Preparing Parenthetical Citations and a Works Cited Page Literary Crit.

Preparing Parenthetical Citationsand a Works Cited Page

Source: “Book Parachute.” Clip Art Gallery. 2005. DiscoverySchool.com. 13 July 2005 <http://school.discovery.com/clipart/category/lang1.html>.

Powerpoint Presentation Prepared By Joyce Bell, Librarian Sarah Harrington, Social Studies Teacher and

Doug Worthley, Science Teacher

What is MLA (Modern Language Assn.) Format?

• Provides direction on the “style” required for papers (both pg. layout & content)

• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers located in the library

• Research Paper Guidelines provides sample citations for most sources; library homepage, Student Research Help

• Other formats, i.e. APA & Chicago are similar, but different set of rules

Why Use MLA Format?

• Allows readers to easily locate your sources

• Provides a consistent format throughout your paper and among all student papers

• Gives you credibility as a writer

• Protects you from plagiarism

When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?

• Quoting words that belong to someone else (use quotation marks)

• Summarizing facts & ideas (condensing ideas in your own words)

• Paraphrasing a source (change the phrasing into your own words)

Quoting Words That Belong to Someone Else

• Do this when author’s qualifications make them the expert (the “authority” on the topic) and there isn’t a better way to make your point

• Set up your quotation with an introduction: i.e. author’s name and source

• Use quotation marks

• After the quote, explain how the quote relates to your point

Summarizing Facts and Ideas

A common practice. Do this when the ideas are good but you would like to condense them to make your point

• Choose a short section that makes an important point• Delete trivial and/or redundant info.• Keep information that is necessary for meaning (who, what, where, why,

when, how)• Substitute general words for lists (example: tulips, pansies and roses =

flowers)• Select a topic sentence (or create one)• Organize what’s left in your own words1

• Introduce a summary as you would introduce a quote

Example:…According to the PEW Research Center’s Future Use of the Internet report, your summary begins here.

(Roberts 215)

1Marzano, Robert J., Debra J. Pickering and Jane E. Pollock, Classroom Instruction That Works (New York: Prentice Hall,2004) 35.

Paraphrasing a Source (Changing the Phrasing Into Your Own Words)

• Rarely used, but can be useful when you’re talking about a specific source that is difficult to read and want to make it understandable to your audience

• Read through the original and rewrite each sentence in your own words

• Preface your paraphrase with the source of your information and provide some background information.

Example: In 1215, English peasants insisted that laws be put in

writing. That resulted in the document, The Magna Carta from which our own United States Constitution was modeled. The basic points of The Magna Carta are: your paraphrase of each point here. (55)

Two Steps to Citing Information in Your Paper

1) Author’s last name and page # of quote must appear in the text of your paper. Notice the citation precedes the punctuation mark.

…Osmond had inquired; to which Isabel had answered that she was afraid her washerwoman wouldn't care for her" (James 139). Coming from an American family that was not terribly wealthy, she found it….

2) Works Cited page lists full citations for all parenthetical notations in the paper.

James, Henry. The Portrait of a Lady. New York: Random House, 1951.

Your paper will be double-spaced

Parenthetical Citation Examples

• More than one author with same last name: (A. Smith 55); (L. Smith 815)

• More than one work by same author (Twain, Huckleberry Finn 15); (Twain, Tom Sawyer 128)

• Different volumes of a multi-volume work (5:1402)

Examples From Research Paper Guidelines

Parenthetical Citation Examples

• Citing indirect sources; also called a source within a source or an anthology

(Angelou qtd. in Busby 330)

• No known author; use abbreviated version of Book title: Coast of Maine

Citation: (Coast 71)

Parenthetical Citation Examples

Author’s name in text vs. author’s name in reference

In Text:

Only Angelou has used metaphor to argue this point (42).

In Reference:

This illustrates effective use of metaphor to expose the

inhumanity of racism (Angelou 42).

Long Quotations

If a quotation is 4 or more lines long, indent the left side 5 spaces to set it apart. Notice the citation comes after the period.

…longer passed over in favor of others. In America, her older sisters were always the ones to be followed by men, whereas she was largely avoided. ...her sister Edith was, as every one said, so very much more fetching. ...She saw the young men who came in large number numbers to see her sister; but as a general thing they were afraid of her; they had a belief that some special preparation was required for talking with her. (James 44-45) In contrast to her youth, Isabel is now the center of attention. Her cousin is enchanted with her, Caspar Goodwood is still chasing her, Lord Warburton has proposed after knowing her for only a few days, and she finally marries....

your paper will be double-spaced

The Works Cited Page

• Complete list of every source you make reference to in your paper

• Individual citations provide the information necessary for your teacher to locate any source cited in your paper

• Use a “style” manual. Formatting must be consistent; pay close attention to details: double-spacing, capitalization, punctuation, order, etc.

Sample Works Cited Page

Works Cited 

Bazargan, Susan. "Representation and Ideology in 'The Real Thing.'" The Henry James Review Spring 1991: 133-37.

Bell, Millicent. Meaning in Henry James. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1991.

