Prirucnik Za Polaznike Skole Astronomije

7/29/2019 Prirucnik Za Polaznike Skole Astronomije

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16, 11000 /: 011 3032 133e-mail: [email protected]: http://www.adrb.org

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(42)

Credit: NASA, ESA, and Te Hubble Heritage eam (SScI/AURA)

Acknowledgment: NASA, ESA, M. Robberto (Space elescope Science Institute) and the Hubble Space elescopeOrion reasury Project eam

: 80

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11/88

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12/88

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13/88

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.

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. , .

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. .

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). . . , . , -, .

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-. , - 9969 Braill.

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. , - 10% . -

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, , , . - .

:

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- . 40 160 m/s . - -, . , .

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17/88

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18/88

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, .

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International Cometary Explorer 1985. , - Giacobini-Zinnr.

Giotto ( , 1985) - (Hally), - .

1990. Grigg-Skjllru 1992. , 200 km ( ).

1 2 (USSR, 1984) 1986.

, - . , - .

Sakigak ( 1985) - 1986. .

Suisi ( 1991) 1986. .

(Hubbl Spac Tlsop, 1990) - 1994. .

14. Giotto

16.

- 9

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- , Borrlly j .

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Comt Nuclus Toru, Contour (USA, 2002) ,- .

Rossta (ESA, 2004) 67P/Churyumov-Grasimnko, , .

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370 kg, Tmpl 1 . , - - , . Bothin 2008. , - Tmpl 1.

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, 2 -. 1, trmination shock, 2 .

http://n.wikipdia.orghttp://www.nasa.gov

http://pluto.jhuapl.duhttp://sci.sa.inthttp://stardust.jpl.nasa.govhttp://voyagr.jpl.nasa.gov

http://www.solarviws.comhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov

21. -

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23/88

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. - .

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2004, ,

Simon F. Green, Sun and Stars, 2003, The Open University, United Kingdom


24/88


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. ,

. ?

(. meteoron ) - .

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1.


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, 6.1 , . , , - . , . ,

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, - . () . , - (, 1867. ). - (1871. ) 109P/Swift-Tuttle. 1872. . , 1846. 3D/Biela, . 1859. 1865. ,

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28/88

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29/88

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4770% , 2300 (Hajduk, 1987). ( ), - , (. -). () , -

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, (Shergotty, Nakhla Chassigny).

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( 100km ), . ( 200 km ), - , , (). , , , -, ., .

- 0,2 1cm, (. chondros ,). - . - 4090 ( 8). - , . . , -,

- .

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( 8). , - - () . . ,

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) 11.2 km/s 72 km/s.

-, , -.

9. ) Widmansttten-

( ), ) von Neumann-

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) Treysa 36 cm, )

Bjurble


31/88

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(. ), - . - , ,

.

, , - 25 km/s (Wetherill& ReVelle, 1981) - . , 10km . , ( ). (-

) - , 200 km/h. , - . ,

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1947. ( ) Allende, 1969. ( ). , - , - . 140 . , .

, - . -

, - .

-, U2 20 km -. , , - .

? - , .

10.

J. Rendtell, P. RoggemansMeteor Astronomy, IMO Handbook for Visual

Meteor Observations, Potsdam 1995, 1439

. , , 2, , 1995.


32/88


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.

, (. whishing star), . , -

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(ZHR)

ZHR , -, 6m.5 -. ,

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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1 2 7 14 19 19 17 5

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. , -

.


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. :

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, z , F .

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.

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), ( , ,...), . ( ) , - ( ). - , ,

. , , , , .

, , - ., , , , , ?

(Per)

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17. 24.

:12. , 06h UT ( = 139.6);ZHR = 150-400 1990. .

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: = 46, = +57

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5

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. - ( 5 ) , -

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1862 III. - . , - .

70- , , 1980. , ZHR 180.

( Swift-Tuttle). , 1992. . , , ZHR-

4.


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, .

- 1992. . - 1862. (+2m), . ,

-. (1973) 1737. , - 120 , - 1862. . 1992..

1993. ZHR - . NASA Discovery (, 1993.)

(1995) -

270 000 - . , , . - , . , - .

