Present as Ion of Periodic Table

8/8/2019 Present as Ion of Periodic Table

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INTRODUCTION TOCHEMISTRY

Effendy

Jurusan Kimia, FMIPAUniversitas Negeri Malang(UM)


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There are some phenomena that you

see in everyday life such as:

Corrosion of nail

Combustion of gasoline in the carto give energy

Photosynthesis

All of them are related to chemistry


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The basic object of chemistry is

elements.

What is an element?

An element is a fundamentalsubstance that cant be chemically

changed or broken down intoanything simpler.


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How many presently knownelements?

115 elements

90 natural elements

25 artificially elements producedusing high energy accelerators


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How do chemists represent an element?

By using one-, two-, or three-lettersymbols of an element

Examples:H for hydrogenN for nitrogenAl for aluminumMg for magnesiumUun for ununnilium


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The periodic table consists of

7 horizontal rows called periods and18 vertical columns called groups

The international standard calls for

numbering the columns or groups from 1to 18 going from left to right.

The US system uses reek number andcapital letters

The elements are tabulated based ontheir chemical properties


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G roups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are called

main or representative groups.G roups 3 to 12 are called transition metalgroups.

The others are called lanthanides and actinidesgroups.

The elements in the lanthanides group followlanthanum.

The elements in the actinides group followactinium. The elements in the lanthanides andactinides groups are called inner transition

elements .


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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

P e r

i

(1)

(2)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) ( ) ( ) (10) (11) (12)

(13) (14) (15) (16) (17)

(18)

G roup

IAIIA

IIIB VBIVB VIBVIIIB

VIIB IB IIB

VIIIA

IVAIIIA VA VIIAVIAH

Na

Li Be

Ca

Mg

Sr

Ra

Ba

Fr

Sc

Y

Ac

L a

T i

Z r

R f

H f

V

Nb

Db

Ta

Cr

Mo

Sg

W

Mn

Tc

Bh

Re

Fe

Ru

Hs

Os

Co

Rh

M t

Ir

Ni

Pd

Uun

Pt

Cu

Ag

Uuu

Au

Zn

Cd

Uub

Hg

B

Al

In

a

T l

C

Si

Sn

e

Uuq

Pb

N

P

Sb

As

Bi

O

S

Te

Se

Uuh

Po

F

C l

I

Br

At

Ne

Ar

Xe

Ke

Uuo

Rn

He

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu d Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb L u

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk C f Es Fm Md No L r

L an than ides

Ac tin ides

Ma in groupMa in group

Trans iti on me ta ls group

Pos t t rans iti on me ta l


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1

23

4

5

67

P e r

i o d

1

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17

18

lkali metals gro up

lkali ne eart h metals gro up

H aloge n gro up

ob le gases gro up

Lia

K

b

sF r

Beg

a

Sr

Baa

H e

er

K r

e

n

F

l

Br

I

u

g

u

oinage metals gro up

ro up

Some gro up s may have s pecific name


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The elements in the periodic tableare often divided into three mayor

classes:

Nonmetal

MetalSemimetal or metalloid


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Most of the elements known are naturallyoccurring elements.

Some of the elements are syntheticallyprepared.

At 30 C the elements might be solid,

li uid or gas.


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1

2

34

5

6

7

P e r

i o d

(1)

(2)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

(13) (14) (15) (16) (17)

(18)

Group

IA

IIA

IIIB VBIVB VIBVIIIB

VIIB IB IIB

VIIIA

IVAIIIA VA VIIAVIAH

Na

Li

K

Cs

Rb

Be

CaMg

Sr

Ra

Ba

Fr

Sc

Y

Ac

La

Ti

Zr

Rf

Hf

V

Nb

Db

Ta

Cr

Mo

Sg

W

Mn

Tc

Bh

Re

Fe

Ru

Hs

Os

Co

Rh

Mt

Ir

Ni

Pd

Uun

Pt

Cu

Ag

Uuu

Au

Zn

Cd

Uub

Hg

B

Al

In

Ga

Tl

C

Si

Sn

Ge

Uuq

Pb

N

P

Sb

As

Bi

O

S

Te

Se

Uuh

Po

F

Cl

I

Br

At

Ne

Ar

Xe

Ke

Uuo

Rn

He

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Lanthanides

Actinides

Gas SolidLiquid Synthetically prepared


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Most of substances in the world are

compounds.

What is compound?

Compound is a pure substance that isformed when atoms of two or more

different elements combine and create anew material with properties completelyunlike those of its constituent elements.


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Formation of a compoundfrom its elements involves a

chemical change, calledchemical reaction


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For example:

Sodium (a soft, silvery metal)combines with chlorine (a toxic,

yellow-green gas) to give sodiumchloride (salty table salt)

Na( s) + Cl 2( g ) 2NaCl( s)


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Hydrogen (colorless gas)combines with oxygen (colorlessgas) to give water (colorless

li uid).

2H 2( g ) O 2( g ) 2H 2O (l )


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In the compound, the elements nolonger have the same properties

they had before they were

combined.The properties of H 2O is different

from the properties of H 2 and O 2.


