks: integration of financing and management with the delivery of health care services to an enrolled population; employment or contracting with an organized provider network which delivers services and which (as a network or individual provider) either shares financial risk or has some incentive to deliver quality, cost-effective services; use of an information system capable of monitoring and evaluating patterns of covered persons' use of medical services and the cost of those services. management service organization (MSO) a legal entity that provides practice management, administrative and support services to individual physicians or group practices. An MS0 may be a direct subsidiary of a hospital or may be owned by investors. See integrated delivery system. managing general underwriter a firm that specializes in guaranteeing risks on behalf of an insurance company. Usually a formal management agreement delineates duties, allowable risk type and limits of authority (e.g., $1 million per person). Its services usually are used for a specific niche market, such as HMO reinsurers. mandated benefits those benefits that health plans are required by state or federal law to provide to policy holders and eligible dependents. mandated providers providers of medical care, such as psychologists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors, whose licensed services must, under state or federal law, be included in coverage offered by a health plan. manual rates rates developed based upon the health plan's average claims data and adjusted for group specific demographic, industry factor or benefit variations. master group contract a legal document between the enrolling unit and the carrier, setting forth in detail the rights and obligations of the enrolling unit, covered person and carrier, and terms and conditions of the coverage provided by the contract. maximum allowable cost (MAC) list specified multi-source prescription medications that will be covered at a generic product cost level established by the plan. This list, distributed to participating pharmacies, is subject to periodic review and modification by the plan. The MAC list may require covered persons to pay a cost differential for a brand name product. maximum allowable fee schedule a health care payment system which reimburses up to a specified dollar amount for services rendered. maximum out-of-pocket costs the limit on total member copayments, deductibles and coinsurance under a benefit contract.

managed health care plan Medicare supplement policy 437

Medicaid a federal program administered and operated individually by participating state and territorial governments which provides medical benefits to eligible low income persons needing health care. The program's costs are shared by the federal and state governments. (Established under Title XIX of the Social Security Act). Medicaid buy-in a provision in certain health reform proposals whereby the uninsured would be allowed to purchase Medicaid coverage by paying premiums on a sliding scale based on income. medical expense trend the rate at which medical costs are increasing or decreasing, influenced by, for example, utilization, new technology and billed charges. medical foundation a not-for-profit entity associated with a physician group that provides medical services under a professional services contract. The foundation acquires the business and clinical assets of the group practice, holds the provider number, and manages the business for both parties. See integrated delively system. medical loss ratio the cost ratio of health benefits used, compared to revenue received. Calculated as follows: total medical expenses/premium revenue. medical necessity the evaluation of health care services to determine if they are: medically appropriate and required to meet basic health needs; consistent with the diagnosis or condition and rendered in a cost-effective manner; and consistent with national medical guidelines regarding type, frequency and duration of treatment. medical savings account (MSAs) a non-taxable savings account used to cover medical expenses. Based loosely on the idea of individual retirement accounts. Medicare a nationwide, federally-administered health insurance program which covers the costs of hospitalization, medical care, and some related services for eligible persons. Medicare has two parts: Part A covers inpatient costs. Medicare pays for pharmaceuticals provided in hospitals, but not for those provided in outpatient settings. Also called Supplementary Medical Insurance Program. Part B covers outpatient costs for Medicare patients. Medicare beneficiary a person designated by the Social Security Admin- istration as entitled to receive Medicare benefits. Medicare supplement policy a policy guaranteeing that a health plan will pay a policyholder's coinsurance, deductible and copayments and will provide additional health plan or non-Medicare coverage for services up to a predefined benefit limit. In essence, the product pays for the portion of the cost of services not covered by Medicare. Also called Medigap or Medicare wrap.

medigap see Medicare supplement policy. member assistance program (MAP) a human risk management program that focuses on lowering behavioral and medical health costs by proactively reducing demand on the treatment system. This employee assistance type program is targeted to covered persons of health plans and insurers. members participants in a health plan (subscribers/enrollees and eligible dependents), who make up the plan's enrollment. "Member" also is used to describe an individual specified within a subscriber contract who may or may not receive health care services according to the terms of the subscriber policy. members per year the number of members effective in the health plan on a yearly basis. Calculation is: member monthsll2. mental health provider a psychiatrist, licensed consulting psychologist, social worker, or hospital or other facility duly licensed and qualified to provide mental health services under the law or jurisdiction in which treatment is received. minimum premium medical benefit financing mechanism in which an employer remits only a portion of the conventional premium to an insurer to cover the cost of administering the benefits program and of providing specific and aggregate stop-loss insurance. The employer, usually referred to in this case as self-insured, funds a "bank account" which the insurance company draws upon for the payment of claims.

