iv Preface ......................................................................x Chapter 1 Electrical Fundamentals Unit 1 Matter ...................................................................3 Introduction .................................................................3 1.1 Matter ..............................................................3 1.2 Atomic Theory ..................................................3 1.3 Law of Electrical Charges .................................4 1.4 Law of Atomic Charges ....................................5 Negative Atomic Charge ...................................5 Positive Atomic Charge .....................................5 1.5 Charged Material (Static Charge) ......................5 Static Voltage ...................................................6 Reducing Static Charge ....................................6 1.6 Neutralizing a Charge .......................................6 1.7 Lightning ..........................................................7 1.8 Lightning Protection .........................................7 Unit 1—Summary .......................................................9 Unit 1—Conclusion ...................................................10 Unit 1—Practice Questions .......................................11 Unit 2 Electron Theory ...................................................15 Introduction ...............................................................15 2.1 Electron Orbits ...............................................15 2.2 Valence Electrons ...........................................16 2.3 Freeing Electrons from an Atom .....................16 2.4 Conductors .....................................................16 2.5 Insulators .......................................................17 2.6 Semiconductors .............................................17 2.7 Atomic Bonding ..............................................17 2.8 Compounds ....................................................17 Unit 2—Summary .....................................................19 Unit 2—Conclusion ...................................................20 Unit 2—Practice Questions .......................................21 Unit 3 Magnetism ..........................................................23 Introduction ...............................................................23 3.1 The Natural Magnet .......................................23 3.2 Magnetic Polarities .........................................23 3.3 Magnetic Compass.........................................23 3.4 Magnetic Molecule .........................................24 3.5 Magnetic Properties .......................................24 3.6 How to Magnetize Iron ...................................24 3.7 Permanent and Temporary Magnets ...............24 3.8 Demagnetizing Magnets .................................25 3.9 Magnetic Lines of Force .................................25 3.10 Magnetic Materials.........................................25 3.11 Law of Attraction and Repulsion .....................25 3.12 Retentivity ......................................................26 3.13 Permeability ...................................................26 Unit 3—Summary .....................................................27 Unit 3—Conclusion ...................................................28 Unit 3—Practice Questions .......................................29 Unit 4 Electricity ............................................................33 Introduction ...............................................................33 4.1 Electrical Current Flow (Electricity) .................33 4.2 Electricity .......................................................34 Chemical Activity (Electrochemistry) ...............34 Magnetism (Magnetoelectricity)......................34 Light (Photoelectricity) ....................................35 Thermo Energy (Thermoelectricity) .................36 Pressure (Piezoelectricity) ..............................36 4.3 Useful Purposes of Electricity .........................37 Electrochemistry ............................................37 Electromagnetism ..........................................37 Heat (Resistance) ..........................................38 Illumination (Lighting) .....................................38 4.4 Danger of Electricity .......................................39 Understanding Electrical Shock Hazard ..........39 What Determines the Severity of Electrical Shock?........................................39 Clearing a Ground Fault ..................................40 Fire ................................................................41 Electrical Arc Blast .........................................41 4.5 National Electrical Code .................................42 Unit 4—Summary .....................................................43 Unit 4—Conclusion ...................................................45 Unit 4—Practice Questions .......................................46 Unit 5 Electromagnetism ...............................................49 Introduction ...............................................................49 5.1 Electromagnetism in a Wire............................49 5.2 Field Intensity .................................................50 5.3 Field Interaction..............................................50 5.4 Field Interaction of Loops ...............................50 iv
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Introduction .................................................................31.1 Matter ..............................................................31.2 Atomic Theory ..................................................31.3 Law of Electrical Charges.................................41.4 Law of Atomic Charges ....................................5
1.5 Charged Material (Static Charge)......................5Static Voltage ...................................................6Reducing Static Charge....................................6
Unit 2 Electron Theory ...................................................15Introduction ...............................................................152.1 Electron Orbits ...............................................152.2 Valence Electrons...........................................162.3 Freeing Electrons from an Atom .....................162.4 Conductors.....................................................162.5 Insulators .......................................................172.6 Semiconductors .............................................172.7 Atomic Bonding..............................................172.8 Compounds....................................................17Unit 2—Summary .....................................................19Unit 2—Conclusion ...................................................20Unit 2—Practice Questions .......................................21
Unit 3 Magnetism..........................................................23Introduction ...............................................................233.1 The Natural Magnet .......................................233.2 Magnetic Polarities.........................................233.3 Magnetic Compass.........................................233.4 Magnetic Molecule .........................................243.5 Magnetic Properties .......................................24
3.6 How to Magnetize Iron ...................................243.7 Permanent and Temporary Magnets ...............243.8 Demagnetizing Magnets.................................253.9 Magnetic Lines of Force .................................253.10 Magnetic Materials.........................................253.11 Law of Attraction and Repulsion .....................253.12 Retentivity ......................................................263.13 Permeability ...................................................26Unit 3—Summary .....................................................27Unit 3—Conclusion ...................................................28Unit 3—Practice Questions .......................................29
Unit 4 Electricity ............................................................33Introduction ...............................................................334.1 Electrical Current Flow (Electricity) .................334.2 Electricity .......................................................34
Chemical Activity (Electrochemistry) ...............34Magnetism (Magnetoelectricity)......................34Light (Photoelectricity)....................................35Thermo Energy (Thermoelectricity) .................36Pressure (Piezoelectricity) ..............................36
Unit 5 Electromagnetism ...............................................49Introduction ...............................................................495.1 Electromagnetism in a Wire............................495.2 Field Intensity.................................................505.3 Field Interaction..............................................505.4 Field Interaction of Loops ...............................50
iv
v
5.5 Electromagnetism in a Coil.............................515.6 Magnetic Core................................................515.7 Ampere and Turns ..........................................51Unit 5—Summary .....................................................52Unit 5—Conclusion ...................................................53Unit 5—Practice Questions .......................................54
Unit 6 Uses of Electromagnetism...................................57Introduction ...............................................................576.1 Basic Electric Meters......................................57
Voltmeter .......................................................58DC Voltmeter ..................................................58DC Ammeter...................................................58Clamp-on AC Ammeter...................................59Ohmmeters ....................................................60Wheatstone Bridge.........................................60Megohmmeter................................................60
6.2 Electric Motor ................................................60Motor Components.........................................60Understanding Motor Motion ..........................61
Chapter 2Basic ElectricityUnit 7 The Electrical Circuit ...........................................77
Introduction ...............................................................777.1 The Electrical Circuit ......................................777.2 Electron Current Flow Theory .........................787.3 Conventional Current Flow Theory ..................787.4 Voltage (Pressure) ..........................................787.5 Resistance .....................................................79
Conductor Resistance.....................................797.6 Electric Current ..............................................807.7 Power.............................................................807.8 Electrical Formulas.........................................80Unit 7—Summary .....................................................81Unit 7—Conclusion ...................................................82Unit 7—Practice Questions .......................................83
Unit 8 Math ...................................................................85Introduction ...............................................................858.1 Whole Numbers..............................................858.2 Decimal..........................................................858.3 Fractions ........................................................858.4 Percentages ...................................................868.5 Multiplier........................................................868.6 Percent Increase ............................................878.7 Reciprocals ....................................................878.8 Squaring a Number ........................................888.9 Square Root ...................................................898.10 Volume...........................................................898.11 Kilo ................................................................898.12 Rounding Off ..................................................908.13 Parentheses ...................................................908.14 Testing Your Answer for Reasonableness........91Unit 8—Summary .....................................................92Unit 8—Conclusion ...................................................93Unit 8—Practice Questions .......................................94
Unit 9 Electrical Formulas..............................................99Introduction ...............................................................999.1 Electrical Circuit .............................................999.2 Power Source...............................................100
Direct Current...............................................100Alternating Current .......................................100
9.3 Conductance ................................................1009.4 Circuit Resistance ........................................1019.5 Ohm’s Law...................................................1019.6 Ohm’s Law and Alternating Current ..............102
Direct Current...............................................102Alternating Current .......................................102
9.7 Ohm’s Law Formula Circle............................1029.8 PIE Formula Circle ........................................1039.9 Formula Wheel ............................................1049.10 Using the Formula Wheel..............................1049.11 Power Losses of Conductors ........................1059.12 Cost of Power...............................................1069.13 Power Changes with the Square
of the Voltage ...............................................107Power Example at 230V ...............................107Power Example at 208V ...............................107Power Example at 240V ...............................108
Unit 9—Summary ...................................................109Unit 9—Conclusion .................................................110Unit 9—Practice Questions .....................................111
10.2 Understanding Series Calculations ...............124Resistance ...................................................124Voltage.........................................................125Kirchoff’s Voltage Law..................................125Kirchoff’s Current Law .................................126Power...........................................................127
10.3 Series Circuit Calculations............................12710.4 Power Calculations.......................................12810.5 Variations .....................................................12810.6 Series Circuit Notes......................................12810.7 Series-Connected Power Supplies................128Unit 10—Summary .................................................130Unit 10—Conclusion ...............................................131Unit 10—Practice Questions ...................................132
