presentation - Copy (2)

APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTHY OIL,

CAPABLE OF SUPPRESSING FAT ACCUMULATION IN THE HUMAN BODY.

DIACYLGLYCEROL OIL A CLOSER LOOK IN ONE OF THE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL

APPLICATIONS.

FATS AND OILS : Fats and oils are part of a healthful diet, and body well

being. 1 gram of fat gives 9 calories ( the highest among all

other macronutrients ) A low intake of fats and oils increases the risk of

inadequate intakes of fat soluble vitamins ( A , E , D , K ) and fat soluble antioxidants ( carotenoids ) which are essential for health.

Prolonged fat elimination from the diet can cause growth retardation , dermatitis , kidney lesions and early death.

High intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol increases the risk of unhealthy blood lipid levels, which, in turn, may increase the risk of CHD and obesity

RECOMMENDATIONS OF DAILY INTAKE :

Keep total fat intake between 20 to 35 percent of calories, with most fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.

Consume less than 10 percent of calories from saturated fatty acids and less than 300 mg/day of cholesterol, and keep trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible.

When selecting and preparing meat, poultry, dry beans, and milk or milk products, make choices that are lean, low-fat, or fat-free.

Increase the intake of unsaturated fatty acids.

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS: Essential fatty acid that the body cant synthesize

, must be take form the dietary sources mostly found in marine and plants origins .

Alpha linolenic acid (omega 3 ) and linoleic acid (omega 6 ) are the two FAA’s that the body need and cant make itself .

The importance lies in the fact that they are also used to synthesize other fatty acids that the body doesn’t produce in adequate amounts such as EPA, DHA and AA.

The major sources of ALA , LA , AA , EPA , DHA are cottonseeds oil , rapeseed oil , soya oil , canola oil and fish oil

HEALTHY OIL IMPORTANCE FOR HUMAN HEALTH VS. UNHEALTHY FATS: Healthy oils that are rich in unsaturated fatty

acids and essential ones promote health by :- Decrease the risk of CVD by ( decrease LDL and

increase HDL ) and by Preventing the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries.

- they have anti-inflammatory properties .- May help protect against Alzheimer's disease and

dementia.- - increase weight loss , increase fat burning and

decrease appetite . increase intake of saturated and trans fat can

increase risk of CHD and weight gain which associated with diabetes and other health problems .

BIOTECHNOLOGY:

Biotechnology is the molecular science which help in producing new products with improved attributes that we cant give by conventional breading.

Using the biotechnology science we can over come many problems and improve production yield , nutritional values and fight diseases .

DAG was developed in 1999 in Japan

OIL TAG AND DAG CONTENT :

Naturally vegetable oils compose of triacylglycerol up to 90 %.

TAG had 3 fatty acids esterified to it . Which can be saturated , unsaturated , long chain , short chain , medium chain .

These differences make each oil unique and has different properties than the other.

Diacyglycerol is a natural metabolite of TAG hydrolysis in the body and can be found naturally 10 % in vegetable oils.

DAG oil are the new trend nowadays , they have 80 % DAG and less TAG than normal oils.

TAG METABOLISM:

METABOLISM OF DAG IN HUMAN:

DAG has 3 isoforms 1,2 – 2,3 and 1,3 DAG ; which is the used isomers in industrial DAG oil.

the pancreatic lipase hydrolyze DAG to 1(3)-MAG which is poorly esterified with free fatty acids and thus doesn’t contribute much in the TAG synthesis .

1(3)-MAG is further hydrolysis to free fatty acid and glycerol to enter the glycolytic path way to produce energy .

The enzyme DAG acyltransferase is specific to the substrates 1,2 & 2,3 DAG and facilitate conversion to TAG has low specificity toward 1,3 DAG.

The bioavailability of both TAG and DAG is the same, but their faith after ingestion is different .

DAG OIL ENZYMTIC PRODUCTION: ( STIRRED BATCH REACTOR)

Esterification of fatty acids with glycerol in a solvent free system using lipozyme RM IM (Rhizomucor methyl 1,3 regioselective lipase) .

rapeseeds oil and soybeans where saturated and used as the fatty acid substrates .

The reaction of immobilized lipase occur in the oil phase and not in the glycerol phase .

Water removal is an important point to prevent the equilibrium shifting .

STIRRED BATCH REACTOR:

DAG FATTY ACID CONTENT :

DAG HEALTH CLAIMS : Reduce postprandial serum cholesterol

levels . Increase fatty acid oxidation. Increase brown fat thermogenesis. Increase HDL levels in blood. Reduce risk of atherosclerosis. Reduce Hemoglobin A1C. Decrease appetite . Reduction of total body weight , body

fat and waist circumference.

DAG MECHANISM IN REDUCING BODY FAT CONTENT:

The major component of the DAG oil is 1,3 diacyglycerol which is less resynthesized to chylomicron and directly travel tot the portal vein for beta oxidation.

Enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis such as glycerol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic synthetase are lowered.

Factors effecting the beta oxidation pathway such as rate of mitochondrial & peroxisomal oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA in liver increased.

Increase the hepatic enzymes involved in beta oxidation such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase , acyl-CoA dehydrogenase , acyl-CoA oxidase .

Enhance beta oxidation may reduce appetite increase satiety thus reduce calorie intake.

DAG RECOMMANDED DAILY ALLOWANCE :

the effect of DAG in reducing body weight & fat accumulation depend on a does of 15% - 30 % ( 63% 1,3 DAG )

Effect can occur in lean an obese individuals .

Low does as10% doesn’t effect the fat body composition.

DAG energy = 38 kj/g TAG = 39 kj /g RDA : 15 g\kg body weight

APPLICATION OF DAG OIL : Characteristics : low smoking point ,

good organoleptic properties , stability toward oxidation thus better storage properties .

Applications : cooking oil , salad dressing , frying oil , margarines , shortening , chocolate , biscuits , ice-creams , beverages and products with physiological benefits ( rich in essential fatty acids , phytonutrients ).

DAG SAFETY : DAG oil is GRAS ( generally recognized

as safe ) by the USA FDA . The Japanese government listed it as “

food for specific health use “. No effect of the bioavailability of fat

soluble vitamins. Heated or inhaled DAG oil does show

any genotoxic effect . Not carcinogenic or tumor promoter .

REFERENCES : Sareen S. Gropper Jack L. Smith , Advanced nutrition and human

metabolism 6th edition. B.CEPPA, Curitiba, v. 25, n. 1, jan./jun. 2007 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF

VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS. Handbook of industrial biocatalysis. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007 ;16 (suppl 1):398-403 Metabolisom of DAG in

humans Reducing saturated fat book : chapter 8 Diacylglycerol oils ; nutritional

aspects and applications foods. Iwon Rudkowska , Catherine E. Roynette , Isabelle Demonty , Catherine A.

Vanstone , Stephanie Jew , & Peter J. H. Jones. Diacyglycerol : efficacy and mechanism of action of anti-Obesity agent .

Yanai H, Tomono Y, Tto K, Furutani N, Yoshida H, Tada N.Nutr J. 2007 , 6:43 doi:10.1186\1475-2891-6-43 diacylglycerol oil for metabolic syndrome.

Kevin C Maki, Michael H Davidson, Rikio Tsushima. Consumption of DAG oil as a part of a reduced-enerhy diet enhances lloss of body weight and fat Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1230-6

Osamu Morita, Madhusudan G. Soni , Safety assessment of DAG oil as an edible oil . Doi:10.1016\j.fct.2008.09.044