preparation, physico-chemical analysis of pancha vaktra rasa ...

“PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PANCHA

VAKTRA RASA AND A COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL

ANTIPYRETIC STUDY WITH PARACETAMOL”

By

Dr. Aparna Kulkarni BAMS

Dissertation Submitted to the

Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

“Ayurveda Vachaspati” M.D. (Ayurveda)

In

RASASHASTRA

Under the guidance of

DR. K. S. SANTOJI M.D (AYU)

Asst.Professor, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra,

B. M. J. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,

Post Graduation and Research Centre, Gajendragad – 582114,

Dist- Gadag,State- Karnataka.

2014-15

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this dissertation/thesis entitled “PREPARATION, PHYSICO-

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PANCHA VAKTRA RASA AND A COMPARATIVE

EXPERIMENTAL ANTIPYRETIC STUDY WITH PARACETAMOL” is a bonafide and

genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of DR. K. S. SANTOJI M.D (AYU)

Asst. Professor, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra, at B M J Ayurvedic

Medical College, Gajendragad.

Date : Dr. Aparna Kulkarni BAMS

Place : Gajendragad


BANGALORE , KARNATAKA

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PREPARATION, PHYSICO-


EXPERIMENTAL ANTIPYRETIC STUDY WITH PARACETAMOL” is a bonafide

research work done by Dr. Aparna Kulkarni BAMS in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D. (Ayurveda) In RASASHASTRA.

Date:

Place: DR. K. S. SANTOJI M.D (AYU)

Asst. Professor,

Department of Post Graduate

Studies in Rasashastra,


BANGALORE , KARNATAKA

ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL/HEAD OF THE

INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “PREPARATION, PHYSICO-


EXPERIMENTAL ANTIPYRETIC STUDY WITH PARACETAMOL” is a bonafide

research work done by Dr. Aparna Kulkarni BAMS under the guidance of Dr. K.S.Santoji MD

(AYU), , Asst.Professor, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra at B M J

Ayurvedic Medical College, Gajendragad.

DR. CHAKRADHAR M.V.MD(AYU) DR. J. I. HIREMATH M.D(AYU)

Professor and HOD Principal

Department of PG studies in RasaShastra BMJ Ayurvedic Medical College

B.M.J AMC, Gajendragad-582114. Gajendragad-582114.

Date: Date:

Place: Gajendragad Place: Gajendragad

COPYRIGHT

Declaration by the Candidate

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation / thesis in print or

electronic format for academic / research purpose.

Date:

Dr. Aparna Kulkarni BAMS

Place: Gajendragad

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, I Salute almighty GOD, by his blessings and grace, which

gives us success in life.

My deep sense of gratification is due for my Parents Sri. Anantrao V.

Kulkarni, & Smt.Gangutai V. Dindawar, my Husband Mr.Sandeep Prakash

Mudgal, my Parents-in-law Mr.Prakash H. Mudgal & Smt.Daya P. Mudgal, my

dears Anagha, Achyut, Shachi, & Mr. Hanamant V. Joshi who are the architects of

my career.

I am extremely happy to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my beloved

and respected Guide, Dr. K.S.Santoji MD(Rasashastra) whose sympathetic, scholarly

suggestions and Guidance at every step have inspired me not only to accomplish this

work but in all aspects.

I express my deep gratitude to my respected Sir, H.O.D. and Prof. Dr.

M.V.Chakradhar M.D. (Rasashastra) for his critical suggestions and expert guidance for

the completion of thesis.

I am extremely grateful to Lecturer, Postgraduate department of RS & BK,

Dr.(Mrs) R.S.Biradar (MD), Dr.M.M.Madalageri(MD), under whose guidance and

valuable suggestions, I have been able to complete this research work.

I express my deep sense of gratification to my beloved and Respected teachers

Dr.(Mrs)S.B.Bani MD(ayu) Reader Dept of Dravyaguna RGES AMC&H PGRS

Ron, Dr(Mrs)R.A.Kolakar, Lecturer, BMJAMC Gajendragad, whose guidance,

inspiration, supervision and valuable suggestions, I have been able to complete this

Research work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep gratitude to beloved Principal Dr. J.I.Hiremath, MD(ayu)

BMJAMC Gajendragad, for his encouragement and providing all necessary facilities

for this research work.

I offer my sincere thanks to our President, Sri.Ashok Bagmar and to our

honorable Secretary Sri.Ajith Kumar Bagmar, for permitting me to undertake this

study.

I am very much grateful to Dr.Shreenivas A.Vadeyar (MD), Dr.Sanjeev

Joshi for their valuable suggestions and constant support.

I express my deep gratitude to Dr.M.I.Hussain, Dye Ore Dressing Officer &

Mr.D.V.Moon, Senior Chemist Indian Bureau Of Mines Regional Ore Dressing

Laboratory, Bangalore.

I take this opportunity to thank Dr.Shivakumar Hugar from BLDE’s college

of pharmacy Bijapur, who extended valuable support by conducting experimental

procedures.

I express my deep gratitude to The Principal BLDE’s College of Pharmacy

Bijapur, for his encouragement and providing all necessary facilities for this research

work.

I express my sincere thanks to Dr.Shrikar D. Hiremath(MA, M-Phyl, PhD)

for their constant support.

I am grateful to all PG & UG Staff for their constant encouragement.

I extend my gratitude to Mr.A.D.Kolakar & all official staff for their support,

encouragement and facilities provided during the course of this Dissertation.

I offer my sincere thanks to my senior friends for their friendly help and co-

operation right through my Dissertation work.

My sincere thanks to my batch mates and all my friends for their kind support.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Lastly but not least my heartily thanks to my junior friends from both PG & UG for

their support and affection.

This section becomes incomplete if I don’t thank to Smt.Kavita. Shrishail.

Angadi and her family for their affection and care, otherwise this would become very

difficult for me to complete my studies.

So many people have contributed to the successful completion of this

Dissertation that I cannot list them all and must ask forgiveness of those whom I omit.

ABSTRACT

“PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PANCHA VAKTRA RASA AND A

COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL ANTIPYRETIC STUDY WITH PARACETAMOL”

ABSTRACT

Background:

Jwara is a disease which causes more Kshobhatwa concern to all human beings

irrespective of age, sex, caste, creed, social status etc. without any barrier. Even

though potent Antipyretic formulations are available in modern medicine but, they

tends to produce various complications like Gastritis, Nausea, vomiting, Giddiness,

when administered orally. Ayurveda too has many formulations, which are claiming to

be effective in relieving Jwara. Before evaluating efficacy of any formulation, it is

essential to carry out an experimental study and to find out potent therapeutic form

from different formulations.

In Ayurveda different acharyas have explained different formulations for jwara with

procedure and their other indication; these are more effective, no side effective, and

less cost effect. Yoga Ratnakara considered Pancha Vaktra Rasa as one of the best

Jwaragna drug. To establish its therapeutic effect, Physico-chemical analysis and

experimental studies are required. Hence in present study an effort is made to evaluate

the Anti pyretic activity of Pancha Vaktra Rasa.

Aim and Objectives of the study:

I. Preparation of Pancha Vaktra Rasa

II. Physico – Chemical Analysis of Pancha Vaktra Rasa

III. To assess the antipyretic activity of Pancha Vaktra Rasa

ABSTRACT



IV. A Comparative experimental study of Pancha Vaktra Rasa with

Paracetamol.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Pharmaceutical study:

1. The ingredients were collected looking after for their Grahya Lakshna.

2. Parada extraction from Hingula.

3. Samanya Shodhana of Parada, Gandhaka, Vatsanabha, Tankana

4. Kajjali preparation

5. Pancha Vaktra Rasa preparation.

Interpretation:

1. Kajjali is a black sulphide of parada, which is a sagandha, niragni pota

bandha of parada, khalvi rasayana.

2. Trituration time and saturation of parada with gandhaka is directly

proportional to the pharmacological effect of kajjali and its further complex

compounds.

3. Pancha Vaktra Rasa is one among Sagandha Niragni Murchita paradayoga.

(When purified Mercury and sulphur are intimately mixed in a definite

proportion to get a black powder called as Kajjali.)

4.Siddhi laxanas of ayurveda and modern physico-chemical analysis are

confirmative test to evaluate the perfectness of the pharmaceutics.

ABSTRACT



Analytical study:

Analytical study of Pancha Vaktra Rasa will be done in well equipped recognized

laboratory.

Experimental study:

1] Pyrexia is induced by administering Baker’s yeast and trial drug was

administered.

2] Temperature was recorded every hourly up to 14 hours at regular intervals

and observations were recorded and statistically analyzed.

3] Treatment Schedule -1 day.

4] Data obtained will be subjected to statistical analysis.

Results:

In this part the results obtained are systematically presented, which include data

related to response to treatment.

Discussion:

In this chapter observation, findings and results of various studies have been found out

with possible explanation for its effects.

Conclusion:

The essence of the whole study is mentioned in this chapter.

ABSTRACT



Summary:

It contains the information of the overall work in a nut shell.

Keywords: Hingula, hingulotha parada, parada, gandhaka, tankana

,vatsanabha, pippali, maricha.

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Sl No Index Page No

1 Introduction 1 - 3

2 Aims and Objectives 4

3 Review of literature 5 - 70

a) Drug Review 5 - 49

b) Disease Review 50 - 70

4 Methodology 71 - 110

a) Pharmaceutical study 71 - 92

b) Analytical study 93 - 99

c) Experimental study 100 - 110

5 Discussion 111 - 119

6 Conclusion 120 - 122

7 Summary 123 - 124

8 References 125 - 143

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

� A. P. – Ayurveda Prakasha.

� B.P. - Bhava prakasha.

� B. P.N. – Bhava Prakasha Nighantu.

� C.S. - Charaka Samhita.

� D.N. - Dhanvantari Nighantu.

� M.M. - Materia medica.

� M.P.N. - Madanapal Nighantu.

� R. N. – Raja Nighantu.

� R. M. – Rasamrita.

� R. S.S. – Rasendra sara sangraha.

� R.R.S. - Rasaratna Samuchchaya.

� R. T. – Rasatarangini.

� R. J.N. – Rasa Jala Nidhi.

� S.S. - Sushruta Samhita.

� Y. R. – Yoga Ratanakara.

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Sl.

No

Table Titles

Page

Number

1 The best variety and Lakshanas of Hingula. 6

2 Synonyms of Parada 12

3 Varieties of Parada 13

4 Yougikadoshas and their effects according to different authors. 14

5 Kanchuka Doshas and their effects according to different Rasa

classics.

14

6 Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses 21

7 Vatsnabha bheda According to Yogaratnakara 31

8 Vatsanabha shodhana according to different authors.

33

9 Exlination of Jwara in Samhitas 53

10 Types f Jwara 57

11 Local Infections 68

12 Quantity of Gandaka before & after sodhana 73

13 Qty of Vatsanabha Before and After Shodhana 76

14 Quantity of Vatsanabha Before and After Churnikarana 76

15 Quantity of Pippali Before and After Churnikarana 77

16 Quantity of Marich before and after Churni karana 78

17 Quantity of Tankana before and after Shodhana. 80

LIST OF TABLES

18 The Results of Hingula Shobhana. 81

19 Quantity of Hingula before shodhana and after shodhana. 82

20 The status of Chakrikas 84

21 Observations during Hingulotha Parada 84

22 Physical properties of Kajjali 90

23 Chemical Methods 94

24 Instrumental Methods 95

25 Hourly mean temperature of albino rats of group I, II & III to

evaluate the action of yeast on body temperature [ in °F]

103

26 Mean temperature of all three group to evaluate their action on body

temperature [ in °F]

107

27 The steps involved in Statistical Analysis 109

28 Probable mode of action of Pancha Vaktra Rasa 118

LIST OF GRAPHS

Sl.No Graph Titles PageNo

1 The effect of Baker’s Yeast on body temperature in Albino

Rats.

104

2 Hourly mean temperature of Control, Trial and Standard

groups

108

INTRODUCTION



INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda the science of life which earned great fame for India and

influenced considerably the science of medicine of other nations. It is not merely

the science of diseases and drugs, it has every aspect of life in its sphere.

Ayurveda can be considered as great Grandfather of all health care system of

medicine. It is the oldest documented system of medicine in the world that

originated in India about 5000 yrs ago as its foundation comes from Vedic

period.

The word Ayurveda is a combination of two Sanskrit words – ayur (life)

and veda (science) means ‘the science of life’. The most popular branch of

Ayurveda is Rasasashtra. It is a pharmaceutical science of Ayurveda and as such

it deals mainly with the drugs of mineral origin, their varieties, characteristics,

processing techniques, properties and the therapeutic uses along with the

description of different apparatuses, musas (crucible), different kind of furnaces,

heating devices and heating schedule. It describes the use of Dhatu, Ratna, Rasas

and Visha to formulate various formulation that combat various diseases.

The diseases are caused when someone loses the balance between prakruti,

mana, shareera and atma. This produces numerous diseases like, Jwara, Swasa,

Kasa, Udararoga etc. Other causes of disease are the Micro-Organisms namely

bacteria, virus, fungi & parasites which are present every-where in the soil, water,

and atmosphere and on the body surface, are responsible for the infectious

diseases1. Of all the manifestation of infection, fever is most common and most

constant. Fever is the regulated elevation of body temperature above the

customary set point of hypothermic thermostat2. Eg: 37 ºC to 39 ºC.

1

INTRODUCTION



Ayurveda explains Jwara as; it is the santapa of DEHA, INDRIYA & MANA.

Jwara is Raja of all the diseases and is to be treated first3. Hence Acharyas also

preferred Jwara for the first among all diseases. ‘JWARA PRABHAVO

JANMADOU NIDHANE CHA MAHATTAMAHA’ i.e. right from birth to death

the person will suffer from Jwara. Most of the pyretic condition originates by

unknown etiology, in that 30% of the cases are observed by the infection. Most of

the fever are associated with self-limited infections such as common viral

disease, the use of antipyretics are not contraindicated in these infections.

Modern antibiotic produces drug resistance in the body by their prolonged usage.

Over dosage of Antipyretics will cause complications like liver failure, nausea,

vomiting, etc4. Ayurveda too has many formulations, which are claiming to be

effective in relieving Jwara. As qualities of Rasoushadhis states to be quick in

action and effective in lesser dose also5.

Pancha Vaktra Rasa6,7 is also a type of Kharaliya Rasayan. Kharaliya Rasayana is

a type of preparation using mercurial compounds like Kajjali, Hingula, etc.

Mardana is done in Khalva yantra with dhatu, bhasmas, vishas, upavishas,

sadharana rasa. Bhavana is given with dugdha, jala, swarasa. It can be used as

churna or vati. Here no agni samskara is given and yogas which are prepared in

khalva yantra.

Pancha Vaktra Rasa is a unique ayurvedic formulation which does both the

activity, and also works as Rasayana and Deepana. The key ingredient PARADA

& GANDHAKA acts as Antibacterial & Rasayana, VATSANABHA as

2

INTRODUCTION



Antipyretic, TANKANA as analgesic & Antipyretic, MARICHA & PIPPALI as

Carminatives.

Considering qualities of Pancha Vaktra Rasa, is selected to test the hypothesis, is

potent enough to combat and relieve the fever. Hence an effort is being made for

Preparation, Physico-Chemical Analysis of Pancha Vaktra Rasa and a

comparative experimental antipyretic study with paracetamol.

3

AIM & OBJECTIVES



Aim and Objectives of the study:

I. Preparation of Pancha Vaktra Rasa

II. Physico – Chemical Analysis of Pancha Vaktra Rasa

III. To assess the antipyretic activity of Pancha Vaktra Rasa

IV. A Comparative experimental study of Pancha Vaktra Rasa with Paracetamol.

4

DRUG REVIEW



DRUG REVIEW

HINGULA

The main source of Parada is Hingula. Parada extracted from Hingula is said to be

equivalent to Ashtasamskarita Parada.

Hingula is one of the Sadharana Rasa8.

Varga authors

Maharasa Rasahrudaya Tantra and Rasakamadhenu

Rasagarbha Anandkanda

Rasa gandhaka sambhava Rasarnava

History:

The reference of Hingula is found in Kautilya Arthashastra in testing of Gold and

spoilage of Gold.

Occurrence: Italy, France, Germany, Spain, China, Japan and Iran.

Vernacular Names9: Sanskrit: Hingula; Hindi: Hingul, Singarph; Assami:

Janjaphar; Gujrati : Hingula; Marati : Hingula; Kannada: Hingalika; Telugu :

Ingalikam ;

English: Cinnabar

Synonyms10: Darada, Shukatunda, Hingala, Hingula, Ingala, Mleccha, Rakta,

Suranga, Chitranga, Churna Parada, Rasodbhava, Rasasthana, Rakta Kaya,

Kapishirshaka.

Varieties11,12,13:

On the basis of occurance: Khanija (Mineral) & Krutrima (Artificial)

On the basis of colour and properties:

Charmara : Krishna, Rakta Varna

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DRUG REVIEW



Shukatunda : Pita Varna

Hamsa Pada : Japa Kusuma Varna

In the above varities, Hamsapada is considered as uttama and Charmara as

adhama.

Grahya Lakshana14,15:

Table No. 1, Showing the best variety and Lakshanas of Hingula.

Japakusuma Varnabha Resembles colour of petals of red

hibiscus rosa.

Peshane Sumanoharaha When grinded its colour becomes

beautiful

Mahojwala Reflects in sunlight

Bharapurna Heavy in weight

Shweta Rekha Having white or silvery streaks

Pravalabha Resembles like that of Pravala.

Hingula Shodhana16,17: Hingula gets purified by subjecting it to Seven Bhavanas

with Ardraka / Lakucha Swarasa /Nimbu Swarasa /Meshi Kshira

Gunas of Hingula 18:

Rasa : Tikta, Katu, Kashaya

Guna : Ushna

Veerya : Ushna

Rogaghnata : Prameha, Kushta, Jwara, Mandagni, Hrdroga, Aruchi,

Amlapitta, Hrullasa, Pliharoga, Amavata, Gara Vishahara.

6

DRUG REVIEW



Uses

Marana of Gold, Iron etc, metals.

Mercury extracted from Hingula is considered equal in properties to the

mercury in which Gandhaka Jarana has been made.

Parada extracted from Hingula is said to be equivalent to Ashtasamskarita

Parada.