Unit 11 Parallel Circuits ...............................................135Introduction .............................................................13511.1 Practical Uses of the Parallel Circuit .............135
Unit 12 Series-Parallel Circuits ....................................147Introduction ............................................................14712.1 Review of Series and Parallel Circuits ..........147
Series Circuit Review ...................................147Parallel Circuit Review..................................148
Unit 13 Multiwire Circuits ............................................153Introduction .............................................................15313.1 Neutral Conductor ........................................15313.2 Grounded Conductor ....................................15413.3 Current Flow on the Grounded
3-Wire, 120/240V, Single-Phase Circuit ........1553-Wire Circuit from a 4-wire,Three-Phase System ....................................1564-Wire, Three-Phase Circuit .........................156
13.6 Multiwire Branch Circuit ...............................1562-Wire Circuit Voltage Drop ..........................157Multiwire Circuit Voltage Drop ......................157
13.7 Dangers of Multiwire Circuits .......................158Fire Hazard...................................................158Destruction of Equipment as Well as Fire Hazard...................................................158
Chapter 4Electrical Systems and ProtectionUnit 14 The Electrical System......................................173
Introduction ............................................................17314.1 Current Flow ................................................17314.2 Utility Neutral Current Path ...........................173
Multipoint Neutral Ground ............................17314.3 Utility Ground-Fault Current Path ..................17414.4 Premises Neutral Current Path .....................174
Single Point Neutral Bond.............................17514.5 Premises Ground-Fault Current Path ............175
Earth as Ground Fault Path for Systems 600V or Less..................................175
vi
vii
14.6 Utility High-Voltage Transmission Lines ........17514.7 Conductor Voltage Drop................................17514.8 Conductor Power Loss .................................176
Current.........................................................17614.9 Reducing Voltage Drop and Power Loss .......177
138 kV Transmission Line.............................17714.10 Generating Plants.........................................17714.11 Step-Up Substation at Generating Plant .......17714.12 Transmission Line ........................................17814.13 Step-Down Substation .................................17814.14 Primary Distribution Feeders ........................17814.15 Distribution Transformer ...............................17814.16 Secondary Distribution Line..........................178Unit 14—Summary ................................................179Unit 14—Conclusion ...............................................181Unit 14—Practice Questions ...................................182
15.7 Available Short-Circuit Current .....................18815.8 Interrupting Rating .......................................18915.9 Short-Circuit Current Rating .........................19015.10 Current-Limiting Protection ..........................190Part B—Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters ................19115.11 How a GFCI Works........................................19115.12 Neutral-to-Case Detection ............................19115.13 Line-to-Neutral Shock Hazard ......................192
15.14 GFCI Fails—Circuit Remains Energized ........19215.15 GFCI Test Button...........................................193Part C—Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter........................19315.16 Arcing Definition...........................................19315.17 Series Versus Parallel Arc .............................193
Series Arc.....................................................193Parallel Arc...................................................193
15.18 AFCI and the NEC .........................................19415.19 AFCI—How They Operate.............................194Part D—Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment........19415.20 Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment
Chapter 5Alternating CurrentUnit 16 Alternating Current ..........................................213
Introduction .............................................................21316.1 Current Flow ................................................21316.2 Why Alternating Current is Used ...................21316.3 How Alternating Current is Produced............21416.4 AC Generator................................................21416.5 Waveform.....................................................215
16.6 Sine Wave ....................................................216Sinusoidal Waveform....................................216Nonsinusoidal Waveform ..............................216
16.7 Nonsymmetrical Waveform...........................21616.8 Frequency ....................................................21616.9 Phase...........................................................21716.10 Degrees .......................................................21716.11 Lead or Lag..................................................217
Leading ........................................................217Lagging........................................................217
16.12 Values of Alternating Current ........................218Instantaneous Value .....................................218Peak Value ...................................................218Effective Value..............................................218RMS Value....................................................218
Unit 16—Summary .................................................219Unit 16—Conclusion ...............................................220Unit 16—Practice Questions ...................................221
vii
viii viii
Unit 17 Capacitance ....................................................225Introduction .............................................................225
Capacitor Current Flow.................................22517.1 Charged Capacitor........................................22517.2 Electrical Field..............................................22617.3 Discharging a Capacitor ...............................22617.4 Determining Capacitance .............................227
Plate Distance ..............................................227Surface Area ................................................227Dielectric Strength .......................................227
17.5 Uses of Capacitors .......................................227Electronic Power Supplies ............................228
Unit 18 Induction .........................................................233Introduction .............................................................23318.1 Self-Induction...............................................23318.2 Induced Voltage and Applied Current ............234
Opposes Current Flow..................................234Aids the Current Flow...................................234
18.3 Conductor AC Resistance .............................234Eddy Currents ..............................................235Skin Effect....................................................235
18.6 Magnetic Cores ............................................236Core Material ...............................................236Core Length .................................................236Core Area .....................................................236
18.7 Self-Induced and Applied Voltage .................23718.8 Current Flow ................................................237
Unit 19 Power Factor and Efficiency ............................245Introduction .............................................................245
Inductors and Capacitors..............................245
Part A—Power Factor ..............................................24519.1 Apparent Power (Volt-Ampere) .....................24519.2 True Power (Watts) .......................................246
Direct Current...............................................246Alternating Current .......................................246
19.3 Power Factor ................................................24619.4 Unity Power Factor .......................................24619.5 Power Factor Formulas.................................24719.6 Cost of True Power .......................................24819.7 Effects of Power Factor ................................248Part B—Efficiency ...................................................25019.8 Efficiency .....................................................25019.9 Efficiency Formulas ......................................250Unit 19—Summary .................................................252Unit 19—Conclusion ...............................................253Unit 19—Practice Questions ...................................254
Chapter 5 Final Exam ..............................................257
Chapter 6Motors, Generators, and TransformersUnit 20 Motors ............................................................265
Introduction .............................................................265Part A—Motor Basics ..............................................26520.1 Motor Principles ...........................................265
20.2 Dual-Voltage AC Motors ...............................26620.3 Motor Horsepower Rating.............................26620.4 Motor Current Ratings ..................................267
Motor Full-Load Ampere (FLA) Rating ...........267Actual Motor Current ................................... 267Motor Full-Load Current (FLC) Rating ..........267
20.5 Calculating Motor FLA ..................................267Single-Phase................................................268Three-Phase.................................................268
20.6 Motor-Starting Current .................................26920.7 Motor-Running Current.................................26920.8 Motor Locked-Rotor Current (LRC)................26920.9 Motor Overload Protection ............................269
NEC Requirement .........................................270Part B—Direct-Current Motors ................................27020.10 Direct-Current Motor Principles ....................27020.11 Direct-Current Motor Types ..........................271
Shunt-Wound DC Motor................................271Series-Wound DC Motor ...............................271
ix
20.12 Reversing the Rotation of a DC Motor...........271Part C—Alternating-Current Motors.........................27120.13 AC Induction Motor.......................................27120.14 Alternating-Current Motor Types...................272
Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor......................272Synchronous Motor ......................................272Wound-Rotor Motor ......................................272Universal Motor ............................................273
20.15 Reversing the Rotation of an AC Motor .........273Unit 20—Summary .................................................274Unit 20—Conclusion ...............................................276Unit 20—Practice Questions ...................................277
Unit 21 Generators ......................................................281Introduction .............................................................28121.1 Direct-Current Generator ..............................281
22.4 Power Losses...............................................289Conductor Resistance Loss ..........................289Flux Leakage Loss .......................................289Eddy Currents ..............................................290Hysteresis Losses.........................................290
ix
22.5 Harmonic Current .........................................29022.6 Efficiency .....................................................29122.7 Transformer Turns Ratio ...............................29122.8 Transformer kVA Rating................................29222.9 Current Flow ................................................29222.10 Current Rating..............................................293Unit 22—Summary .................................................295Unit 22—Conclusion ...............................................296Unit 22 - Practice Questions ....................................297
Basic Electrical Theory Final Exam .........................................................309
Basic Electrical Theory Final Conclusion ............................................324
Annex A—Grounding and Bonding
Introduction .............................................................325Understanding the Basics of Electrical Systems.......326Understanding Electrical Shock Hazard....................328What Determines the Severity of Electrical Shock....328Clearing a Ground Fault ...........................................329Why Grounding is Often Difficult to Understand .......330250.1 Scope...........................................................333250.2 Definitions....................................................333250.3 Other Code Sections.....................................334250.4 General Requirements for Grounding and
Bonding........................................................335250.4(A) Summary ..................................................340250.6 Objectionable (Neutral) Current ....................345
Index ......................................................................347
vi
Article 90—Introduction ...................................................190.1 Purpose of the NEC.....................................................190.2 Scope of the NEC........................................................290.3 Code Arrangement.......................................................490.4 Enforcement ................................................................590.5 Mandatory Requirements and Explanatory
Material........................................................................690.6 Formal Interpretations .................................................690.7 Examination of Equipment for Product Safety ...........690.9 Units of Measurement .................................................7
Article 110 Requirements for Electrical Installations ...........................................................................31
Part I. General Requirements.................................................31110.1 Scope .........................................................................31110.2 Approval of Equipment .............................................31110.3 Examination, Identification, Installation, and
