Probiotics..Dr. keya

Dr. Sumona chowdhury keyaMedical officerDepartment of PediatricsSWMCH, Sylhet.

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“PROBIOTICS”

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“PROBIOTICS” The root of the word ‘ probiotic’ comes from the Greek word pro, meaning “promoting” and biotic, meaning “life”. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation (FAO) defines probiotics as“ live micro-organisms, which, when administered in adequate amount produce beneficial effect to the host when taken orally”.

History:

Nobel Prize recipient Russian scientist Mr. Eli Metchnikoff, who in 1907 suggested that "the dependence of the intestinal microbes on the food makes it possible to adopt measures to modify the flora in our bodies and to replace the harmful microbes by useful microbes“.

Mr. Eli Metchnikoff

List of probiotic candidate:-Microorganisms Genus Species

Bacteria Lactobacillus L.acidophilus, L.brevis, L.reuteri, L.casei, L.rhamnosum, L.bulgaricus, L.cellobiosus, L.delbrueckii, L. fermentum.

Bifidobacterium B.thermophilus, B.infantis, B .longum, B.bifidum, B.animalis.

Streptococcus S.lactis, S.thermophilus, S.cremonis, S.alivarius.

Bacillus B.Coagulans

Pediococcus P.acidilactici

Leuconostoc L.mesenteroides

Enterobacter E.faecium, E.faecalis.

Fungi Aspergillus A.niger, A.oryzae.

Yeast Saccharomyces S.boulardii, S.cerevisiae, S.carlsbergensis.

LactabacillusBifidobacteria

Saccharomyces Streptococcus Enterococcus

Leuconostoc

Home of the probiotic bacteria.

The gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) is the best home where the probiotic bacteria lived. Small amount is found in stomach and small intestine, but the majority is found in the colon.

Intestinal Microflora: Location & Prevalence

Rare in the esophagus Uncommon in the stomach

-primarily gram (+)-102 – 103 /ml

105 /ml in the duodenum & jejunum – primarily aerobes

105 -107 /ml in the Ileum 109 – 1012 /ml in the colon

-primarily anerobes-1000x more anerobes than aerobes

Probiotics are part of the intestinal tract

• Probiotics are bacteria that help maintain the natural balance of organisms (microflora) in the intestines camera. The normal human digestive tract contains about 400 types of probiotic bacteria that reduce the growth of harmful bacteria and promote a healthy digestive system.

Cont…• The largest group of probiotic bacteria in the

intestine is lactic acid bacteria, of which Lactobacillus acidophilus, found in yogurt with live cultures. Yeast is also a probiotic substance. Probiotics are also available as dietary supplements.

Sources of probiotics:-Yogurt that contains live bacteria culture.Soft Cheese .Fermented milk.Kefir.Miso soup.Tempeh. (very firm veggie burger. )Soy beverages food.Pickle.Sourdough Bread

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Sources of probiotics:-

Kefir Tempeh

Yogurt Miso

Factor affecting probiotic bacteria:-

Intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors may influence the survival of probiotics in food. Importance of factor affecting viability of probiotics are:-

Physical condition(temperature and humidity).Chemical condition (content of oxygen nitrogen or pH).

Characteristics of Effective Probiotics

Probiotic microorganisms are: Able to survive the passage through the digestive

system. Able to attach to the intestinal epithelia and

colonize. Able to Maintain good viability. Able to utilize the nutrients and substrates in a

normal diet. Non-pathogenic and non-toxic. Capable of exerting a beneficial effect on the host.

Friendly bacteria are vital to proper development of the immune system, to protection against microorganisms that could cause disease, and to the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients.

“Unfriendly” microorganisms such as disease-causing bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and parasites can also upset the balance.

Uses for Health Purposes

Mechanisms of probiotic activity

Effects :-

Primary Pediatric Uses of Probiotics

• Manage lactose intolerance (L acidophilus).• Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and infectious diarrhea.• Decrease constipation.• Decrease risk of NEC and all cause mortality in

premature infants.• Decrease dental caries.• Treatment of H pylorii infections, UTI.• Decrease colic.• Decrease risk of developing eczema.• Decrease upper respiratory tract infections.

Beneficial effects of probiotics in human:-

. Antibiotic associated diarrhea(AAD)-

Results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota.Probiotic treatment can reduce the incidence and severity of AAD.Efficacy of prevention is dependent on the probiotic strain and dose.

• Antibiotic associated diarrhea(AAD)- Disease Antibiotic treatment Diarrhoa Disturbance of intestinal microbiota

Clostridium overgrowth produces toxin

cont… Disease Antibiotic treatment Probiotics Disturbance of intestinal microbiota

Microbiota Clostridium overgrowth balance produces toxin

Cont…

• Necrotising Enterocolitis:- Treating with B.infantis and L.acidophilus to new

born result in reduction of NEC. Probiotic bacteria may promote a healthy intestinal microbial balance and enhance intestinal immune function, which would provide an element of protection against NEC in the neonate.

cont….

The mechanisms by• Optimizing microbial balance.• Competitive exclusion of pathogens.• Promotion of mucus secretion.• Production of bacteriocins. • Enhancement of barrier integrity, and

maturation of intestinal immunity.

cont..