Matra19 - ½ - 1 Ratti

Anupana - Maricha, Guda, Pippali, Guduchi Swarasa, Madhu

Important Yogas of Hingula

Ananda Bhairava Rasa, Kanaka Sundara Rasa,

Jwara Murari Rasa, Vasantha malati Rasa,

Ratna Garbha Pottali Rasa, Tribhuvana Kirti Rasa,

Kasturi Bhairava Rasa, Hinguleshwara Rasa.

CINNABAR20

Cinnabar is the chief ore of Mercury contains 80-85% of Mercury. It occurs both in

crystalline and massive forms. This is a red coloured ore, divides itself into pointed

needle like pieces. It is very soft and when ground it becomes deep red coloured.

When used as pigment it is called vermilion.

Occurrence: Occurs naturally as a mineral and also prepared artificially. It occurs

naturally in Spain, Italy, France, Germany, China, Japan, Russia and Iran there is

no natural source available in India. Artificial cinnabar is prepared in India in

Surat and Kolkata.

7

DRUG REVIEW



General Description of Cinnabar:

Chemical formula : Hgs

Colour : Cochineal red (Red Sulphide of Mercury)

Streak : Scarlet

Hardness : 2.5

Specific gravity : 8.1

Cleavage : Prismatic perfect

Fracture : Subconchoidal to uneven

Preparation of Artificial cinnabar21:

Parada(6 parts) and Gandhaka(1 part) triturated well kept in Iron vessel

heated on tivragni. Red colored compound is formed on the upper part is collected

and is called cinnabar.

HINGULOTTHA PARADA22

Hingula is the main ore of Parada. The Parada, which is extracted from Hingula, is

pure and devoid of Sapta-Kanchuka doshas and has the qualities of Samaguna

Gandhaka Jirna Parada. It is equal to Asta Samskarita Parada.

Methods employed: Various methods have been employed for the extraction of

parada from hingula: Urdhwapatana vidhi23. Adhahpatana vidhi24 Tiryak

patanavidhi, Nadayantra etc.

Yantras used for the extraction of parada are: Urdhwa Patana yantra,

Vidhyadhara yantra, Damaru yantra, Adhapatana yantra, Tiryakpataha yantra,

Nada yantra etc

Urdhwa Patana Vidhi: Shodhita Hingula is obtained by triturating with juices of

either Nimbu, paribhadra, Nimba patra at least for 3 hrs. After trituration chakricas

8

DRUG REVIEW



are made and dried kept in lower pot of Urdhwa Patana yantra. Sandhi bandhana

done. Heated by keeping cold pads over the top of urdhvapatana yantra,

Parada collects over the inner surface of the upper vessel . After

Swanga sheeta. Mercury is collected carefully and is squeezed through

the cloth.

Adhahpatana Vidhi: Hingula is triturated with ardraka or Nimbu swarasa, thin

layer is applied to the Inner surface of the upper pot. Lower pot filled with water is

placed in the earth. And mouth of upper pot is placed over the mouth of the lower

pot. Sandhi bandhana is done and dried. Vanopalas are placed over upper pot and

fire is given. After swanga sheeta, Parada is collected from lower pot and washed.

Tiryak Patana vidhi: By distillation apparatus

As the boiling point of Parada is 3570C, for the extraction of Parada from Hingula

6500C – 7000C temperature is required, since dissociation of Hingula occurs at

around 6200C

Brief description of modern methods:2 5 From ancient description i t

is very clear that the source of extraction of mercury was only

hingula (cinnabar). In Spain, Italy etc. , parada is extracted from

hingula by various methods.

By heating with oxygen.

Hgs+O2 Hg + So2

By heating with Loha (Fe) or Sudha (Ca).

4HgS + 4CaO 4Hg + 3CaS + CaSO4 .

HgS + Fe + O2 Hg + Fe + SO2.

9

DRUG REVIEW



By these two methods most part of the parada separates from sulphur and remained

parada is taken out by distillation. For this purpose various types of furnaces are

employed. There is a vast change in the methodology and equipments employed

for this purpose now a day.

EXTRACTION OF MERCURY FROM CINNABAR

Consists of 2 steps

Ore concentration

Roasting and distillation

Isolation of Mercury occurs as:

2HgS + 3O2 2HgO + 2SO2

2 HgO 2Hg + O2

After these methods the remnant-unseparated part of mercury is

obtained by distillation. This process of distillation is called vacuum

distillation. In present study the above method was employed for the extraction

of Parada from Hingula

Expected output: Good quality cinnabar contains about 85% of mercury. An

ideally followed method should yield at least 75-80% of mercury.

PARADA

Rasashastra people consider Parada as Amrita because of its medicinal property.

We come across much quotations providing the importance of Parada in all texts of

Rasashastra. Parada with its various properties, it has important role to play in

Rasashastra pharmacology.

Mythology: Asura Tataki was torturing to Bhoomi, Agni Deva informed this to

Lord Shiva, when Shiva & Parvati were doing maithuna. Angered Shiva threw his

10

DRUG REVIEW



Shukra in the mouth of Agni. Agni Deva can’t tolerate the teekshnata of Shukra, so

he spit in to Ganga jala. Lord Ganga also can’t controle its teekshnata, so she threw

Shukra inside the earth. That Shukra is nothing but Parada which was

contaminated due to all such processes.

History: Rasa has been described to be a Devine origin and claimed to be related

to Lord Shiva or Hara. Initially it was used for Alchemical purposes (loha vada) to

convert lower metals like Lead, Tin, Copper, etc. into noble metals like Gold,

silver etc. Later on its therapeutic use in curing the diseases has been recognized.

In Koutilya Arthashastra (325 cent B.C), it is mentioned that swarna can be

prepared by parada26.

In Charaka Samhita there is usage of Parada with Makshika and Gandhaka in

Kushta Roga and it is used externally27.

In Sushruta Samhita its external use has been mentioned28.

Vernacular names29: Sanskrit - Parada, Assami - Jivaka, English -Mercury, Quick

silver, Kannada – Paraja, Hindi – Para, Marati – Paara, Bangla – Paara, Latin –

Hydrargirum (Hg).

Synonyms & there Meanings :30,31

Rasa – As it digests all drugs, Nourishes all Dhatu’s of the body. Being

ingested by human for Rasayanartha

Rasendra - King of all medicines or Rasa’s

Suta - Since used for Deha and Loha Siddhi

Parada - Gives an end to sufferings.

Mishraka - Properties of all metals are found in it.

11

DRUG REVIEW



Table No.2, showing synonyms of Parada32

Swarupaatma Dharmika

Devatmaka

Dehavada

tmaka

Dhatuvad

atmaka

Vishista

guna

Darshanika

Adyatmika

Galadroupanib

ham

Mahavanhi

Mahateja

Suvarna

Trinetra

Trilochana

Deva

Dehaja

Prabhu

Rudraja

Rajasmala

Shanta

Shiva

Shiva

veerya

Skandha

Harateja

Harabeeja

Harareta

Shivabeeja

Divyarasa

Amrita

Dehada

Paramamrita

Parata

Parada

Mrityunashana

Rasayana

Rasayana

sreshta.

Maharasa

Rasa

Rasendra

Rasesa

Rasottama

Rasadhatu

Rasaraja

Rasaleha

Siddadhatu

Soota

Sootaka

Sootarath

Mishraka

Ananta

Kalikantaka

Sukshma

Soubhagya.

Jeeva

Jaiva

Divya

Achintya

Varieties33: The Varieties of Parada described in various texts

Depending on the colour.

Depending on the impurities and uses of Parada.

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Table No. 3, showing varieties of Parada.

Variety Colour Impurities Uses

Rasa

Rakta

Which is free

from all types

of impurities

Rasayana

Rasendra Peeta Free from

impurities

Rasayana

Suta Ishat Peeta With impurities Deharogahara

Parada Shweta With impurities Sarvarogahara

Mishraka Mayura Chandrika varna With impurities Sarvasiddhiday

aka.

Doshas of Mercury34:

Naisargika doshas (Natural impurities).

Yougika doshas (Physical impurities)

Oupadika doshas (Chemical impurities in the form of coating).

1. Naisargika Doshas35:Parada, attributes some impurities due to its

natural power of amalgamation. As these impurities occur due to

nature, these doshas are known as “Naisargika doshas”. Those are

three,,

Naisargika dosha Effects.

Visha - Mrutyukara

Vahni - Santapakara

Mala - Murchakara

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2. Yougika doshas36: The impurities mixed by the traders from the

commercial point of view to increase the weight of Parada by adding

some Ariloha’s. Ex: Naga, Vanga etc.,

Table No. 4, showing Yougikadoshas and their effects according to

different authors.

Sl. No. Textual

Reference Doshas Effects

1. RRS Naga,Vanga Jadatva Adhmana

2. AK Naga,Vanga

Visha

Jadhya

Pootigandhatva,

Mrutyu.

3. A P Naga,Vanga Jadhya, Adhmana

Kushta.

Kanchuka Doshas37: Literally Kanchuka means thin layer. Kanchuka doshas are

the impurities which cavours the mercury as a thin sheet.There is some difference

of opinion amongst ancient scholars regarding their name and source but all of

them considered as seven in number.

Table No. 5 Showing Kanchuka Doshas and their effects according to

different Rasa classics.

Text Doshas Effects

Parpati Mrunmaya(Prithvi) Kushta,

Patini Pashanaja (Girija) Jadhya, Admana

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Bhedi Jalaja (Varija) Vali,Palita,khalitya,

Vaksangatha, Mala Bhedana.

Dravi Nagaja (Shyama) Mahakusta, Sweta Kusta, Udara,

Kamala, Pandu, Prameha.

Malakari Nagaja(Kapalika) Dadru,GajaKarna,

Doshavardhaka.

Dhwankshi Vangaja (Kapali) Swara Parushyakara.

Andhakari Vangaj (Kalika) Marmacheda, Vastishoola,

Andhatva.

Grahya Lakshanas of Parada38:

liquid in form,

shines as bright as mid – day sun,

white glaze exteriorly

bluish tinge interiorly

Agrahya Lakshanas of Parada39: Due to incorporation with various metallic and

elemental impurities bonded physico – chemically, the mercury looks Smoky

grayish and slightly yellowish or having various shades of colours is agrahya

variety.

Parada Shodhana

Samanya shodhana of parada:Shodhana is intended to get rid of impurities of

Parada. As the Parada is obtained from the earth’s crust naturally it adsorbs some

unwanted soil particles & chemical over it. So it is essential to carry out some

purifactory procedures before making use of parada.

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Different Methods Adopted for Samanya Shodhana of parada:

Urdvapathana Samskara i.e distillation followed by sublimation of parad.

Filtration through two to four folded fine, dust free, silk cloth for 7-21

times.

Parada should be triturated with Nagavalli swarasa, Ardraka swarasa,

ksharatraya for 3 days and washed with water. This parada will be shining

like mukta and devoid of sapta dosha.

Parada should be triturated with lasuna and saindhava lavana on a tapta

khalva yantra for 7 days.

Other drugs used for Samanya Shodhana are:

Kumari, Chitraka, Raktasarshapa, Haridra, Ishtika choorna, Triphala, Nagavalli

swarasa, Gruha Dhooma, Kanji, Ardraka swarasa etc.,

Vishesha Shodhana;

This procedure was intended for strengthening and potentiation of Parada and is

achieved by Astadasha Samskaras.

Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Parada40:

Rasa : Shadrasa

Guna : Snigdha, Sara and Guru

Veerya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura

Karma : Yoga vahi, Rsayana, Vrishya, Balya,

Vayastambhana, Pustikarak, Deepana, Agnivardhaka, Deha sidhikara,

Loha sidhikara, Shodhana, Ropana, Krimighna.

Dosha Prabhava: Tridoshagna

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Vyadhi Prabhava: Vata roga, Valipalitha, Jara roga, Sarva Akshi

roga, Krimi,Kusta, Sarva roga.

MERCURY

Mercury is a silvery white metal, liquid at room temperature. It is divisible into

spherical globules, mobile, without having any odour / taste, cold to touch, slowly

volatizing at ordinary temperature.

It is a soft metal, thirteen times heavier than water. It forms amalgamation with

silver, platinum etc. On oxidation,

2Hg + O2 Heat 2 HgO.

General Description41:

Atomic Number : 80

Atomic Weight : 200.61

Atomic Volume : 14.8CC

Atomic Radius : 1.57 eg

Ionic Radius (+2) : 1.10

Relative Atomic Mass : 200.50 gm/mole

Specific Gravity : 13.55

Melting point : 39.80C

Boiling point : 3570C

Low melting and boiling point is due to large atomic size.

Occurrence and distribution:

Small quantities of mercury occur in native form but chiefly it occurs as Cinnabar

(HgS). It is found chiefly in Spain and Italy. It is also found as calomel (Hg2Cl2),

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Metacinnabar (HgS), Tiemannite (HgS), Montroydite (HgO) and also as amalgums

of Gold and Tellurium in small quantities.

Absorption, distribution and excretion42:

As the chemical form of the metal varies, its absorption, distribution and Excretion

of mercury also varies. In presence of O2 and Cl2 in the gastric contents, it may

dissolve to cause mild catharsis. Exertion of mercury immediately after absorption

is mainly through the kidney and colon and to a lesser extent via bile and saliva.

Small amounts are also excreted in volatile elemental form through both lungs and

skin. Most of Hg is excreted within 6 days after administration but traces may be

detected for months, even year’s urinary excretion is slow at first but accelerates

later. Fecal excretion is 8%, which is due to mucosal sloughing mainly as methyl

mercury.

Mode of Action42: Most salts of mercury are absorbed slowly from the intact

mucous membrane of the elementary tract and produce their systemic effect. The

sulphide ion is very inert and it is clear that unless and until the salts are

dissociated into its constituent’s ions, mercury will not be able to exert its

influence on the body tissues. Sulphides of mercury are not used in any of the

pharmacopoeias of western countries as it is considered to be devoid of therapeutic

activity. The other mercurial salts after absorption are excreted into caecum and

colon as sulphides and in this form mercury is found in the feaces.

When taken into the system it continues with acids and fluids of the body. It is then

easily absorbed by the skin, the mucous membrane, lungs and stomach and passes

into blood as oxy albuminate in the stomach it is converted into double chloride of

sodium of mercury. It unites with the albuminous juices and is easily absorbed.

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Toleration43:

Age, sex and idiosyncrasy greatly modify the action of mercurials, children as rule

bear mercury better than adults and males better than females.

Therapeutic uses43:

Used as antiseptics, preservatives, parasiticides, fungicides, diuretics

inorganic salts.

Its solution is used for disinfecting surgical and obstetric practice.

Blue ointment and calomel ointment are used to reduce itching in prurigo,

pruritis, psoriasis, lichen pityriasis of scalp and eczema.

As a stimulant and promoter of absorption liniment and various ointments

such as oleate, red precipitate, scoltts and red iodide are used for promoting

the absorption of inflammatory products as in chronic joint disease and

periostitis.

Mercury is used in certain eye diseases like conjunctivitis, blepharitis and

keratitis.

Externally as antiseptics, mercury salts are used.

GANDHAKA

Gandhaka is grouped under Uparasa varga.

It has been explained in Dhatu Karma also. It is an essential agent for the various

processes of Parada samskaras such as Murchana, Jarana, Bandhana etc. Mercurial

preparations without Gandhaka are considered to be more toxic. It is considered as

antidote of Parada.

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History: Aacharya Charaka explained Gandhaka for external applications only.

But with the evolution of Rasa Shastra importance of Gandhaka was also

increased.

Mythological origin44:

It’s considered as the menstrual blood of goddess parvati.

It was obtained during kshirabdhi manthana along with Amrith.It got its

name gandhaka because of its fragrance.

King bali consumed gandhaka inorder tobecome strong. later during

samudra manthana due to the flames coming out of mouth of serpent

vasuki , the vasa of bali started melting and came out in the form of

sweat.hence it’s called bali vasa and due to the poisonous flames coming

out of serpent vasuki ,the gandhaka became poisonous

Vernacular names45: Assami – Kiburit; Bengali – Gandhaka; English –

Sulphur Gujarati – Gandhaka; Hindi – Gandhaka; Marathi – Gandhaka; Parsi –

Gogid;

Kannad-Gandhaka; Telugu – Gandhakamu.

Synonyms46: Gandhapashana, Pamari, Kauragandha, Gandhi, Bali, Rasa

Gandhaka, Atigandha, Sugandhika Kushtari, Gandha, Daityendra,

Saugandhika,Gandhamadana, Putigandha, Keetaghna.

Types of Gandhaka47: Rasarnava explained three types of Gandhaka and

remaining others explained four types.

Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics; Peet, Rakta, Sweta, Krishna

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Table No. 6 Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses47:

Sl.

No. Types Quality Uses

1. Shukachunchanibham Sreshta Dhatuvada

2. Shukapichchanibham Madhyama Rasayana Karma

3. Shukla Adhama Loha Marana

4. Krishna JaraMrutyuNashana

Grahya Lakshanas of Gandhaka48

The colour of genuine Gandhaka - Tail of parrot (yellow). Smooth, Hard,

Unctuous.

Shresta Gandhaka - Lusture of Kapikacchu beeja and Navaneeta (soft to

touch).

For Rasayanartha and Loha vadartha - Fruits of Amalaki (Amlasara

Gandhaka).

Pharmacological and therapeutic properties49:

Rasa : Katu, Tikta, Kashaya

Guna : Ushna, Sara Snigadha

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Madhura (R.C.), Katu (R.R.S; A.P)

Karma : Deepana, Pachana, Vishahara, Jantughna,

Rasayana, Bala Veerya Vardhaka, Jantu, Kandu, Visarpahara.

Dosha Prabhava : Kaphavatahara, pittavardhaka.

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Vyadhi Prabhava: Garavishahara, Kshudra Kushta hara, Kasa,

Shwasa, Agnivardhaka, Rasayana, Dadruhara.

Doshas of Gandhaka50,:

Shila Churna -- Physical impurities like clay, sand etc.

Visha -- Chemical impurities like arsenical, lead etc

Ashodhita Gandhaka will produce the disease like Kushta, Bhrama, Klama,

Paithika Roga, Balakshaya, Shukrakshaya, Veeryahani and Kandu.

Methods of Gandhaka Shodhana51:

Gandhaka is taken in a vessel with equal amount of cow’s ghee and melted

on Mrudu agni. This liquefied Gandhaka is poured into another vessel,

which contains cow’s milk through a cloth tied over the mouth of vessel.

Then it is taken out and washed with hot water.

Gandhaka is melted and poured into a vessel containing Bhringaraja

Swarasa and boiled for some time and this process is repeated for seven

times.