Use of Equipment......................................................31110.4 Voltages .....................................................................32110.5 Copper Conductors....................................................32110.6 Conductor Sizes.........................................................32110.7 Conductor Insulation .................................................33110.8 Suitable Wiring Methods...........................................33110.9 Interrupting Protection Rating...................................33110.10 Short-Circuit Current Rating.....................................34110.11 Deteriorating Agents..................................................35110.12 Mechanical Execution of Work .................................36110.13 Mounting and Cooling of Equipment .......................37110.14 Conductor Termination..............................................37110.15 High-Leg Conductor Identification ...........................41110.16 Flash Protection Warning ..........................................42110.21 Manufacturer’s Markings ..........................................42110.22 Identification of Disconnecting Means .....................43
Part II. 600V, Nominal or Less ................................................43110.26 Spaces About Electrical Equipment ..........................43110.27 Guarding ....................................................................48
Chapter 2—Wiring and Protection ..............................51
Article 200 Use and Identification of Grounded Neutral Conductor ................................................................53
200.1 Scope .........................................................................54200.6 Identification of the Grounded Neutral
Conductor ..................................................................54200.7 Use of White or Gray Color ......................................56200.9 Terminal Identification ..............................................57200.10 Identification of Terminals ........................................57200.11 Polarity ......................................................................57
Part I. General Provisions .......................................................59210.1 Scope .........................................................................59210.2 Other Articles ............................................................60210.3 Branch-Circuit Rating ...............................................60210.4 Multiwire Branch Circuits.........................................60210.5 Identification for Branch Circuits .............................62210.6 Branch-Circuit Voltage Limitation ............................63210.7 Branch-Circuit Receptacle Requirements .................63210.8 GFCI-Protected Receptacles .....................................64210.11 Branch-Circuits Required..........................................68210.12 Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupter (AFCI) Protection.......71210.18 Guest Rooms and Guest Suites .................................71
Part II. Branch-Circuit Ratings ...............................................71210.19 Conductor Sizing.......................................................71210.20 Overcurrent Protection ..............................................73210.21 Outlet Device Rating .................................................74210.23 Permissible Loads......................................................74210.25 Common Area Branch Circuits .................................75
vii
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 1 Table of Contents
Part III. Required Outlets ........................................................75210.50 General ......................................................................75210.52 Dwelling Unit Receptacle Outlet Requirements .......75210.60 Receptacles in Guest Rooms or Guest Suites for
Hotels and Motels......................................................81210.63 Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Refrigeration
Article 220 Branch-Circuit, Feeder, and ServiceCalculations ...........................................................................93
Part I. General .........................................................................93220.1 Scope .........................................................................93220.3 Application of Other Articles ....................................93220.5 Calculations ...............................................................94
Part II. Branch-Circuit Load Calculations ..............................94220.12 General Lighting........................................................94220.14 Other Loads—All Occupancies ................................95220.18 Maximum Load on a Branch Circuit ........................99
Part III. Feeder and Service Calculations............................100220.40 General ....................................................................100220.42 General Lighting Demand Factors ..........................100220.43 Commercial—Show Window and Track
Lighting Load ..........................................................100220.44 Commercial—Receptacle Load ..............................101220.50 Motor Load..............................................................101220.51 Fixed Electric Space-Heating Load.........................101220.52 Dwelling Unit—Small-Appliance and Laundry
Part IV. Optional Calculations for Computing Feeder and Service Loads ................................................................107220.82 Dwelling Unit—Optional Load Calculation ...........107
Part I General Requirements................................................111225.1 Scope .......................................................................111225.2 Other Articles ..........................................................111225.6 Minimum Size Conductors......................................112225.7 Luminaires Installed Outdoors ................................112225.15 Supports Over Buildings .........................................112225.16 Attachment ..............................................................112225.17 Masts as Support .....................................................113225.18 Clearances................................................................113225.19 Clearances from Buildings ......................................113225.22 Raceways on Exterior Surfaces of Buildings
or Other Structures ..................................................114225.26 Trees for Conductor Support...................................115
Part II. More Than One Building or Structure .....................115225.30 Number of Supplies.................................................115225.31 Disconnecting Means ..............................................115225.32 Disconnect Location................................................116225.33 Maximum Number of Disconnects .........................117225.34 Grouping of Disconnects.........................................117225.35 Access to Occupants................................................117225.36 Identified as Suitable for Service Equipment .........117225.37 Identification of Multiple Supplies .........................117225.38 Disconnect Construction .........................................117225.39 Rating of Disconnecting Means ..............................117
Part I. General .......................................................................120230.1 Scope .......................................................................120230.2 Number of Services .................................................120230.3 Pass Through a Building or Structure .....................121230.6 Conductors Considered Outside a Building............121230.7 Service Conductors Separate from Other
Conductors...............................................................121230.8 Raceway Seals .........................................................122230.9 Clearance from Building Openings.........................122230.10 Vegetation as Support ..............................................123
Part II. Overhead Service-Drop Conductors........................123230.23 Size and Rating........................................................123230.24 Clearances................................................................123230.26 Point of Attachment.................................................124230.27 Means of Attachment ..............................................125230.28 Service Masts Used as Supports .............................125
Part III. Underground Service-Lateral Conductors .............125230.31 Size and Rating........................................................125230.32 Protection Against Damage.....................................125
Part IV. Service–Entrance Conductors.................................125230.40 Number of Service-Entrance Conductor Sets .........125230.42 Size and Rating........................................................126230.43 Wiring Methods.......................................................126230.44 Cable Trays..............................................................126230.46 Spliced Conductors..................................................127230.50 Protection Against Physical Damage—
Aboveground ...........................................................127230.51 Service Cable Supports ...........................................127230.54 Connections at Weatherheads..................................127230.56 High-Leg Identification ...........................................128
Part V. Service Equipment—General...................................128230.66 Identified as Suitable for Service Equipment .........128
Part VI. Service Equipment—Disconnecting Means..........129230.70 General ....................................................................129230.71 Number of Disconnects ...........................................130230.72 Grouping of Disconnects.........................................130230.76 Manual or Power Operated .....................................131230.79 Rating of Disconnect ...............................................131230.82 Equipment Connected to the Supply Side of
the Service Disconnect...........................................131
Part VII. Service Equipment Overcurrent Protection ..........132230.90 Overload Protection Required .................................132230.95 Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment...................133
Part I. General .......................................................................136240.1 Scope .......................................................................136240.2 Definitions ...............................................................136240.3 Protection of Equipment..........................................137240.4 Protection of Conductors.........................................137240.5 Protection of Flexible Cords and Fixture Wires......140240.6 Standard Ampere Ratings........................................140240.10 Supplementary Overcurrent Protection ...................140240.13 Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment...................141
Part II. Location .....................................................................141240.20 Ungrounded Conductors..........................................141240.21 Overcurrent Protection Location in Circuit.............142240.24 Location of Overcurrent Protection Devices...........147
Part III. Enclosures ................................................................148240.32 Damp or Wet Locations...........................................148240.33 Vertical Position ......................................................149
Part V. Plug Fuses, Fuseholders, and Adapters ..................149240.51 Edison-Base Fuse ....................................................149240.53 Type S Fuses............................................................149240.54 Type S Fuses, Adapters, and Fuseholders ...............149
Part VI. Cartridge Fuses and Fuseholders ..........................149240.60 General ....................................................................150240.61 Classification ...........................................................150
Part VII. Circuit Breakers ......................................................150240.80 Method of Operation ...............................................150240.81 Indicating.................................................................151240.83 Markings..................................................................151240.85 Applications.............................................................152
Article 250 Grounding and Bonding ...............................155
Part I. General .......................................................................155250.1 Scope .......................................................................155250.2 Definitions ...............................................................156250.4 General Requirements for Grounding and
Bonding ...................................................................160250.6 Objectionable Current .............................................164250.8 Termination of Grounding and Bonding
Conductors...............................................................168250.10 Protection of Fittings ...............................................168250.12 Clean Surface ..........................................................168
Part II. System Grounding and Bonding ..............................168250.20 Systems Required to be Grounded and Bonded .....168250.24 Grounding and Bonding at Service Equipment ......170250.28 Main Bonding Jumper and System Bonding
Jumper .....................................................................175250.30 Grounding and Bonding of Separately
Derived AC Systems................................................176250.32 Buildings or Structures Supplied by a Feeder or
Branch Circuit .........................................................181250.34 Generators—Portable and Vehicle-Mounted...........183250.36 High-Impedance Grounded Neutral Systems..........184
Part III. Grounding Electrode System and GroundingElectrode Conductor .............................................................184250.50 Grounding Electrode System ..................................185250.52 Grounding (Earthing) Electrodes ............................185250.53 Installation of Grounding Electrode System...........188250.54 Supplementary Electrodes .......................................190250.56 Resistance of Ground Rod Electrode ......................190250.58 Common Grounding (Earthing) Electrode..............192250.60 Lightning Protection System Grounding
Part IV. Grounding (Bonding) of Enclosure, Raceway,and Service Cable................................................................197250.80 Service Enclosures ..................................................197250.86 Other Enclosures .....................................................197
Part V. Bonding ......................................................................198250.92 Service Bonding ......................................................198250.94 Grounding (Bonding) of Communications
Systems....................................................................200250.96 Bonding Other Enclosures ......................................201250.97 Bonding 277V/480V ...............................................202250.100 Bonding—Hazardous (Classified) Locations..........203250.102 Bonding Jumper ......................................................203250.104 Bonding of Piping Systems and Exposed