• Oral Probiotics Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants.

Cont…

• Helicobacter pylori Infections Probiotic had an inhibitory effect to reduce

gastric inflammation. Bifidobacteria may inhibit the growth or attachment of H. pylori.

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS):- It can be prevented by the Lactobacillus plantarum 299V.

cont…

Urogential infection:-It can be prevented by taking Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus.

Colon cancer:-Certain probiotics (Lactobacillus bulcaricus) may help prevent colon cancer by preventing the breakdown of enzymes _

(β-glucuronidase)that contribute to the growth of cancer causing agents.

Cont…

Blood pressure:-Consumption of milk fermented with various strains may result in modest reductions in blood pressure, due to the ACE inhibition-like peptides produced during fermentation.

Cholestrol:- able to break down bile in the gut, thus inhibiting its reabsorption (which enter the blood as cholesterol)

Cont…

• Immune Effects of Probiotics Probiotics as vehicles to deliver anti-inflammatory

molecules to the Intestine. Enhance signaling in host cells to reduce

inflammatory response. Switch in immune response to reduce allergy. Reduce the production of inflammatory

substances.

Cont…

• Inflammation

Some strains of probiotics may modulate inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses by the regulation of cytokine function. How probiotics may influence the immune system remains unclear, but a potential mechanism under research concerns the response of T-lymphocytes to pro-inflammatory stimuli.

cont…

• Vitamin production

Some bacteria found in the gut produce vitamins. For example, they produce vitamin K, folic acid and vitamin B12.

Who needs probiotics- People who suffer from any kind of yeast

infections , including athlete's foot, vaginal yeast infections and nail fungus.

People with weak immune systems,frequent respiratory infections and congestion.

People with food or respiratory allergies.

People suffering from inflammatory bowel disorders, constipation or intestinal infections.

Contd…

People who travel can avoid infections from foreign food and water by taking probiotics with meals.

Probiotics can also be given to children and infants to reduce the risk of infection.

Dosage Forms….

– Capsules.– Sticks.– Powder blends.– Chewable tablets.

Side effects of probiotics:-

• Use of probiotics in critically ill person may be harmful.

• Consumption of a mixture of six probiotic bacteria increased the death rate of patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis.

• Probiotic are viable organisms, they may induce infection in the hosts.

• Probiotics taken orally can be destroyed by the acidic conditions of the stomach.

cont…

• Others, >Diarrhea,bloating,gas. >Rashes,acne. >They could also cause unhealthy metabolic

activities, too much stimulation of the immune system, or gene transfer (insertion of genetic material into a cell).

Probiotic Products

Probiotic supplement:-

Probiotic fermentor

Amul Pro life Ice-creamSugarfree probiotic dessert

Amul

Danone India introduces probiotic drink in Mumbai (08 Sep 2009)•Groupe Danone of France (Danone India Pvt. Ltd) has signed a joint venture with Yakult Honsha, Japan, to launch Yakult drink in Mumbai, a global probiotic health drink.

Journal about probiotics:

• European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2011) 65, 434–439; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.278; published online 19 January 2011

• Gupta V, Garg R. Probiotics. Indian J Med Microbiol [serial online] 2009 [cited 2015 Feb 20];27:202-9. Available from: http://www.ijmm.org/text.asp?2009/27/3/202/53201

• International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences JSPM, Institute of pharmacy, Hadapsar , Pune 411028, Maharashtra, India. Email: [email protected]

How should people take probiotis

Probiotic are that the microbe must be alive when administered. It must be documented to have a heath benefit and must be administered at levels to confer a health benefit.The manufacturer and consumer must pay close attention to the conditions of storage at which the particular microorganism will survive .

Probiotic Research

• Probiotics are under considerable research, as the concept holds promise for human health and well-being, and corresponding commercial opportunities.

cont…

• Research into the potential health effects of supplemental probiotics has included cancer, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, travellers' diarrhea, pediatric diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.

Cont…

• Probiotics in Infant Formulas with the added protective benefit of beneficial probiotic cultures like those naturally promoted by breast milk, which help support baby’s healthy immune system. High levels of Bifidobacteria in the digestive tract are thought to be one of the reasons why breastfed babies are generally so healthy.

New Probiotic Research• Identification of new strains of

probiotic organisms.

• Development of techniques to improve efficacy and viability of probiotics.

• Development of probiotic compounds- “Lactoceuticals”

• New Product Research to offer consumers a choice of probiotic products .

(still experimental)

• Current research is focusing on the molecular biology and genomics of Lactobacillus strains and bifidobacteria in immune function.

The application of modern whole genome approaches is providing insights into bifidobacterial evolution.

Eat Probiotics foods, live healthy life

So…..

Eat the “good bugs” every day……….

Invite them in………..

You will find they make very friendly

houseguests.

References:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic• http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/consumer-health/exper

t-answers/probiotics/faq-20058065• http://probiotics.mercola.com/probiotics.html• http://www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/page2.htm• http://probiotics.org/side-effects-of-probiotics/• http://www.customprobiotics.com/dosage-usage.htm• http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2012.00171/

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