modified community rating (MCR) a separate rating of medical service usage in a given geographic area (community) using age-sex data, etc.

modified fee-for-service a system in which providers are paid on a fee-for-service basis, with certain fee maximums for each procedure. morbidity (morbidity rate) 1. an actuarial determination ofthe incidence and severity of sicknesses and accidents in a well-defined class or classes of people; 2. the actual state of being diseased. mortality (mortality rate) an actuarial determination of the death rate in a given population in a given period. most favored nations discount or clause a contractual agreement that stipulates that a vendor must provide to a particular payor the lowest prices that would be available to any purchaser. The federal government often invokes most favored nations clauses for health care contracts. multidisciplinary determination of treatment plans and delivery of care through professionals with a wide range of specialties. multiple option plan a health care plan design which offers employees the option of electing to enrol1 under one of several types of coverages and usually from among an HMO, a PP0 and a major indemnity plan.

medigap open panel HMO 439

national drug code (NDC) a national classification system for identification of drugs. Similar to the Universal Product Code (UPC). national health board a federally established entity that, under various managed competition health care proposals, would have been charged with overall implementation and oversight of the reforms to the health care system. Duties would have likely included designing a standard benefit plan, specifying cost-sharing requirements, developing a formula for premium risk-adjustments and constructing and overseeing a national cost-containment strategy. net IOSS ratio the result of total claims liability and all expenses divided by premiums. This is the carrier's loss ratio after accounting for all expenses. network model HMO an HMO type in which the HMO contracts with more than one physician group, and may contract with single- and multi-specialty groups. The physician works out of hisher own office. The physician may share in utilization savings, but does not necessarily provide care exclu- sively for HMO members. non-contributory a term describing a situation in which the plan sponsor pays the entire cost of premium for coverage. Employees do not contribute towards the cost of the coverage. non-participating provider (non-par) a term used to describe a provider that has not contracted with the carrier or health plan to be a participating provider of health care. non-participating provider indemnity benefits a type of health care coverage for services rendered by providers who are not under contract with the health plan. The benefits are covered on an indemnity basis, typically carrying high copayment requirements and deductibles. See Point of Ser- vice.

office visit provision of health care services in an office setting, usually that of a physician. open access (OA) a self-referral arrangement allowing members to see participating providers for specialty care without a referral from another doctor. Typically found in an IPA HMO. Also called open panel. open enrollment period a time which subscribers in a health benefit program have an opportunity to re-enrol1 or select an alternate health plan being offered to them, usually without evidence of insurability or waiting periods. open panel HMO open panel HMOs contract with private office physicians and other health care providers to assure care of their members. This usually allows enrollees a wider choice of health care providers and freer movement among participating providers than is seen in closed panel models. The IPA model HMOs fall into this category.

organized delivery systems proposed networks of providers and payers which would provide care and compete with other systems for enrollees in their region. Systems could include hospitals, primary care physicians, specialty care physicians, and other providers and sites that could offer a full range of preventative and treatment services. Also referred to as accountable health plans (AHP), coordinated care networks (CCN), community care networks (CCN), integrated health systems (IHS), and integrated service networks (ISN). outcome measures assessments which gauge the effect or results of treatment for a particular disease or condition. Outcome measures include such parameters as: the patient's perception of restoration of function, quality of life and functional status, as well as objective measures of mortality, morbidity and health status. outcomes results achieved through a given health care service, prescription drug use or medical procedure. outcomes management systematically improving health care results, typically by modifLing practices in response to data gleaned through outcomes measurement, then remeasuring and remodifying-often in a formal program of continuous quality improvement. outcomes research studies aimed at measuring the effect of a given product, procedure, or medical technology on health or costs. outlier an observation in a distribution that is outside a certain range, often defined as two or three standard deviations from the mean or exceeding a specific percentile. Frequently refers to a case or hospital stay that is unusually long or expensive for its type, or to a physician practice that uses an abnormally high or low volume of resources. O U ~ - O ~ area (OOA) coverage for treatment obtained by a covered person outside the network service area. out-of-pocket costs/expenses (OOPs) the portion of payments for health services required to be paid by the enrollee, including copayments, coinsurance and deductibles. out-of-pocket limit the total payments toward eligible expenses that a covered person funds for himherself andfor dependents: i.e., deductibles, copays and coinsurance-as defined per the contract. Once this limit is reached, benefits will increase to 100% for health services received during the rest of that calendar year. Some out-of-pocket costs (e.g., mental health, penalties for non-precertification, etc.) are not eligible for out-of-pocket limits. outpatient a person who receives health care services without being admitted into a hospital. over-the-counter (OTC) a drug product that does not require a prescription under federal or state law.