Structural Metal .......................................................205250.106 Lightning Protection System...................................208
Part VI. Equipment Grounding (Bonding) and EquipmentGrounding (Bonding) Conductors.........................................209250.110 Fixed Equipment Connected by Permanent
Wiring Methods—General ......................................209250.112 Fixed Equipment Connected by Permanent
Wiring Methods—Specific......................................209250.114 Equipment Connected by Cord and Plug................209250.118 Types of Equipment Grounding (Bonding)
Conductors...............................................................210250.119 Identification of Equipment Grounding
Part I. General .......................................................................227280.1 Scope .......................................................................227280.2 Definition.................................................................227280.3 Number Required ....................................................227280.4 Surge Arrester Selection..........................................227
Part II. Installation.................................................................228280.11 Location...................................................................228280.12 Routing of Conductors ............................................228
Part III. Connecting Surge Arresters ....................................228280.21 Installed at Services of Less Than 1,000V..............228280.22 Installed on the Load Side of Services of
Less Than 1,000V....................................................228Article 280 Questions..............................................229
Article 285 Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors(TVSSs) .................................................................................231
Part I. General .......................................................................231285.1 Scope .......................................................................231285.2 Definition.................................................................231285.3 Uses Not Permitted..................................................231285.4 Number Required ....................................................231285.5 Listing......................................................................232285.6 Short-Circuit Current Rating...................................232
Part II. Installation.................................................................232285.11 Location...................................................................232285.12 Routing of Conductors ............................................232
Part III. Connecting Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors ..........................................................................232285.21 Connection...............................................................232
Part I. General Requirements...............................................239300.1 Scope .......................................................................239300.3 Conductors...............................................................240300.4 Protection Against Physical Damage ......................241300.5 Underground Installations .......................................244300.6 Protection Against Corrosion and Deterioration .....247300.7 Raceways Exposed to Different Temperatures........248300.8 Not Permitted in Raceways .....................................249300.10 Electrical Continuity................................................249300.11 Securing and Supporting .........................................250
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 1 Table of Contents
300.12 Mechanical Continuity ............................................251300.13 Splices and Pigtails..................................................252300.14 Length of Free Conductors......................................253300.15 Boxes or Conduit Bodies.........................................254300.17 Raceway Sizing .......................................................255300.18 Inserting Conductors in Raceways ..........................257300.19 Supporting Conductors in Vertical Raceways .........257300.20 Induced Currents in Metal Parts..............................257300.21 Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion .............258300.22 Ducts, Plenums, and Air-Handling Spaces .............259300.23 Panels Designed to Allow Access ...........................260
Article 312 Cabinets, Cutout Boxes, and Meter Socket Enclosures..............................................................277312.1 Scope .......................................................................277
Part I. Installation..................................................................277312.2 Damp, Wet, or Hazardous (Classified) Locations...277312.3 Installed in Walls .....................................................278312.4 Repairing Gaps Around Plaster, Drywall, or
Plasterboard Edges .................................................278312.5 Enclosures................................................................278312.8 Used for Raceway and Splices ................................279
Article 314 Outlet, Device, Pull and Junction Boxes, Conduit Bodies, and Handhole Enclosures .....281
Part I. Scope and General ....................................................281314.1 Scope .......................................................................281314.3 Nonmetallic Boxes ..................................................281314.4 Metal Boxes.............................................................281314.5 Short-Radius Conduit Bodies..................................282
Part II. Installation.................................................................282314.15 Damp, Wet, or Hazardous (Classified) Locations...282
314.16 Number of 6 AWG and Smaller Conductors in Boxes and Conduit Bodies..................................282
314.17 Conductors That Enter Boxes or Conduit Bodies ......................................................................285
314.20 Boxes Recessed in Walls or Ceilings ......................285314.21 Repairing Gaps Around Boxes................................286314.22 Surface Extensions ..................................................286314.23 Support of Boxes and Conduit Bodies....................287314.25 Covers and Canopies ...............................................288314.27 Outlet Box ...............................................................288314.28 Boxes and Conduit Bodies for Conductors
4 AWG and Larger ..................................................289314.29 Wiring to be Accessible...........................................291314.30 Handhole Enclosures ...............................................291
Part I. General .......................................................................295320.1 Scope .......................................................................295320.2 Definition.................................................................295
Part II. Installation.................................................................295320.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................295320.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................295320.15 Exposed Work..........................................................296320.17 Through or Parallel to Framing Members...............296320.23 In Accessible Attics or Roof Spaces .......................296320.24 Bends .......................................................................297320.30 Secured and Supported............................................297320.40 Boxes and Fittings ...................................................298320.80 Conductor Ampacities .............................................298
Part III. Construction Specifications ....................................299320.100 Construction ............................................................299320.108 Equipment Grounding (Bonding)............................299
Part I. General .......................................................................301330.1 Scope .......................................................................301330.2 Definition.................................................................301
Part II. Installation.................................................................301330.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................301330.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................302330.17 Through or Parallel to Framing Members...............302330.23 In Accessible Attics or Roof Spaces .......................302330.24 Bends .......................................................................303
Part II. Installation.................................................................303330.30 Secured and Supported............................................303
x
Table of Contents Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 1
Article 334 Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable (Types NM and NMC) .........................................................307
Part I. General .......................................................................307334.1 Scope .......................................................................307334.2 Definition.................................................................307334.6 Listed .......................................................................307
Part II. Installation.................................................................307334.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................307334.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................308334.15 Exposed ...................................................................309334.17 Through or Parallel to Framing Members...............309334.23 Attics and Roof Spaces ...........................................310334.24 Bends .......................................................................311334.30 Secured or Supported ..............................................311334.80 Conductor Ampacity................................................312
Part III. Construction Specifications ....................................313334.100 Construction ............................................................313334.104 Conductors...............................................................313334.108 Equipment Grounding .............................................313334.112 Insulation .................................................................313
Article 336 Power and Control Tray Cable (Type TC)...............................................................................315
Part I. General .......................................................................315336.1 Scope .......................................................................315336.2 Definition.................................................................315
Part II. Installation.................................................................315336.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................315336.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................315
Article 338 Service-Entrance Cables (Types SE and USE)............................................................317
Part I. General .......................................................................317338.1 Scope .......................................................................317338.2 Definition.................................................................317
Part II. Installation.................................................................317338.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................317338.24 Bends .......................................................................318
Article 340 Underground Feeder and Branch-Circuit Cable (Type UF) .......................................321
Part I. General .......................................................................321340.1 Scope .......................................................................321340.2 Definition.................................................................321340.6 Listing Requirements ..............................................321
Part II. Installation.................................................................321340.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................321340.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................321340.24 Bends .......................................................................322340.80 Ampacity .................................................................322340.112 Insulation .................................................................322
Article 342 Intermediate Metal Conduit (Type IMC) ...325
Part I. General .......................................................................325342.1 Scope .......................................................................325342.2 Definition.................................................................325342.6 Listing Requirements ..............................................325
Part II. Installation.................................................................325342.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................325342.14 Dissimilar Metals ....................................................326342.20 Trade Size ................................................................326342.22 Number of Conductors ............................................326342.24 Bends .......................................................................326342.26 Number of Bends (360°) .........................................326342.28 Reaming...................................................................326342.30 Secured and Supported............................................326342.42 Couplings and Connectors ......................................328342.46 Bushings ..................................................................328
Article 344 Rigid Metal Conduit (Type RMC) ................331
Part I. General .......................................................................331344.1 Scope .......................................................................331344.2 Definition.................................................................331344.6 Listing Requirements ..............................................331
Part II. Installation.................................................................331344.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................331344.14 Dissimilar Metals ....................................................331344.20 Trade Size ................................................................332344.22 Number of Conductors ............................................332344.24 Bends .......................................................................332344.26 Number of Bends (360°) .........................................332344.28 Reaming...................................................................332344.30 Secured and Supported............................................332344.42 Couplings and Connectors ......................................333
