i PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP PRACTICES, TEACHER ICT COMPETENCY, AND TEACHER ACCEPTANCE OF SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS) IN NEGERI SEMBILAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS LEONG MEI WEI THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017
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PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP PRACTICES,
TEACHER ICT COMPETENCY, AND TEACHER ACCEPTANCE
OF SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS)
IN NEGERI SEMBILAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
LEONG MEI WEI
THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULLFILMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
KUALA LUMPUR
2017
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INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION
Name of Candidate : LEONG MEI WEI (IC No : )
Registration/ Matric No : YHA 130013
Name of Degree : Doctor of Philosophy
Title of Project Paper/ Research Report/ Dissertation/ Thesis (”this Work”):
PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP PRACTICES, TEACHER ICT
COMPETENCY, AND TEACHER ACCEPTANCE OF SCHOOL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS) IN NEGERI SEMBILAN SECONDARY
SCHOOLS
File of Study : Educational and School Leadership
I do solemnly and sincerely declare that:
(1) I am the sole author/ writer of This Work;
(2) This Work is original;
(3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing
and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or
reproduction of copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently
and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in This
Work;
(4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the
making of This Work constitutes an infringement of any any copyright work;
(5) I hereby assigh all the every rights in the copyright to This Work to the
University of Malaya (”UM”) who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright
in This Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means
whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first
had and obtained’
(6) I am fully aware that if in the sourse of making This Work I have infringed any
copyright whether intentianally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or
any other action as may be determined by UM.
Candidate’s Signature Date
Subscribe and solemnly declared before,
Witness’s Signature Date
Name:
Designation:
iii
ABSTRACT
This study aims to investigate teachers’ perception on the level of principal technology
leadership practices, teacher ICT competency, and teacher acceptance and use of
School Management System (SMS) in Negeri Sembilan secondary schools. This is a
non-experimental quantitative research using survey technique through the
administration of a questionnaire that comprised of four sections (teacher demographic
variables, principal technology leadership practices, teacher acceptance and use of
SMS, and teacher ICT competency) to collect data. The selection of samples for this
study was conducted in several stages using probability sampling procedure that
involved proportional stratified random sampling, simple random sampling, and
systematic random sampling. From a total of 450 questionnaires distributed to the
respondents, 417 valid questionnaires were returned representing a valid response rate
of 92.7%. The findings showed that teachers among secondary schools in Negeri
Sembilan perceived that their principals as demonstrating a high level of technology
leadership practices, and teachers rated themselves to have a high level of ICT
competency, and acceptance and use of SMS. Furthermore, data indicated that there
were statistically significant positive and moderately strong relationships that exist
between principal technology leadership practices, teacher ICT competency, and
teacher acceptance and use of SMS. In addition, the multiple regression analysis
showed that digital citizenship and visionary leadership are the two principal
technology leadership practices dimensions that are statistically significant predictors
of teacher acceptance and use of SMS, while digital citizenship and systemic
improvement being the two principal technology leadership practices dimensions that
are statistically significant predictors of teacher ICT competency. Smart pedagogy,
professional growth and leadership, and digital citizenship and responsibility are the
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three teacher ICT competency dimensions that are statistically significant predictors of
teacher acceptance and use of SMS in Negeri Sembilan secondary schools. The
mediation analysis using SEM showed a partial positive mediating effect of teacher
ICT competency on the relationship between principal technology leadership practices
and teacher acceptance and use of SMS. The moderating effect test revealed that
teacher demographic variables (gender, age, educational level, teaching experience and
experience in using computer) were not statistically significant moderators to the
relationship between principal technology leadership practices and teacher acceptance
and use of SMS in Negeri Sembilan secondary schools. Finally, a new model
comprising principal technology leadership practices, teacher ICT competency and
teacher acceptance and use of SMS have been derived from the findings of this present
study. This study has highlighted that two important human factors, individual (teacher
ICT competency) and contextual (principal technology leadership), in predicting
teacher acceptance and use of SMS. Besides, several invaluable implications and
contributions for academics and practitioners are revealed in this study. This study has
contributed significantly to the general body of knowledge in education and
particularly educational technology integration. It concludes by presenting a model
comprising principal technology leadership practices, teacher ICT competency, and
teacher acceptance and use of SMS that suggests for more researches in the related
field in the Malaysian educational setting.