Koschack R.: 1995, Analyses and Calculations, IMO Handbook for Visual Meteor Observations, IMO, Potsdam

Rendtell ., Roggemans P.: 1995, Meteor Astronomy, IMO Handbook for Visual Meteor Observations, IMO, Potsdam

* * * : 2001, Perseidi, No 4

1 2 : Rendtell ., Roggemans P.: 1995, Meteor Astronomy,

IMO Handbook for Visual Meteor Observations, IMO, Potsdam

3 : www.imo.com


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- () .

- . ., - , - . , - -. , . Tabulating Machine ( ), 1858., (Dudley,

Albany, New York). - () , , , .

. (BenjaminApthorp Gould), - (,

) (Astronomical Journal). , 1896. -, Tabulating Machine Company( IBM), -. 80- , - - .

(Jean Meeus), -

1928. , .

, , - .

-,

- . . , ( ). - -, . : , , , . -

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1.

2003. . , -

(Brian Marsden,

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge,

Massachusetts; -

-

; 2001. ) -

(Patrick Moore;

1996. ). , - -

, 1986. .

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, 2213 Meeus

.


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- - ( ), , . : , , -, -

. - ( , - ; : SGB SGL) (ICRS International Celestial Reference System,http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/ICRS_doc.html), 200 . - ( ) . 1800-,

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).

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39

, (Es). (t) (). , -

().

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42/88

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- .

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, - .

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h . - .

,

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-llax) - - ( ; - , ).

() - , , .

, ( ), , , . - . , .

(pc) .

3.26 .

( ) - , ( ) 7.


44/88

42

. ! , - .

(p) - (), , - .

, ( -) - . . :

tan cos sin sin

cos cos sin cos =

D U M S

G U M S

HH

tancos (sin sin sin )

cos cos sin cos =

G

D G U M S

G U M S H

H Som

= O D

S =

8 794. "

: H , Som

, , .

-. , . (h) . (

- ), 36 (!), ( - ).

. - (,), ( z) 1 0.1 , -

. , - :

U 58 2. "tanz (0 z 70 )

58.2" z= 45 tan 45 = 1. ( - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_seeing).

. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_of_light).

- .

:

= z k z Acos cos sinM

= A k z Acos csc cosM

= =D M Gt k tcos cos sec

=G M Gk tcos sin sin

k . -, ( 0 1) :

k . "= 0 319

- -, ( , - ).

- .

:

= + +D D D H G k L Lo o(sin s in cos cos cos )sec+ +ke(sin sin cos cos cos )secD S D S H G

= +G D G H H G D G k L k L coso osin cos sin cos (tan cos sin sin )

+ + ke[sin cos sin cos cos (tan cos sin sin )]S D G S H H G D G

: e , , ,Lo ,

seccos

cscsin

D

D

D

D

= =1 1

k . .


45/88

43

. - (~ 30 km/s) - (~ 300 000 km/s) 1/10 000 , 20.6 . 2000.0 ( ) 20.49552 , :

ke = 0 34. "

- . , . , , - , . 26 000 . -

, - ( - ). - . , - - . - .

, . , . . 2000.0 ( ), - :

= 2004 3109 0 426 0 041 8332 3

. " . " . "T T T65

] = + +2306 2181 0 301 0 017 9982 3

. " . " . "T T T88

z T T T = + +2306 2181 1 094 68 0 018 2032 3. " . " . "

,

:

cos sin( ) cos sin( )G D G D ] = +z o o

cos cos( ) cos cos cos( ) sin sinG D G D ] G = + z o o o

sin cos sin sin cos cos( )G G G D ] = + + o o o

, - .

-. , , - , , , -

. , . , , -

. . DE/LE (Dynamical Ephemeris, LunarEphemeris), - (IAU International AstronomicalUnion, Commission 4, http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov). - DE200/LE200, DE405/LE405. . DE200 ( ) (, , , ), DE403 .

300 -. , . ( ), - ( ), 0.4 - 60 ( ).

, - . (JPL Jet Propulsion

Laboratory, Pasadena). , . - , , , - (JPL HORIZONS,http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov). - , - . JPL HORIZONS , - PC (Solex ): , ,

.

8. JPL

. .


46/88

44

- , - . - ( -

), , . , - , , . (- ), - . -

. , - , - ( ).

