Proactive Displays CSCW2008

The Context, Content & Community(C3) Collage:

Sharing Personal Digital Mediain the Physical Workplace

Joe McCarthy, Strands Labs Seattle

Ben Congleton, University of Michigan

Max Harper, University of Minnesota

Outline

• The problem: isolation, un[der]appreciation, disengagement in the workplace

• A solution: connection, appreciation, engagement through proactive displays

• What’s a proactive display?

• An example: the Context, Content & Community (C3) Collage

• Evaluation

• Future plans / recent developments

(Slides available online at http://www.slideshare.net/gumption)

Recommended tag: cscw2008

The Problem

• Employees feel un[der]appreciated

• #1 reason people leave jobs (US Labor Dept)

• 2/3 of workers receive no recognition (Gallup)

• Active disengagement costs US$300B / year

• Employees feel disconnected

• Lack of community in workplace

• Us vs. them

• Managers have less time,broader responsibilities

• Difficult to manage frequent, sustained “personal touch”

Friendships at Work

30% of employees have a best friend at work (BF@W)

20% of employees dedicate time to building relationships at work

Employees with a BF@W are 50% more satisfied with their company

Employees with a BF@W are 7 times more likely to be engaged in their work

Maintaining Friendships through Social Media

• ambient intimacy • “being able to keep in touch with people with a level of regularity

and intimacy that you wouldn’t usually have access to”

• Leisa Reichert

• http://www.disambiguity.com/ambient-intimacy/

• http://www.slideshare.net/leisa/ambient-intimacy

• continuous partial friendship • David Weinberger

• http://www.hyperorg.com/backissues/joho-may04-07.html

Friendships through Social Media @ Work?

@

C3 Collage: social media on proactive displays @ work

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5rU9cAiYsY

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OnlineProfiles

Physical Tokens

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LargeDisplays

BetterReal-worldInteractions

Bridging the gaps between peopleby bridging the gaps between the online and offline worlds

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Large visual or aural displays that can sense & respond to the people and activities taking place in their vicinity

Proactive Displays

1st Generation Proactive Displays

MUSICFX

MusicFX: An Arbiter of Group Preferences for Computer-Supported Cooperative WorkoutsJoseph F. McCarthy and Theodore Anagnost1998 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW ‘98)

A Multi-Agent System for Meting Out Influence in an Intelligent EnvironmentM. V. Nagendra Prasad and Joseph F. McCarthyEleventh Innovative Applications in Artificial Intelligence Conference (IAAI ‘99)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLgXLl4uGYk

promoting awareness, appreciation and agreement on music in a fitness center

2nd Generation Proactive Displays

Visual Awareness Location Tools (ACTIVEMAP & EVENTMANAGER)

ActiveMap: A Visualization Tool for Location Awareness to Support Informal InteractionsJoseph F. McCarthy and Eric S. MeidelFirst International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC '99)

EventManager: Support for the Peripheral Awareness of EventsJoseph F. McCarthy and Theodore D. Anagnost.Second International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC 2000)

promoting greater awareness of the location and activities of coworkers

3rd Generation Proactive Displays

UNICAST, OUTCAST, GROUPCAST: Ubiquitous Peripheral Displays

UniCast, OutCast & GroupCast: Three Steps Toward Ubiquitous Peripheral DisplaysJoseph F. McCarthy, Tony J. Costa and Edy S. LiongosariThird International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp 2001)

Promoting Awareness of Work Activities through Peripheral DisplaysElaine M. Huang, Joe Tullio, Tony J. Costa and Joseph F. McCarthy2002 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems (CHI 2002)

promoting greater awareness of the interests of co-workers

4th Generation Proactive Displays

Augmenting the Social Space of an Academic ConferenceJoseph F. McCarthy, David W. McDonald, Suzanne Soroczak, David H. Nguyen and Al M. RashidACM 2004 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2004)

