Previously in Chem 104: • Born Haber Cycles • “why doesn’t that solid exist” • phase diagrams • OFFICE HOURS Wed 1-4PM TH 12-2PM & by appointment TODAY • Interchapter of Modern Materials • Band Theory • and some Big Ideas in the chapter • Friday – 14.1, 14.2 *email me your questions for Recitation!*
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Previously in Chem 104: Born Haber Cycles “why doesn’t that solid exist” phase diagrams OFFICE HOURS Wed 1-4PM TH 12-2PM & by appointment
Previously in Chem 104: Born Haber Cycles “why doesn’t that solid exist” phase diagrams OFFICE HOURS Wed 1-4PM TH 12-2PM & by appointment. TODAY Interchapter of Modern Materials Band Theory and some Big Ideas in the chapter Friday – 14.1, 14.2 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Previously in Chem 104:
• Born Haber Cycles
• “why doesn’t that solid exist”
• phase diagrams
• OFFICE HOURSWed 1-4PMTH 12-2PM& by appointment
TODAY
• Interchapter of Modern Materials
• Band Theory
• and some Big Ideas in the chapter
• Friday –14.1, 14.2 *email me your questions for Recitation!*
Big Idea 1. Metals have Bonding “Bands”
How Band Theory Evolves from Molecular Orbital TheoryRecall the most basic view of MOT
atomic orbital, Like 1s
atomic orbital, Like 1s
bonding orbital
antibonding orbitalEnergy
Make a little more complex:
2 a.o.’s
2 bonding MO’s
2 antibonding MO’sEnergy
2 a.o.’s
Make a lot more complex:
20 a.o.’s
20 bonding MO’s
20 antibonding MO’sEnergy
20 a.o.’s
Make a mole of a metal M:
6.022 x 1023 M a.o.’s:
Energy
6.022 x 1023 a.o.’smake a Bandof many, manyclosely spaced Atomic orbitals
6.022 x 1023 MO.’s:a Band of Bonding MO’s
6.022 x 1023 MO.’s:a Band of AntiBonding MO’s
The Type of Element Determines Band Gap,Band Gap = the energy separation between Bonding
and Antibonding BandsEnergy
AntiBonding BandOf aMetal
Bonding BandOf aMetal
Band Gap ~ 0 eV
The Type of Element Determines Band Gap
EnergyAntiBonding BandOf aMetal
Bonding BandOf aMetal
Band Gap ~ 0 eV
AntiBonding BandOf aNetwork Solid
Bonding BandOf aNetwork Solid
Band Gap is Large
~0 Band Gap Allows Electronic Movement makes Metal a Conductor
EnergyAntiBonding Bandof aMetalis Empty
Bonding Bandof aMetalis e- filled
Band Gap ~ 0 eV
ConductionBand
ValenceBand
e-e-e- e-e-e-e- e-e-e-e- e-
Large Band Gap Prevents Electronic Movement makes Metal an Insulator
Energy
Conduction Bandat High Energy
Valence BandAt Low Energy
Band Gap is Too Largefor Electrons to “jump”
~Small Band Gap Allows Electronic Movement if Energy added makes a Semiconductor
Energy
Band Gap overcome
ConductionBand
ValenceBand
e-
e-e-
by E = Light: Solar Cells
by E = Heat: Thermisters(heat regulators)
Big Idea 3. Impurities Create New Possibilties
~Impurities Decrease Band Gap makes a Better Semiconductor
Energy
ConductionBand
ValenceBand
Ge
Ge
Ge
Ga doped Ge –is a
p-typesemiconductor
e-
Ga orbitals (empty)
~Impurities Decrease Band Gap makes a Better Semiconductor
Energy
ConductionBand
ValenceBand
Ge
Ge
Ge
As doped –an n-type
semiconductor
e- e-
Combining a P-type and N-type SemiconductorsMakes a Diode
N-type
e- e-
e-
P-type
e-
Current this way only
A Diode made of the right materials causes DE loss to be converted to Light: Light Emitting Diode (LED)
N-type
e- e-
e-
P-type
The funny thing about corundum is, when you have it in a clean single crystal, you get something much different.
Sapphire is Gem-quality corundum Al2O3 with Ti(4+) & Fe(2+) replacing Al(3+)
Ruby
Gem-quality corundum Al2O3 with ~3% Cr(3+) replacing Al(3+)
Al2O3Corundum
Al(3+): CN=6, OhO(2-): CN=4, Td
Nothing recognizable here..
Big Idea 4. Ceramics go beyond Dirt
Ceramics: The Traditional ViewMake from ground up rocks (“dirt”)Composition: MAlxSiyOz.H2O
from silicate and aluminosilicate mineralsBegin “Plastic” (workable, malleable) when mixed with waterHEAT causes vitrification (“glassification”)
Structure: Amorphous with polycrystallites or vitreous (glass)
Properties: very high melting points—refractories (furnace linings)brittle (not malleable) high mechanical strength and stabilitychemically inert
Ceramics: can mean many things
Common example and how they differ: Terra cotta -
Stoneware-
Porcelain -
China –
From “common” clay; red color from FeO iron oxides in “dirt”Fired at lowest temp; not glassy
Most translucent, most vitreous, most white, most pureClay (kaolin) from China: Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O .“Bone China” originally made from calcined bone, CaOThe ‘ring’ test…
From “common” clay; Fired at higher temp
From flint + feldspar clays; Fired at highest temp; more vitreous
Firing process: evaporates remaining water away and initiates vitrification