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 1 Table of Contents
Article 348 Flexible Metal Conduit (Type FMC)............337
Part I. General .......................................................................337348.1 Scope .......................................................................337348.2 Definition.................................................................337348.6 Listing Requirements ..............................................337
Part II. Installation.................................................................337348.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................337348.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................337348.20 Trade Size ................................................................337348.22 Number of Conductors ............................................338348.24 Bends .......................................................................338348.26 Number of Bends (360°) .........................................338348.28 Trimming .................................................................338348.30 Secured and Supported............................................338348.42 Fittings.....................................................................339348.60 Bonding ...................................................................339
Article 350 Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit (Type LFMC) .........................................................................341
Part I. General .......................................................................341350.1 Scope .......................................................................341350.2 Definition.................................................................341350.6 Listing Requirement ................................................341
Part II. Installation.................................................................341350.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................341350.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................341350.20 Trade Size ................................................................341350.22 Number of Conductors ............................................342350.24 Bends .......................................................................342350.26 Number of Bends (360°) .........................................342350.30 Secured and Supported............................................342350.42 Fittings.....................................................................343350.60 Bonding ...................................................................343
Part I. General .......................................................................345352.1 Scope .......................................................................345352.2 Definition.................................................................345
Part II. Installation.................................................................345352.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................345352.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................346352.20 Trade Size ................................................................346
352.22 Number of Conductors ............................................347352.24 Bends .......................................................................347352.26 Number of Bends (360°) .........................................347352.28 Trimming .................................................................347352.30 Secured and Supported............................................347352.44 Expansion Fittings...................................................348352.46 Bushings ..................................................................348352.48 Joints........................................................................348352.60 Grounding (Bonding) ..............................................349
Part I. General .......................................................................351353.1 Scope .......................................................................351353.2 Definition.................................................................351353.6 Listing Requirements ..............................................351
Part II. Installation.................................................................351353.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................351353.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................351353.20 Trade Size ................................................................352353.22 Number of Conductors ............................................352353.24 Bends—How Made .................................................352353.26 Bends—Number in One Run ..................................352353.28 Trimming .................................................................352353.46 Bushings ..................................................................352353.48 Joints........................................................................352353.56 Splices and Taps ......................................................352353.60 Grounding (Bonding) ..............................................352
Article 354 Nonmetallic Underground Conduit with Conductors (Type NUCC)..........................................355
Part I. General .......................................................................355354.1 Scope .......................................................................355354.2 Definition.................................................................355354.6 Listing Requirement ................................................355
Part II. Installation.................................................................355354.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................355354.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................355354.20 Trade Size ................................................................356354.24 Bends .......................................................................356354.26 Number of Bends (360º) .........................................356354.28 Trimming .................................................................356354.46 Bushings ..................................................................356354.48 Joints........................................................................356354.50 Conductor Terminations ..........................................356
Part I. General .......................................................................359356.1 Scope .......................................................................359356.2 Definition.................................................................359356.6 Listing Requirement ................................................359
Part II. Installation.................................................................359356.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................359356.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................359356.20 Trade Size ................................................................359356.22 Number of Conductors ............................................360356.24 Bends .......................................................................360356.26 Number of Bends (360°) .........................................360356.30 Secured and Supported............................................360356.42 Fittings.....................................................................360356.60 Grounding (Bonding) ..............................................360
Part I. General .......................................................................363358.1 Scope .......................................................................363358.2 Definition.................................................................363358.6 Listing Requirement ................................................363
Part II. Installation.................................................................363358.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................363358.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................364358.20 Trade Size ................................................................364358.22 Number of Conductors ............................................364358.24 Bends .......................................................................364358.26 Number of Bends (360°) .........................................364358.28 Reaming and Threading ..........................................365358.30 Secured and Supported............................................365358.42 Coupling and Connectors ........................................365
Part I. General .......................................................................367362.1 Scope .......................................................................367362.2 Definition.................................................................367
Part II. Installation.................................................................367362.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................367362.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................369362.20 Trade Sizes ..............................................................369362.22 Number of Conductors ............................................369362.24 Bends .......................................................................370362.26 Number of Bends (360°) .........................................370
Article 376 Metal Wireways .............................................373
Part I. General .......................................................................373376.1 Scope .......................................................................373376.2 Definition.................................................................373
Part II. Installation.................................................................373376.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................373376.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................373376.21 Conductor—Maximum Size....................................373376.22 Number of Conductors ............................................373376.23 Wireway Sizing .......................................................374376.30 Supports ...................................................................374376.56 Splices and Taps ......................................................375
Part I. General .......................................................................377378.1 Scope .......................................................................377378.2 Definition.................................................................377
Part II. Installation.................................................................377378.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................377378.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................377378.21 Conductor—Maximum Size....................................377378.22 Number of Conductors ............................................377378.23 Wireway Sizing .......................................................378378.30 Supports ...................................................................378378.44 Expansion Fittings...................................................378378.56 Splices and Taps ......................................................378378.60 Grounding (Bonding) ..............................................378
Part I. General .......................................................................383384.1 Scope .......................................................................383384.2 Definition.................................................................383
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 1 Table of Contents
Part II. Installation.................................................................383384.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................383384.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................383384.21 Conductor—Maximum Size....................................384384.22 Number of Conductors ............................................384384.30 Securing and Supporting .........................................384384.56 Splices and Taps ......................................................384384.60 Grounding (Bonding) ..............................................384
Article 386 Surface Metal Raceways ............................387
Part I. General .......................................................................387386.1 Scope .......................................................................387386.2 Definition.................................................................387386.6 Listing Requirements ..............................................387
Part II. Installation.................................................................387386.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................387386.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................388386.21 Size of Conductors ..................................................388386.22 Number of Conductors ............................................388386.30 Securing and Supporting .........................................388386.56 Splices and Taps ......................................................388386.60 Grounding (Bonding) ..............................................388386.70 Separate Compartments...........................................388
Part I. General .......................................................................391388.1 Scope .......................................................................391388.2 Definition.................................................................391388.6 Listing Requirements ..............................................391
Part II. Installation.................................................................391388.10 Uses Permitted.........................................................391388.12 Uses Not Permitted..................................................391388.21 Size of Conductors ..................................................391388.22 Number of Conductors ............................................391388.56 Splices and Taps ......................................................392388.60 Grounding (Bonding) ..............................................392388.70 Separate Compartments...........................................392
Table of Contents Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 1
xv
406.2 Receptacle Rating and Type ....................................419406.3 General Installation Requirements ..........................420406.4 Receptacle Mounting...............................................421406.5 Receptacle Faceplates..............................................423406.6 Attachment Plugs, Cord Connectors, and