, -. , - . ( , -

.) - (JD, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_date) 1. 1. 4713. . 2000.0 1. 1. 2000. 12:00 h UT JD 2451545.0

2000.0 = JD 2451545.0

(T) - (To) , .

T

JD JDTo=

36525

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_elements) , - .

() () (), - .

() - () ,

.

(i) - .

(a) .

(e) .

(L) () , -

- .

. - (v), - ( ). (M) :

S Z S= + = + L M

,

.

. , - - .

M E e E= *sin

e e* =180

S

9.

10.


47/88

45

, - , - - .

E M e M o = + *sin

= M M E e En n( sin )*

=

E

M

e En1 cos

E E En n+ = + 1

n = 1 2 3, , , ...

E H (H )

(M) -

() , (!), .

(E) () - , - .

(v) - () , - (!), .

:

tan tanv e

e

E

2

1

1 2=

+

:

x a E e y a e z (cos ) = = =sinE1 02

:

x x i= +(cos cos sin sin cos )Z Z + y i( sin cos cos sin cos )Z Z

y x i= + +(cos sin sin cos cos )Z Z + +y i( sin sin cos cos cos )Z Z

z x i y i= +(sin sin ) (cos sin )Z Z

-

, -, , - . , , -

. , - , . , -

, , , . - (UT), (ST), (ET), (AT) (DT) - , (), ( ) , - .

- . - , - . . - .

.

- . -

, - ( -), , - .

(- , - , ), , , , - .

, - .

, .

. 365.2422 .

- ( ),


48/88

46

( ). ( ), - -, , , -

. ( - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar), - .

- 365 , 366 . 365.25 , 128 .

- 365 , 366 ,

400 (1200. 1600. 2000. 2400. ).

1528.. , . , , ( - ), -, - .

UT (Universal Time)

.

- . - , . , , , .

12 h. , - .

- ( ) -.

, 360 24 . -

, , -. 12 h, . .

1925. , - GMT (Greenwich Mean Time). 1925. - (!) UT.

, -

. , UT - .

UT0 - .

UT1 UT0 .

UT2, UT1

. !

ST (Siderial Time)

(S) . , .

(Som)

,

. 2000.0, Som

:

S Tom h m s s

= + +6 41 50 548 41 8 640 184 812 866. .

+

0 093 104 6 2 102 6 3

. .s sT T

(So), - (S) .

ET (Ephemerid Thime)

- ( ),

. - 0.5 1900. 365.242 198 781 . -, . . - , -

.

(T) . .


49/88

47

AT (Atomic Time)

- . -

( ) .

(UTC) - (UT2).

UTC -, - . .

DT (Dinamical Time)

, - - . .

(TDT) .

(TDB) - ( ) .

DT UTC .


50/88


51/88

49

- , - -

, -

. - - , , - . , - - , - . - , - , -

. - , , - .

. - ( ) .

- , , :

d lF

x

x 57 3 60.

dx x, lx - x ( mm), F ( mm).

y . 57.3 , 60 . - , - ,

. 24 mm 36 mm 35 mm , - 1.

1 2 - , 3 -, 4, 5 6

/

1. 10 mm 35 mm

,

/

2. 35 mm 100 mm

,

/

3. 100 mm 500 mm , ,

,

/

4. 500 mm 1500 mm

3. ,

, Messier- , ,

/

5. 1500 mm 3000 mm ,, Messier NGC/IC

, ,

/

6. 3000 mm

,

.

1.


52/88

50

. -, 1, 2 3 . - ,

-. , - , - , .

- , - -.

, . , - . , . ,

, .

- , - f- :

D ,f ,f /D f- .

, D = 111 mm f= 2000 mm f/D 18, -

f/18.

, - . - ( ) ( ) .

-, . - - . (

) ( 2).

(Airydisc) . - , - ( 3).

y- I(x) ( - ), x-

. () ( sin x x):

I x k k D x x ( ) sqr(sin( )/ ) 1 2

k1 k2 , D . (. point spreadfunction) - . - ,

- , - ( - ). D Airy , x= 0. D , ,

, - .

Airy - , :

Da = 1.22 f/D ( ) Da = 1.22 57.3 3600/D ( ).

Airy , (). - - 2. Airy disc 3. Airy disc


53/88

51

.K 4 .