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ABSTRAK
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji persepsi guru terhadap tahap amalan kepimpinan
teknologi pengetua, kompetensi ICT guru, dan penerimaan serta penggunaan Sistem
Pengurusan Sekolah (SMS) di kalangan guru di sekolah menengah Negeri Sembilan.
Kajian ini merupakan kajian kuantitatif bukan eksperimen yang menggunakan kaedah
tinjauan melalui pentadbiran soal selidik yang terdiri daripada empat bahagian
(demografi guru, amalan kepimpinan teknologi pengetua, penerimaan serta
penggunaan SMS di kalangan guru, dan kompetensi ICT guru) untuk pengumpulan
data. Pemilihan sampel kajian ini telah dijalankan dalam beberapa peringkat mengikut
prosedur persampelan kebarangkalian yang melibatkan persampelan rawak berstrata,
persampelan rawak mudah, dan persampelan rawak sistematik. Daripada 450 soal
selidik yang diedarkan kepada responden, sebanyak 417 soal selidik yang sah telah
berjaya dikumpul dan dianalisis. Ini mewakili kadar tindak balas yang sah adalah
sebanyak 92.7%. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa guru-guru di sekolah
menengah Negeri Sembilan melihat pengetua mereka menunjukkan amalan
kepimpinan teknologi pada tahap yang tinggi dan guru-guru ini menilai diri mereka
mempunyai kompetensi ICT, dan penerimaan serta penggunaan SMS pada tahap yang
tinggi. Tambahan pula, data menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan
secara statistik dan sederhana kuat di antara amalan kepimpinan teknologi pengetua,
kompetensi ICT guru, dan penerimaan serta penggunaan SMS di kalangan guru. Di
samping itu, analisis regresi berganda menunjukkan bahawa kewarganegaraan digital
dan kepimpinan bervisi adalah antara dua dimensi amalan kepimpinan teknologi
pengetua yang merupakan peramal signifikan secara statistik terhadap penerimaan
serta penggunaan SMS di kalangan guru sementara kewarganegaraan digital dan
penambahbaikkan sistemik adalah antara dua dimensi amalan kepimpinan teknologi
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pengetua yang merupakan peramal signifikan secara statistik terhadap kompetensi ICT
guru. Pedagogi pintar, perkembangan profesional dan kepimpinan, dan
kewarganegaraan digital dan tanggungjawab adalah antara tiga dimensi kompetensi
ICT guru yang merupakan peramal signifikan secara statistik terhadap penerimaan
serta penggunaan SMS di kalangan guru di sekolah menengah Negeri Sembilan.