-----------------. Women in the Jamesian Eye. 1995. 6 Nov. 1999 <http://www.bookpage.com/themerc/womeninthenovels.html>.Benardete, Jane. The Women Writers Henry James Influenced. 1995.

6 Nov. 1999 <http://www.bookpage.com/womeninnovels.html>.Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Denmark: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1992.Hutner, Gordon. "Goodwood's Lie in The Portrait of a Lady." The Henry James Review Winter 1987: 142-44.James, Henry. The Portrait of a Lady. New York: Random House, 1951.

Yours will be double-spaced

MS Word Hint…

Creating a hanging indent:

1. Click on the beginning of the second line

2. Push enter once then push tab once

Works Cited Format

• Top, bottom, left & right margins = 1”

• Works Cited centered, no bold, italics or underlining

• Alphabetical by citation

• Double-space every page

• Use a “hanging indent” after the first line of each entry

Works Cited Examples: Books

ONE AUTHOR OR EDITOR

Williams, Gene B. Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter. New York: FranklinWatts, 1987.

Anderson, N. D., ed. The World's Religions. London: Inter-VarsityFellowship, 1950.

TWO OR THREE AUTHORS Note: Authors should be listed in the order in which they appear

on the title page.

Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee. Voting. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1959.

Works Cited Examples: Books

REFERENCE WORKS

Unger, Leonard, gen. ed. American Writers. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974.

ANTHOLOGIES (Underline title if originally published

independently; plays, novels & autobiographies usually are)

Angelou, Maya. “A Good Woman Feeling Bad.” Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by

Women of African Descent From the Ancient Egyptian to the Present. Ed. Margaret Busby. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992. 330- 31.

Silko, Leslie Marmon. “Landscape, History, and the Pueblo Imagination.” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in

Literary Ecology. Ed. Cheryl Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1996. 264-75.

Works Cited Examples: Online Databases

JOURNAL ARTICLERivera, Gaspar. "Violence Against Children Widespread, Says Human

Rights Report." American Behavioral Scientist 8.2 (2002): 152- . Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. University

of Southern Maine Library, Portland. 23 May 20 <http:// ehostvgw5.epnet.com/>.

Jones, Ralph. "Dramatic Elements in Hemingway's Works." Wascana Review 66.2 (1986): 77-98. Literature Resource Center. EBSCOhost. CEHS Library. 15 Feb. 2003 <http://galenet. galegroup.com/>.

Works Cited Examples: Online Databases

ARTICLE IN A REFERENCE SOURCE REPRINTED IN A

LIBRARY SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE

Martine, James J., ed. "Ernest Hemingway." Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 9: American Novelists, 1910-1945. The Gale Group, 1981. Literature Resource Center. EBSCOhost. CEHS Library. 15 Feb. 2003 <http://galenet.galegroup.com/>.

Ashley, Leonard R.N. “The Grapes of Wrath: Overview.” Reference Guide to American Literature. 3rd ed. Ed. Jim Kamp. St.

James Press, 1994. Literature Resource Center. EBSCOhost. CEHS Library. 8 Feb. 2006 <http://galenet.galegroup.com/>.

Works Cited Examples: Online Databases

A CHAPTER FROM A BOOK REPRINTED IN A REFERENCE

SOURCE THEN REPRINTED AGAIN IN A LIBRARY

SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE

Adams, Linda. "Narrative Technique in East of Eden." Rediscovering Steinbeck. Ed. Doug Lewis and Janet James. U Chicago

Press, 1979. 75-104. Contemporary Literary Criticism. The Gale Group, 1997. Literature Resource Center. EBSCOhost.

CEHS Library. 6 Feb. 2003 <http://galenet.galegroup.com/>.

Works Cited Examples: Online Databases

A JOURNAL ARTICLE REPRINTED IN A REFERENCE

SOURCE THEN REPRINTED AGAIN IN A LIBRARY

SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE

Fox, Stephen D. "Barbara Kingsolver and Keri Hulme: Disability, Family, and Culture." Critique: Studies in Contemporary

Fiction. 45:4. (2004): 405-20. Contemporary Literary Criticism. The Gale Group, 1997. Literature Resource

Center. EBSCOhost. CEHS Library. 6 Jan. 2007 <http://galenet. galegroup.com/>.

Works Cited Examples: Discovering Authors

CRITICISM

Fitzgerald, Karen. "A Major New Talent." MS Vol. 37, No. 4, 15 April 1992: 29; excerpted and republished in Discovering Authors Modules. CD-ROM. Detroit: Gale Research, 1996.

BIOGRAPHY, INTRODUCTION OR PERSONAL DATA

Biography of Barbara Kingsolver. Discovering Authors Modules. CD-ROM. Detroit: Gale Research, 1996.

The Connection

This sets the tone for her adventures in the first half of the novel, in which James refers to her almost exclusively as a girl (Weisen 18). She is yet young and still bases….

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Works Cited

Stone, Edward, ed. Henry James: Seven Stories and Studies. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1961.

Wiesen, Joseph. "A Woman in The Portrait of a Lady." The Henry James Review Winter-Spring 1986: 18-28.