- . - , . , iry , - , Airy . -

MTF - (. modulation transfer function), ( 5).

y , x . 6.

6 - , .

8 8 cm.

- - , . - - ,

. 25 cm MTF , - , - ( ) . - 30 cm , . - . ,

, , . - , , .

, . , , -

.

, - .

, Airy .

Airy - . Airy - , - , . K - .

-

. , , .

4.

5. MTF

6.

7. 8.


54/88

52

. - -, . -, .

, - 2. . 1.8, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22...

, - , , f- . - -

, . K - , Barlow , -. - , , , .

, -

, . K , , . , . , . f- ,

. , f- -, f-. (- - ) 2.

f- - . (. rackand pinion focuser) - f- f/6, -

. , - , , .

, f- - . - - .

, . , . - . ( ), . - , -

. (f-), - . K , f/5, - f/2. f/1.8 f/2.8, - . , .

- :

, - ; ; - .

- , - . .

f-

f/4 0,035 mm

f/6 0,081 mm

f/8 0,142 mm

f/10 0,223 mm

f/16 0,572 mm

.


55/88

53

- . - - , . ,

, ( 10).

, . () , - :

; ; .

, - , - . , -

f-, . , 100 mm f/18, - 1800 mm. , - .

- , Takahashi.

- , f- f/5. f- , -

. -, 15 cm .

(). K - -,

.

- , , - . - , Airy , 13, 14 15.

14 - 30% ,

9. :

10.

11.

13. Airy

12. Takahashi

14. Airy 30%

15. Airy ()


56/88

54

Airy - . 30% 10%, . MTF - 30% 16.

- - ( ), , , . , 20% , .

, - f-. - , - 10 cm. - 20cm, .

-

. - -, , . ,

-. - - , . (), -

K .

90 - - . , f- , .

- . 15% f- - , 25%, . 18 , - (. spider) .

, - - . - , . K -, , . 19 Airy , -

.

16. MTF

18.

17. : 19. Airy


57/88

55

- f- - . K f-f/6 , - f- f/5. f/5 , -, .

- - ( ), - . - , - . - - . 21 -, -

.

-

, - . 1.5 m , .

, 6 cm 1 m . 10 cm 30 cm.

K - , -

- -. K - , . 25% 35% .

K - .

, f- f/5, f/2.

-K - -, -, .

-K o , -, - . , -

. , -K - .

22.

23. -

21. -

20.


58/88

56

, 24.

- , -

. , . - .

20 cm 30 cm, .f- f/10 f/8 .

- - .

, .

- 15 cm 25 cm, . f- f/10.

K-K - - , - . , . , - ,

- .

TAL, - . - , .

TAL K-K f- f/10 f/8.5, 15 cm 25 cm, 450 mm 550 mm. - , 33%.

, - . - , -

24.

25. -

K

25. -

28. TAL 200K

27. TAL

26. - :


59/88

57

. , - . -

, - . , Canon EOS300D 7.4 , 1500 mm 0.763 -. , 2 (2 1/650000- !). -

1 , - .

, . , , .

- , - , , . - - . - - ( ), -

.

- - , . - - - , .

- . - ,

, - . - ,

-. (- ), . -, . , - . - ,

( -) , .

- ( 30), - . , - ,

. , , - - . , - ( ), - ( 3).

29.

30.

2 5 4 8

6 12

10 20

3.


60/88

58

- , . K ,

.

, . , - . , .

- ( ):

-1. (400 800 ), - .

2. - .

, 3.

- , , .

4. , :

(),

. (), - . , ( ).

, -5. , , 30 .

6. , -

, :

, - , - , . , , . , - , .

6. -7. , , 4. 6. . 5. - , , .

, -

. , , . . -, , - . -

-, , - . - , - .

, - , -

.

- , - .

31. Q6


61/88

59

, - . - , - . , , -

-. , - . . , , , .

. -, -. - -. K . - -

, . , -, , .

- . a

. - - - . -

, . ( ), - - .

, - ,. .

- - , . 32 33 (-

).

- , -, () . - , -

. / - . /, . - -, - .

- , . K

33. 32.


62/88

60

, , - 1/250 ?

, - 50 . ,

() . () - ?