Proactive Displays: Supporting Awareness in Fluid Social EnvironmentsDavid W. McDonald, Joseph F. McCarthy, Suzanne Soroczak, David H. Nguyen and Al M. RashidACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interactions (TOCHI), Vol. 14, No. 4, January 2008

promoting awareness and interactions at a conference

AUTOSPEAKERID, TICKET2TALK, NEIGHBORHOOD WINDOW

4th Generation Proactive Displays (v 2)

promoting awareness and interactions at a variety of eventsTICKET2TALK (@ Interrelativity)

5th Generation Proactive Displays

The Context, Content & Community Collage: Sharing Personal Digital Media in the Physical WorkplaceJoseph F. McCarthy, Ben Congleton, F. Maxwell HarperTo appear: ACM 2008 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2008)

promoting awareness and interactions in the office

THE CONTEXT, CONTENT & COMMUNITY (C3) COLLAGE

The Latest Generation of Proactive Displays

• Shortcomings of previous efforts• Special-purpose sensors

(IR badges, RFID tags)

• Special-purpose profiles

• Special-purpose installations

• Goals of present / future efforts• Multi-purpose sensors

(BT mobiles … NFC)

• Multi-purpose profiles

• Multi-purpose installations

A New Generation of Proactive Displays

• Goal: increase the sense of community in the workplace

• Method: open windows in shared physical spaces into the social media co-workers are creating

• Situated Social Software (SiSoSo) [vs. Mobile Social Software (MoSoSo)]

• Hypotheses

• Adding a physical dimension of audience will promote greater social media usage

• Social media sharing in the workplace will enhance personal relationships

• Enhanced personal relationships will lead to more productive professional relationships

• Challenges

• Privacy / benefit tradeoff (usability vs. security)

• Sustainable engagement (after novelty factor has worn off)

• How to measure the impact? (measuring community, relationships)

Signup / Login

Select / Configure Module

Select Bluetooth Device(s)

Locations (mock-up)

Hardware & Software

Details

• Location / proximity detection• Bluetooth sampling (MAC addresses, BT names)

• Location server (separate component)

• Priority queue management• New / old, near / far, 70/30

• Display management• Firefox + Javascript

• Flickr module• Ruby API

• Remote administration• Process, power

• Modular, flexible framework

• Front-end (time / space sharing)

• Back-end

Flickr API

Interactions with / through the displays

Interactions with displays

The Highest Rated Content (5 up votes)

Edge detection

http://www.snopes.com/horrors/robbery/kidney.asp

Everything in moderation

Moderation: NSFW [Not Safe For Work]

Moderation: SFW

Number of Actions by Day of Week

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Number of Actions by Hour of Day

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Evaluation: interactions through displays

• Context

• 8 displays, deployed July 19, evaluated after 4 weeks

• 75 full-time / part-time residents

• 44 proactive display accounts (34 non-empty)

• Perpetual alpha (location sensing, new modules, new features)

• Hypotheses

• Adding a physical dimension of audience will promote greater social media usage

• Social media sharing in the workplace will enhance personal relationships

• Enhanced personal relationships will lead to more productive professional relationships

• Web-based Survey

• Mix of multiple choice and open text questions

• 32 responses

Positive / Negative Impact (Personal / Professional)

A few choice comments

• I was surprised by some of the photos taken by [a colleague]. I had no idea of his very diversified and, in some cases, adventurous interests, and his photos showed me a side of him I would have never realized. The photos also give you an appreciation of other people's interests and unique travels. I find the photos absolutely fascinating and a very strong method of bringing all of us closer.

• I[t] was nice to see people putting up "themes". One person had a Star Wars theme, actually happening just by tags, but appeared to me as if a themed series of photos.

