Presentation On The Common Cold Laura Bockelman Maggie Christensen Deven Kucinsky Barbara Sullivan Kerry Wedel Christin Stimatze
Dec 19, 2015
PresentationOn
The Common Cold
Laura BockelmanMaggie ChristensenDeven KucinskyBarbara SullivanKerry WedelChristin Stimatze
Why The Common Cold?
• Although everyone has probably had a cold sometime in their life, not everyone knows what causes it or what can be done to help with the symptoms.
• We would like to give some information to help you understand the workings of the common cold, what you can do to make yourself feel better if you catch a cold, and give you some hints on how to keep from catching one.
• We also wanted to get the word out that taking antibiotics for a cold is not only useless, it can be dangerous.
What is a virus
• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites– Outside of hosts, they are
inactive.
• Outer coating consists of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein.
• Inside contains RNA or DNA genetic material – Virus can’t reproduce without
host cell. – Virus inserts itself into host cell
and takes over its function.
What is bacteria• Single-celled prokaryotes.
– No membrane enclosed nucleus
– No mitochondria or other organells
• Rigid cell walls, responsible for shape of organism.– Walls contain peptidoglycan.
• Multiply by binary fission.– One cell divides into two cells,
identical to original cell
• Many can move using flagella.– Appendages extending from
the cell
Normal Flora
• Bacteria that live in the nose– Staphylococcus aureus
• MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• Bacteria that live in the mouth– Streptococcus mutans
• Dental caries (cavities)• Bacteria that live on the skin
– Staphylococcus epidermidis – Propionbacterium
• Acne• Bacteria that live in the digestive system
– low populations of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium difficile.
• Overgrowth causes severe diaharrhea – E. coli
• Urinary Tract Infections
• Although these bacteria reside on our bodies or within without causing problems, they are capable of causing infection– Opportunistic
• Once they get into a place where they aren’t supposed to be, they cause disease.
The Common Cold
• Caused by viruses– There is no evidence that you can
get a cold from exposure to cold weather or from getting chilled or overheated.
• Rhinovirus– are most active in early fall, spring,
and summer – More than 110 distinct rhinovirus
types have been identified – These viruses grow best at
temperatures of about 91 degrees, that perfect body temperature right inside the human nose.
– Seldom serious• Coronaviruses
– These cold viruses are most active in the winter and early spring
– Of the more than 30 kinds of coronaviruses, three or four infect humans
– Difficult to grow in laboratory• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
– produce mild infections in adults but can lead to severe lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, in young children.
How do you catch a cold?• Virus enters body
through mouth, nose, or eyes.– Touching eyes, nose,
or mouth after touching surfaces with cold germs on them.
– Hand-to-hand contact.– Sharing utensils,
computers, towels, ect.
– Inhaling the germs.• the virus can spread
through droplets in the air when someone who is sick sneezes or talks.
SYMPTOMS• Symptoms of a cold usually begin 2 or 3 days after infection and last 2 to 14 days. A cold can last for about one week, but some colds last longer, especially in children, elderly people, and those in poor health
• Congestion• Coughing• Sneezing• Runny nose• Watery eyes• Fever
– Up to 102 F or 39 C
• Fatigue
Treatments
• There isn’t a vaccine for the common cold because there are so many different viruses that can cause a cold.
• You can treat the symptoms– Fluids. Water, juice, and herbal tea can help
replace lost fluid. Drinking warm lemon water with honey may help ease symptoms of a sore throat as well.
– Eat chicken soup - Chicken soup acts as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting the movement of neutrophils - immune system cells that help the body's response to inflammation.
– Gargle with warm salt water - Gargling with 1-2 teaspoons of salt dissolved in warm water several times a day can help significantly soothe a sore throat and relieve a cough.
– Get plenty of rest - Relaxation allows the body's immune system to recuperate. Stay home from work or school for a day or two to give you a chance to rest as well as to reduce the chances of infection transmission.
– Use a humidifier - A cool-mist humidifier or vaporizer can moisten the air and help ease congestion and coughing.