- , , - - . - () ( ) -

. /, - / ( - !). - - , . , ,

, 2500 . - , - - t, Poisson- -. () - 2500 , 2450 2550 ( Poisson- : 50 2500, 2450 =2500 50 2550 = 2500 + 50). -

() , - . :

100/10 = 10, 2500/50 = 50, 40000/200 = 200.

, / ( ). K , -

, - . - ,

, .

- . -

- . , a, . - 10%, 50%, 5 . -

- . - , . - , (H-), - . 34 -

ST-7XME.

, . -, (, ). - , .

- , - . .

34. ST-7XME


63/88

61

, . , ,

. , . -, .

, . , -

: 22 mm 15 mm - 6.3 (3072 2048), 7.4 7.4 . - 24 mm 36 mm 35- . - , - - - .

- - . , -

, - . , - . , - . , .

K ,

, - . K , - .

- . , : , - . , - , - ? -

, . - -. , - ( ), .

, . ( , ) - , - . , - , .

, -

(. reciprocity failure). , , .

36.

35.


64/88

62

, (speed shift) Kodak Technical Pan ( 37).

K -

. - . , , - 50000 (- ) 100 , , 200 , 25000 - , - 100 2. ,

. 2 - , 200 100 , . ,

.

, . - 24 mm 36 mm (. -

), , . (22 mm 15 mm) - - . 4 - .

- , . , -

, . , - 1/10000 . , . - , -

. , . - - ( ). Canon EOS 300D NikonD70, - .

37.

-

3.63.1 mm CCD 0.3 640480 5.6 m Web Philips Toucam Pro PCVC740K

5.273.96 mm CMOS 3.1 20481576 2.6 m Canon Powershot A70

( )

8.8 6.6 mm CCD 8.0 32642448 2.7 m Nikon Coolpix 8700

( )

10.210.2 mm CCD 0.26 512512 20 m SBIG ST-9XE

14.910 mm CCD 3.2 21841472 6.8 m SBIG ST-10XME

23.715.6 mm CCD 6.0 30082000 7.8 m Nikon D70 ( )

22.715.1 mm CMOS 6.3 30722048 7.4 m Canon EOS 300D ( )

35.823.8 mm CMOS 11.4 40642704 8.8 m Canon EOS 1Ds ( )

3624.7 mm CCD 11 40082745 9.0 m SBIG STL-11000M

4.


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63

, CCD (. charged coupleddevice) CMOS (. complementary metal oxi-de semiconductor). CCD - , . . -

, - , , . , CMOS , . CMOS , -, CCD - . CMOS -

-, . Micro-lens CCD. , - CCD , - CCD CMOS. - -, - . - -

- , , - . , - - .

K - .K - -

, . , , , , - .

(. CFA color filter array), - (. Bayer matrix) 38.

, -

. , -, . - , , - . , - .

- /. - , . -, -. - ( ) -

, - . , - , SLR , - , - . - . - 16 ,

12 , - . () SLR () - 35 mm ( 38).

- . , -,

38.

38. Bayer RGGB


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, . - - . - ,

. - , . , - . - - , ,

.

- , - (), - . - , , .

, . - , . : (), .

- - , . -

, (, - ), . , -, , . . - . - .

, - . -

-, . , .

K -

. -, ( ) - ( - ). - - . , . -, -

. , . K , , .

, . xy,

, . .

- (. offset), . - ,

- . K , - . , , .

- , . K

- ( ), - ,


67/88

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, . (. thermal current) -

. , . , -, , . , , dark frame dark current map .

Dark frame . ( ) , - UV IR - -, . , darkframe-.

- , , -, -, (.pattern) . - , . - , -, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105

. - 80% , : 85, 90,95, 80, 105. K - , -

: 10, 10, 10, 8, 10. 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 10 85, 90,95, 100, 105. - (. flat field),

:

- , , () , (. vignetting).

, - - . , , - . , , . K

, , - . - , - . , , . n - , - , n n (n -

n - - ). n , .

39. dark

frame-

Canon

EOS300D,

thermal

current

40. dark

frame -

Canon EOS300D

41. Flat


68/88

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- - . - , .

. - ( ) - 12 4096 , - 16, 20 . - ,

. -, .

- , . , - . -

, .