• Somewhat negative: I was surprised to see a photo of my family (my husband and my two kids) with another female friend. They were all sprawled on the grass. It reminded me of a picnic we all had together. But it also made me self-conscious: what would other people think of seeing this scene. Who is the "mystery lady"? Positive: walking into the kitchen and spotting my daughter's happy face on the screen. It was a nice greeting! Positive: I am delighted to see other peoples pics of exotic places they visited. Negative: seeing a picture of a guy in his underwear. The face was not in the pics so I couldn't tell who it is. Somebody esle in the room "killed" the photo. Positive: seeing people cluster around displays. I like that!

Impact of Displays on Social Media

Flickr Usage by Different User Groups

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veteran users recent users new users

User Group

Average Uploads Per Day

Before May 1May 1 - July 19After July 19

Types of interactions

Types of non-interactions (missed opportunities)

Interviews

S2 enjoyed learning about people, places (“Americana photos”) and cultures (“Finnish people have pictures of snow”) from the stream of photos.

S3 experimented with constructing Flickr search terms in his C3C account to reflect different themes, e.g., snow, lamppost, summer cottage, and was disappointed that no one seemed to notice or comment .

Influence of Rank & Role

Influence of Team Membership

Influence of competition

Wii Tournaments

Future Work: Algorithms

• Location / Proximity detection

• Near / far

• Proxemics

• Incorporating meta-data

• Folksonomy, Semiotics

• Priority queue management

• People, streams

• Recommender System

• Module management

• Space, time, displays

Future Work: Modules

• Other sources of content

• Other interaction modalities

• Other dimensions of experience

Future Work: Interfaces & Interactivity

• Interfaces• Signup page

• Display interface

• Administrator interface

• Interactivity• Authentication

• Phones

• Multi-touch

• Other?

Recent Work @ Strands Labs Seattle: CoCo

New pilot site: Trabant Coffee (Seattle)

http://gumption.typepad.com/blog/2008/08/the-community-collage-at-trabant-a-proactive-display-in-a-cafe.html

(Google “community collage”)

CoCo in situ: a proactive display in a café

Related Work: Research (1)

• Notification Collage (University of Calgary)• Public display + desktop displays• University research lab• Greenberg & Rounding, CHI 2001

• PlasmaPoster (FXPAL)• Interactive community bulletin board• Corporate, conference, café contexts• Churchill, Nelson, et al., C&T 2003, …

• BlueBoard (IBM Almaden)• Shared display for collaboration• Corporate meeting space• Russell & Gossweiler, UbiComp 2001

• CityWall (Helsinki IIT)• Multi-touch screen in city center• Flickr photos tagged with “helsinki”• Interactions with, vs. through, display• Peltonen, et al., CHI 2008

Related Work: Research (2)

• Meme Tags (MIT)• Wearable, interpersonal displays• Academic sponsor meetings

• Opinionizer (Sussex)• Shared display at social events• Interaction through typed input

• Dynamo (Sussex)• High school setting• Interaction via USB disk

• AgentSalon (ATR)• Interaction via PalmGuides (PDAs)• Conversations mediated by animated agents

Public and Situated DisplaysO’Hara, Perry, Churchill, Russell

Related Work: Research (3)

• Manhattan Story Mashup (Nokia)

• Urban game: web + phones + screen

• Times Square, New York

• Tuulos, et al., Pervasive 2007

• ProD Framework for Proactive Displays (U. Mich)

• Generic architecture for proactive displays

• Congleton, et al., UIST 2008

• Twitterspace (Indiana University)

• Large display in campus lounge

• Dynamic visualization of group “tweets” (Twitter)

• Hazlewood, et al., PDC 2008

• For more information:

• mccarthy AT strands DOT com

• http://interrelativity.com/joe

• http://gumption.typepad.com

• http://www.slideshare.net/gumption

• C3 Collage made possible by

• Interns• Max Harper (U. Minnesota)

• Ben Congleton (U. Michigan)

• Jiang Bian (Georgia Tech)

• Context, Content & Community (C3) team

• All our friends and former colleagues at Nokia [Research Center [Palo Alto]]

Thanks!