Flanged Surface Devices .........................................423406.8 Receptacles in Damp or Wet Locations ..................424406.10 Connecting Receptacle Grounding Terminal
to Box ......................................................................425Article 406 Questions..............................................426
Article 408 Switchboards and Panelboards .................427
Part I. General .......................................................................427408.1 Scope .......................................................................427408.3 Arrangement of Busbars and Conductors ...............427408.4 Circuit Directory or Circuit Identification ..............428408.5 Clearance for Conductor Entering Bus
Part III. Panelboards .............................................................429408.34 Classification of Panelboards ..................................429408.35 Number of Overcurrent Protection Devices............429408.36 Overcurrent Protection of Panelboard.....................429408.37 Panelboards in Damp or Wet Locations..................431408.40 Grounding (Bonding) of Panelboards .....................431408.41 Grounded Neutral Conductor Terminations ............432
Article 410 Luminaires, Lampholders, and Lamps .....435
Part I. General .......................................................................435410.1 Scope .......................................................................435
Part II. Luminaire Locations .................................................435410.4 Luminaires in Specific Locations............................435410.8 Clothes Closets ........................................................437
Part III. Luminaire Outlet Boxes and Covers .......................438410.12 Outlet Boxes to be Covered ....................................438410.14 Connection of Electric-Discharge Luminaires ........438
Part IV. Luminaire Supports .................................................439410.15 Supports ...................................................................439410.16 Means of Support ....................................................440
Part V. Grounding (Bonding) .................................................442410.18 Exposed Luminaire Parts .......................................442
Part VI. Wiring of Luminaires ...............................................442410.23 Polarization of Luminaires ......................................442410.30 Cord-Connected Luminaires ...................................442410.31 Luminaires Used as a Raceway...............................443
410.32 Wiring Luminaires Connected Together .................443410.33 Branch-Circuit Conductors and Ballast ..................443
Part VIII. Lampholders ..........................................................443410.47 Screw-Shell Lampholder .........................................443
Part XI. Recessed Luminaires ..............................................443410.65 Thermally Protected ................................................443410.66 Recessed Luminaire Clearances..............................444410.67 Wiring ......................................................................444
Part XIII. Electric-Discharge Lighting ..................................444410.73 General ....................................................................444410.76 Luminaire Mounting................................................445
Part XV. Track Lighting..........................................................445410.100 Definition.................................................................445410.101 Installation ...............................................................445410.104 Fastening..................................................................446
Part XVI. Decorative Lighting and Similar Accessories ....446410.110 Listing of Decorative Lighting ................................446
Article 411 Lighting Systems Operating at 30V or Less ..........................................................................449411.1 Scope .......................................................................449411.2 Definition.................................................................449411.3 Listing Required ......................................................449411.4 Locations Not Permitted..........................................449411.5 Secondary Circuits ..................................................450
Part I. General .......................................................................453422.1 Scope .......................................................................453422.3 Other Articles ..........................................................453
Part II. Branch-Circuit Requirements ..................................454422.10 Branch-Circuit Rating .............................................454422.11 Overcurrent Protection ............................................454422.12 Fossil Fuel Heating Equipment (Furnaces).............455422.13 Storage Water Heaters .............................................455422.15 Central Vacuum .......................................................455422.16 Flexible Cords .........................................................456422.18 Support of Ceiling-Suspended (Paddle) Fans .........457
Part III. Disconnect................................................................457422.31 Permanently Connected Appliance Disconnect ......457422.33 Cord-and-Plug Connected Appliance Disconnect...457422.34 Unit Switch as Disconnect ......................................458422.51 Cord-and-Plug Connected Vending Machines ........458
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 1 Table of Contents
Article 424 Fixed Electric Space-Heating Equipment............................................................................461
Part I. General .......................................................................461424.1 Scope .......................................................................461424.3 Branch Circuits........................................................461424.9 Permanently Installed Electric Baseboard
Heaters with Receptacles ........................................462
Part III. Electric Space-Heating Equipment ........................462424.19 Disconnecting Means ..............................................462
Part V. Electric Space-Heating Cables.................................462424.44 Installation of Cables in Concrete or Poured
Article 430 Motors, Motor Circuits, and Controllers............................................................................465
Part I. General .......................................................................465430.1 Scope .......................................................................465430.2 Definitions ...............................................................466430.6 Table FLC Versus Motor Nameplate Current
Rating ......................................................................466430.8 Marking on Controllers ...........................................467430.9 Motor Controller Terminal Requirements...............467430.14 Location of Motors..................................................468430.17 The Highest-Rated Motors ......................................468
Part II. Conductor Size ..........................................................468430.22 Single Motor—Conductor Size ...............................468430.24 Several Motors—Conductor Size............................469430.28 Motor Feeder Taps...................................................469
Part III. Overload Protection .................................................469430.31 Overload ..................................................................470430.32 Overload Sizing—Continuous-Duty Motors...........471430.36 Use of Fuses for Overload Protection .....................471430.37 Number of Overload Devices..................................472
Part IV. Branch-Circuit Short-Circuit and Ground-FaultProtection ..............................................................................472430.51 General ....................................................................472430.52 Branch-Circuit Short-Circuit and Ground-Fault
Protection.................................................................472430.55 Single Overcurrent Protective Device .....................473
Part V. Feeder Short-Circuit and Ground-Fault Protection ..............................................................................473430.62 Feeder Protection.....................................................473
Part VI. Motor Control Circuits .............................................474430.72 Overcurrent Protection for Control Circuits ...........474430.74 Disconnect for Control Circuit................................474
Part VII. Motor Controllers ....................................................475430.83 Controller Rating.....................................................475430.84 Need Not Open All Conductors of the Circuit........475430.87 Controller for Each Motor.......................................475430.91 Motor Controller Enclosure Types ..........................476
Part IX. Disconnecting Means..............................................476430.102 Disconnect Requirement .........................................476430.103 Disconnect Opens All Conductors ..........................477430.104 Marking and Mounting............................................477430.107 Readily Accessible ..................................................477430.109 Disconnecting Means Rating ..................................477430.111 Combination Controller-Disconnect .......................477
Part X. Adjustable-Speed Drive Systems ............................478430.120 General ....................................................................478430.122 Conductors—Minimum Size and Ampacity ...........478430.124 Overload Protection.................................................478430.128 Disconnecting Means ..............................................478
Part XIV. Tables......................................................................478Table 430.248 Full-Load Current, Single-Phase Motors .....478Table 430.250 Full-Load Current, Three-Phase Motors ......478Table 430.251 Locked-Rotor Currents .................................478
Article 440 Air-Conditioning and RefrigerationEquipment............................................................................481
Part I. General .......................................................................481440.1 Scope .......................................................................481440.2 Definitions ...............................................................481440.3 Other Articles ..........................................................481440.4 Marking on Hermetic Refrigerant
Motor-Compressors and Equipment .......................482440.6 Ampacity and Rating...............................................482
Part II. Disconnecting Means ...............................................482440.14 Location...................................................................482
Part III. Circuit Protection .....................................................483440.21 General ....................................................................483440.22 Short-Circuit and Ground-Fault Protection
Part IV. Conductor Sizing ......................................................484440.32 Conductor Size—One Motor-Compressor .............484440.33 Conductor Size—Several Motor-Compressors .......485
Part VII. Room Air Conditioners............................................485440.62 Branch-Circuit Requirements..................................485
xvi
Table of Contents Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 1
xvii
440.63 Disconnecting Means ..............................................485440.64 Supply Cord.............................................................485440.65 Leakage Current Detection and Interruption, and
Article 450 Transformers and Transformer Vaults ....................................................................................491
Part I. General .......................................................................491450.1 Scope .......................................................................491450.3 Overcurrent Protection ............................................491450.9 Ventilation................................................................493450.11 Marking ...................................................................493450.13 Transformer Accessibility .......................................493
Part III. Transformer Vaults...................................................493450.41 Location...................................................................493450.42 Walls, Roofs, and Floors .........................................494450.43 Doorways.................................................................494450.45 Ventilation Openings ...............................................494450.47 Water Pipes and Accessories ...................................494450.48 Storage in Vaults......................................................494
Article 460 Capacitors.......................................................497460.1 Scope .......................................................................497460.2 Enclosing and Guarding ..........................................497
Part I. 600V, Nominal, and Under.........................................497460.8 Conductors...............................................................497460.9 Rating or Setting of Motor Overload Device..........497
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 1 Table of Contents
vi
Article 90—Introduction ...................................................190.1 Purpose of the NEC .....................................................190.2 Scope of the NEC ........................................................290.3 Code Arrangement.......................................................490.4 Enforcement ................................................................590.5 Mandatory Requirements and Explanatory
Material........................................................................690.6 Formal Interpretations .................................................690.7 Examination of Equipment for Product Safety ...........690.9 Units of Measurement .................................................7
Article 110 Requirements for Electrical Installations ...........................................................................31
Part I. General Requirements.................................................31110.1 Scope .........................................................................31110.2 Approval of Equipment .............................................31110.3 Examination, Identification, Installation, and