Analisis pengantaraan menggunakan SEM menunjukkan bahawa terdapat kesan
pengantara positif dan separa kompetensi ICT guru terhadap hubungan antara amalan
kepimpinan teknologi pengetua, dan penerimaan serta penggunaan SMS di kalangan
guru. Seterusnya, ujian kesan penyederhanaan mendedahkan bahawa pembolehubah
demografi guru (jantina, umur, tahap pendidikan, pengalaman mengajar, dan
pengalaman menggunakan computer) bukan merupakan penyederhaan (moderator)
terhadap hubungan antara amalan kepimpinan teknologi pengetua, dan penerimaan
serta penggunaan SMS di kalangan guru di menengah sekolah Negeri Sembilan. Akhir
sekali, model baru yang merangkumi amalan kepimpinan teknologi pengetua,
kompetensi ICT guru, dan penerimaan serta penggunaan SMS di kalangan guru telah
dibangunkan berdasarkan hasil kajian ini. Kajian ini juga menekankan bahawa dua
faktor manusia penting, individu (kompetensi guru ICT) dan kontekstual (kepimpinan
teknologi pengetua), dalam meramalkan penerimaan serta penggunaan SMS di
kalangan guru. Selain itu, dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan beberapa implikasi yang
tidak ternilai dan sumbangan kepada ahli akademik dan pengamal. Kajian ini secara
umumnya, telah menyumbang kepada badan ilmu pengetahuan dalam pendidikan dan
khususnya integrasi teknologi pendidikan. Kajian ini disimpulkan dengan model
amalan kepimpinan teknologi pengetua, kompetensi ICT guru, dan penerimaan serta
penggunaan SMS di kalangan guru yang membuka ruang untuk penyelidikan lanjut
dalam suasana pendidikan di Malaysia.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The process leading to this study has brought me various insights, challenges, but
above all, sheer pleasure. I truly enjoyed every stage of the Ph.D experience and
sincerely believe that this work is not a product of mine alone, but a culmination of the
collective help and support from many. First, I am indebted and sincerely owe great
thanks to my supervisors, Professor Dr. Chua Yan Piaw and Dr. Sathiamoorthy
Kannan for their invaluable guidance, advice, encouragement and generous sparing of
their busy time. I was very fortunate to be under their supervision, as they allowed me
to spread my wings and fly. Their confidence in my ability enabled me to maintain my
momentum and their wealth of knowledge and continuous intellectual support inspired
me to set a new standard of research excellence. With each step forward, I achieved the
understanding as to the sweetness endeavor to gain knowledge.
I also greatly appreciate to all principals and teachers from 45 targeted secondary
schools in Negeri Sembilan for their assistance in conducting the survey. With their
full cooperation and commitment, the data collection was conducted within the time
frame and the survey yielded a very high response rate.
Deepest appreciations are also addressed to Shafinaz A. Maulod, Liew Foot Yuen, and
Chong Ai Peng for inspiring me to strive to achieve my goals and dreams with their
valuable advice and constructive feedback. I am also grateful to all my colleagues and
friends who have helped directly or indirectly in making this study a success. Last but
not least, my greatest appreciation and enormous thanks are due to my parents. Leong
Thong Chew and Tham Yock Lan and my family members who were always in my
mind and heart during this journey. They remained a constant source of
encouragement, inspiration and strength.
To my dearest husband, Yong Wan Fuon, thanks for his gifts of love, acceptance and
humor. His love and company are the germs of power, which have supported me to go
through this journey. He witnessed and shared all my anxieties and struggles by being
there for every high and low without fail. Words cannot express the love and
appreciation I hold in my heart for you. You are truly amazing.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Original Literary Work Declaration Form ii
Abstract iii
Abstrak (Malay Language Version of Abstract) v
Acknowledgements vii
Table of Contents viii
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xxi
List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxx
List of Appendices xxxiii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 11
1.3 Purpose and Objectives of the Study 18
1.4 Research Questions 19
1.5 Significance of the Study 20
1.6 Definitions of Terms
1.6.1 Teacher Acceptance and Use of School Management System
(SMS)
1.6.2 Principal Technology Leadership Practices
1.6.3 Teacher ICT Competency
1.6.4 Teacher demographic Variable
23
24
26
27
30
1.7 Limitations of the Study 30
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1.8 Organization of Thesis 31
1.9 Summary 33
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 36
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Theories and Theoretical Concept Relevant to the Study
2.2.1 Organization Behavior Theory
2.2.2 Leadership Theories
2.2.3 Theories and Models related to Technology Acceptance and
Use
2.2.3.1 Theory of Reasoned Actions (TRA)
2.2.3.2 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
2.2.3.3 Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
2.2.3.4 Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI)
2.2.3.5 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
2.2.3.6 Enhanced Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2)
2.2.3.7 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology (UTAUT)
2.2.3.8 The Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and
Use of Technology (UTAUT2)
2.2.4 Summary
37
38
42
60
63
63
66
67
69
71
71
74
78
2.3 Related Literature and Previous Research
2.3.1 Teacher Acceptance and Use of SMS (Endogeneous Variable)
2.3.2 Principal Technology Leadership Practices (Exogeneous