organized delivery systems pharmacy and therapeutics (P & T) committee 44 1

paid claims the amounts paid to providers to satisfy the contractual liability of the carrier or plan sponsor. These amounts do not include any covered person liability for ineligible charges or for deductibles or copayments. If the carrier has preferred payment contracts with providers (e.g., fee schedules or capitation arrangements), lower paid claims liability will usually result. paid claims loss ratio the result of paid claims divided by premiums. partial hospitalization services a mental health or substance abuse program operated by a hospital that provides clinical services as an alternative or follow-up to inpatient hospital care. participating provider a provider who has contracted with the health plan to deliver medical services to covered persons. The provider may be a hospital, pharmacy or other facility or a physician who has con- tractually accepted the terms and conditions as set forth by the health plan. participation the number of employees enrolled for medical coverage, usually identified as a percentage relative to the total eligible population. A 75% participation requirement means that at least 75% of eligible employees must enrol1 for coverage. Participation requirements also apply to eligible dependent units. payer a public or private organization that pays for or underwrites coverage for health care expenses. peer review the evaluation of quality of total health care provided, by medical staff with equivalent training. peer review organization (PRO) an entity established by the Tax Eq- uity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TERFA) to review quality of care and appropriateness of admissions, readmissions and discharges for Medicare and Medicaid. These organizations are held responsible for maintaining and lowering admissions rates, and reducing lengths of stay while insuring against inadequate treatment. Also known as professional standards review organization. per contract per month (PCIPM) the dollar amount related to each effective contract holder, subscriber or member for each month (PSPM-per subscriber per month and PMPM-per member per month). per member per month (PMIPM) the unit of measure related to each effective member for each month the member was effective. The calculation is: # of unitslmember months (MM). pharmacy and therapeutics (P & T) committee an organized panel of physicians from varying practice specialties, who function as an advisory panel to the plan regarding the safe and effective use of prescription medications. Often compromises the official organizational line of communication between the medical and pharmacy components of the health plan. A major

function of such a committee is to develop, manage and administer a drug formulary. physician any doctor of medicine (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) who is duly licensed and qualified under the law ofjurisdiction in which treatment is received. physician contingency reserve (PCR) "at-risk" portion of a claim de- ducted and withheld by the health plan before payment is made to a participating physician as an incentive for appropriate utilization and quality of care. This amount-for example, 20% of the claim-remains within the plan and is credited to the doctor's account. Can be used where the plan needs additional funds to pay for claims. The withhold may be returned to the physician in varying levels which are determined based on analysis of hislher performance or productivity compared against hislher peers. Also called withhold. physician-hospital organization (PHO) a legal entity formed and owned by one or more hospitals and physician groups in order to obtain payer contracts and to further mutual interests. Physicians usually maintain ownership of their practices while agreeing to accept managed care patients under the terms of the PHO agreement. The PHO serves as a negotiating, contracting and marketing unit. See integrated delivery system. Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC) a bipartisan con- gressional advisory group established in 1986 to advise Congress on setting Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement. In 1990, PPRC's responsibilities were expanded to include other payment policy issues. Physician's Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) list of medical services and procedures performed by physicians and other providers. Each service andor procedure is identified by its own unique 5-digit code. CPT has become the health care industry's standard for reporting of physician procedures and services, thereby providing an effective method of nationwide communication.

place of service the location where health services are rendered (e.g., office, home, hospital, etc.). playlor-pay in any health care reform scheme, a system that would require employers to provide health insurance benefits or pay a tax that government would use to provide coverage. point-of-service (POS) plan a health plan allowing the covered person to choose to receive a service from a participating or non-participating provider, with different benefit levels associated with the use of participating providers. POS can be provided in several ways: an HMO may allow members to obtain limited services from non-participating providers; an HMO may provide non-participating benefits through a supplemental major medical policy; a PP0 may be used to provide both participating and non-partici-