Use of Equipment......................................................31110.4 Voltages .....................................................................32110.5 Copper Conductors....................................................32110.6 Conductor Sizes.........................................................32110.7 Conductor Insulation .................................................33110.8 Suitable Wiring Methods...........................................33110.9 Interrupting Protection Rating...................................33110.10 Short-Circuit Current Rating.....................................34110.11 Deteriorating Agents..................................................35110.12 Mechanical Execution of Work .................................36110.13 Mounting and Cooling of Equipment .......................37110.14 Conductor Termination..............................................37110.15 High-Leg Conductor Identification ...........................41110.16 Flash Protection Warning ..........................................42110.21 Manufacturer’s Markings ..........................................42110.22 Identification of Disconnecting Means .....................43
Part II. 600V, Nominal or Less ................................................43110.26 Spaces About Electrical Equipment ..........................43110.27 Guarding ....................................................................48
Article 500—Hazardous (Classified) Locations...........503500.1 Scope—Articles 500 Through 504..........................503500.2 Definitions ...............................................................504500.3 Other Articles ..........................................................505500.4 General ....................................................................505500.5 Classifications of Locations ....................................505500.6 Material Groups.......................................................507500.7 Protection Techniques .............................................508500.8 Equipment................................................................509500.9 Specific Occupancies...............................................511
Article 501—Class I Hazardous (Classified) Locations ........................................................513
Part I. General .......................................................................513501.1 Scope .......................................................................513501.5 General ....................................................................513
Part II. Wiring ........................................................................513501.10 Wiring Methods.......................................................513501.15 Conduit and Cable Seals .........................................515501.20 Conductor Insulation ...............................................519501.30 Bonding ...................................................................519501.35 Surge Protection ......................................................520501.40 Multiwire Branch Circuits.......................................520
Part III. Equipment ................................................................520501.100 Transformers and Capacitors...................................520501.105 Meters, Instruments, and Relays .............................521501.115 Enclosures................................................................521501.120 Control Transformers and Relays............................521501.125 Motors and Generators ............................................521501.130 Luminaires ...............................................................522
vii
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 2 Table of Contents
501.140 Flexible Cords .........................................................523501.145 Receptacles and Attachment Plugs..........................523501.150 Low-Voltage, Limited-Energy, and
Communications Systems .......................................523Article 501 Questions..............................................525
Article 502—Class II Hazardous (Classified) Locations ........................................................527
Part I. General .......................................................................527502.1 Scope .......................................................................527502.5 General ....................................................................527
Part II. Wiring ........................................................................528502.10 Wiring Methods.......................................................528502.15 Seals.........................................................................529502.30 Bonding ...................................................................529502.35 Surge Protection ......................................................530502.40 Multiwire Branch Circuits.......................................530
Part III. Equipment ................................................................530502.115 Switches, Circuit Breakers, Motor Controllers,
and Fuses .................................................................530502.120 Control Transformers ..............................................531502.125 Motors and Generators ............................................531502.130 Luminaires...............................................................532502.140 Flexible Cords .........................................................532502.145 Receptacles and Attachment Plugs..........................532502.150 Low-Voltage, Limited-Energy, and
Communications Systems .......................................532Article 502 Questions..............................................534
Article 503—Class III Hazardous (Classified) Locations ........................................................535
Part I. General .......................................................................535503.1 Scope .......................................................................535503.5 General ....................................................................535
Part II. Wiring ........................................................................535503.10 Wiring Methods.......................................................535503.30 Bonding ...................................................................535
Part III. Equipment ................................................................536503.115 Switches, Circuit Breakers, Motor Controllers,
and Fuses .................................................................536503.120 Control Transformers ..............................................536503.125 Motors and Generators ............................................536503.130 Luminaires ...............................................................536503.140 Flexible Cords .........................................................537503.145 Receptacles and Attachment Plugs..........................537503.150 Signaling, Alarm, Remote-Control, and
Loudspeaker Systems ..............................................537Article 503 Questions..............................................538
Article 504—Intrinsically Safe Systems .......................539504.1 Scope .......................................................................539504.2 Definitions ...............................................................539504.3 Application of Other Articles ..................................539504.4 Equipment Approval................................................539504.10 Equipment Installation ............................................539504.20 Wiring Methods.......................................................540504.30 Separation of Intrinsically Safe Circuits .................540504.50 Grounding (Earthing) ..............................................540504.60 Bonding ...................................................................540504.70 Sealing .....................................................................540504.80 Identification............................................................540
Article 511—Commercial Garages, Repair, and Storage .................................................................................543511.1 Scope .......................................................................543511.3 Classification of Hazardous Areas ..........................543511.4 Wiring and Equipment in Hazardous
(Classified) Locations..............................................545511.7 Wiring and Equipment Above Hazardous
(Classified) Locations..............................................546511.9 Seals.........................................................................546511.10 Special Equipment...................................................547511.12 GFCI-Protected Receptacles ...................................547
Article 513—Aircraft Hangars.........................................549513.1 Scope .......................................................................549513.3 Classification of Locations......................................549513.4 Wiring and Equipment in Class I Locations ...........549513.7 Wiring Not Within Class I Locations......................549513.8 Wiring in or Under Hangar Floor............................550513.9 Sealing .....................................................................550513.12 GFCI-Protected Receptacles ...................................550513.16 Bonding ...................................................................550
Article 514—Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities............553514.1 Scope .......................................................................553514.2 Definition.................................................................553514.3 Classification of Locations......................................553514.4 Wiring and Equipment Within Class I Locations ...554514.7 Wiring and Equipment Above Class I Locations ....554514.8 Underground Wiring................................................555514.9 Raceway Seal...........................................................555514.11 Emergency Dispenser Disconnects .........................556514.13 Maintenance and Service of Dispensing
Article 517—Health Care Facilities ...............................559
Part I. General .......................................................................559517.1 Scope .......................................................................559517.2 Definitions ...............................................................559
Part II. Wiring and Protection...............................................560517.10 Applicability ............................................................560517.12 Wiring Methods.......................................................560517.13 Grounding (Bonding) Equipment in Patient
Care Areas ...............................................................560517.16 Isolated Ground Receptacles ...................................562517.18 General Care Areas..................................................562517.30 Essential Electrical Systems for Hospitals..............563
Article 525—Carnivals, Circuses, Fairs, and Similar Events .....................................................................571
Part I. General Requirements...............................................571525.1 Scope .......................................................................571525.3 Other Articles ..........................................................571525.5 Overhead Conductor Clearances .............................571525.6 Protection of Electrical Equipment .........................572
Part II. Power Sources..........................................................572525.10 Services....................................................................572525.11 Multiple Sources of Supply.....................................572525.20 Wiring Methods.......................................................572525.21 Rides, Tents, and Concessions ................................573525.22 Outdoor Portable Distribution or
Termination Boxes...................................................573525.23 GFCI-Protected Receptacles and Equipment..........573
Part IV. Grounding and Bonding ..........................................574525.30 Equipment Bonding.................................................574525.31 Equipment Grounding (Bonding)............................574525.32 Grounding (Bonding) Conductor Continuity
Article 550—Mobile Homes, Manufactured Homes, and Mobile Home Parks ....................................581
Part I. General .......................................................................581550.1 Scope .......................................................................581550.2 Definitions ...............................................................581550.4 General Requirements .............................................582550.13 Receptacle Outlets ...................................................582550.25 Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupter (AFCI) Protection.....583
Part III. Services and Feeders ..............................................583550.30 Distribution Systems ...............................................583550.31 Allowable Demand Factors .....................................583550.32 Disconnect ...............................................................584550.33 Feeder ......................................................................585
Article 551—Recreational Vehicles and Recreational Vehicle Parks ..............................................587
Part I. General .......................................................................587551.1 Scope .......................................................................587551.2 Definitions ...............................................................587551.3 Other Articles ..........................................................587
Part VI. Recreational Vehicle Parks .....................................587551.71 Type of Receptacles Required.................................587551.73 Calculated Load.......................................................587551.79 Clearance for Overhead Conductors .......................588
Article 555—Marinas and Boatyards ............................591555.1 Scope .......................................................................591555.2 Definitions ...............................................................591555.5 Transformers............................................................592555.9 Electrical Connections.............................................592555.12 Load Calculations for Service and
Feeder Conductors...................................................592555.17 Boat Receptacle Disconnecting Means ...................592555.19 Receptacles ..............................................................593555.21 Motor Fuel Dispensing Stations..............................594555.22 Repair Facilities.......................................................594
Table of Contents Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 2
ix
Article 590—Temporary Installations............................597590.1 Scope .......................................................................597590.2 All Installations .......................................................597590.3 Time Constraints .....................................................597590.4 General ....................................................................598590.6 Ground-Fault Protection for Personnel ...................599