Through urdhwa patana vidhi by using Damaru yantra Gandhaka can be

purified.

Effect of Shodhana on Gandhaka52:

Volatile impurities will escape due to melting of gandhaka.

By filtering through the cloth small pieces of stone and sand will be

removed.

Fat soluble impurities will removed with ghrata.

Some toxins may mix with milk and thus the Gandhaka may be relieved

from impurities.

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Dose of Gandhaka53

1 – 8 Ratti.

Uses

1. External Uses like,

Ointmemts: In Scabies & various Dermatoses.

Liniments: Skin disease, Rheumatic joints, Sciatica

Sprays for dusting

2. Internal Uses

Kajjali is the basic preparation in Rasa Shastra.

In the process of Incenration of few metels like, Tamra Bhasma.

Powdered Sulphur is used in the diseases like, TB, Skin diseases,

Asthama, Cough, Ano-Rectal diseases with proper Anupana.

It hs a major role in Khalviya rasayana, Parpati rasayana, Pottali

rasayana & Kupi pakwa rasayana.

Patya 54 - Mamsa of wild animals and birds, cow’s milk, Ghee and Rice.

Apthya 54- Kshara, Amla, Atilavana, Katu, Vidahi and Stree Sevana.

Some Gandhaka Yogas

Kajjali ,Gandhaka Rasayana, Rasa Parpati, Makaradhwaja, Rasa Sindhura,

Samirapannaga Rasa

SULPHUR 55 :

Name : Sulphur

Symbol : S

Atomic Number : 16

Atomic Mass : 32.06 Am

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Melting point : 112.80C

Boiling point : 444.60C

Classification : Non Metal

Colour : Yellow

The name sulphur is derived,

from the sanskrit word “Sulveret”

Through the latin “Sulphurium”.

History: The ancients probably, due to its frequent occurrence in Free State know

sulphur. Aryans, Greeks, Romans and Indians used it for fumigation and as

medicine. It is estimated as the Ninth most abundant element in the universe.

Occurrence: Sulphur is available as both in free and combined state. The sulphur

is found in volcanic regions in sicily. Approximately 0.06% of earth‘s crust

contains sulphur.

Sulphur

Organic forms Inorganic

forms

Vegetables Human body Sulphides sulphates

Sulphides: Sulphate:

Zinc Blend (ZnS) Gypsum (CaSo4 2H2o)

Galena (Pbs) S Barites (BaSo4)

Copper pyrites (CuFes2) Epsom Salt (Mg So4 7H2o)

Cinnabar (HgS) Ferrous Sulphate (FeSo4 7H2o)

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Traces of sulphur occur as H2S in volcanic gases, organic substance as eggs,

proteins, garlic, mustard, onion, hair and wool.

It is an essential non-metal and is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids and

skeletal muscles.

Therapeutic use56:

It increases bile secretion, acts as laxative, alternative and diuretic.

It stimulates secreting organs like skin, bronchial mucus membrane.

In larger doses it acts as purgative.

Sulphur is useful in cough, Asthma, General debility, Enlargement of

spleen, chronic fevers etc.

Biological importance of sulphur57:

Sulphur makes up 0.25% of our body weight, meaning that an average

adult human body contains around 170 gram of sulphur, of which most

occurs in the amino acids, cysteine, cysteine, and methionine.

Sulphur is involved in the formation of bile acids, which are essential for

fat digestion and absorption. It also helps to keep skin, hair and nails

healthy.

Deficiency of sulphur is linked to the skin disorder eczema.

Sulphur containing foods are vegetables (Radishes, Carrots, Cabbage, Milk

Products (Cheese), and seafood and meat protein.

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TANKANA

In Rasendrasarasangraha58, Anandakanda59 and Ayurveda prakasha60, Tankana is

included under uparasa varga. After 8th century A.D it is being used as an antidote

of vatsanabha in Rasashastra and used in Paradajarana karma61

Vernacular Name of Tankana62

Sanskrit: Tankana, Rasashodhana.Telagu : Veligaramu, Hindi:Suhaga

Tamil:Venkaram.English: Borax Marathi:Tankana khara .Kannada: Biligara

Gujarathi: Tankana khara.

Synonyms of Tankana63 : Kshara raja, Tankaka, Shweta kshara, Sita kshara,

Soubhagya, Loha shodana, Rangada, Ranga, Ranga kshara, Tanka kshara, Tankana

kshara, Dravaka, Tangana, Tanga, Tanka.

Sources of Tankan:

It is obtained from the mud of lakes surrounded by hills in Nepal and from searle’s

lake in California. It occurs as natural deposit. Crude Borax is found in clusters by

evaporation of water, on shores of dried lakes in India and Tibet54.

Types of Tankana:

Rasajalanidhi 2 types64: Pinda(Pale white) Shadama (Pure white)

On the basis of appearance65 Sphatikabha, Gudaprabha, Pandura

On the basis of Availability66 Sonari, Choukiya

On the basis of occurance67 Khanija, Kritrima

Effects of Ashuddha Tankana68

The therapeutic use of Ashuddha Tankana causes vomiting and delusions.

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Grahyalaxana 69:

The Tankana which is clear, transparent, crystalline with bluish tinge is the best.

Nirmalikarana 70:

If Tankana is mixed with dust, sand etc, impurities, then it is subjected to Nirmali

karana. Take 1 part of Tankana choorna, 24 parts of water (1:24), mix well and

filter it. After some time, decant supernatant water and subject it to teevragni till

water evaporates. Take down the patra when it is little bit wet in the bottom and

dry it. In this way Nirmali karana is done it is used in the place of Boric acid but

after the shodhana internal use can be done.

Necessity of Shodhana of Tankana71

It is mixed with dust, sand etc, impurities

The impure Tankana causes complications like vomiting and delusions.

Concet of Tankana Shodhana

Actually grahya variety of Tankana does not contain any impurity except for the

water content of it, which can cause heaviness in the body after its intake.

Therefore, practically Tankana is merely fried over the stove and evaporating the

water content (water of crystallization) which is enhances the bioavailability of the

drug.

Pharmacological properties of Tankana.72

Rasa : Katu

Guna : Rooksha, Teekshna, Usna, Sara.

Veerya : Ushna.

Vipaka : Amla.

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Doshagnata : Vatakaphashamaka.

Karma : Hridya, Vishagna, Deepaka, Raja

pravarthaka, Moodagarbha pravarthaka, Shoolaghna, Vatapittakara,

Dravani, Bhedi.

BORAX:

Tankana is identified as Borax and it is composed of Boric Acid and soda73. It is

having a germicidial and Bacteriostatic activity.

Physical Properties74

Chemical composition : Na2B4O7.1OH2O

Colour : White sometimes with blue or gray tinge.

SP. Gravity : 1.71

Hardness : 2 - 2.5

Preparation of Borax 75

Most of Borax is prepared from the natural Borax of lake Borax or from minerals

like Colemanite (Ca2B6O115H2O), Boracite (2Mg3B8O15MgCl2) etc.

In the preparation of Borax, minerals such as colemite are ground to a fine powder

and boiled with sodium carbonate solution for 3 hours, 15 parts of minerals + 10

parts of Na2CO3+ 60 parts of water,

2 (2Cao, 3B2 O3) + 3Na2CO3 = 3 Ca Co3 + Cao + 3Na2 B4O7.

The solution is filtered and allowed to crystalline for 3 days.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Borax: It is readily absorbed from

the Gastro intestinal tract, serous cavities and inflamed skin. It does not penetrate

the intact skin, Excretion is primarily by the kidney approximately 50% of a given

dose is excreted within 24 hours.

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Action76

Diuretic, Emmengogue, Astringent, Antacid, Local sedative and Antiseptic.

Uses of Borax77

It is used in few commercial dermatological preparations, and also used as

ophthalmic ointment.

It is used as germicide and as a bacteriostatic.

Fiber glass for insulation and textiles.

VATSANABHA

Botanical name – Aconitum ferox wall.

Family – ranunculanceae.

Introduction: 78,79

Vatsnabha is well known to the Ayurvedic pharmacopeia since long ago. We get

reference in Charaka samhita and Sushruta samhita Charaka samihita classified

under sthavara visha and Sushruta classified under Kandavisha and also explain its

effects.

Sharangdhara and Bhavamishra mentioned Vatsnabha in their texts, along with

almost all Nighantus. Though Dhanwantari nighantu possess description of

Vatsnabha, synonyms and properties, most of the texts/Nighantus made little

mentioning. The utility of Vatsnabha has considerably increased after the

development of Rasashastra. Rasataranginikara classified it under visha.

The term aconite refers to the genus aconitum of which there are several species.

The name may be originated form the Greek aconoits (meaning without struggle or

without dust) or from the Greek city acona where naturalist in the third century

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once identified plant. Other sources suggest that the name comes from the bill of

aconites.

Aconites is Greek word meaning arrows coated with the poison and used for

hunting the animals. Aconitum if of two varieties viz poisonous & nonpoisonous.

Among the poisonous verities both aconitum ferox and aconitum chasmanthum are

used as vatsanabha in India.

Synonyms80: Amruta, Visha, Ugra Naga, Marana, Mahoushadha, Garalama,

Pranaharaka, Stokakama, Sthavaradya, Kshweda etc

Vernacular Names: 81 Sanskrit Visha, Vatsnabha Hindi: Bisha,Mithazahar

English: Indian aconite Kannada: Vatsanabi Telugu: Vasanubhi

Classical Categorization:

Charaka Samihita StavaraVisha

Sushruta Samhita Kanda visha

Dhanawanatari

nighantu

Misraka varga

Raja nighantu Misraka varga

Bhavaprakasha

nighantu

Dhatvadi varga

Rasatargini Visha

Toxicological Categorization: Cardiac poison.

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Different verities of Vatsnabha (BHEDA)

Table No. 7. Showing the Vatsnabha bheda According to Yogaratnakara 82

Sl. No. Bheda Varna Guna

01. Brhmana Pandu Rasayana

02. Kshatriya Rakta Deha pustikara

03 Vaishya Peeta Kustaghna

04. Shudra Krishna Dhatukarma

According to Rasatarangani83 Krishna, Kapisha, Pandu(best for therapeutic

uses.)

According to Ayurveda Prakasha84 Shukla & Krishna

Identification 85

1. Vatsanabha Panduravarana

2. Roots resembles, navel of calf

3. They are Stoola snigdha, Guru, Nava,

According to Bhavaprakash: Leaves resembles sindhuvara and roots resemble

navel of calf.

Botanical description:86 It is a perennial herb

Root – Paired, daughter, tuber ovoid oblong to ellipsoid, 2.5.4 cm long,

about 1-1-5 cm thick, with fill form root fibers, dark, brown externally,

yellowish on fracture, another tuber much shrunk and wrinkled with more

numerous root fibers.

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Stem – Erect, with or without a slender, hypogynous base, simple, 40-90

cm high covered with short spreading yellow hairs in the upper part and

glabrous below.

Leaves – Scattered, distant, glabrous, petioles, slender up to 25 cm, blade

or bicedar-cordate to remiform in outline with rather wide sinus.

Planately 5- lobeal.

Inflorescence: - Peduncle straight, bearing flowers on both sides, flowers

pale, blue, brown in a dense, terminal raceme, 10-25 cm long, helmet,

volatile with short shared beak, resembling a pea flower.

Fruit – Carpels 5, tomentose, follicles oblong, 15-20mm long and 4-5

mm broad, seeds obovoid to obpyramidal, 2, 6-3 mm long, winged along

with the raphe.

Distribution – Grows solid in the alpine Himalayas, Kashmir at an

attitude of 3,600 m, alpine Himalayas of Nepal.

Chemical Constituents – Roots contains toxic alkaloids, pseudo

aconitine along with bikha aconitine, chasmacontine, chahnaconitine,

indacontine (Loydia 1972, 35, 55) Veratroy1) pseudoacontine are

diacety1 psedioacontine (manske and Rodrgo) 1979).

Need of Vatsnabha Shodhana- 87

Ashodhita Vatsnabha causes daha,moha, hirtagata rodha, to avoid these doshas or

vikaras it should undergo shodhana process

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Table No. 8, showing the Vatsanabha shodhana88 according to different

authors.

Sl.

No.

Shodhana process RT R.A. D.G.V Y. R. R. J. N

1 Kept in cow’s urine in

strong sunlight for 3 days

+ + + - +

2 Swedana in Ajadugdha

for 1 yama

+ + - - -

3 Swedana in Surabhi

payas (cow’s milk) for 1

or 2 yama

+ + - + -

4 Kept in cow’s urine for 3

days then Swedana in a

cow’s milk or goat’s milk

for 3 hrs

- - + + -

5 Swedana in dolayantra

containing Triphala

kashaya and Aja ksheera

- - - - +

6 Swedana in dolayantra

containing cow’s urine.

- - - - +

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Gunakarma 89 :

Rasa Madhura

Guna Ushna

Veerya Ushna

Vipaka Madhura

Dosha Karma VatakaphaShamaka

Rogaghnata timira, naktandhyata, netrabhishyanda,

netrashotha, karna shoola, gudaroga and

kati vedana. Application of bhahya lepa

subsides the aku, vrushika, sarpavisha93.

Diaphoretic, diuretic, antiperiodic, anodyne and antidiabetic, antiphlogistic,

antipyretic can be used for Rogaghnata in small does. In large does it is virulent

poison, narcotic and powerful sedative. It reduces the frequently and tension of the

pulse and paralysis the respiratory center.

Part used - Dried tuberous root.

Dose94 - 1/10th ratti to 1/8th ratti

Visha prayoga Nishedha 95

Balaka, atyantavridhha, garbhavati, rugna, atikshinashareera, rajayakshma

laxanayaukta avasta, krodhi, atibhranti, durbalavastha in less quantity and short

duration with precautions

Toxic effects and antidotes;96

Sushruta clearly documented the toxic efforts of Vatsnabha viz Grivastambha and

peeeta vit, mutra, netra.

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Antidotes –Accidental poisoning or over dosage with aconite may produce the

toxicsymptoms. Different antidotes have been mentioned for the management.

Gogrutha is considered as one of the best antidotes for visha.

Tankana (Borax) is considered to be the main antidote97 as it is having 10 water

molecules with it. It may be administrated along with Ghee. Arjuna bark is mixed

with Honey and Ghee may be another alternative antidote98.

Aconite poisoning and its management in toxicology99.

The symptoms of poisoning occur immediately or within a few mines after

consumption or root. First burning sensation is experienced from the mouth to

stomach followed by tingling and numbness in the mouth, tongue and pharynx.

This is followed by salivation, Nausea, Vomiting and diarrhea, weakness of limbs

and inability to stand or walk. Twitching of muscles, pain, and cramps and

convulsions may occur. The pupils contract and dilate alternately but remain

dilated at the later stage. Death finally occurs either due to paralysis of heart or

respiratory centers or even both.

Fatal Dose - 1-2 grams of root OR 4-6 mg of aconitine

Fatal period - 3 –6 hours.

Treatment – Gastric lavage with warm water and weak solution of potassium

permanganate or with a solution of iodine in potassium iodide or with tannic acid

or strong coffee or strong tea to precipitate the alkaloids.

1. Powdered charcoal to diminish solubility.

2. Atropine –0.5 – 1 mg is useful.

3. Strychnine, artificial respiration, application of heat etc., may also

be useful.

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4. Symptomatic treatment

Vishishta yogas –Ramabanarasa, Hinguleshwara rasa, Tribhuvankirti rasa,

Kaphaketu rasa, Swachanddha Bhairava rasa

Formulations of Aconitine: Aconitin tincture

PIPPALI

Botanical name - Piper longum linn.

Family - Piperacae

Gana:

Charaka 100 : Deepaniya, Kanthya, Asthapanopaga, Shirovirechanopaga,

sheetaprashamana, Shula-prashamana, Kasahara, Hikkanigrahana, Triptighna.

Sushruta101 : Pippalyadi, Amalakyadi.

Astanga sangrahakara 102: Pippalyadi gana and Nyagrodhadi gana.

Introduction

Atharvana veda mentioned Pippali as Rasayana. Kshipta bheshaj, Atividdha

Abheshaji & Vati krita bheshaji.

Vernacular names: Sanskrit:Pippali Hindi:Pipala English:Piper. Telagu;Pippali

Tamil; Tippali Kannada:Hippali

Synonyms of Pippali 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109 Ushana, Magadodbhava, Tikta tandula,

Korangi, Katu beeja, Kukara, Kola, Kana, Magadhi, Sougandhi,

Bheda110

It is of 4 types –Pippali, Gajapippali, Simhali, Vana pippali

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Botanical Description 111 -- An aromatic slender, Climber

Stem Cripping, jointed, attached to other plants while

climbing,

Leaves 5.9 cm x 3.5 cm , subacute, entire, glabrous,

cordate at the case

Flower In pendular spikes, straight

A. Male Larger and slender

B. Female 1.3 – 2.5 cm x 4.5 cm in diameter

Fruit Yellowish orange ovoid, sunk in flesh spikes

fruits in rainy season and fruit in autumn

Distribution Found in the hotter parts of India, form central

Himalaya to Assam and Mikir hills. Also

found in forests of western ghats form Konkan

to Kerala.

Chemical

Construction

Essential oil, mono and sesquitrpenes,

Caryophylience, piprine, piper longumine,

piper longuminne, piper nonaline,

piper,undecalindine, pipercide, seasmin, B-

sitosterol, four aristolactan, five 4,5 –

dioxporphions.

Properties:

Rasa Katu

Guna Laghu, Snigdha, teekshna, (Ardha guru)

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Veerya Anushna sheeta veerya

Vipaka Madhura

Karma Vata –shleshmahara

Useful parts Fruit, root

Pippali was included in different Varga by different authors as,

Dhanwantari nighantu112, includes under shatapushpadi varga,

Raja nighantukara113 includes under pippalyadi varga,

Bhavaprakasha nighantukara114 includes pippali under haritakyadi varg.

Madanapala nighantukara115 has included pippali under shunthyadi varga.

Kaiyadeva nighantukara116 includes pippali under oushadhi varga.

Bone marrow cellularity and alpha esterase positive cells were also increase by the

administration of piper longum extract piperine.117

Dosage- Choorna- 0.5-1 gm.

Vishishta Yoga-Pippali ghrita, Pippalyasava, Vyoshadi vati, Pippalyadi leha,

Yakritapippali yoga, Vardhamana pippali

MARICHA118

Botanical Name : Piper nigrum.

Family : Piperaceae.

Classical Cetegorization :

Charaka : Dipaniya, Sula prasamana, Krimighna, Sirovirecanopaga.

