Presentation semantic klmpok 7

GROUP 7“SEMANTIC”

Member :EDO WINARKOYULI ISWARA

NAFA MADALIAFARADILA DIKA ULFA SARI

SEMANTICS

• Definition of semanticsSemantics is : the study of the meanings of words and phrases in language–There are two components of meaning:

1. Meanings of the parts (lexical meaning) Lexical meaning is the smallest unit of a word.

2. Meanings of the combinations ( phrase meaning)

Phrase meaning is the combination of the words but not sentences.

PRAGMATICS And SEMANTICS• Pragmatics ( things that are true by context or virtue of the real world).• Semantics ( things that are true by the definitions and rules)• For example:- The rock ate my lunch.

semantically false, because “eat” requires an ANIMATE subject.- The giraffe ate the hyena.

grey area, does SEMANTICS include the concept VEGETARIAN??- The giraffe ate one hundred pounds of grass today.

pragmatics, how much DOES a giraffe eat in a day?

LEXICAL MEANINGLexical meaning is the meaning true meaning based on dictionary.

Example : an “assassin” is “someone who kills someone who is prominent”.

SYNONYMS And HOMOPHONES• Synonyms is writing different but the same meaning. - Example: 1. Calm-quite= Tenang2. Choose-select= Memilih3. Honest-fair= Jujur4. Difficult-hard= sulit• Homophones is word that is spelled the same and sound the same, but has a

different meaning from another word.-Example:5. Beet-beat6. Through-threw7. Led-lead8. See-sea

ANTONYMS• Antonyms are words which have almost opposite meanings.-Examples:1. Big X small = besar x kecil2. Lazy X dilligent = malas X rajin3. Married X single = nikah X sendiri4. Strong X weak = kuat X lemah

• There are several kinds of antonyms:

- Complementary pairs ( saling melengkapi) Example: sad/happy, sick/healthy, fear/bold,alive/dead

- Gradable pairs ( perbandingan, opposite/tingkatan)Example: old/young, small/tall, fat/thin, hot/cold

- Relational opposites ( masih ada hubungannya)Example: buy/sell, poor/rich, teacher/student.

NAMES

Naming is not only a lingusitic function, many other factors are involved. There are very few real constraints on names:

• Anything Goes• The The• UB 40• Toad the wet Sprocket

MEANINGS IN COMBINATION• The meanings of combinations of words is largely a product of the combination of

the meaning of words.Example:• A small doll (A doll+small)

Meaning A + meaning B

THEMATIC ROLESJesica buy lunch at the restaurantAgent themeGoal

Agent=SubjectTheme= ObjectGoal = Complement

SEMANTIC AND SYNTAX• Semantic is ambigue, and it’s need syntax to make clear.

s

NP (aux) VP

(art) N V NP

(art) NThe President thinks that he will win He thinks that the president will

winArt N V Comp N aux V N V comp art N

aux V

s

NP (aux) VP

(art) N V NP

(Comp art) N

TRUTHDistinction about truth : True by definition (analytic truth)

examples : True by implication

example: john is being treated in hospital, so, john is sick Real world truth (synthetic, contingent)

example : this course is about Introduction to Linguistic.

SENSE AND REFERENCE

• Sense is the means for determining the reference (intension)example : SBY is a precindent

• Reference is the actual item in the world (extention)example : SBY is a precident of Indonesia(SBY is a precident in Indonesia)

BROKEN RULES• Nonsense is Nonsense is a communication, via speech, writing, or any other

symbolic system, that lacks any coherent meaning. Sometimes in ordinary usage, nonsense is synonymous with absurdity or the ridiculous.example :

• Metafora is a word or phrase for one thing that is used to refer to another thing in order to show or suggest that they are similar. (inanimate objects as if life because of its similarity).example : My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)

Her home was a prison.• Idiom is a word or phrase that is not taken literally. Idiom also refers to a

dialect or jargon of a group of people, either in a certain region or a group with common interests.example : Sick as a dog - means you are very ill

Why are you feeling blue? - to feel blue means to feel sad.

CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMSGrice discovered a number of conversational maxims (rules) that people generally

obey. Two of them are :• Be cooperative : is a principle of conversation that was proposed by Grice

1975, stating that participants expect that each will make a “conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange.”

• Be relevant : the speaker strives for a certain goal by stating his question and that the hearer adopts this goal when giving an answer.

Example : x : where are you going?Y : I will eat. => (be cooperative)

X : where are you going?Y : I will go to the restaurant => (be relevant)

SPEECH ACTS

• A speech act is any of the acts that may be performed by a speaker in making an utterance, as stating, asking, requesting, advising, warning, or persuading, considered in terms of the content of the message, the intention of the speaker, and the effect on the listener.example :'It's hot in here' could be: - an indirect request for someone to open the window

PRESUPPOSITIONa presupposition is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse.Example : “when did you stop beating your donkey?”. presuppose :

• You stopped beating your donkey.• You did beat your donkey.• You beat something.• You have some donkey. Etc

“I’ll have some more coffee”.presuppose that you have already had some”.

DEIXIS• Definition of DEIXIS: the pointing or specifying function of some words (as

definite articles and demonstrative pronouns) whose denotation changes from one discourse to another.

• In linguistics, deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place.

• Words or phrases that can only be understood from the context of the text or utterance where they are found are deicticExample :Tom's interview was about to start and he was feeling nervous about it.

• Here, from the context, we know that ‘he’ refers to ‘Tom’ and ‘it’ refers to the ‘interview’; these are examples of ‘deixis’.