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pating levels of coverage and access; or various combinations of the above may be used. p001 (risk pool) a defined account (e.g., defined by size, geographic location, age health states, etc.) to which revenue and expenses are posted. A risk pool attempts to define expected claim liabilities of a given defined account as well as required funding to support the claim liability. pooling the process of combining risk for all groups or a number of groups. portability an individual changing jobs would be guaranteed coverage with the new employer without a waiting period or having to meet additional deductible requirements. practice guidelines systematically developed statements on medical practice that assist a practitioner and a patient in making decisions about appropriate health care for specific medical conditions. Managed care organizations frequently use these guidelines to evaluate appropriateness and medical necessity of care. Terms used synonymously include practice parameters, standard treatment protocols and clinical practice guidelines. pre-admission certification (PAC) a review of the need for inpatient hospital care, done prior to the actual admission. Established review criteria are used to determine the appropriateness of inpatient care. pre-certification review see utilization review. pre-existing condition (PEC) any medical condition that has been diagnosed or treated within a specified period immediately preceding the covered person's effective date of coverage under the master group contract. preferred provider organization (PPO) a program in which contracts are established with providers of medical care. Providers under such contracts are referred to as preferred providers. Usually, the benefit contract provides significantly better benefits (fewer copayments) for services received from preferred providers, thus encouraging covered persons to use these providers. Covered persons are generally allowed benefits for non-participating providers' services, usually on an indemnity basis with significantly higher copayments. A PP0 arrangement can be insured or self-funded. Providers may be, but are not necessarily, paid on a discounted fee-for-service basis. preferred providers physicians, hospitals, and other health care providers who contract to provide health services to persons covered by a particular health plan. See also preferred provider organization. premium the amount paid to a carrier for providing coverage under a contract. Premiums are typically set in coverage classifications such as: individual, two-party and family; employee and dependent unit; employee only, employee and spouse, employee and child, and employee, spouse and child. prepaid group practice plans organized medical groups of essen-


tially full-time physicians in appropriate specialties, as well as other professional and subprofessional personnel, who, for regular compensation, undertake to provide comprehensive care to an enrolled population for premium payments that are made in advance by the consumer andlor their employers. prescription medication a drug which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and which can, under federal and state law, be dispensed only pursuant to a prescription order from a duly licensed prescriber, usually a physician. preventive care comprehensive care emphasizing priorities for prevention, early detection and early treatment of conditions, generally including routine physical examinations, immunization and well person care. primary care basic or general health care, traditionally provided by family practice, pediatics and internal medicine. See also secondaly care and tertiary care. primary care network (PCN) a group of primary care physicians who have joined together to share the risk of providing care to their patients who are covered by a given health plan. primary care physician (PCP) a physician the majority of whose practice is devoted to internal medicine, familylgeneral practice and pediatrics. An obstetrician/gynecologist may be considered a primary care physician. primary coverage under coordination of benefit rules, the coverage plan which considers and pays its eligible expenses without consideration of any other coverage. principal diagnosis the condition established after study to be mainly responsible for the patient's seeking health care services from a provider. Com- monly refers to the condition most responsible for a patient's admission to the hospital. prior authorization the process of obtaining prior approval as to the appropriateness of a service or medication. Prior authorization does not guaran- tee coverage. professional review organization (PRO) a physician-sponsored organization charged with reviewing the services provided patients. The purpose of the review is to determine if the services rendered are medically necessary; provided in accordance with professional criteria, norms and standards; and provided in the appropriate setting. Prospective Payment Assessment Commission (ProPAC) a federal commission established under the Social Security Act amendments of 1983 to advise and assist Congress and the Department of Health and Human Services in maintaining and updating the Medicare prospective payment system.

prescription medication recidivism 445

prospective rating see adjusted community rating. prospective reimbursement any method of paying health care providers for a defined period (usually one year) according to amounts of rates of payment established in advance. provider a physician, hospital, group practice, nurse, nursing home, pharmacy or any individual or group of individuals that provides a health care service.