Sushruta : Pippalyadi, Tryusana.

Vagbhata : Pippalyadi.

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Vernacular names: Hindi : Kali mirchihTamil: Milagu English : Black pepper

Marathi: Mirin Bengali : Golmarich Gujarathi: Kalamari Malayalam :

Nalla Muluku Kannada: Karemenesu

Synonyms119 : Maricha, Palitha, Shyama, Kola, Vallija, Oshana, Yavanesta,

Vrutphala, Shakanga, Dharmapathana, Kutaka, Shirovrih, Veera, Kaphavirodhi,

Rooksha, Sarvahita, Krishna, Suvantha, Charma Bandhana.

Botanical Description:

Branching & climbing perennial shrub branches stout, trailing and rooting at the

nodes.

Leaves: Entire 12.5 – 17.5cm 5.0 – 12.5 cm glaucous beneath, base acute

cordate.

Flowers: Minute, borne in spikes, usually, Dioecious but the female often bears

anthers and the male a pistllode.

Fruits: Globose or avoid, bright red when ripe.

Seeds: Globose.

Major chemical constituents: Piperene, piperethine, piperoein A&B, feruperine,

dihydroferuperine, citronellol, cryptone, di hydrocarbeol, & pinene, pipernol,

camphene, -caryophyllene, -alanine, pipecolic acid, carotene, ascorbic acid

pipercide etc.

Properties

Rasa : Katu.

Virya : Usna.

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Guna : Laghu, Tikshna.

Vipaka : Katu.

Karma: Vrysha, Rochaka, Deepana, Chedana, Kapha Vatashara.

Rogaghnata: Krimi, Hridroga, Shoola, Swasa, Vamana.

NIMBUKA 120

Botanical name– Citrus aurantifolia / Citrus medica

Family– Rutaceae

Synonyms– nimbuka, nimbu

Description– fruits globose with thin rind, yellow,when ripepulp pale very sour

not mamillate

Chemical composition

Fruit juice contains citricacid , phosphoric acid ,malic acid , vit C , sugar etc.

Properties

Rasa– Amla

Guna– Tikshana , laghu

Virya– Usna / anusna

Vipaka – Amla

Dosakarma– Kapha vata nasana

Karma – Dipana ,pachana , rochana , anulomana, mutrala ,

visaghna ,krimighna

Rogaghnata– Rakta vikara , aruchi , chardi ,pandu

Parts used– Fruits, seeds

Dose– Juice 3-6 gm

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SUDHA CHURNA/ Lime powder 121

Varga : Sudha varga

Chemical composition : CaO

Synonyms: Choorna, Choornaka, Sudha, Sauda vilepana, Shila kshara

Hardness : 1.55

Properties of choornodaka: Krimihara, Atisaraharam, Antidote for Gandhaka

drava. Shoola hara, good for amla pitta and grahani rogas.

Dose of Churnodaka:

Child :30-60 drops

Adult: up to 2 tola.

RASONA 122

Botanical name – Allium sativum

Family - Alliaceae

History:

While Lord Vishnu was serving Amruta in Mohini vesha to all Deva Varga, a

Rakshasa consumed Amruta by cheating to Lord Vishnu. So, angered Vishnu

separated Rakshasa’s head from his body. The Amruta which was in the neck of

Rakshasa, fall on earth, from which LASUNA origined.

Synonyms -Lashuna, Rasona, Ugragandha, Yavaneshta, Mlechchhakanda,

Rasonaka

Vernacular names: Hindi – Lahasun , Guj – Lasan , Kan – Belluli , Mal –

Veluthaulli, Tam – Vellaipundu, Tel – Velluli , tellapaya ,Assam – Maharu,

English – Garlic, poor man’s treacle

Description

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A scapigerous herb with underground bulb, bulbs 2-4 cm in dia with many fleshy,

creamy, ovoid bulblets or cloves having peculiar alliaceous pungent odour , bulbs

covered by outer white thin scales. Leves 20-40 cm long, flat, linear hollow. Leaf

sheath half as long as blades, sheathing the lower half of stem. Scapes 60 cm long,

slender, smooth, shinning.flowers small, white in rounded terminal umbels,

enclosed in membranous spathaceous bracts.

Chemical constituents: Tryptophan, pectic acid, D-galactan , fructose and glucose

, sativin ,adenosine etc.

Pharmacological activities

Antibacterial, anticarcenogenic , anti-tubercular ,hypoglycaemic , hypolipidaemic ,

antihypertensive , antioxidant, anticoagulant etc

Rasapanchaka

Rasa – Katu , madhura , tikta ,kashaya , lavana (Amla varjita Pancha Rasa)

Virya – Ushna

Vipaka – Katu

Doshaghnata - Vata kapha shamaka

Rogaghnata - Sandhivata, gridhrasi, apasmara ,shula , gulma , krimi,

hridroga ,dadru , pakshaghata , shosha ,swarabheda etc

Karma – raktotkleshaka, shothahara, vedanasthapana, medhya, deepana, pachana ,

rasayana, amapachana

Dose - Paste -3-6 gm, oil 1-2 drops

Formulations: Rasonavati, Lasunadi vati, Rasonapinda, Lasunadi ghrita, Vacha

lasunadi taila

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SAINDAVA LAVANA123

Prapti sthana

Saindava lavana is the best among all other lavana. It is obtained from the mine of

Punjab near Sindhu River.

Synonyms: saindava , sindu lavana , sindutha , sindu deshajam , sindupalam ,

sindubhavam , saindavam , sindumandajam , sheetashivam , nadeya , shilatmakam

, shiva , sitha shiva, vashira etc

Rasa Panchaka

Rasa : Lavana, madhura

Guna : Snigdha, laghu

Vipaka: Madhura

Doshaghnata: Tridosha shamaka, pittahara

Karma:Hridya, vrishya, netrya, ruchiprada, pachana, deepana, vranadoshara.

English name: Rock salt

SOURCE: It’s found in nature in extensive beds mostly associated with clay and

calcium sulphate. To obtain it, holes are dug into these rocks which soon become

filled up with salt water, the water is evaporated and salt is left ready for use.

Character: Found in small white crystalline grains/transparent cubes. Its brownish

white externally and white internally. It has pure saline taste and burns with yellow

flame.

Chemical Constituents: It has mainly sodium chloride with trace elements of

sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate and sometime calcium and magnesium

chloride is also found.

DATTTURA124

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Botanical name - Datura metel.

Family - Solanaceae

Introduction

Sounaka quoted ‘Kanaknaka’ as a poisonous plant which is equated to Datura

(Sou, 10/4/22)

Charaka delineated this in the contest of Visha Chikitsa & in the Kusta Chikitsa----

- C.S.CI 7/74

Sushruta indicated this specially for Alarka Visha---- S.S.KA 7/52&53

Vernacular names: Sanskrit; Dhattura Hindi; Sada dhatura English; Thorn-

apple. Telagu; Ummetta Kannada; Ummatta

Synonyms: Unmatta, Kanaka, Kanakahvaya, Dhurta, Matula, Shivapriya,

Matulaputraka

Bheda according to Raja Nighantu(5) ; Sweta, Nila, Krishna, Rakta,Pita

Botanical Description This is a Herb

Leaves Large,entire sinuate or toothed, bar unequal

Flower Erect, whitish- purple; calyx long-tubular, 5-toothed at

apex; corolla long- tubular to funnel shapped.

Fruit Seeds Capsule globose or ellipsoid, spinous, 4- valved or

irregularly breaking up. Compressed, Brown

Distribution Common in waste places throughout India.

Chemical Daturadiol, fastunine, fastusic acid, niacin, vit-C,

tropine etc

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Properties:

Rasa Tikta, Katu

Guna Laghu, Ruksha

Veerya Ushna

Vipaka Katu

Doshaghnata

Rogaghnata

Vata –shleshmahara

Jwara, Kusta, Krimi, Visha roga, Kandu

Useful parts: Fruit, root, flower, leaf

Dosage- Seed powder- 50 to 100 mg

Vishishta Yoga-Kanakasava, Sutashekhara rasa, Mahavishagarbha taila, Unmatta

rasa

Therapeutic use

Alarka visha – Dhattura & Punarnava

45

PARACETAMOL



PARACETAMOL

History

In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of

paracetamol with phenacetin , another aniline derivative. [139]

Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess

analgesic as well as antipyretic properties.

Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop

Co[140]

In 1956, 500 m g tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under

the trade name Panadol.

Panadol was originally available only by prescription, for the relief of pain and

fever,

In 1963, paracetamol was added t o t h e British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained

popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side- effects. [141]

Chemical data

Formula C8H9NO2

Mol.mass 151.17g/mol

Physical data

Density 1.263g/c m³

Melt.point 169°C (336°F)

Solubility in water 12.78 mg/ml (20°C)

Classification NSAIDs

Structure: benzenering core, substituted by one hydroxyl group and the nitrogen

atom of an amide group.

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PARACETAMOL



Synthesis: In the laboratory, paracetamol is easily prepared by nitrating phenol

with sodiumnitrate, separating the desired para-nitrophenol from the ortho- by

product, and reducing the nitro group with sodium borohydride. The resultant 4-

aminophenol is then acetylated with acetic anhydride. [142]

In this reaction, phenol is strongly activating, thus the reaction requires only mild

conditions (of the nitration of benzene). The industrial process is analogous, but

hydrogen at ion is used instead of the sodium borohydride reduction.

Mechanism:

Paracetamol is approved for reducing fever in people of all ages. The World Health

Organization (WHO) recommends that paracetamol only be used to treat fever in

children if their temperature is greater than 38.5 °C (101.3 °F). Paracetamol has a

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PARACETAMOL



well-established role in pediatric medicine as an effective analgesic and

antipyretic.

Paracetamol reduces the oxidized form of the COX enzyme, preventing it from

forming pro-inflammatory chemicals. This leads to a reduced amount of

Prostaglandin E2 in the CNS, thus lowering the hypothalamic set-point in the

thermoregulatory centre. Thus reduces the fever.

Metabolism

Three metabolic path ways are

Glucuronidation is believed to account for 40% -65% of the metabolism

Sulfation (sulfate conjugation) may account for 20–40%.

N- Hydroxylation and rearrangement, then GSH conjugation, accounts for

less than 15%.

The hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system metabolizes paracetamol, forming

amin or yet significant alkyl acting metabolite known as NAPQI (N- acetyl- p-

benzo-quinoneimine) (also known as N-acety limidoquinone).

All three path ways yield final products that are inactive, non – toxic, and

eventually excreted by the kidneys. In the third path way, however, the

intermediate product NAPQI is toxic. NAPQI is primarily responsible for the toxic

effects of paracetamol.

Normal Dose

The common adult dose is 500 mg to 1000 mg.

The recommended maximum daily dose, for adults, is 4000 mg.

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PARACETAMOL



Over dose

At usual doses, NAPQI is quickly detoxified by conjugation with

glutathione.

Following overdose, and possibly also in extensive and ultra rapid

metabolizes, this detoxification path way becomes saturated, and, as a

consequence, NAPQI accumulates causing liver and renal toxicity.

Toxicity of paracetamol arises often due to its quinone metabolite.

Signs & Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of paracetamol toxicity may initially be absent or vague.

Untreated overdose can lead to liver failure and death within days.

Side effects

Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain, gastrointestinal effects, stomach bleeding,

kidney or liver damage, chronic users of paracetamol may have a higher risk of

developing blood cancer, liver and renal toxicity.

Treatment

Removing the paracetamol from the body and replacing glutathione.

Activated charcoal can be used to decrease absorption of paracetamol if the

patient presents for treatment soon after the overdose.

Antidote: Acetylcysteine, (also called N- acetyl cysteine or NAC)

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DISEASE REVIEW



DISEASE REVIEW

The literary meaning of disease is disturbance in physical and mental health.

According to Taber’s Cyclopedic medical dictionary disease means – a

pathological condition of the body that presents a group of symptoms peculiar to it

and that sets the condition apart as an abnormal entity differentiating from other

normal or Pathological body states. Vyadhi, Amaya, Roga, Vikara, Abhidayaka,

Atanka, Gada, etc are the Ayurvedic synonyms of the word ‘Disease’.125

Ayurveda has its own basic concept of Disease, Dosha Dhatu and Mala are the

basic constitution of the body. Among these, Doshas are plays a leading role in

maintenance of healthy condition. Unequilibrium state of doshas in the body is

defined as Vyadhi.

During the general description of Vyadhi, Acharya Charaka and Vagbhata both

have given a synonym ‘Jwara’ to all the diseases. Vyadhi, Amaya, Gada, Atanka,

Yakshma, Jwara, Vikara and Roga these words are synonyms of disease. 125

Roga, Papma, jwara, Vyadhi, Vikara, Dukha, Amaya, Yakshma, Atanka, Gada and

Abhadha these terms of synonyms of disease 126

Though, Jwara is a separate ailment, it is described as a synonym of all the

diseases. This shows the importance of the disease ‘Jwara’. In the most authentic

text for medicine, Charaka Samhita Acharya Charaka has clearly mentioned that

from among all disorders Jwara deserves to be described first, being the foremost

of all Somatic diseases.

He has further described in Chikitsa sthana that Jwara afflicts the body, senses and

mind. The first born of all diseases, the puissant and the chief of diseases, it

remains present inevitably at both birth and death time 127

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Acharya Vijaya Rakshita, the famous commentator of Madhava Nidana has also

supported the above description of Charaka in his – Madhukosha Commentary.

Definitions:

Acharya Charaka has given definition of ‘Jwara’ in Nidana sthana, where

he says that – Jwara is so called because it brings miseries to the body.128

Acharya Charaka also mentioned at various places that to be fevered means

to be ‘Santapita’129

It afflicts with misery the body (by producing heat), senses and mind.130

It afflicts the body, senses and mind. Itis the first to be manifested among

all diseases. It is exceedingly powerful. This enemy of human beings is

invariably associated with dissolutions (death)and creations (birth)131

By all these references, Jwara may be defined as the king of all diseases

which produces ‘Santapa’ to the Sharira (Deha), Indriya and mana is

termed as ‘Jwara’. Generally the word ‘Santapa’ highlights the

temperatures but in broad sense, it shows various meanings. Here in the

context of fever.

1) Indriya Santapa means the derangement of functioning of senses.

2) Mana Santapa means the abnormal behavior of mind like – lack of

interest in possessing the things – restlessness-reluctance in any sort of

work i.e. alasya and so on.

3) Deha Santapa includes the body temperature, aches etc.

Thus, Santapa in Jwara is having different meanings apart from body

temperature.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:

VEDIC KALA

Ayurveda is known as Upaveda of Atharvaveda. By above explanation it can be

easily understood that Ayurveda has doubtlessly a deep concern with Veda. Jwara

was well known in Vedic period also and was termed as “Takmana” or “Takman”.

Mythological descriptions are found in Atharvaveda about Takmana like

- Which mainly afflicts the vital part in the body and shira

- Which troubles body and mind etc

Atharva veda has mentioned various synonyms of Jwara also like

- Archi, Vigeda, Vyala, Rudra, Papma etc.

(- Atharva veda 1/12/1-4, 5/22/63, 6/20/1, 26/2/3.)

The description of 9 types of Takmana has been explained in sukta 116-121, of 7th

Khanda of Atharva veda.

SAMHITA KALA:

(1) Charaka Samhita: - Acharya Agnivesha has described ‘Jwara’ in very much

detail. Description of ‘Jwara’ may be found in Nidana and Chikitsa sthana of

Charaka Samhita where he has covered almost all points related with Jwara.

(2) Sushruta Samhita:- Though Sushruta Samhita is more concerned with Shalya –

Shalakya, description of Jwara is found in thattext also. It is in Uttara Tantra,

where topics like origin of Jwara up to the treatment of Jwara have been described

impressively.

(3) Kashyapa Samhita:- Many of the chapters of Kashyapa Samhita are not

available completely, but description of Jwara has been found in the portions found

so far.

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(4) Ashtanga Samgraha & Astanga Hridaya:- Acharya Vagbhata has followed

either the description of Charaka or Sushruta. Here also Jwara has been explained

in Nidana and Chikitsa Sthana. Acharyas of Samhita kala explained or mentioned

about Jwara in their Samhitas as shown in table below.

Table No. 9 Showing exlination of Jwara in Samhitas

Charaka

Samhita

Sushruta

Samhita

Kashyapa

Samhita

Astanga

Sangraha &

Astanga Hridaya

Nidana sthana

Chikitsa sthana

Uttara tantra Found in the

Portions which

are Found so far.

Nidana sthana

Chikitsa sthana

SANGRAHA KALA: Acharya Madhavakara, Sharangadharaand Bhavamishra

described Jwara thoroughly to their time and age etc. Amongst them Madhavakara

has stressed upon Nidana panchaka of Jwara, while Sharangadhara and

Bhavamishra concentrated over the managemental approach.

NIDHANA PANCHAKA:

1. Nidhana132: While going through all the treatises we can observed that

vivid and elaborative description of symptomatology and treatment of

Jwara. Being terms as Rogaraja by all scholars, it is ponderable matter that

in most of the texts elaborative and specific causative factors (Hetus) of

Jwara have not been mentioned. Even in classics like Madhava nidana,

Hansaraj Nidana and Anjana Nidana which deals only with diagnostic

aspects of the disease, the specific etiology for Jwara has not been narrated.

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Acharya Madhavakara stated only Mithya Ahara and Vihara as a causative

factor for all types of Jwara. Further, he has given different causes

according to the specific type of Jwara.

2. Purvarupa: Acharya Charaka has described the Purvarupa of Jwara in

both the Nidana Sthana as well as the Chikitsa sthana. In Nidana sthana, he

has mentioned dysgeusia, heaviness of limbs, in appetence, agitation of the

eyes, lacrimation, giddiness, yawning, flexion, tremors, fatigue, giddiness,

talking at random, insomnia, horripilation and having the teeth set on edge

etc. and so on, as the premonitory symptoms of Jwara. In Chikitsa sthana

he again gives a description of Jwara Purvarupa, where he has stressed

some of the important and chief premonitory symptoms from amongst the

symptoms mentioned in Nidana sthana.

In the context of the premonitory symptoms, Acharya Madhavakara,

Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Bhavaprakasha have described specific

premonitory symptoms of Jwara according to their variety separately.

While Acharya Vagbhata, following the style of Acharya Charaka has

given only the general premonitory symptoms, various chief premonitory

symptoms havebeen presented in the below table according to the different

texts.