- - . . - - OFFSET.

Thermal current , . K , thermal current-. DARK.

Flat Field , FLAT. , -

.FLAT thermal current-, , .

IMG, DARK DARK(IMG), - OUT, . DARK(IMG) FLAT OFFSET, FLAT DARK(FLAT)

FLAT . :

OUT=(IMG-OFFSET)-(DARK(IMG)-OFFSET)

FLAT-OFFSET)-(DARK(IMG( ))-OFFSET)KOEF

KOEF OUT IMG. OUT , - /. -

.


69/88

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-

. -

, .

Web , . , - , . , w - . .

Web Philips Toucam Pro PCVC740K, - CCD . 1 , 31,7 mm .

- . -

thermal current-, offset. , , je flatfield . - , ( 1).

- TAL 200K, - 200 mm 2000 mm. Airy 15 , -

. Bayer- , Airy , 7 . - 2.6, - 5200 mm. , -, . ,

40 - 5200 mm 1 mm, .

Web - . - , - . - , - .

.

, - . QCFocus,

web-

1. Philips Toucam Pro PCVC740K

3.63.1 mm

640480 px

5.6 5.6 m

Bayer RGGB

1. 2. Capture driver


70/88

68

W E B

. , web - 2.

preview -

. Options > Format..., :

Resolution: 640x480Pixel Depth (bits) and Compression: I420

-, Options > Compression..., :

Compressor: No Recompression

Options > Capture Parameters..., :

Frame Rate: 5 fps

Capture Time: 120 Video directory:

Frame rate 5 (5 fps) ( ). , 120 600 , . 640 480 270 . - ,

5 , - - . , .

Options >Exposure..., . ImageControls 6. Full Autocheckbox , , frame rate 5.

3. Video format

4. No Recompression

5. Capture parameters

6. Image Controls


71/88

69

W E B

Camera Controls (- 7) (whitebalance), (gain).

Toucam Pro , - , - . - Auto, . , Auto

; - Red Blue. , .

1/250, gain , . , . , , - -

. - , . - . -

1/250 , - . , StarFocus, . , preview ( 8).

. - (FWHM max),

(Imax), .

, . - , - , -. , , - . -

-, . Star Focus -, . frame rate 30 . - frame rate 5 , .

, -.

, - . , . -, -. . , w

7. Camera Controls

1/33 s 20%

1/50 s 40%

1/25 s 30%

1/33 s 50%

2. 8.


72/88

70

W E B

. f- f/26, - 2. , - . , -

, . .

, Start Video - . , - . , (- - ). .

, - . , . .

, flat field . , - .

.

, - , . , . , - .

flat-field - . . , - . flat field. .

-, thermal current , .

, QCFocus , VirtualDub. ( 9).

-

, . -, . - Delete. , . -, , - .

, - . , ( 30), ( 500). - . - ( ).

, ,

. Video >Compression... YUV 10.

9. VirtualDub

10. Codec


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W E B

, - Uncompressed RGB - . , .

3.

- Save As..., VirtualDub .

- Iris, . , . , ,

.

- File > Settings. Working Path - , File Type FIT. Iris . FIT - 16- , . 16- - - ,

.

FIT -, File > AVI Conversion....

flat field - ,

VirtualDub-. Color, , - . flat field , :

flatrflatg

flatb

, - :

imgr

imggimgb

, - 30 , FIT imgr1.fit, imgr2.fit imgr30.fit - , . Convert - -. , - 12.

,

:

> load imgr1

imgr1.fit . toolbar-Threshold, - . .

, - stat:

> stat

13.

()

600 ,640480, 2

5 fpsYUV 4:2:0 276 338 040

600 ,640480, 2

5 fps

Uncompre-ssed RGB

552 062 976

3.

11. Settings

12. Open command prompt


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W E B

:

mean median sigma

mean

maxi

mini

mean median . mean

() :

mean(5,4,5,6,25) = 9

median - :

median(4,5,5,6,25) = 5

6 . 25

- - ( , ). - , 5 9, median -. median .

median , . web-, , . median -

, - , . :

mean

median

Iris 16- , - -32768 +32767. , . , - ( maxi 255), 8- .