qualified Medicare beneficiary (QMB) a person whose income falls below a set percentage of federal poverty guidelines, often 100% but sometimes higher, for whom the state must pay the Medicare Part B premiums, deductible~ and copayments. quality reassurance a formal set of activities to review and affect the quality of services provided. Quality assurance includes quality assessment and corrective actions to remedy any deficiencies identified in the quality of direct patient, administrative and support services. quality improvement a continuous process that identifies problems in health care delivery, tests solutions to those problems and constantly monitors the solutions for improvement.

rate the amount of money per enrollment classification paid to a carrier for medical coverage. Rates are usually charged on a monthly basis. rating process the process of evaluating a group or individual to determine a premium rate in regard to the type of risk it presents. Key components of the rating formula are the agelsex factor, location, type of industry, base capitation factor, plan design, average family size and the administration allowance. rational drug therapy prescribing the right drug for the right patient, at the right time, in the right amounts, and with due consideration of relative costs. RBRVS see Resource Based Relative Value Scale. reasonable and customary (R&C) a term used to refer to the commonly charged or prevailing fees for health services within a geographic area. A fee is considered to be reasonable if it falls within the parameters of the average or commonly charged fee for the particular service within that specific community. rebate a monetary amount that is returned to a payer from a prescription drug manufacturer based upon utilization by a covered person or purchases by a provider. recidivism the frequency of the same patient returning to the hospital for the same presenting problems. Refers to the inpatient hospitalization.

referral the recommendation by a physician andor health plan for a covered person to receive care from a different physician or facility. referral provider a provider that renders a service to a patient who has been sent to himher by a participating provider in the health plan. reinsurance insurance purchased by an HMO, insurance company, or self-funded employer from another insurance company to protect itself against all or part of the losses that may be incurred in the process of honor- ing the claims of its participating providers, policy holders, or employees and covered dependents. Also called risk control insurance or stop-loss insurance. renewal continuance of coverage under a policy beyond its original term by the acceptance of a premium for a new policy term. report card on health care an emerging tool that can be used by policy makers and health care purchasers, such as employers, government bodies, employer coalitions and consumers, to compare and understand the actual performance of health plans. The tool provides health plan performance data in major areas of accountability, such as health care quality and utilization; consumer satisfaction, administrative efficiencies and financial stability; and cost control. reserve see physician contingency reserve. reserves funds for incurred but not reported health services or other financial liabilities. Also refers to deposits andor other financial requirements that must be met by an entity as defined by various state or federal regulatory authorities. Resource Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS) a fee schedule introduced by HCFA to reimburse physicians' Medicare fees based on the amount of time and resources expended in treating patients, with adjustments for overhead costs and geographical differences. retention that portion of the cost of a medical benefit program which is kept by the insurance company or health plans to cover internal costs or to return a profit. Can also be referred to as administrative costs. retrospective rate derivation (retro) an addendum to insurance coverage that provides for risk sharing, with the employer being responsible for all or part of that risk. The employer can be at risk for a pre-negotiated percentage of the group's health care cost in excess of total premium dollars paid by the employer during the contract year. The carrier may also be required to refund to the employer a pre-negotiated percentage of premium dollars paid if actual health care costs of the group are less than the premium dollars paid during the contract year. retrospective review determination of medical necessity andlor appropriate billing practice for services already rendered. risk analysis the process of evaluating expected medical care costs for a

referral service area 447

prospective group and determining what product, benefit level and price to offer in order to best meet the needs of the group and the carrier. risk contract l. an agreement between HCFA and an HMO or competitive medical plan requiring the HMO to furnish at a minimum all Medicare covered services to Medicare eligible enrollees for an annually determined, fixed monthly payment rate from the government and a monthly premium paid by the enrollee. The HMO is then liable for services regardless of their extent, expense or degree; 2. an agreement between a provider and payer, or intermediary, on behalf of a payer, that requires the provider to furnish all specified services for specified enrollee for a set fee, usually prepaid, and for a set period of time (usually one year). The provider is then liable for services regardless of their extent, expense or degree. Such stated limitations for such liability are stated in advance and may be subject to reinsurance. risk control insurance see reinsurance. risk pool see pool.