Purvarupa of Jwara according to various texts. Sharma, Arati,

Vivarnatvam, Vairasyam, Nayanaplava, Chakshusorakultvam,

Shashrakulakshita, Sheeta-Vata-Atapa, Jrimbha, Angamarda, Guruta (Gatra

Gaurava/Guru Gatrata), Romaharsha, Aruchi, Tamah, Apraharsha,

Sheetanubhuti, Pindikodweshtana, Atinidra, Avipaka, Alasya, Alpapranata

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Charaka has described following premonitory symptoms additionally:

Anannabhilasha, Bhrama, Pralapa, Jagarana, Dantaharsha, Avipaka,

Daurbalya, Sadana, Dirghasutrata, Karmaviparyaya, Pushpamala-

Chandana-Uttamabhojane Klesha Uttapatti, Balavarna Hani, Svabhava

Parivartanam etc133.

3. Rupa: Jwara is the Vyadhi which is not related with one or two systems of

the body, but it is the disorder involving the whole body and almost every

system. So, numerous symptoms occurring in Jwara have been described in

classics according to the type of the Jwara. If we search the texts of

Laghutrayee and Brihatrayee reveals that only

Acharya Bhavaprakasha and Madhavakara have given three cardinal

symptoms of Jwara i.e.Sveda avarodha, Santapa, Sarvangagrahana

4. Samprati: Acharaya Charaka has not mentioned general Samprapti of

Jwara. He has described according to its variety. But,Acharya Madhavakara

gavea short and sweet description for the samprapti of Jwara. According to

him – Doshas undergoing increase due to indulgence in improper foods and

activities, reach Amashaya (stomach, intestines) expel Kostagni (gastric

fire) to the exterior (skin and other tissues) and circulating along with rasa

(dhatu) produce Jwara134

Here, in the context of fever the modern pathologists says that the increased

basic metabolic rate (BMR) plays a role to maintain Pyrexia. The Doshas

which take refuge in Amashaya can be comparable with the metabolic

changes or disturbances in the liver which cause rise in BMR. Doshas

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DISEASE REVIEW



which are accumulated in Amashaya push the Kosthagni all over the body

through Rasavahinis rendering the patient febrile.

Samprapti Ghataka:

Mahabhuta- Prithvi, Apa, Agni.

Dosha - Vata/Pitta/Kapha/Dwidosha/Sannipata

Mainly

Samana and Vyana Vayu

Kledaka and Bodhaka Kapha

Pachaka and Bhrajaka Pitta.

Srotas- Annavaha, Rasavaha, Svedavaha Partially Mutravaha and

Purishavaha.

Mala- Sweda, Partially Mutra, Purisha.

Agni- Jatharagni

Ama- Jatharagnimandyajanya.

Udbhavasthana - Amashaya – Grahani

Vyakti Sthana - All over the body

5. Upashaya Anupashaya : -

Elaborative description of Upashayanupashaya of Jwara has not been

mentioned in classics. Vagbhata has statedin brief that the causative factors

like Katu, Tikta Rasa, Vishamashana etc. are the Anupashaya for Vataja

Jwara. Amla, Lavana and Anger etc. are Anupashaya for Pittaja Jwara and

Madhura, Amla, daysleep are Anupashaya for Kaphaja Jwara. Contrary to

above mentioned etiology, the antagonizing factors of Gunas of Doshas

were the Upashaya for Vatadi Jwaras.

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DISEASE REVIEW



Types:

While describing Jwara Acharya Charaka says that, it appears in the human body

owing to eight cause, viz. Vata, Pitta, Kapha, alone and combined 4 and Agantuja

(exogenous one) being the eighth cause. Later Acharya Charaka has termed these

causative factors as the eight types of Jwara also.

Acharyas also have described 13 types of Sannipataja Jwara with their specific

symptoms. There is a lot of literature about Jwara available in different texts. So, it

is quite difficult to discuss all the matter here, as we need to concentrate more with

the drug preparation rather than the disease. So, varieties of Jwara, described in

various texts have been presented here by their names.

Table No. 10 Showing Types f Jwara

Sl.No Type of Jwara Ch. Su. A.H Ka. Ma. Sha. Bh

1 Ekvidha Jwara - - - - + - -

2 Dvividha Jwara

Nija Jwara

Sharira

Manasa

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

Agantuja

Abhighataja

Abhicharaja

Abhishapaja

Abhshangaja

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

Saumya Jwara + - + - - - -

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DISEASE REVIEW



(Ushnabhiprayi )

Agneya Jwara

(Sheetabhiprayi )

+ - + - - - -

Antarvegi + - - - + - -

Bahirvegi + - - - + - -

Prakrita + - + - + - -

Vaikrita + - + - + - -

Sadhya + - + - + - -

Vata Jwara

1. Nidhana: Excessive indulgence in Ruksha, Laghu and Shita articles, over

use of emesis, purgation, enemata etc, excessive exercise, suppression of

natural urges, fasting, trauma, sexual indulgence, anxiety, grief, depletion

of blood, Faulty posturing.

2. Vishista Purvarupa will be Jrimbha

3. Symptoms: The irregular onset and decline of fever, uneven pyrexia,

varyingly acute or mild conditions of the fever, onset or exacerbation of

fever at the end of digestion-day-night and summer season.

Mostly rough and dusky-red appearance of nails-eyes-urine-faces

and skin, fixed and flying pains of various kinds like numbness in

feet,

breaking – boring – grinding – gripping – crepitating – constricting

and bursting pains in the waist – sides – back – shoulders – arms

and chest,

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DISEASE REVIEW



astringent taste of the mouth etc,

Cramps in the calf muscles, aching of the thigh.

4. Samprapti:

The provoked Vata enters the stomach mixing with ‘Jatharagni’&

also Rasadhatu constrict the channels carrying the ‘Rasa’ and ‘Sweda’

Impairing the ‘Jatharagni’ expel it out words from its own place

carries it all over the body the manifestation of Jwara

Pitta Jwara

1. Nidhana: The excessive indulgence in Ushna-Amla-Lavana-Kshara- and

Katu articles pre-digestion meal exposure to sun rays, heat of fire or by

over work, Anger or promiscuous diet.

2. Vishista Purvarupa will be Akshidaha.

3. Symptoms: Onset and increase of temperature in the entire body at the

same time, the fever specially rises during the period of digestion – the

midday or midnight or in autumn,

Thirst, intoxication, giddiness, fainting, bilious vomiting, diarrhea,

aversion to food, depression of spirits, delirium

Eruptions of red spots on the body; green or yellow tinge of nails –

eyes- urine – feces and skin, acute hyperpyrexia,

Pungent taste in the throat – lips and the palate,

Excessive burning,

Craving for cold things etc.

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4. Samprapti:

The provoked Pitta enters Amashaya, mixes with the Ushma

situated at there and along with rasa dhatu it mingles and circulates

throughout the body enters the Swedavaha Srotas blocks

Sweda Vahinis. Brings the Jatharagni to the peripheries the

Agni in its own origin becomes destroyed or devitalized, causes

raised temperature throughout the body.

As we know that, Pitta itself is Agni Swarupa how it becomes destroyer of Agni.

For clarification, Acharya Charaka has mentioned a word ‘Dravatvat Agnim

Upahatya’ that means because of its Dravaguna (fluidity) pitta reduces the intensity

of the Koshthagni and expelling the ushma out of its own place and squeezing it

carries it with itself all over the body and causes raised temperature where ever it

reaches. Especially of Samprapti in Pitta Jwara is that Swedavaha Srotas will not

be blocked instead the patient will sweat profusely.

Kapha Jwara

1. Nidhana: Excessive indulgence in Snigdha-Guru-Madhura-Pichchila-

Sheeta-Amla-Lavana things, day-sleeping, Lack of exercise.

2. Vishista Purvarupa will be Anannabhilasha.

3. Symptoms: The onset and increase of temperature in the whole body at the

same time, occurrence of fever especially just after meals, in the forenoon

in the early part of the night and in the spring;

Heaviness of the limbs,

Increase of mucous secretion,

Sweet taste in the mouth,

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Nausea, stillness, anorexia, vomiting, weakness of the digestive fire,

Rigidity, torpor (Tandra), kasa(cough), dyspnoea, coryza, coldness,

Pallor of the nails – eyes – face – urine – feces and skin

Craving for hot things, frequent appearance of cold pimples over the

body etc.

4. Samprapti:

Provoked Kapha enters the ‘Amashaya’ mixes with the ‘Jatharagni

enters the circulation by following the course of Rasa obstructs the

capillaries and ducts carrying the Rasa and Sweda, impairing and

expelling the Jatharagni (heat) from the Paktisthana spreads it in

the entire body producing Jwara.

Dwandvaja Sannipataja Jwara

1. Nidhana: Promiscuous diet, fasting, sudden change in diet, Abnormal

variations in the season, Inhalation of unwholesome odors, The use of

water which has been contaminated by toxins, by the use of poison,

Habitation at the foot of mountains, The abuse of the procedures of

oleation-sudation-emesis-purgation-corrective and unctuous enemata, by

wrongful regimen in rehabilitation process, Abnormal delivery, by faulty

puerperal treatment of the accouter.

2. Roopa:

a. Vata-pitta: Head ache, breaking pain in joints, Burning, Horripilation

Dryness of, Throat and mouth, Vomiting, Fainting, Giddiness,

Anorexia, Insomnia, and Excessive talk Yawning.

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b. Vata-kapha: Chillness, Heaviness, Torpor, Rigidity, Breaking pain in

joints, Headache, Coryza, Anhidrosis(Svedapravartana), Moderate

temperature.

c. Kapha-pitta: Frequent stoppage of Perspiration stupefaction, Cough,

Anorexia, Thirst, Discharge of phlegm and bile bitter taste of mouth

Agantuja Jwara

1. Nidhana: Eighth variety of Jwara has been noted to be resulting from

Trauma, the influence of evil spirits, which crafts or imprecations.

Pathya-Apathya:

As Jwara bears a complicated picture of its own, Pathayas and Apathyas are also

differ according to these varieties. It is possible that Diets or regimens which are

beneficial in the case of Pitta Jwara may aqravate the symptoms of Vata Jwara.

Acharya Charaka has given nice description of Pathyas and Apathyas of Jwara

according to the conditions of the disease and the diseased. In the under mentioned

paragraph the common Apathya have been summarized.

The fever patient, as well as the fever – convalescent should avoid indulging in

articles of food and drink that are irritant, heavy, disagreeable and antagonistic.

They should also avoid sex congress, immoderate exertion, baths and over

eating.135

Acharya Bhavaprakasha has described common pathyas for ‘Jwara’ as:

Patient of Jwara should be kept in a place without wind (Nirvata Sthana)

Patient should be covered with heavy and worm clothes.

Patient should drink boiled water frequently.

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The patient of Tarunajwara should avoid Parisheka, Pradeha, Snehapana,

Samshodhana (Vamana – Virechana etc.) Divaswapna, Vyavaya, Vyayama,

Shitajala, Krodha, Pravata Sevena and Bhojana, 136

Upadrava:

Sushruta: Nisanjnata, Bahisheeta but Antarushna, romaharsha, Raktaksha,

Hrichhula, Hikka, Shwasa, Pipasa, Vibrantalochana, Sanyasa, Uchvasa, Rakta

Mamsakshaya, Moha and Bahunidrata. 137

Hamsaraja, Narayana Pandita and Agnivesha: Shwasa, Kasa, Hikka, Atisara,

Murcha, Pipasa, Chardi, Arochaka, Angabheda and Vidgraha.

Sadhyasadhyata(PROGNOSIS):

In a person with strong physique (Bala), if Jwara occurs buy the vitiation of

less amount of Doshas and if there is no complication (Upadrava), then it is

easily curable. On the other hand the manifestation of following

characteristics leads to death. Means these conditions indicate the

Asadhyavastha (incurable) of Jwara. Jwara is caused by many signs and

symptoms and which destroys the sense organs immediately. If Gambhira

(deep seated) and Balavan (acute) Jwara occurs in a week and in an

emaciated patient, continuous for several nights,then it is incurable.

Sushruta has mentioned the signs and symptoms of Gambhira Jwara which

is equal to Antarvega Jwara quoted by Charaka.Antardaha, Adhika Pipasa,

Pralapa, Shwasa, Bhrama, Sandhyasthishoola, Asweda and Vibandha are

the lakshanas of Antarvegi Jwara. In Asadhyavastha the hairs of the head

fall apart to produce a straight line (Kesha Seemanta).

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In Madhava Nidana Upadrava of Jwara has not been observed. But striking

thing that he considered all Upadravas which were mentioned by Sushruta

i.e. Sheetardita but Antarushnaa, Visanjnata, Murcha, Romaharsha,

Raktaksha, Hrichula, Hikka, Aruchi, Uchwasam, Shwasa, Pipasa, Moha,

Rakta Mamsakshaya for incurability (Asadhyavastha). Onset of Vishama

Jwara in first stage is also incurable.

Regarding to Dhatugata Jwara, the vitiated Doshas are located in Rasa,

Rakta, Mamsa and Medas is curable (Sadhya). If Doshas are located in

Asthi and Majja then it is difficult to cure (Krichrasadhya). Vitiated Doshas

are located in Shukra is incurable (Asadhya).

As far as Sadhyasadhyata for Vishama Jwara is concerned the Chaturthaka

Jwara is Asadhya in comparing with Antarvega Jwara, the Bahirvega

Jwara is curable. Sheetapurvaka is easily curable than Dahopurvaka Jwara.

Sushruta has stated the Pralepaka is difficult to cure (Kricha Sadhya).

Prakrita and Vaikrita Jwara are applicable for both Sama and Vishama

Jwara. Prakrita Jwara of Kapha and Pitta are easily curable in their

aggravating period like Vasanta and Sharad season (Ritu) respectively. But

Prakrita Jwara of Vata is not easily curable. Including Vata, the Vaikrita

Jwara of both Kapha and Pitta are not easily curable.

Chikitsa sootra:

Treatment of any disease may be classified under the following headings.

General Treatment (mostly it is symptomatic type)

Specific Treatment (Mostly it is causative type)

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All the leading texts have discussed the line of treatment of Jwara in detail.

Bhavaprakasha says that –

First stage of Jwara (Jwaradi) – Langhana

Middle stage of Jwara (Jwaramadhya) - Pachana

Last stage of Jwara (Jwarantya) - Jwaranashaka mukhya aushadhi

After curing the Jwara (Jwara mukta) - Virechana 138

The logic behind subjecting the patient to ‘Langhana’ may be to help digestion of

Ama by Agni, as Agni would be extremely devitalized. Hence the first intention

would be to increase the vitality of Agni. Secondly, it has been mentioned that –

“Aharam Pachati Shikhi Dosham Ahara Varjitah |” Which means that, in absence

of the food, Jatharagni will digest (dissolve) the Doshas (here the Dosha is Ama)

responsible for the production of the diseases. When Jwara reaches the

Pachayamana Avastha the dictum of treatment concentrates on Ama Pachana and

Dosha Pachana hence, Pachana may be adopted in Jwara-madhyavastha. In these

two stages Pachana Kriya is to be promoted by different methods. When Jwara

becomes Nirama, various Jwaraghna drugs are to be administered to combat the

disease.

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MODERN REVIEW OF THE DISEASE

Jwara has been termed as Fever or Pyrexia in modern system of medicine. The

word ‘fever’ is derived from a Latin word‘febris’, meaning elevation of the body

temperature above the normal.

The normal temperature in humans has been said to be 37°C (98.6°F), the overall

mean oral temperature for healthy individuals aged 18-40 years is actually

36.8±0.4°C (98.2±0.7°F), with a Nadir, at 6 A.M and a zenith at 4-6 P.M.

Rectal temperatures are generally 0.6°F (1°F) higher. Broadly speaking, fever

means a disease characterized by an elevation of body temperature. Traditionally

fever is also used in the nomenclature of various diseases in which Pyrexia is

prominent feature.

Etio-Pathogenesis: Moderate increase in body temperature in the young may

result from minor causes and is of less significance than in the adults. Body

temperature is mainly under the exquisite control of thermo-regulatory mechanism

which for practical purposes may be regarded as functioning of a thermostat.

The Thermo sensory center, shown in experimental animals is situated in the

anterior lobe of Hypothalamus responds to variations in Prostaglandin influences

the centers in the posterior hypothalamus which in turn send out the nervous

stimuli which regulate the activity of the physiological processes responsible for

heat production and heat loss, thus controlling the temperature.

In fever there is a disturbance of heat regulation, which may be looked upon as the

setting of the thermostatic mechanism controlling heat gain and loss, and a level

higher than normal. While the temperature is rising to this new level heat is being

conserved. The skin vessels are constricted sothat the body feels cold. Same thing

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DISEASE REVIEW



is described so ‘Rasa Sweda vahini srotamsi pidhaya’ and ‘swedavarodha’ by our

ancient Acharyas.

When the higher temperature is attained heat loss again becomes apparent, the skin

vessels dilate (profuse sweating occurs) and the body feels warm. Again profuse

sweating is described by our Acharyasin “Jwara Muktasya lakshana’.

In considering the many causes of fever it is important to distinguish disturbances

of the Thermo Sensory Centre (TSC), analogous to the thermostat being set high,

as in infections, from conditions in which the center is functioning normally but,

for various reasons heat loss cannot keep pace with heat gain, and so the body

temperature rises, e.g. during vigorous exercises, in a hot moist atmosphere. Etc.

So, lack of heat loss is more responsible than excess heat production, in the

production of fever.

Other Clinical Causes may be Heat exhaustion, Dehydration exhaustion, Heat

stroke, Heat cramps, Malignant Hyperpyrexia.

Types of fever:

1. Pathologically pyrexia may be divided in to 3 types based on the duration

of affection such as

a. Continuous fever: when the fever does not fluctuate more than 10F

during 24 hrs but at no time touches the normal, it may be described as

a continuous fever.

b. Remittent fever: When the daily fluctuations exceed 20F it may be

known as remittent fever.

c. Intermittent fever: When the fever is present only for several hours

during the day, it may be called as intermittent fever.