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A compound is written by giving its chemical formula,which lists the symbols of the individual constituent

elements and indicates the number of atoms of eachelement with subscript.

Chemicalformula

of compound

Constituent elements

H 2OHCl

H 2SO 4

NH 3

Two hydrogen and one oxygen atomsOne hydrogen and one chlorine

atomsTwo hydrogen, one sulfur, and fouroxygen atomsOne nitrogen and three hydrogen

atoms


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Classification of matterMatter

Pure substance Mixture

Elements Compounds

HomogeneousHeterogeneous

(fixed compositionand properties)

(can bedecomposed by chemical

reaction)

(can not bedecomposed)

(nonuniformcomposition)

(uniformcomposition)

Chemicallyseparable into

Combinechemically to

form

Physicallyseparable into


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Heterogeneous mixture:

A mixture with a composition that variesfrom point to point

Examples:mayonnaisechocolate chip cookiesconcrete


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Homogeneous mixture:

A mixture with a composition that doesntvary from point to pointHomogeneous mixture is also calledsolutionExamples:

Mixture of water and alcoholMixture of table salt and waterMixture of sugar and water


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Separation of mixtures

Mixture of iron and sulfur may beseparated by using a magnet


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Mixture of two li uids with different boiling points such asmixture of water and alcohol may be separated by d istillation


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Mixture of two crystalline substancesfrom a solution such as bariumchromate, BaCrO 4, and strontiumchromate, SrCrO 4, may be separatedby f ractional crystallization .

Barium chromate is less soluble in

water than strontium chromate.Barium chromate crystallizes beforestrontium chromate.


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Compounds can not be separated by

physical means; they can be separated bychemical means which involve chemicalreactions.

2H2( g ) + O

2( g )2H

2O( l )

Electrolysis


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Reaction of mercury (A) and oxygen gas givesmercury(II) oxide (B). Heating of mercury(II)

oxide gives metallic mercury and oxygen gas (C)


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Properties of Substances

Any characteristic that can be used todescribe or identify matter is called a

property.Properties of substances can beclassified as either intensive orextensive.


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Intensive properties:does not depend on the amount of sample

Examples:TemperatureMelting pointDensityTaste


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Extensive properties:

depends on the amount of sample

Examples:

Mass

olume


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Properties can also be classified aseither physical or chemical,depending on whether the propertyinvolves a change in the chemicalmakeup of substance

Physical properties:

Characteristics that do not involve achange in a samples chemicalmakeup


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Examples of physical properties:

Melting pointBoiling pointFreezing point

Melting point of ice and boiling point of water are physical properties because

melting and boiling cause the water tochange only in form or phase, but do notin chemical makeup


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Chemical properties:

Characteristics that do involve a change in asamples chemical makeup

Example:

Rusting of ironRusting of iron is a chemical property,because iron combines with oxygen and

moisture from the air to give the newsubstance


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Some Examples of Physicaland Chemical Properties

Physical Properties Chemical properties

Temperature

ColorMelting pointElectrical conductanceAmountOdorSolubilityHardness

Rusting (of iron)

Combustion (of gasoline)Tarnishing (of silver)Hardening (of cement)Decomposition (of sugar)


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Summary

1. Chemistry is a branch of science which deals withthe properties of matter, structure of matter,changes in matter, the laws and principlesdescribing these changes, and the concepts andtheories that interpret them.

2. The basic object of chemistry is elements. Only 90of 115 presently known elements occur naturally.The remaining ones have been produced artificiallyusing high energy accelerators.

3. The elements are tabulated in a table calledperiodic table which consists of 7 horizontal rows,called periods, and 18 vertical columns, calledgroups.


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4. The elements in the periodic table are oftendivided into three mayor classes: metal,nonmetal, and semimetal or metalloid.

5. Compound is a pure substance that isformed when atoms of two or moredifferent elements combine.

6. A compound is written by giving itschemical formula, which lists the symbols

of the individual constituent elements andindicates the number of atoms of eachelement with subscript.


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7. Matter can be classified either puresubstances or mixtures. It can be elementsor compound.

8. A mixture is composed of two or moresubstances that can be present in varyingamounts. Formation of mixtures onlyinvolves a physical change.

9. A mixture with a composition that doesnt

vary from point to point is called ahomogeneous mixture (solution).


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10. Mixture can be separated using distillation,fractional crystallization, chromatographyetc.

11. Formation of a compound from its elementsinvolves a chemical change, called chemical

reaction.12. Compounds can be separated by chemical

means which involve chemical reactions.13. Any characteristic that can be used to

describe or identify matter is called aproperty. Properties can be classified aseither intensive or extensive.


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14. Intensive properties have the valuesthat do not depend on the amount of sample.

15. Extensive properties have the valuesthat do depend on the amount of sample.

16. Properties can also be classified aseither physical or chemical, dependingon whether the property involves achange in the chemical makeup of substance.


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17. Physical properties are characteristics that

do not involve a change in a sampleschemical makeup.

18. Chemical properties are characteristics

that do involve a change in a sampleschemical makeup.

Present as Ion of Periodic Table

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