sanction a reprimand, for any number of reasons, of a participating provider. second opinion an opinion obtained from an additional health care professional prior to the performance of a medical service or a surgical procedure. May relate to a formalized process, either voluntary or mandatory, which is used to help educate a patient regarding treatment alternatives andor to determine medical necessity. secondary care services provided by medical specialists, such as cardiol- ogists, urologists and dermatologists, who generally do not have first contact with patients. See also primary care and tertiary care. secondary coverage the plan that has the responsibility for payment of any eligible charges not covered by the primary coverage. See also coordination of benefits. Section 125 plan a term used to refer to flexible benefit plans. The reference derives from the section of the IRS code which defines such plans and stipulates that employee contributions to such plans may be made with pre-tax dollars. self-funding, self-insurance a health care program in which employers fund benefit plans from their own resources without purchasing insurance. Self-funded plans may be self-administered, or the employer may contract with an outside administrator for an administrative services only (ASO) arrangement. Employers who self-fund can limit their liability via stop-loss insurance on an aggregate andor individual basis. service area the geographic area serviced by the health plan as approved by state regulatory agencies andfor as detailed in the certification of authority.

single carrier replacement the process by which a purchaser of group health care coverage covers all eligibles through one carrier and drops all other carriers. single-payer system a health care financing arrangement in which money, usually from a variety of taxes, is funneled to a single entity (usually the government) which then is responsible for the financing and administration of the health system. Single payer systems can be regional, statewide or nationwide. skilled nursing facility (SNF) a facility either freestanding or part of a hospital, that accepts patients in need of rehabilitation and medical care that is of a lesser intensity than that received in a hospital. small group pooling combining all or segments of small group busi- nesses into a pool or pools. Expected claims, and therefore premium rates, are determined by pool and not on a group-specific basis. See also pool andpool- ing. staff model HMO a health care model that employs physicians to provide health care to its members. All premium and other revenues accrue to the HMO, which compensates physicians by salary and incentive programs. standard benefit package a set of specific health care benefits that would be offered by delivery systems. Benefit packages could include all or some of the following: preventive care; hospital and physician services; prescription drugs; limited mental health and chemical dependency services; and long-term care. standard class rate (SCR) a base revenue requirement on a per member or per employee basis, multiplied by group demographic information to calculate monthly premium rates. standard prescriber identification number (SPIN) under development by the National Council of Prescription Drug Programs in conjunction with other professional organizations, this standard number could be used to identify prescribers. stop-loss insurance insurance coverage taken out by a health plan or self-hnded employer to provide protection from losses resulting from claims greater than a specific dollar amount per covered person per year (calendar year or illness-to-illness). Types of stop-loss insurance: 1. Specific or individual-reimbursement is given for claims on any covered individual which exceeded a predetermined deductible, such as $25,000 or $50,000; 2. Aggre- gate-reimbursement is given for claims which in total exceed a predetermined level, such as 125% of the amount expected in an average year. See also reinsurance. subtogation a procedure under which an insurance company can recover from third parties all or some proportionate part of benefits paid to an insured.

single camer replacement tertiary care 449

subscriber the person responsible for payment of premiums or whose employment is the basis for eligibility for membership in an HMO or other health plan. subscriber contract a written agreement, which also may be called a subscriber certificate or member certificate, describing the individual's health care policy. substance abuse the taking of alcohol or other drugs at dosages that place a person's social, economic, psychological and physical welfare in potential hazard, or endanger public health, morals, safety or welfare, or a combination thereof. Also called chemical dependency. summary plan description a description of the entire benefits package available to an employee as required to be given to persons covered by self-funded plans. superbill a modified claim form that lists specific andor specialty medical services provided by a physician. A superbill is not acceptable in place of the standard AMA form. See also claim. supplemental services optional services that a health plan may cover to provide in addition to its basis health services. ~urgi-center seefree-standing outpatient surgical center. systems management of medicine synonym for STIIPCH. systematic, totally integrated, individualized, patient-centered health care (STIIPCH) a term referring to medical care provided based on needs of individual patients. Under STIIPCH, all care would be coordinated with each provider having access to integrated health data management records. systematic, totally integrated, individualized, person-centered health care (STIIPCH 2.0) a term referring to total health care provided based on needs of individual consumers. Under STIIPCH 2.0, all health care (including preventative care) would be coordinated with every provider having access to complete electronic records that would list not only medical data, but socio- logic information.