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DISEASE REVIEW



2. Another Classification of pyrexia follows,

a. Continues fever: High temperature throughout the day with a

difference between maximum daily temperature being less than 20 F.

following variants may be listed under this heading Typhoid, Bacterial

Endocarditis, Viral Pneumonia, Hepatic amoebiasis

b. Intermittent fever: High peaks of fever with subsidence to normal or

subnormal levels as in Malaria, Acute pyelonephriitis, Filariasis,

Septicemia, Local & general pyogenic infections.

c. Periodic fever (Undulating): Rat bite fever, Relapsing fever,

Brucellosis, Hodgkin’s disease

d. Double Rise fever: Kala-Azar, Malaria, Liver abscess, Typhoid,

Pulmonary tuberculosis, Sub acute bacterial endocarditis, B- Coli

infection of Urinary Tract

Causes (Etiological factors): - As the varieties of fever are numerous, the causes

also are numerous and they may be classified as follows for batter understanding.

Table No. 11 Showing Local Infections

Local Infections

With pus formation Without pus Formation

Sinusitis, Mastoiditis, Tonsillar Abscess, Dental

Abscess, Parotid Abscess, Mammary Abscess

Pyosalpinx, Hepatic Abscess Cholecystitis,

Pyonephorsis Lung Abscess, Bronchiectasis

Abscess etc.

Cystitis Phlebitis

Inflamed piles

Ulcerative colitis etc

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DISEASE REVIEW



Specific Infections:

1. Bacterial & Coccal: Tuberculosis Typhoid Paratyphoid, Pneumococci

E.Coli, Brucellosis, Septicemias, Pyemias, Bact.Endocarditis

2. Spirochetal: Secondary Syphilis Rat bite Fever, Relapsing fever

3. Protozal: Amoebiasis, Malaria, Kala-Azar

4. Viral: Influenza, Viral encephalitis

5. Rickettsial: Typhus

6. Fungl: Actinomycosis, Histoplasmosis

Causes of fever: -

Non –infectious causes of Fever: -

1. Neoplasm: Hodgkin’s disease, Hypernephroma, Hematoma etc.

2. Blood Diseases: Leukemia, Agranulocytosis etc.

3. Collagen Diseases: Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoid Arthritis etc.

4. Vascular Diseases: Temporal Arthritis, Cranial Arthritis, Cerebro

vascular accident, Pulmonary Thrombo embolism etc.

5. Trauma: Crush injury, Head injury etc.

6. Metabolic Diseases: Gout, Porphyries etc.

7. Endocrine Diseases: Thyrotoxicosis, Addison’s disease etc.

8. Hyper sensitivity reactions: Serum sickness, Drug fever i.e. due to

Sulphonamides, Atropine, Morphine etc.

9. Skin Disease: Pemphigus, Bullous dermatitis etc.

10. Heat fever: It occurs during summer months, especially in young

children and old peoples.

11. Heat: Hyperpyrexia

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DISEASE REVIEW



12. Miscellaneous causes: Cirrhosis of liver, Dehydration, Sarcoidosis,

Recurrent pulmonary infarcts etc.

Symptomatology: Keeping in view the variance shown by fever the symptoms

tend to vary as per the cause and types of fever. But chief and invariable symptom

of pyrexia is elevation of the body temperature. This elevation of body temperature

also produces some symptoms in the body so here symptoms produced exclusively

by increased temperature have been described. They are--- Flushed Face, Hot-dry

skin, Anorexia, Headache, Nausea sometimes vomiting, Aching all over, Scant

highly colored urine, Chills, sometimes delirium, Convulsions etc.

Line of Treatment: There is no general line of treatment for all the fevers

classified. Broadly speaking the fever should be treated according to the cause, e.g.

fevers of the bacterial infection origin should be treated with suitable antibiotics

and in the case of viral infection it is advised to treat the case symptomatically with

precaution to prevent secondary Bacterial infection.

Anti-Pyretic are very much useful in all types of pyrexial disorders, along with the

causative treatment, symptomatic treatment is also essential and is of great value.

As discussed in disease profile, fever may appear as- an individual entity.

As a symptom of other disease

As a complication of other disease

As a premonitory symptom of other disease

So, the line of treatment also varies depending on the manifestation of fever.

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METHODOLOGY



METHODOLOGY

Word ‘AYURVEDA’ consists of two words ‘AYU’ and 'VEDA' where 'AYU'

means “Life” and ‘VEDA’ means “Wholeness of knowledge”. Wholeness of

Ayurveda can be considered in two ways.

1. Theoretical

2. Practical

By this it is very clear that theory and practical are essential part of the knowledge.

Only theoretical knowledge can’t make a Physician perfect. Physician fights

against the disease with the weapon named drug, and result of any drugs always

depends upon the way of its preparation.

The practical aspect of Rasa (Parada) and related substance is having much more

importance in comparison to their theoretical aspect in Rasasastra. Validity of this

branch of science totally depends on the successful completion of its practical

aspect.

The very purpose of this branch of medicine is to provide safe and effective

medicine.

Methodology was studied mainly under three categories,

Pharmaceutical study.

Analytical study.

Experimental study.

I. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY

Pharmaceutical study consists of identification, selection, processing of raw drugs

and preparation of Pancha Vaktra Rasa.

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METHODOLOGY



Selection & Identification of raw drugs: Proper identification, selection and

collection of raw drugs are necessary for Ayurvedic formulation, because without

these things we cannot assure the quality of our medicaments.

PRACTICLE NO. 01

Gandaka Shodhana

Commencement date 04-11-13

Date of completion 06-11-13

Reference Rasatarangini, 8/7-11

Drugs used Gandhaka 250gms, godugdhaQ.S, Gogritha

250*3gm

Procedure: Gandhaka was made into powder Gritha was taken in a

vessel and heated Gandhak powder was added in molten goghrita

when gandhaka completely meltes it was poured into a vessel containing godugdha

with mouth covered with cloth. Solidified gandhaka was taken out

from the bottom of the vessel washed with hot water this

procedure repeated for three times.

Observation

Mud particles and dusts were separated out over the cloth during procedure.

Molten gandhaka was yellowish dark green in colour.

Shodhita Gandhaka had pale yellow color & is shiny.

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METHODOLOGY



Precautions:

Always mandagni should be mentained.

Procedure should be done in a stainless steel vessel which has an

appreciable height.

In molten grita powdered gandhaka should be carefully added.

Melted gandhaka should be poured immediately in to the pot containing

milk covered with cloth.

After each procedure gandhaka was washed with hot water.

Concept behind Shodhana:

Gandhaka only melts in fat media & alkaline media.

Volatile impurities like arsenic etc will evpourate due to melting

Gandhaka

Physical impurities will be removed due to filteration.

Gandhaka properties will enhance due to pouring in to milk.

Milk souble impurities will also remove to get only pure Gandhaka at the

bottom.

Table No, 12.Showing the Quantity of Gandaka before & after sodhana

Draya

Gandaka

Quantity of Gandaka

before sodhana (in gms)

Quantity of Gandaka

after shodhana (in gms)

During 1st procedure 250 225

During 2nd procedure 225 213

During 3rd procedure 213 200

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METHODOLOGY



PRACTICLE NO. 02

Vatsanabha Shodhana

Date of commencement : 11-11-13

Date of completion : 25-11-13

Reference : Rasa tarangini 24 / 77-78.

Equipments : Ulakalayantra, Patra, Vastra etc,

Ingredients and quantity: Vatsanabha - 250 gm, Go-mutra - Q.S

Procedure:

250 gm of roots of Vatsanabha were taken and made into small pieces and

washed well to remove the impurities (external).

Pottali was prepared by the pieces of Vatsanabha which was tied in cloth.

This pottali was kept in a clean wide mouthed vessel. Gomutra was added,

till the Vatsanabha gets completely immersed in it. This vessel is kept

under sunlight whole day.

Every day fresh Gomutra was added and kept under sunlight by discarding

previous day’s Gomutra. This process was repeated for 7 days.

Then Vatsanabha pieces were washed with hot water and the outer layer

was removed. The pieces of Vatsanabha were dried under sunlight.

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METHODOLOGY



Observations:

After soaking in Gomutra, Vatsanabha became soft and colour of

Gomutra changed to dark brown.

The Vatsanabha pieces become mrudu.

After drying Vatsanabha became very hard & britle with black colour.

Tingling sensation was not felt after Shodhana. After removing outer

layer, it had pandura varna inside.

While pounding it produces irritant smell due to the presence of

Pharmalene in Gomutra.

Precautions:

Daily fresh Gomutra must be used.

A clean wide mouthed vessel was used to avoid over flow of Gomutra.

Consept of Shodhana

When it is kept in sun rays the Aconitine will convert in to Pseudo aconitine by the

process of oxidation which is non-toxic by addition of a water molecule.

Note: Water can also be used instead of Gomutra.

Test for Vatsanabha Shodhana:

It becomes as soft as it can be pierced by a pin.

It does not produce tingling or numbness when kept over the tongue.

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METHODOLOGY



Results:

Table No, 13.Showing Qty of Vatsanabha Before and After Shodhana

Dravya Before Shodhana (in

gm)

After Shodhana (in

gm) Loss

Vatsanabha 250 150 100

PRACTICLE NO. 03

Vatsanabha Churnikarana



Procedure: The Grahya 150 gm of Vatsanabha churnikarana was done in

Ulukalayantra and sieved through cloth and stored in clean airtight bottle.

Observations: Gray coloured fine powder of Vatsanabha churna was obtained.

Table No.14. Showing Quantity of Vatsanabha Before and After

Churnikarana

Dravya Before Churnikarana After Churnikarana Loss

Vatsanabha 150 gm 120 gm 30 gm

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METHODOLOGY



PRACTICLE NO. 04

Pippali Churnikarana



Equipments : Ulukhala yantra, Channi etc.

Procedure: The Grahya 200 gms of pippali churnikarana was done in

Ulukalayantra and sieved through channi and stored in clean airtight bottle.

Observations: Pippali converts into brown coloured fine powder.

Result:

Table No.15 .Showing Quantity of Pippali Before and After Churnikarana

Dravya Before Churnikarana After Churnikarana Loss

Pippali 200 gm 180 gm 20gm

PRACTICLE NO. 05

Maricha Choornikarana

Date of Commencement : 30-11-13

Date of Completion : 30-11-13

Equipments : Ulukhala yantra, Channi etc.

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METHODOLOGY



Procedure: Marich 200 gm was weighed and taken in ulukhala yantra and by

pounding it was made into churna and sieved through channi, the procedure was

repeated until complete fine powder was obtained and stored in clean air tight

bottle.

Observations: Brown Black coloured fine powder was obtained.

Precautions: Marich churna should be kept in air tight container.

Result

Table No.16 Showing quantity of Marich before and after Churni karana

Drug Before Choorni

karana

After Choorni

karana

Loss

Marich 200gm 180gm 20gm

PRACTICLE NO. 06

Tankana Shodhana


Date of Completion : 05-12-13

Reference : Rasatarangini 13/ 77-78

Equipments : Kadai, stove, Khalvayantra, etc.

Procedure:

200gm of ashuddha Tankana was taken in a clean & dry khalva yantra and

pounded well.

Each time about 10gms of powder of Tankana was taken in a kadai and

fried under mild fire.

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Initially it liquefies and on continuous heating it turned into white opaque

substance due to evaporation of water.

The frying was continued until Tankana get completely bloomed and

disappearance of crepitations.

The product thus obtained was then powdered in khalvayantra and filtered

through channi and preserved in an air tight container.

Observations

Initially it liquefied and then it produced crepitaton sounds.

The Tankana after frying become bloomed and turned into white opaque

substance.

The weight of the Tankana was reduced after frying due to evaporation of

water molecules i.e reduced to almost half of its initial weight.

Precautions

To avoid loss wide pan should be used.

Each time small quantity of Tankana is used to avoid spilling out.

It should be heated under mild fire.

Concept

Water of crystallization: Removing of water molecule, & making it in to

absorbable form.

Internal absorption of Tankana is possible only after its purification.

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Results

Table No, 17.Showing quantity of Tankana before and after Shodhana.

Drug Before Shodhana After Shodhana Loss

Tankana 200gm 110gm 90gm

PRACTICLE NO. 07

Hingula Shodhana



Reference: Rasatarangini, 9/16-17

Materials required: Khalwa yantra

Drugs used:

a) Hingula - 200 gm

b) Nimbuswarasa - Q.S.

Procedure: Hingula was taken in a Khalva yantra powdered nicely

Nimbu swarsa was added mardana was done.

Observation:

While powdering Hingula, white shiny lines were seen.

Shiny particles disappeared after half an hour of mardana

After 25-30 min the colour turned to reddish.

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Precautions:

Mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.

When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out

continuously.

Table No. 18, showing the Results of Hingula Shobhana.

Hingula Bhavana dravya Mardana Results Wt gain

200 gm

205 gm

212 gm

Nimbu Swarasa 6 hr 205 gm 5 gm.

Nimbu Swarasa 5 1/2 hr 212 gm 7 gm.

Nimbu swarasa 6 ½ hr 218 gm 6 gm.

218 gm Nimbu Swarasa 5 ½ hr 223 gm 6 gm.

223 gm Nimbu Swarasa 6 ½ hr 229 gm 6gm.

229 gm Nimbu swarasa 6hr 235 gm 6gm.

235 gm Nimbu swarasa 7hr 240gm 5gm

Concept

Bhavana reduces hingula to finer particles that helps to extract maximum

amount of mercury.

The increase of weight after shodhana is by addition of solid contents of

nimbuswarasa.

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Table No, 19 showing Quantity of Hingula before shodhana and after

shodhana.

Draya Quantity of Hingula before

shodhana

Quantity of Hingula after

shodhana

Hingula 200 gm 240 gm

PRACTICLE NO. 08

Hingulotha parada



Reference: Rasatarangini, 9/13 – 17

Drugs used: Hingula -200gms, Nimbu Swarasa Q.S

Apparatus – Khalva Yantra, Urdwa patana yantra, Multani Mitti, Agni

Chulika, juice extractor, knife, Spatula, , cloth, Cold Water, cotton pad

etc.,

Procedure:

200 gm shodita Hingula was taken in Khalva Yantra, then powdered,

sufficient quantity of nimbu swarasa was added so as to immerse the

Hingula and triturated for 3 hours.

Then chakrikas of around 3cm diameter and 5-6mm thick were made.

This was then allowed to dry in shade.

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Prepared chakrikas were placed in Urdwa patana yantra and another large

sized earthen pot was inverted over it.

Sandhibandhana was done with a cloth smeared with multani mitti and

dried. Such seven layers were applied after drying of the earlier one.

Urdhwa patana yantra was kept over the chullika, madhyamagni was

given for 6 hrs and then Tivragni was given for 2 hrs.

After Swangasheeta, sandhibandhana was removed. 2 pots were separated

Soot with mercury globules was collected from the inner surface of the

upper pot by scraping carefully with a plastic spoon.

Parada was filtered through double fold cloth to get clear mercury.

Observations:

The dark red colour powder of Hingula became brick red after adding the

nimbu Swarasa, and during the addition of nimbu swarasa to Hingula

small bubbles and white streaks appeared.

The chakrikas were shade dried at room temperature 27o C with relative

humidity.

The complete drying of chakrikas took nearly 48 hours.

After drying chakrikas of Hingula appeared Sindura coloured (dark

reddish) with smooth surface.

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Table No, 20 showing the status of Chakrikas

Initial wt of Hingula Wt of Chakrika

(before drying)

Wt of Chakrika

(after drying)

200gm 215gm 210gm

After Swanga Sheeta when the Sandhi Bandhana was opened, the

mercury globules along with the soot were found in the central portion of

upper pot and in the lower pot about 15 gm of Unburnt Hingula was

obtained.

Some globules of mercury were also seen in the lower pot along with

burnt material.

Mercury collected was shining like a madhyana surya.

Table No, 21 Showing observations during Hingulotha Parada

Weight of

Chakrikas

Parada

extracted

Agni given in

hrs

Unburnt Hingula left

in lower pot

210 gms 110 gms 8 hrs 15 gms

Precautions:

Mardana procedure was done carefully to avoid spillage of material.

Fresh nimbu swarasa was added.

After it attains semi-solid consistency, mardana was done firmly and

continuously

Completely dried Chakrikas was kept in urdhvapatana yantra.

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Sandhi bandhana was done carefully to avoid over lapping of chakrikas in

urdhva patana Yantra. After each sandhibhandana, it was properly dried.

While heating, upper pot was kept cool by frequently changing the wet

pad over the pot.

Uniform and calculated heating was carried out.

Carefull collection of Parada is very important.

Results:

Weight of Chakrikas - 210 gm

Weight of Parada extracted - 110 gm

Loss of weight - 100 gm

PRACTICLE NO. 09

Samanya Shodhana of Parada:

Date of Commencement: 07-01-14

Date of Completion: 09-01-14

Reference: Rasa Tarangini 5/36-37

Materials:

Asuddha Parada: 110 gm

Sudha (Lime powder): 110 gm

Lasuna: 90 gm

Saindhava Lavana: 45 gm

Hot water: Q.S

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METHODOLOGY



Apparatus: Khalva yantra, Steel vessels, Spatula, Cloth, etc.

Procedures:

Asuddha Parada and Sudha (lime) were mixed and triturated for 36 hours.

Then the mixture was washed with warm water till only Parada was

remained.

To this Parada equal quantity of Lasuna paste with half the quantity of

Saindhava Lavana were added and triturated for 36 hours.

There after Parada was collected from this paste by washing with hot

water.

Observations:

After one hour of trituration Parada started disintegrating into small

globules and started mixing up with Sudha (lime). So lime powder

become heavy.

When Sudha was triturated with Parada for about 5 hours, the mixture

turned to light grey colour.

After triturating for 36 hours the mixture of Sudha turned to dark grey

colour and no free Parada globules were seen in the mixture.

When the trituration was over, mixture of Parada and Sudha was washed

with hot water, it became light grey in colour but on repeated washing it

gradually become colourless and Parada settled at the bottom of water.

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When Parada was triturated along with lasuna paste and Saindhava

Lavana, after 30 minute the Parada started disintegrating into small

globules and paste turned to light black colour.

After 36 hours of trituration, the paste turned into black colour and Parada

in small globules form completely mixed with the paste.

On washing, this paste with hot water, Parada globules started mixing

with each other and regained its original state.

Precautions:

Mardana should be done very carefullyas Parada may spill out of Khalva

Washing of the paste with hot water should be done with at most care

otherwise Parada will be lost in Jalagati and Malagati manner.

Result:

Asuddha Parada taken – 110 gm

Samanya Sodhita Parada obtained – 100 gm

Weight loss – 10 gm

Cause of weight loss: Impurities removed during Shodhana. Spilling of Parada

during Mardana process

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PRACTICLE NO. 10

Kajjali Preparation



Reference : Rasatarangini, 6/110 – 111

Drugs used : Shodhita Hingulotha Parada –100gm,

Shodhita Gandhaka –100gm

Apparatus: Khalwa Yantra, Spatula.