– Take over-the-counter pain or cold medicines - Cough drops, throat sprays and saline nasal drops are they're effective, safe and nonirritating for most cold sufferers.
Secondary Infections• Middle Ear Infection– Streptococcus pneumoniae
• 40-80% of cases – Haemophilus influenzae
• 20-30% of cases– Less common bacteria are Streptococcus
pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.• Bronchitis
– The most common cause of acute (short-term) bronchitis is due to viral infections.
• adenovirus, influenza virus, Para influenza virus, corona virus, and respiratory syncytial virus.
– Some of the bacteria that cause bronchitis include streptococcus, pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae
• Pneumonia– The most common cause of pneumonia in the
United States is the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus
• Sinus Infection– Bacteria that normally cause acute sinusitis
are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus
• Strep Throat– caused by group A streptococcal bacteria,
• Streptococcus pyogenes
How to tell if your cold has turned into something more
• Thick Green or Yellow mucous either from nose or lungs
• Sore Throat With Deep Red Color, White Patches
• High Fever– Over 102 F
• Difficulty Breathing• Severe pain in ear
– Pressure in ear
• Cough that doesn’t clear up in a week• Severe congestion of nasal cavity, frontal
headache that accompanies the congestion
Antibiotics Kill the Bacteria That Cause the Infection
• Strep Throat– Penicillin– Amoxicillin– Azithromycin– Cephalosporins
• Otitis Media– Amoxicillin
• Sinusitis– Amoxicillin
• Pneumonia– Penicillin– Azithromycin– Tetracyclines
• Bronchitis– Zithromax– Bactrim– Sulfa Drugs– Amoxicillin
Antibiotics…When they can help and
when they can hurt
• Bacterial Infections, helpful– Bacteriostatic
• Inhibits reproduction of bacteria
– Bacteriocidal• Kill bacteria outright
– inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan
» Once cell wall synthesis is inhibited, enzymatic autolysis of the cell wall can occur
• Antibiotic resistance, hurtful – Causes
• Taking antibiotics for a viral infection
• Not taking the full course of antibiotics
• Antibiotic use in animals humans consume
Antibiotic ResistantSuper Bugs
• The antibiotic no longer works on the targeted bacteria– Bacteria mutate to survive
• Need to discover new antibiotics to kill new strain of bacteria– Expensive– Time consuming
• Death– If there is no way to destroy
new strain, higher mortality of humans
Cold Prevention
• Eat Healthy– Vitamins are important
• Get Plenty of Sleep– At least 7 to 8 hours nightly
• Stay stress-free– exercise
• Keep away from people who are ill– If you are ill, cough and
sneeze into your elbow joint
• WASH HANDS OFTEN– Most important rule to keep
from transferring germs
What Germs Look Like • A growth medium or culture
medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells– The most common growth media
for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates
• Some examples of selective media include: – blood agar (used in strep tests),
which contains blood that becomes transparent in the presence of hemolytic Streptococcus
– MacConkey agar for Gram-negative bacteria
How To Correctly Wash Hands• remove any rings or other jewelry, • use warm water and wet your hands
thoroughly, • use soap (1-2 squirts) and lather very
well, • scrub your hands, between your fingers,
wrists, and forearms with soap for 20 seconds,
• scrub under your nails, • rinse thoroughly, • turn off the taps/faucets with a paper
towel, • dry your hands with a single use towel or
air dryer, • protect your hands from touching dirty
surfaces as you leave the bathroom. • To help to wash long enough, one option
may be to sing a short song such as "Happy Birthday" or the "A, B, C’s" twice.
Hand Sanitizers• Not a substitute for washing hands
– Use as a supplement, not a replacement.
ExperimentHow well do you wash your hands?
Put it to the test!Step 1: “Contaminate “ your hand
Step 2: Look at “germs” under black light
Step 3: Wash your hands following proper procedure
Step 4: Check your hands under black light again
Did you effectively remove all the germs?