8- , , .

flat field - , 100 , . , dark frame thermal current -, 0:

> load flatr1> fill 0

> save dark

flatr1.fit dark.fit flat field -. fill 0, save .

8- -

2 (2, 4, 8, 16...). , 12- , 16:

> mult2 flatr flatr 16 100

> mult2 flatg flatg 16 100> mult2 flatb flatb 16 100

mult2 100 (flatr flatg, flatb) 16, . -

- , - . 4096 .

13. Stat & Threshold


75/88

73

W E B

flat field , ( , ). median , -

median ( - , ). :

> load flatr1> stat

stat median. 3500,

flatr :

> ngain2 flatr flatr 3500 100

100 mult2. - :

> ngain2 flatg flatg 3500 100> ngain2 flatb flatb 3500 100

median , , - flat field .

, - , - median :

> smedian2 flatr 100

> save flatr> smedian2 flatg 100

> save flatg> smedian2 flatb 100

> save flatb

flat field , , .

, - , 280 . - :

> mult2 imgr imgr 16 280> mult2 imgg imgg 16 280

> mult2 imgb imgb 16 280

pr:

> pr imgr dark flatr out_1r 280

> pr imgg dark flatg out_1g 280> pr imgb dark flatb out_1b 280

dark.fit (imgr, imgg, imgb), - flat field -. - (out_1r, out_1g, out_1b), -

- . - .

, flat field , .

, ,

-. -, . - , - , - . Iris - , -

. , . 44, :

> load out_1r44

14. Flat field


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W E B

, - 15.

, . , , - 2. 200 , - 256 ,

512. - :

> pregister out_1r out_2r 512 80

, . - , - . . -

, () . - . load - :

> load out_1r44

> pregister out_1g out_2g 512 280

> load out_1r44

> pregister out_1b out_2b 512 280

. composit, :

> composit out_2r 2.5 3 1 280

- , - .

- . -, . -, , . :

out_2r

2.5 (1.5 , 5 )

3 1 -

0 32767

280

- , - :

> save composit_r

composit , - , - . , :

> composit out_2g 2.5 3 1 280> save composit_g

> composit out_2b 2.5 3 1 280

> save composit_b

15.

16:


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W E B

, - . composit 0 32767, . :

: 0.050 : 0.051 : 0.055

, - , -. , composit - 0 32767. - -

, -. :

> load composit_g> mult 0.98

> save composit_g

0.98 0.050 0.051. :

> load composit_b> mult 0.91

> save composit_b

0.91 0.050 0.055. - , - . trichro ( tr):

> tr composit_r composit_gcomposit_b

, .

/ ,

15-, - .Iris , - Adobe Photoshop . , :

> savepsd composit

savepsd - .psd Photoshop, , .

composit.psd Photoshop, - -, .Photoshop , 16-

0 65535. 16- Photoshop 0 255 -, 0 65535. Iris 0 32767, , . Levels ( 18) 20% 32767 ( 128 + 20% = - 150).

headroom 20%

, .

Filter > Sharpen > Unsharp Mask... - , . Radius - - , Amount . MTF -

, - - , . unsharp ( 19). 17. RGB

18. Levels


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W E B

200 , 4.

-, , - -

, . unsharp , - .

.

- , . - , - - . :

Levels: maximum input level

Levels: gamma 0.9Hue/Saturation: Saturation +15

- , . , , .

19. Unsharp mask

Amount Radius Threshold

I 60 % 10 0

II 50 % 7 0

III 50 % 4 0

4.

20.


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DeepSky

SLR

- - .

SLR -

Canon EOS 300D, - y . SLR single lens reflex . , . - , . EOS 300D CMOS , 1.

- TAL200K, 200mm 2000 mm. - , . GM3-RA,

, 5 .f- f/10, ( 10 ), . 0.75, 1500 mm f- f/7.5, . , EOS300D 30 30 .

Canon 42 mm , . 400 ; -

-. RAW , - , - .

2.

- , - . , , CF - , .

flat-field -

, -

. Flat field , . ( ), thermalcurrent , . - , flat field . ( 20), flat field .

, thermalcurrent . dark frame - , - .

22,7 15,1 mm

3072 2048 px

7,4 7,4 m

Bayer RGGB

1.

manual

Quality RAW

ISO setting 400

Preview time Hold

Display brightness

Auto power off

File numbering continous

Parameters Adobe RGB

2.