Procedure:

100gm of Shoditha parada was taken in Khalva, to this finely powdered

Shodhita Gandhaka was added and triturated.

Trituration was done slowly with uniform speed till all the Kajjali

lakshanas were observed i.e. the whole mixture converts into a fine, black,

smooth, lusterless powder.

Observations:

After 5 minutes of trituration bigger mercury globules were broken into

smaller globules.

After 15 minutes of trituration mixture appeared blackish yellow colored

and tailing of mercury was seen.

After 25 minutes mixture appeared dull grey colored with small shiny

globules.

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METHODOLOGY



After 45 minutes mixture appeared Portland cement colored between

which yellow streaks were seen while triturating.

No mercury globules were seen 1 hour of mardana. Shining was present,

mixture was Cairo dust color.

After 2 hours mixture appeared blackish Grey colored.

After 6 hours of trituration, mixture appeared blackish colored. Shiny

particles were observed.

After 18 hours mixture appeared black colored. Tests of Kajjali i.e.,

Rekhapurnatva, varitaratva and Slakshnatva were absent.

Mixture turned completely into soft, smooth black compound after 32

hours.

After 42 hours Rekhapurnatva and Slakshnatva were observed in the

compound.

Varitaratwa and Unama were observed in mixture after 55 hours of

Mardana

Little quantiity of Kajjali as put on fire and observed, it burns with fumes.

After 65 hours, Kajjali was taken between thumb and index finger made

wet then rubbed and was exposed to sunlight, no mercury particles were

observed.

Shiny Kajjali flakes were seen adhered at the bottom of Khalwa Yantra.

For better fineness and smoothness of Kajjali, Mardana was continued up

to 72 hours, & then Aluminum plate test was done.

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METHODOLOGY



Aluminum plate test:

Kajjali rubbed against Aluminum plate Washed with water

Kept for observation No scratches indicates No free Hg particles in

Kajjali.

Average to & fro movements of peshani were 14-15 times/ minutes.

Table No, 22 Showing Physical properties of Kajjali

Color - Black Odor - Sulphurous

Form - Fine Powder Touch - Soft and Smooth

Taste - Tasteless Appearance - Anjana Sadrisha

Precautions:

Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry.

Shodhita Gandhaka was finely powdered, before adding in to Shodita

Parada.

Mardana was done carefully and in uniform speed to avoid spillage.

Importance of Kajjali

Addition of Kajjali along with herbal ingredients helps to

Increase their shelf life

Reduces their dosage

Results:

Quantity of Shuddha Parada & Shuddha Gandhaka - 100gm (each)

Weight of Kajjali - 180gm

Loss of weight - 20gm

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METHODOLOGY



PRACTICLE NO. 11

Preparation of Pancha Vaktra Rasa



Reference : Yoga Ratnakara, JwaraChikitsa Adhyaya 1-4

Drugs used : Kajjali, Shodhita Tankana, Shodhita Vatsanabha, Pippali

Churna, Marica Churna, each 40 gm,

Dattura patra Swarasa- 210ml

Apparatus: Khalwa Yantra, Spatula.

Procedure: Take all the ingredients in khalwa yantra & mix them well Sieve

the mixer through the siever Add required amount of Dhattura Swarasa to it

& Bhavana was given That kalka was dried under sun Powdered well

again and mixed with Gelatin & Gum (20gm) Calcium carbonate (40gm)

Dicalcium phosphate (24gm) mixed well & granules prepared

Talc (10gm) Magnessium serrate (6gm) added and sent to tablet punching

machine

Observations:

All powders sieved through 20N mesh.

Granules prepared with 14N mesh.

20 Tablets prepared with 05gm of powder.

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Results:

Initial weight of powder (only Pancha Vaktra Rasa): 100gm

Weight of granules after drying: 180gm

Total powder sent for tablet compression: 25gm

Number of tablets prepared: 100

Each tablet contain,

Pancha Vaktra Rasa: 125mg

Calcium Carbonate: 50mg

Di calcium phosphate: 30mg

Gelatin & Gum: 30mg

Talc: 10mg

Magnesium serrate: 5mg

92

ANALYTICAL STUDY



ANALYTICAL STUDY

Definition:

“Analytical chemistry may be defined as the science and art of determining the

composition of materials in terms of the elements or compounds control”.

“Analytical chemistry is a tool to gain information about the qualitative and

quantitative composition of substances and chemical species, i.e. to find out what a

substance is composed of and exactly how much”.

First type of Classification

Analytical study

Qualitative Quantitative

Qualitative Analysis: Information regarding the presence or absence of one or

more components of the sample.

Quantitative Analysis: Information, which is finally obtained by measuring same

physical property that is characteristically related to the component.

Second type of Classification:

Chemical methods of analysis, like Mass (gravimetric) and Volume

(volumetric) method.

Instrumental methods, includes rest of the methods.

The sampling, dissolution, uniformity, solubility, hardness, friability are

the various chemical steps which are part of an instrumental method.

So chemical steps are often on integral part of an instrumental method but both the

methods have their own limitations.

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ANALYTICAL STUDY



Steps involved in analysis:

Following are the various important steps required to reach satisfactory results:

Obtaining the sample in pure form.

Preparation of the sample

Analytical procedure

Evaluation of the satisfactory results

Importance of analytical chemistry:

Sensitive chemical and instrumental tests were employed to detect

abnormal and normal components of body fluids, chemical changes

occurring in the metabolic fluids.

In pharmaceutical industry helps in the detection of quality of the

manufactured drug in tablet, solution and emulsion form.

In pharmaceutical studies, it is important to establish the properties and

therapeutic value of a drug before the drug is available to public.

Table No, 23 showing Chemical Methods

Advantages Limitations

Procedure is accurate and simple. Procedure is time consuming.

The equipment needed is cheap. There is lack of specificity

Specialized training is usually not

required.

Accuracy decreases with decreasing

amounts.

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ANALYTICAL STUDY



Table no, 24 showing Instrumental Methods

Advantages Limitations

High sensitivity is obtained. The cost of equipment is large.

The determination is very

fast.

Specialized training is needed.

Even complex samples can

be handled easily.

The sensitivity and accuracy

depends on the instrument.

Ayurveda is having its unique analytical approach towards drugs, but in present era

there is necessity of analysis of drug based on modern methodology.

1. Physical analysis

2. Chemical analysis

Physical evaluation (Organoleptic characteristics) –

Colour - Blackish ash

Touch - Smooth

Chemical analysis

1. Hardness Test

The finished vati has to be hard, as it may not disintegrate in the required period of

time and if the vati is too soft, it may not withstand during packing and

transporting Therefore, it is necessary to check hardness of tablets.

Method – (Monsanto Hardness test) It is a soft portable hardness tester, which

was manufactured and introduced by Monsanto chemical company. It consists of

a spring, which can be compressed by moving the screw knob forward.

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ANALYTICAL STUDY



The tablet which to be tested is held between a fixed and a moving jaw and reading

of the indicator is adjusted to zero. The force is applied to the edge of the vati and

gradually increased by moving the screw knob forward until the vati breaks.

Reading is noted from the scale, which indicates the pressure required in Kg or in

pounds to break the tablet.

Hardness = 1.45 Kg/cm2

2. Uniform weight of tablets

The average weight is determined by weighing 20 tablets. The tablets are also

weighed singly. The deviation from the average weight in each case is calculated

and expressed as a percentage. Not more than two of the tablets deviate from the

average weight by a greater percentage. No tablet deviate more than that

percentage.

If 20 tablets are not available 10 may be used for the determination.

Weight variation= + 6.4% to 5.7%

3. Determination of disintegration time:

Procedure:

One pill was introduced into each tube of the disintegration apparatus. Disc was

added to each tube. The assembly was suspended in a beaker containing 0.1 N

Hcl at 370C and the apparatus was operated. The time was noted down with the

help of stopwatch. The time taken for all the tablets to disintegrate completely is

disintegration time.

Disintegration time: 20 min

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ANALYTICAL STUDY



4. Solubility

About one gram of the sample was weighed and dissolved in 10ml of the solvents.

When the sample did not dissolve, an excess of solvent by 10ml quantity up to

100ml was added and noted the sample was sparingly soluble in water and slightly

soluble in chloroform and alcohol (1 gram of sample in 600 ml to 1000 ml of

chloroform and alcohol.)

In Water, the sample is sparingly soluble i.e. nearly (75%)

5. Friability –

Friability test is performed to evaluate the ability of the tablet to withstand abrasion

in packing, handling and transporting. The instrument used for the same is known

as “Friability test apparatus”

Method –

It consists of a plastic chamber, which is divided into two parts and revolves at a

speed of 25 rpm. A number of tablets are weighed and placed in the tumbling

chamber, which is rotated for four minutes of 100 revolutions. During each

revolution the tablets fall from a distance of 6 inches to undergo shock. After 100

revolutions the tablets are again weighed and loss in weight indicates the friability.

The acceptable limit of weight loss should be not more than 0.8%

Friability – Nil

6. Determination of Sulphur

Eschka Mixture: Mix two parts by weight calcined magnesia with one part of

anhydrous sodium carbonate.

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ANALYTICAL STUDY



Procedure:

Cover the bottom of a 50ml crucible with 0.5gm of Eschka’s mixture Weight

accurately the appropriate quantity of the sample material and mix it immediately

with 2gms of Eschka’s mixture and put evenly on the previously weighed Eschka’s

mixture Level the contents by tapping gently on a bench. Cover this uniformly with

0.5gm of Eschka mixture. Place crucible in the muffle furnace. Raise the

temperature from room temperature to 8000C +250C in about one hour and then heat

for further 90 minutes.

Transfer the ignited mixture as completely as possible from the crucible to a beaker

containing 25 to30 ml of water. Wash out the crucible thoroughly with about 50 ml

of hot distilled water and add the washings to the contents of the breaker.

Add carefully sufficient quantity of concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve the

solid matter, warming the content of the breaker to effect solution. Boil for 5 Minutes

to expel carbon dioxide. Add drop wise from a pipette, warm 5% Barium chlorine

solution. Stir the solution constantly during the addition. Allow the precipitate to

settle for a minute or two.

Then test the supernatant liquid for complete precipitation by adding a few drops of

Barium chloride solution. If a precipitate is formed, add slowly a further 3 ml of the

reagent allow the precipitate to settle as before and test again, repeat this operation

until an excess of Barium Chloride is present. When an excess of the precipitating

agent has been added, keep the covered solution hot, but not boiling for an hour

(steam bath) in order to allow time for complete precipitation. The precipitation

should settle and a clear supernatant liquid should be obtained. Test the latter with a

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ANALYTICAL STUDY



few drops of barium chloride solution for complete precipitation. If no precipitate

obtained, the Barium sulphate is ready for filtration.

Filter the solution through an ash less filter paper (Whatman No. 42) Wash the

precipitate with small portion of hot water. Dry the paper and place it in a silica or

porcelain crucible, previously ignited to redness and cooled in desiccators and

weighed. Gradually increase the heat until the paper chars and volatile matter is

expelled. Do not allow the paper to burst into flame as mechanical loss may thus

ensure. When charring is complete, raise the temperature of the crucible to dull

redness and burn off carbon with free excess of air. When the precipitate is white

ignite the crucible at red heat for 10-15 minutes. Allow the crucible to cool in air,

transfer it to desiccators and when cold, weigh the crucible and contents. Repeat

until constant weight is attained. A blank is necessary. Calculate the percentage of

sulphur converting Barium sulphate X 0.1374.

Sulphur-6.84%

7. Determination of mercury

Procedure –

Dissolve about 0.3gms of the sample in 5ml of aquaregia and add 100ml of water.

Add 40ml of 0.05N EDTA, 5ML OF Ammonia buffer solution and 0.5ml of solo

chrome black indicator. Titrate the solution with 0.05 M Zinc sulphate until the blue

colour changes to purple (do not overshoot the end point), add 3 gm of potassium

iodide, swirl to dissolve. Allow to stand for two minutes. Then, continue the titration

with zinc sulphate solution to the same end point as before. Each ml Zinc sulphate

solution required after addition of potassium iodide = 0.0103 Hg.

Mercury: 8.4ppb

99

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY



EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Introduction:

In olden days all Ayurveda acharyas have stressed the importance of four main

Pramanas to obtain real knowledge of any Padartha. In other words these four

Pramanas served as different evidences or different methods to prove truthfulness

of a matter. They are Pratyaksha, Aptopadesha, Anumana and Yukti.

The present era is of science. Modern people believe only in proved facts or they

require rationality behind facts. All the hypotheses have to be proved by the

available, affordable parameters or experiments to establish the facts. Then only

they will be accepted by modern people. Ayurveda has alsoaccepted the

importance of visible facts, by saying that “Pratyakse kim pramanam” so it is

essential to prove all the Ayurvedic theories and drug efficacy according to modern

parameters.

The trial drug is screened to see the effect in lowering the temperature by recording

rectal temperature. The antipyretic effect of trial drug was compared with standard

group and control group.

The whole study was carried out in the experimental laboratory attached with the

Institute.

PURPOSE AND RATIONALE

The subcutaneous injection of Baker’s yeast suspen-sion is known to produce fever

in rats. A decrease in temperature can be achieved by administration of com-

pounds with antipyretic activity.

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Common methods for inducing pyrexia in experimental subjects are as below:-

1. T.A.B. Vaccine method: -This method can be adopted in rabbits only. 5ml of

T.A.B. vaccine (a combined vaccine used to produced immunity against the

diseases Typhoid, Paratyphoid A and Paratyphoid B) in a dilution of 1/15 normal

saline should be given intraperitoneally. Generally after three hours temperature

rises to peak point.

2. Chemical Induction Method: -This method also can be done in rabbits only.

To perform this experiment the chemical named Tetra-Hydro-B-napthyle amine is

used and is given to the rabbits in the dose of 40 mg /body wt. which shows

significant rise of temperature in them.

3. Yeast Induced Method: -The method has been described according to Gujarat

et.al 1955 & also by Poonam. Et.al.1989.This method is performed by using yeast

known as Brewer’s yeast, whose 20% with a dose of 1ml/100 gm. Body weight.

This method is performed by using Albino rats as experimental models.

The third method namely the “Yeast Induced method” was selected due to the

convenience & availability of animals for the present study to induce pyrexia.

Standardization of Baker’s Yeast: -

Yeast is produced by growing the parentcells in liquid containing sugars and

nitrogeneous compounds. “Distillers or Baker’s or Brewer’s” compressed yeast is

separated from the medium by use of filter presses and is a byproduct in the

manufacture of alcoholic liquors. It contains about 70% of moisture and is covered

in to dried yeast by heating at a temperature not exceeding 30C dried yeast occurs

as a pale buffer powder.

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Under the microscope it shows spherical, elliptical or ovate cells up to 8mm long.

Some show budding. They are transparent and have a cell wall enclosing –

granular protoplasm in which are one or two glycogen vacuoles. The nucleus exists

as a small mass near the center of cell and cannot usually see without the use of a

special staining procedure. It should contain no starchy material.

A reproducible standard pyrogenic agent is necessary for the present experiment

and hence to evaluate the reproducibility of the Baker’s Yeast is tested by injecting

pyrexia. Primary investigation was conducted in the Albino rats.

Aim: To standardize the Baker’s Yeast.

Selection of Animals:

18 Healthy albino rats of either sex having body weight between 150gm to 200 gm

were selected and grouped into 3 ie six in each group. After taking their weight and

marking for their individual identification they were kept in 3 separate cages

having marks I, II & III. Food was withdrawn around 18 hrs before the

commencement of the experiments but they were provided with drinking water.

Preparation of Baker’s Yeast solution:

15gm of Baker’s Yeast was taken in a conical flask and then dissolved in 100ml of

0.9% normal saline by constantly stirring with glass rod.

Method: A Digital Tele thermometer was used to record temperature. The initial

rectal temperature of all the rats was noted during the commencement of

experiment before injecting.

The animals of group I (control group) were injected subcutaneously in the region

of thigh with distilled water with a dose of 1ml/100 gm body weight as placebo.

Then the 15% suspension of Baker’s yeast 0.9% normal saline with a dose of

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY



1ml/100gm body weight was injected subcutaneously to group II (Yeast induced

group). The rectal temperature was recorded at the end of every hour for a period

of 18 hrs.

Observation:

In group I there was no significant change except weakness due to starvation and a

slight elevation of temperature in the noontime supposed to be due to climatic

change.

In group II & III slight increase in temperature was noted from the first observation

i.e. after 1st hr itself and after 3rd hr it was noted that all the animals trembled, their

furs were erected and the face bent downwards. It was also observed that after 2

hrs of inducing yeast there was a rise of about 2 C temperatures gradually

increased up to 7th hr.

The mean rectal temperature was calculated.

Result & Discussion:

The mean temperature of Group-II & III showed a gradual increase in temperature

up to 7th hr from the beginning of experiment. The hourly temperature chart of the

group-II & III animals indicated a marked elevation line.

Table No, 25 showing Hourly Mean Temperature of Albino rats of group I, II

& III to evaluate the action of Yeast on body temperature [in °F]

IT – Initial Temperature I – Control II – Yeast Induced

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY



THE EFFECT OF BAKER’S YEAST ON BODY

TEMPERATURE IN ALBINO RATS

Jwaraghna study of Trial Drug (Formulation):

In this experiment, the antipyretic drug or formulation is selected to evaluate the

jwaraghna action is Pancha Vaktra Rasa. This formulation is used to test its

efficacy on albino rats experimentally. Fever was induced by injecting 15%

Baker’s Yeast in normal saline, subcutaneously in the region of thigh.

Selection of Rats:

18 healthy Albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200gms were selected and

grouped into three (Group I, Group II & Group III), such that each group consisted

of 6 rats. They were marked for their individual identification in different parts of

the body namely head, middle of the body, four limbs, and hind limbs, junction

between body & tail and tail were named as R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 & R6 respectively

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and for all the 3 Groups Fever was induced by injecting 15% Baker’s Yeast in

normal saline, subcutaneously in the region of thigh.

Group I: Control

Group II: Trial- Dose (Pancha Vaktra Rasa)

Group III: Standard group – (Paracetamol)

Fixation of Rat Dose:

By the given human dose, rat dose is calculated based on the conversion formula.

Rat dose per 200gms body weight = 0.018 × human dose.