table rates see agehex rates. Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA) the federal law which created the current risk and cost contract provisions under which health plans contract with HCFA and which defined the primary and secondary coverage responsibilities of the Medicare program. termination date the date that a group contract expires; or, the date that a subscriber andlor covered person ceases to be eligible. tertiary care those health care services provided by highly specialized providers such as neurosurgeons, thoracic surgeons and intensive care

units. These services often require highly sophisticated technologies and facilities. therapeutic alternatives drug products containing different chemical entities but which should provide similar treatment effects, the same pharmacological action or chemical effect when administered to patients in therapeu- tically equivalent doses. therapeutic substitution the practice of dispensing one therapeutic alternative for another. Requires the physician's authorization before the substitution may occur. third party administrator (TPA) an independent person or corporate entity (third party) that administers group benefits, claims and administration for a self-insured companylgroup. A TPA does not underwrite the risk. third party payer a public or private organization that pays for or underwrites coverage for health care expenses or another entity, usually an employer (examples: Blue Cross, Blue Shield; Medicare; Medicaid; commercial insurers). tort reform an umbrella term used to encompass proposed changes in malpractice liability laws. treatment facility a residential or non-residential facility or program licensed, certified or otherwise authorized to provide treatment of substance abuse or mental illness pursuant to the law or jurisdiction in which treatment is

. received. trending a calculation used to predict future utilization of a group based upon past utilization. triage the classification of sick or injured persons according to severity in order to direct care and ensure the efficient use of medical and nursing staff facilities. triple option a type of health plan in which employees may choose from an HMO, PPO, or indemnity plan, depending on how much they are willing to contribute to cost. See also multiple option plan. trust fund an organization established to control, invest and otherwise administer moneys, securities or other property for the benefit of others. The fund is operated under the guidance of a trust agreement by trustees whose fi- duciary responsibility requires a prudent, successful administration of the fund's purpose. Most common to the group health field are those created by unions for the benefit of their members and by trade associations for the benefit of the employees of association members. turnaround time (TAT) the measure of a process cycle from the date a transaction is received to the date completed. (For claims processing, the number of calendar days from the date a claim is received to the date paid.)

therapeutic alternatives vendor 45 1

unbundling separately packaging units that might otherwise be packaged together. For claims processing, this includes providers billing separately for health care services that should be combined according to industry standards or commonly accepted coding practices. Also refers to the practice of providing separate prices and administrative support for services such as prescription drug benefit management, mental healthlsubstance abuse services and utilization review. Uniform Billing Code of 1992 (UB-92) a revised version of the UB-82, a federal directive requiring a hospital to follow specific billing procedures, itemizing all services included and billed for on each invoice, which was implemented October 1, 1993. upcoding in claims submission, using a higher level procedure code than the level of service actually provided. URAC accreditation verification that a utilization review organization meets national utilization review standards for prospective and concurrent review services. URAC Standards national utilization review guidelines developed by URAC's member organizations and used to evaluate utilization review organizations for accreditation. See URAC Accreditation. urgi-center see free-standing emergency medical service center. usual, customary and reasonable (UCR) see reasonable and customary. utilization the extent to which the members of a covered group use a program or obtain a particular service, or category of procedures, over a given period of time. Usually expressed as the number of services used per year or per l00 or 1,000 persons eligible for the service. utilization management (UM) a process of integrating review and case management of services in a cooperative effort with other parties, including patients, employers, providers, and payers. utilization review (UR) a formal assessment of the medical necessity, efficiency, andor appropriateness of health care services and treatment plans on a prospective, concurrent or retrospective basis. Utilization Review Accreditation Commission (URAC) a Washing- ton-based, not-for-profit corporation formed in 1990 and dedicated to improving the quality of utilization review in the health care industry by providing a method of evaluation and accreditation of utilization review programs.

vendor a medical vendor is an institution, agency, organization, or individual practitioner that provides health or medical products andlor services either to a medical provider, who in turn interfaces with patients, or directly to the public.

voluntary formulary see drug formulary. waiver a rider or clause in a health insurance contract excluding an insurer's liability for some sort of pre-existing illness or injury. Also refers to a plan amendment, such as a HCFA waiver or plan modification. with hold see physician contingency reserve. workers compensation a state-governed system designed to address work-related injuries. Under the system, employers assume the cost of medical treatment and wage losses arising from a worker's job-related injury or disease, regardless of who is at fault. Workgroup for Electronic Data Interchange (WEDI) a task force formed in 1991 by the Secretary of Health and Human Services to develop recommendations for government and industry relating to the advancement of electronic data in health care. WEDI's steering committee consists of senior executives from more than 25 insurance and health care organizations. wrap-around coverage or plan insurance to cover copays or deductible not covered by a basic insurance plan.