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, - . , dark frame -. 5 .

, -

. GM3-RA , - - . , - . - , . - , , -

-. , , . - - .

, , . -, . - ,

- - . , - . - . -. - .

-

. - . - , . 40 ( ), . 800 , 400 .

, - . , . , -

, - . -, . 300 .

. - . , . , .

, . -

, -. -, - . - , . 6 .

- Iris, -

- , . PIC , - RGB ( 1).

-, -

( 2).

-. CANON (10D/300D/Rebel). -

1. Settings


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(RAW interpolation method), gradient . -

- , - . checkboxApply . , . , . , - -

( , -, ). - , . , - . , - , , . ,

RAW Iris File >Load... RAW RGB ( Load a RAW file... CFA - ). - , ( Bayer- ). -. 100 -

. white . , 1000, 1 .

, -

( - ). ( ), , - , - . - , Apply checkbox-, . ,

.

RAW ( .CRW) - . RGB , - (CFA). , - ,

. Digital photo> Decode RAW files... - , Drag & Drop dark frame dark 4.

2. Camera settings

4. CFA conversion

3. White balance


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-> CFA..., . Erase list , img. flat field, , Done .

dark frame :

> load dark1

5 6, 4 . 100, thermal current , , -. -

, .

dark frame median . . RAW - 0 7032, 4:

> mult2 dark dark 4 5

5 -. median -, , . - - , , 1. - EXIF ,

RAW (Adobe Photoshop CS ). :

> load > mult

> save

, - :

> smedian2 dark 5

> save dark

- -, . - flat field , 20 :

> mult2 flat flat 4 20

median median , ,:

> load flat1> stat

stat , - median, :

> ngain2 flat flat 20

> smedian2 flat 20

- grey_

flat, CFA :

> grey_flat> save flat

flat field 6.

, . - .

. Flat field

5. Dark frame


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, . , , - img1.pic ( ). 7 M51

NGC5195.

, - , . , .

, -. , - . - , - .

thermal current -. :

> mult2 img img 4 6

composit , . median () :

> load img1> stat

:

> ngain2 img img 6

( -, , , ), , mult -

dark frame .

dark frame . dark frame , - , dark frame . , :

> load img1

, -, :

> opt dark

dark frame dark.pic. opt . - , -

. , - , dark frame :

> load dark

> mult > save probni_dark

dark frame

probni_dark.pic, . - :

> load img1> sub probni_dark 0

- ( 8 9).

-, .

, - . , dark frame - .

7.


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pr:

> load probni_dark> save dark> pr img dark flat out 6

pr flat field , img1.pic out1.pic. - ( median ), . - flat field

. sigma stat. - , - Statistics, stat, . , - flat field - , .

flat field fill, - , median :

> load flat> save backup_flat

> load img1> stat

> fill > save flat

> pr img dark flat out 6

flat field backup_flat.pic.

pr out.

( -

flat field) . -

CFA , Bayer- . CFA RGB, Digital photo >Sequence CFA conversion..., 10.

-

, - . , , - . outrgb1.pic - , , - register:

> load outrgb1

> register outrgb outrgb_r 6

- - . , -

. sub dark 9. sub dark

10. CFA conversion


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, , - coregister2. , , .coregister2 ( coregister )

- , , .

- - composit, - RGB Digital photo >Sequence RGB separation.... outrgb_r, outr,outg outb. composit -, :

> composit outr 3 3 1 6

> save composit_r

> composit outg 3 3 1 6> save composit_g

> composit outb 3 3 1 6

> save composit_b

- , :

> load composit_g> mult > save composit_g

> load composit_b

> mult

> save composit_b

tr (trichro):

> tr composit_r composit_g

composit_b

- - , . . , .

( ) - . , - :

black - ( white);subsky -

. , setsubsky.

Iris , AdobePhotoshop, :

> savepsd composit

Photoshop- , -

. color sampler - RGB , layer . , . Brightness , .

, - , .

, - , . - Curves ( 12).

11. Composit RGB 12. Curves


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, . . . , - .

, Neat Image. ( 13).

Photoshop-, . , - - 14.

. - , . , - - .

13. Neat Image

.


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