Human dose of Pancha Vaktra Rasa is 2 ratti ie, 250 mg

The rat dose per 200 gm body weight = 0.018 ×250 mg = 4.5 mg

The rat dosage of Pancha Vaktra Rasa is 4.5mg

Preparation of Baker’s Yeast solution: 15% suspension of Baker’s yeast, which

is required for the experimental study to induce pyrexia, was prepared as described

earlier.

Procedure: The albino rats were kept fasting for 18 hrs, but were provided with

drinking water. The initial temperatures of all Albino rats were recorded in the next

morning. The thermometer kept in the rectum for 1 min. and the rectal temperature

was recorded. The prepared Baker’s Yeast suspension was injected subcutaneously

to all animals in the dose of 1ml/100gm body weight. The temp was recorded again

after ½ an hour.

After two hours of injection of Baker’s Yeast

Group I was kept as control. They were given distilled water 1ml/100gm body

weight orally by feeding canola & syringe.

105

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY



Group II was administered with Pancha Vaktra Rasa at the dose of 4.5mg / 200 gm

body weight

Group-III was given paracetamol suspension at the dose of 10mg/100gm body

weight

After administration of the drugs, the rectal temperature was recorded every hr.

until 14hrs.

Precautions Taken:

1. The weights of animals were in between range of 150-200 gm. The animals

were healthy and unused for other experimental study.

2. Before doing experiment thermometer was tested properly and the same

thermometer was used for entire experiment.

3. Care was taken at the time of observing temperature. Before observing the

temperature it was ensured that thermometer was switched off and switched

on for every observation.

4. It was ensured that the bulb portion was introduced inside rectum & kept it

there for 1 min.

5. All the experiments were done in the same climatic conditions.

6. Care was taken to see the temperature at the end of every hr. after injecting

yeast and after administering test drug.

Observations: After the first hr of yeast injection the temperature of all the

groups were raised.

After two hrs. the animals in all the groups trembled & their furs were erected and

their faces bent downwards.

106

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY



The temperature of group-I (control) increased from initial temp. 97.92°F to

98.32°F with in first hr. and rose to 99.92°F at the end of 14th hr. It later attained

101.83°F at the end of 8th hr. From then onwards it declined and at the end of 14th

hr. temperature was noted as 99.82°F.

The temperature of group-II showed variation from 97.22°F to 98.3°F after 1st hr.

It started to decrease steadily from 2nd hr. from 98.4°F to 97.1°F at the end of 14th

hr.

The temperature of group III (standard) increase from initial temperature 97.20F

to 98.50F at the end of first hr. of inducing the yeast. It later rises to 98.6°F by the

end of 6th hr. It started to decline from 7th hr. and by the end of 14th hr.

Temperature was recorded as 97.00F.

TABLE NO 26, showing mean temperature of all 3 groups to evaluate

their action on body temperature [Temperature in °F]

IT – Initial Temperature I – Control Group II – Trial Group III –Standard group

* Mean Temperature recorded after ½ hour of Baker’s yeast induction.

107

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY



Hourly mean temperature of Control, Trial and Standard groups

Results: The present study was under taken to evaluate the jwaraghna property of

Pancha Vaktra Rasa experimentally. Selected 18 rats were grouped in to 3. Six rats

in each group. The fixed dose was given on 2nd hr and the temperature was noted

every hr for 14 hrs. The extent of relief was significantly observed in the trial

groups in comparison with Group I.

108

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY



Statistical Analysis:

A close observation of temperature pattern of Group I indicates that the

temperature of rats have not returned to normalcy even after 14 hrs. And with

Pancha Vaktra Rasa was observed that the temperature almost returned to normal

at the end of 14 hrs. The temperature has comparatively returned to normal with

the standard drug paracetamol indicated in table.

Table No 27 showing the steps involved in Statistical Analysis

>0.001 = Non significant

<0.001 = highly significant

Comparative study in between Group I & III shows that standard drug

paracetamol is more effective and significant. This is due to the fact that a

test based on mean value of 9.15 against control of 12.20 there by showing

that standard drug paracetamol is better than control group. (P<0.001).

Also the comparison of control group with Pancha Vaktra Rasa indicates

mean value of 3.05 against control of 12.20 and there by showing the

Pancha Vaktra Rasa is better than control group (P<0.005).

Further comparative study of Pancha Vaktra Rasa & standard drug

paracetamol, Pancha Vaktra Rasa provide a mean-value 3.05 and that of

standard drug paracetamol is 9.15. This indicates that performs better than

standard drug paracetamol.

109

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY



Summarizing the above, it has been concluded that trial drug Pancha

Vaktra Rasa shows significant results in comparison with control group and

comparison in between standard and trial drug shows that Group II i.e. has

Pancha Vaktra Rasa highly significant over Group III i.e. standard drug

paracetamol.

Conclusion: Thus Pancha Vaktra Rasa is identified as the better one when

compared to standard drug paracetamol.

110

DISCUSSION



DISCUSSION

Mankind is always found busy in search for different recipes which can be helpful

in their fight against various ailments. As man is the most intelligent living

creature of the universe, most of the times he has succeeded in such battles. In this

very difficult task NATURE has helped him a lot by providing an important

weapon called ‘DRUG’. Ayurveda has accepted the importance of drug since its

onset.

Many classical texts of our science offer us numerous compound formulations

which possess their own therapeutic uses. If the formulations which are considered

useful in the treatment of Jwaraghna are listed out, we will be finding both herbal

and herbomineral preparations in it. Out of all those, Pancha Vaktra Rasa is chosen

here to study the antipyretic activity in selected animal models.

Pancha Vaktra Rasa, was referred from Yoga Ratnakara. In the present study

importance is laid under proper classical method of preparation and to know the

efficacy of the preparation experimentally. The ingredients of Pancha Vaktra Rasa

are Shodhita hingulota parada, Shodhita gandhaka, Shodhita vatsanabha, Tankana,

pippali and Marica.

Jwara is a common entity found in day-to-day practice, as a disease and also as a

lakshna in other diseases, here agnimandhya is a root cause,that forms ama, by

virtue of which srotoavarodha and swedavarodha, leading to Jwara Utpatti.

As Pancha Vaktra Rasa acts as jwaraghna by their properties,

Deepana & Pachana Agnivardhana & Amapachana.

Swedapravartaka properties Sweedavarodha thereby reducing body

temperature.

111

DISCUSSION



Rasayana property Normalize Dhatvagnipaka.

Yogavahi guna the properties of other ingredients there by

cumulating the jwaraghna effect.

Hence it is a critical analysis of the Pancha Vaktra Rasa by attempting through

proper pharmaceutical and necessary analytical approach. This includes,

Hingula:

In samhita kala it was assumed to be imported from other countries and

hence there were no reference of Hingula, but we get the reference of

parada.

It is chief ore of Mercury and available in Sulphide form i,e HgS.

Hingula shodhana:

Shodhana was done with nimbuswarasa, bhavana reduces hingula to finer particles

that helps to extract maximum amount of mercury. The increase of weight after

shodhana is by addition of solid contents (satwa) of nimbuswarasa.

Hingulottha parada:

Hingula taken was of kritrima variety.

Method used for Hingulakarshana was urdhwa paatana vidhi as per

Rasatarangini

Urdhwa patana yantra was used for the Hingulaakarshana

Yield of parada by this process was 52%

Loss is due to insufficient heating pattern, unburnt chakrikas and some

portion by dhoomagati, malagati and jalagati in process.

112

DISCUSSION



Parada Shodhana

Parada Shodhana was done as per rasatarangini, with Sudha, Lasuna &

Saindhava Lavana.

Properties of ingredients will enhance the jwaragna property in parada by

shodhana.

Loss of parada is due to malagati and jalagati in the shodhana process.

The parada was looking brighter & more glistening after the shodhana.

Gandhaka Shodhana

Gandhaka with grahya lakshana was taken for the study.

Amlasara gandhaka was considered for the study & subjected for

shodhana as per rasatangini.

Gandhakashodhana was done with equal quantity of godugda & ghritha

Shuddha gandhaka was brighter, spotless & softer.

Shuddha Gandhaka had lesser gandha.

Shuddha gandhaka was in panda form.

Teekshna ushna gunas of gandhaka reduces by demulcent properties of

dugdh and gritha.

Fat soluble impurities get removed by shodhana.

Loss is due to removal of impurities, some portions due to washing and

some due to adhesion to the vessel and cloth.

113

DISCUSSION



Kajjali:

Kajjali was observed for siddhi laskshanas like nishchandratva ie, no free

mercury particles seen after rubbing it with water on hand.

Rekhapurnatva confirms its fineness.

Loss is due to spilling out from khalva during process.

Regarding Khalvee Rasayana

Allumenium plate test:

Kajjali rubbed against Allumenium plate Washed with water

Kept for observation No scratches indicates No free Hg particles in

Kajjali.

Kajjali should be very fine like collyrium, absence of dazzling particles. The

proportion of Hg & S differs in different preperations. Addition of Kajjali along

with herbal ingredients helps to increase their durability adds shelf life and reduces

their dosage. Kajjali as such is used in combination with other drugs in a recipe.

Tankana Shodhana:

The impure Tankana causes complications like vomiting and delusions.

Water of crystallization:

Actually grahya variety of Tankana does not contain any impurity except

for the water content.

This can cause heaviness in the body after its intake.

Practically Tankana is fried over the stove and evaporating the water

content

This makes the drug into absorbable form.

114

DISCUSSION



Vatsanabha Shodhana:

Charaka classifies it under sthavara visha.

Sushruta classified it under kanda visha; Sthavara vishas are used mainly

in therapeutics.

Among sthavara visha kanda and moola vishas are very common as they

are claimed to be as more potent and effective.

It’s administered after purification with proper dose and precautions will

quickly acts in the body, proves highly beneficial to body. So

Rasatarangini and Dhanwantari Nighantu gave its synonym as Amrita

As it is a Visha Dravya, some acharyas termed marana, pranahara, for

vatsanabha.

In samihita kala the use of Vatsanabha for therapeutic purpose was

limited because of less development of shodhana procedures.

Shodhana is necessary for Vatsanabha before using therapeutically.

Ashodhita visha when used may lead to several complications and even

death.

Purification’s is done to reduce its toxicity ie, converting Aconitin into

Pseudoaconitin which is non toxic.

Loss is due to drying, peeling of outer layer and while pounding.

While explaining grahya vatsanabha it is sthoola, snigdha, guru, naveena.

Timing of collection: After fruiting

Condition: free from kita etc,

Best variety: pandu variety.

It may be that it is less toxic to other varieties and gives more therapeutic effects.

115

DISCUSSION



Indications; Vatarakta, Shwasa, kasa, does the prashamana of Jwara and Amavata.

Pippali

Pippali is used as a drug in Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata samhitas, and

abundantly used dravya in many Ayurvedic formulations.

Magadhi synonym quoted by Dhanwantari nighantu and Bhavaprakash

nighantu, it shows the place of availability ie, Magadha Desha

Pippali has the property of Rasayana, Jwarahara, Kasashwasahara,

Shoolahara.

It is stimulant, carminative, and also immuno-modulator.

Loss is due to spilling out while pounding and sieving.

Marica

This is mentioned in both Brihat Trayee and in Laghu Trayee

Its explination is seen in Pippalyadi Gana, Dashemaani like Dipaniya, Sula

prasamana, Krimighna, Sirovirecanopaga.

Karma: Vrysha, Rochaka, Deepana, Chedana, Kapha Vatashara.

Rogaghnata: Krimi, Hridroga, Shoola, Swasa, Vamana.

Loss is due to spilling out while pounding and sieving.

Preperation of Pancha Vaktra Rasa

All the ingredients were mixed well to prepare a homologus mixture.

Bhavana dravya: Dattura patra Swarasa

100 Gm of Pancha Vaktra Rasa was obtained

116

DISCUSSION



Discussion on analytical study-

Uniformity of weight

For the present study vatis were prepared manually. 20 vatis taken randomly and

weighed. The average weight was calculated. The weight variations fall within

normal limits.

Hardness test

Pancha Vaktra Rasa was subjected to hardness test, values were observed as 1.45

Kg/cm2

Disintegration test

Vati disintegrated within 25 min

Friability test

The weight of the tablets weighed before and after 100 revolutions showed weight

loss of nil which shows that it can withstand abrasion in packing, handling and

transporting.

Solubility test

In Water, it was sparingly soluble ie about 75%

Assay for Mercury and Sulphur

The percentage of Mercury and Sulphur was assayed in the vati which revealed that

Mercury was present in 8.4ppb and Sulphur was present in 6.84%.

Special Note: Initially I prepared tablets of 125mg. But as each tablet contains active

principle & inactive principles, 125mg tablet contain only 75mg of active principle ie

Pancha

Vaktra Rasa. As we know that the dose of Pancha Vaktra Rasa is 125mg - 250mg so,

next time I prepared tablets of 250mg with 125mg active principle. So 4.2ppb of Hg is

117

DISCUSSION



present in 125mg tablet, hence 8.4ppb of Hg is the actual analytical report can be

calculated.

Table No 28 showing Probable mode of action of Pancha Vaktra Rasa

Ingredients Guna karmas

Parada Yogavahi, Sarvamayahara, rasayana.

Gandaka Kaphavatahara, Rasayana.

Tankana Deepana

Vatsanabha Yogavahi, Pranadayi, Tridoshaghna.

Pippili Deepana, Rasayana, Vatasleshmahara,

Jwarahara.

Maricha Deepana, Jwarahara, Rasayana.

Deepana and pachana action from parada, gandhaka, vathsanabha, pippali and

maricha causes amapachana action, this helps chikithsa sutra of jwara. Once the

amapachana is done the niramalakshanas would appear.

Shrothoavarodha in the form of swedaavarodha in navajwara which needs

ushna, theekshana gunas to contaract. Pippali, Vathsanabha and Maricha

have ushana theekshana gunas which has lekhana action, this reduces the

swedaavarodha.

Vathsnabha with its swedapravartaka action would ease the flowing out of

sweda, which in turn carries the pitta out of the srotases. This helps to

reduce santapa in jwara.

118

DISCUSSION



Yogavahi Guna enhances activities of other ingredients that are combined

with it in this case parada, Vatsanabha enhances activities of

Maricha,Pippli and Gandaka without losing their own karmas.

Jwarahara activities of pippli and vatsanabha are enhanced by

Yogavahithva of Kajjali.

Discussion on experimental study

Pancha Vaktra Rasa was evaluated in a set of standard experimental Albino rats for

anti-pyritic activity. They were divided in to 3 groups consisting of 6 rats each. All

selected rats were injected subcutaneously with 15% Baker’s Yeast solution

prepared by using 0.9% normal saline with a dose of 1ml/100 gm body weight.

Later Pancha Vaktra Rasa and Paracetamol were administered to group II & III

respectively. The temperature was observed and recorded at regular intervals of 1/2

hr. Finally it was found that Pancha Vaktra Rasa is having significant antipyretic

action in Albino rats. The temperature came under control by 3 hrs in Trail drug

group.

119

CONCLUSION



CONCLUSION

Pancha Vaktra Rasa was selected here for the study. It was found to be effective in

conditions of fever. This has been proved here experimentally on selected albino

rats.

Kajjali is considered as a main drug in many Rasa preperaions.

Vatsanabha is effective in controlling the temperature.

Pippali is considered as a standard drug for Pachana Karma. Here this

may do the Ama pachana karma due to its Katu Rasa and Vata shleshma

hara property.

Vatsanabha possesses Ushna veerya, but its rasa and vipaka both are

Madhura with Vata shleshma hara property.

Mythologically Gandhaka is considered as raja of goddess parvaty and

because of this reason it is claimed to have great affinity towards parada,

which is considered to be the shukra of lord shiva.

Go dugdha was used for Gandhaka Shodhana and Go-mutra was for

Vatsanabha Shodhana.Dhattura patra Swarasa as Bhavana Dravya.

By Physico chemical analysis it is evident that the prepared medicine is

genuine and it is within the permissible limits given by Analytical

laboratories.

By experimentally we observe and record the rectal temperature hourly by

the help of thermometer. It shows that Pancha Vaktra Rasa has significant

therapeutic effect on Jwara.

120

CONCLUSION



SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY:

The yoga can be further taken for toxicity study.

Its efficacy can be ruled out Clinically.

121

SUMMARY



SUMMARY

The present study is entitled “PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS OF PANCHA VAKTRA RASA AND A COMPARATIVE

EXPERIMENTAL ANTIPYRETIC STUDY WITH PARACETAMOL”

In this study, here an attempt is made to prepare Pancha Vaktra rasa as per

classical procedure and its necessary physical and chemical analysis was carried

out. This study includes the following chapters’ viz. Introduction, Objectives, and

Review of literature methodology which contains pharmaceutical analytical

experimental study, discussion and conclusion.

Introduction

The introduction covers need of research importance of Rasa shastra, Khalvi

rasayana & Kajjali kalpas is explained.

Review of Literature

This aspect of literary review dealt with drug & disease review. The paryaya,

bheda, shodhana, amayika proyoga, matra, yoga & modern aspect of all the

ingredients with its pharmocodynamics of shodhana were discussed. The disease

review commence with discussion regarding Jwara, definition, etiological factors,

purvarupa, rupa, types according to different authors etc. along with modern

perspective of disease Jwara is narrated in the same chapter.

Methodology

1. Pharmaceutical

Pharmaceutical study explains about hinguja shodhana, hingulotha parada, parada

shodhana, gandhaka shodhana, kajjali preparation, tankana shodhana, vatsanabha

122

SUMMARY



shodhana and choornikarna, pippali choornikarna, maricha choornikarna and

Preparation of Pancha Vaktra Rasa.

2. Analytical study

The analytical study deals about physico chemical analysis of Pancha Vaktra rasa

i.e, friability, estimation of mercury and sulphur etc

3. Experimental study

It dealt with selection of animals, collection and mode of administration of drugs,

experimental parameters were mentioned.

Results

In this the data obtained from the study conducted is presented with the help of

graphs tables and statistical analysis is done.

Discussion

This part includes with logical interpretation of results. An attempt was made to

discuss pharmaceutical studies, analytical studies, experimental studies & probable

mode of action of Pancha Vaktra Rasa.

Conclusion

In this the essence which is drawn from the present study i.e. about the Drug,

Disease, Preparation, Analysis and the Experimental Study etc were mentioned.

Finally essence of dissertation is explained in conclusion.

123

References

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49.

a. Bhava mishra Bhava prakash Nighantu, Datwadivarga, sloka 111,

edited by G.S.

b. Pandye, 7th ed., Varnasi Chaukamba Bharatiya Academy,

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