Procter & Gamble: The Health Care Company

Many do not realize the breadth and depth of Procter & Gamble's heritage and commitment to health carc-to the patients who benefit from our products and technologies, the professionals who recommend them, and to the retail and wholesale partners who distribute them.

BUSINESS OPERATIONS

P&G brings to the Health Care sector the same capacity for technical innovation, understanding of consumers and marketing expertise that has made possible the success of the Compan 'S consumer products, such as Oil of Olaym, ~ide", pampers", and Bounty? Health Care brands include nonprescription medicines such as ~icks", ~ctamucil", and ~herma~are" ; prescription products such as Actonel" (risedronate) and Asacol" (mesalamine); and oral care products such as crest" and ~ixodent".

CUSTOMER AND CONSUMER UNDERSTANDING

One of Procter & Gamble's hallmarks is the depth of understanding of cus- tomers and consumers. Through market research and consumer rclations operations, P&G talks to over one million consumers about health care every year. Hundreds of quantitative and qualitative studies are done with thousands of pharmacists, physicians and other health professionals annually. Insights from these efforts lead to new and improved products and packaging.

INNOVATION

Innovation is another hallmark of Procter & Gamble. Advanced science and technology are focused to discover, develop and deliver products to improve the lives of consumers. That is P&G's corporate mission, and nowhere is this more evident than in the Health Care business. Procter & Gamble has deep roots in health care research beginning with the first dentifrice clinically

454 Procter & Gamble: The Health Care Company

proven effective in the prevention of tooth decay, crestm, through the discovery of entirely new classes of medicines such as the bisphosphonates ( ~ i d r o n e l ~ and ~ c t o n e l ~ ) . Discovery-seeing and understanding things in new ways-is at the heart of our work in health care.

FUTURE FOR HEALTH CARE

In 1995, Procter & Gamble opened a new research campus that is dedicated to the discovery and development of prescription and nonprescription medicines and health care products. Sited on 253 acres, the complex covers 1.3 million square feet of laboratory and office space and houses nearly 2,500 personnel. This center serves as the hub linking facilities in North America, Europe, Asia and Latin America.

Research and development focus areas in prescription medicines include anti-infective, bone, cardiac, gastrointestinal and hormone replacement. In the nonprescription medicines areas the focus is on respiratory, gastrointestinal and oral care.

PROCTER & GAMBLE'S STRENGTHS IN HEALTH CARE

Procter & Gamble's health care business has grown tenfold in the last 12 years. It will continue to grow because we're using our proven strengths in this business.

Employees We understand consumers the world over, in part because we operate from multiple facilities with a highly diverse, expertly skilled and multi-cultural group of professionals. Our people are our greatest asset.

Discovery and Innovation A commitment to always be an innovative company, with strong links to the scientific community and leading-edge technologies in the company's other product sectors, helps us make breakthrough discoveries and develop products faster.

Consumer Understanding We lead the industry in consumer loyalty because we understand consumers thoroughly and anticipate and satisfy their needs with better products.

Company Culture Cross-functional teams manage projects, with em- phasis on the total needs of the business, as opposed to single function considerations.

Customer Satisfaction We build on strong relationships with our cus- tomers, pharmacists and other health care professionals, managed care organizations, regulatory agencies, scientists and retailers.

Procter & Gamble: The Health Care Company 455

Global Growth We maximize Procter & Gamble's worldwide resources to create a truly integrated global health care company, in both prescription and nonprescription medicines.

Licensing and Acquisition We pursue acquisitions and alliances with the right partners, then add value with product development, clinical, sales and marketing capabilities.

THE PROCTER & GAMBLE STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

We will provide products of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world's consumers. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales and profit growth, allowing our people, our shareholders and the communities in which we live and work to prosper.

PRINCIPLES

We show respect for all individuals. The interests of the Company and the individual are inseparable. We are strategically focused in our work. Innovation is the cornerstone of our success. We are externally focused. We value personal mastery. We seek to be the best. Mutual interdependency is a way of life.

Notes

Procter & Gamble Pharmacist's Handbook, Second Edition

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