Article 600—Electric Signs and Outline Lighting .......605
Part I. General .......................................................................605600.1 Scope .......................................................................605600.2 Definitions ...............................................................605600.3 Listing......................................................................605600.4 Markings..................................................................606600.5 Branch Circuits........................................................606600.6 Disconnects..............................................................606600.9 Location...................................................................606600.10 Portable or Mobile Signs.........................................607600.21 Ballasts, Transformers, and Electronic
Power Supplies ........................................................607Article 600 Questions..............................................609
Article 604—Manufactured Wiring Systems ...............611604.1 Scope .......................................................................611604.2 Definition.................................................................611604.3 Other Articles ..........................................................611604.4 Uses Permitted.........................................................611604.5 Uses Not Permitted..................................................611604.6 Construction ............................................................612
Article 620—Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks ....................................................................................619
Part I. General .......................................................................619620.1 Scope .......................................................................619
Part III. Wiring........................................................................619620.23 Branch Circuit for Machine Room/Machinery
Part VI. Disconnecting Means and Control .........................620620.51 Disconnecting Means ..............................................620
Part VIII. Machine Rooms, Control Rooms,Machinery Spaces, and Control Spaces .............................620620.85 GFCI-Protected Receptacles ...................................620
Article 625—Electric Vehicle Charging Systems ........623
Part I. General .......................................................................623625.1 Scope .......................................................................623625.2 Definitions ...............................................................623
Part IV. Control and Protection ............................................623625.22 Personnel Protection System...................................623625.25 Loss of Primary Source ...........................................624625.26 Interactive Systems..................................................624
Part I. General .......................................................................627630.1 Scope .......................................................................627
Part II. Arc Welders ...............................................................627630.11 Ampacity of Supply Conductors .............................627630.12 Overcurrent Protection ............................................628630.13 Disconnecting Means ..............................................628
Part III. Resistance Welders .................................................628630.31 Ampacity of Supply Conductors .............................628630.32 Overcurrent Protection ............................................629630.33 Disconnecting Means ..............................................629
Article 640—Audio Signal Processing,Amplification, and Reproduction Equipment ...............631
Part I. General .......................................................................631640.1 Scope .......................................................................631640.2 Definitions ...............................................................631640.3 Locations and Other Articles...................................631640.4 Protection of Electrical Equipment .........................632640.5 Access to Electrical Equipment ..............................632640.6 Mechanical Execution of Work ...............................632640.7 Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding ........................633640.9 Wiring Methods.......................................................633
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 2 Table of Contents
x
Table of Contents Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 2
640.10 Audio Systems Near Bodies of Water.....................634
Part II. Permanent Audio System Installations ...................634640.21 Use of Flexible Cords and Flexible Cables.............634640.22 Wiring of Equipment Racks ....................................635640.23 Raceway Fill ............................................................635640.25 Loudspeakers in Fire-Resistance Rated
Partitions, Walls, and Ceilings.................................635Article 640 Questions..............................................636
Article 645—Information Technology Equipment.......637645.1 Scope .......................................................................637645.4 Information Technology Equipment Room.............637645.5 Supply Circuits and Interconnecting Cables ...........638645.6 Cables Not in Information Technology
Equipment Room.....................................................639645.7 Penetrations .............................................................639645.10 Disconnecting Means ..............................................639645.11 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) ...................639645.15 Grounding (Bonding) ..............................................639
Article 680—Swimming Pools, Spas, Hot Tubs,Fountains, and Similar Installations...............................645
Part I. General Requirements for Permanently Installed Pools, Storable Pools, Outdoor Spas,Outdoor Hot Tubs, or Fountains...........................................645680.1 Scope .......................................................................645680.2 Definitions ...............................................................645680.3 Other Articles ..........................................................646680.7 Cord-and-Plug Connected Equipment ....................646680.8 Overhead Conductor Clearance...............................646680.9 Electric Water Heater ..............................................647680.10 Underground Wiring Location ................................647680.11 Equipment Rooms and Pits .....................................647680.12 Maintenance Disconnecting Means ........................647
Part II. Permanently Installed Pools, Outdoor Spas,and Outdoor Hot Tubs...........................................................648680.21 Motors......................................................................648680.22 Area Lighting, Receptacles, and Equipment...........649680.23 Underwater Luminaires ...........................................651
Part III. Storable Swimming Pool.........................................655680.30 General ....................................................................655680.32 GFCI-Protected Receptacles ...................................655680.34 Receptacle Locations...............................................656
Part IV. Spas and Hot Tubs ..................................................656680.40 General ....................................................................656680.41 Emergency Switch for Spas and Hot Tubs..............656680.42 Outdoor Installations ...............................................656680.43 Indoor Installations..................................................657680.44 GFCI Protection ......................................................658
Part V. Fountains...................................................................658680.50 General ....................................................................658680.51 Luminaires, Submersible Pumps, and Other
Submersible Equipment ..........................................658680.53 Bonding ...................................................................659680.55 Methods of Grounding (Bonding)...........................659680.56 Cord-and-Plug Connected Equipment ....................659680.57 Signs in or Adjacent to Fountains ...........................659680.58 GFCI-Protected Receptacles ...................................659
Part VII. Hydromassage Bathtubs ........................................659680.70 Protection.................................................................659680.71 Other Electric Equipment........................................660680.72 Other Electrical Equipment .....................................660680.73 Accessibility ............................................................660680.74 Bonding ...................................................................660
Article 690—Solar Photovoltaic Systems ....................663
Part I. General .......................................................................663690.1 Scope .......................................................................663
Article 695—Fire Pumps ..................................................667695.1 Scope .......................................................................667695.3 Power Sources .........................................................667695.4 Continuity of Power ................................................667695.5 Transformers............................................................668695.6 Power Wiring...........................................................668
xi
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 2 Table of Contents
695.7 Voltage Drop............................................................669695.14 Control Wiring.........................................................670
Article 700—Emergency Power Systems ....................675
Part I. General .......................................................................675700.1 Scope .......................................................................675700.2 Application of Other Articles ..................................676700.3 Equipment Approval................................................676700.4 Tests and Maintenance ............................................676700.5 Capacity...................................................................676700.6 Transfer Equipment .................................................676700.8 Signs ........................................................................677
Part II. Circuit Wiring ............................................................677700.9 Wiring ......................................................................677
Part III. Sources of Power ....................................................677700.12 General Requirements .............................................677
Part IV. Emergency System Circuits for Lighting and Power .............................................................................679700.15 Loads on Emergency Branch Circuits.....................679700.16 Emergency Illumination ..........................................680
Part VI. Overcurrent Protection ............................................680700.25 Accessibility ............................................................680700.26 Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment...................680700.27 Coordination ............................................................680
Article 701—Legally Required Standby Power Systems ...................................................................683
Part I. General .......................................................................683701.1 Scope .......................................................................683701.2 Definitions ...............................................................683701.3 Application of Other Articles ..................................683701.4 Equipment Approval................................................683701.5 Tests and Maintenance ............................................683701.6 Capacity and Rating ................................................684701.7 Transfer Equipment .................................................684701.9 Signs ........................................................................684
Part II. Circuit Wiring ............................................................684701.10 Wiring ......................................................................684
Part III. Sources of Power ....................................................684701.11 Legally Required Standby Systems.........................684
Part IV. Overcurrent Protection ............................................686
701.15 Accessibility ............................................................686701.17 Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment...................686701.18 Coordination ............................................................686
Article 702—Optional Standby Power Systems .........689
Part I. General .......................................................................689702.1 Scope .......................................................................689702.2 Definition.................................................................689702.3 Application of Other Articles ..................................690702.4 Equipment Approval................................................690702.5 Capacity and Rating ................................................690702.6 Transfer Equipment .................................................690702.8 Signs ........................................................................690
Part II. Circuit Wiring ............................................................690702.9 Wiring ......................................................................690
Part III. Grounding and Bonding...........................................690702.10 Portable Generator Grounding and Bonding ..........690
Part IV. Sources of Power ....................................................690702.11 Outdoor Generator Sets ...........................................690
Article 725—Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 Remote-Control, Signaling, and Power-Limited Circuits...........695
Part I. General .......................................................................695725.1 Scope .......................................................................695725.2 Definitions ...............................................................696725.3 Other Articles ..........................................................697725.7 Access to Electrical Equipment Behind Panels
Designed to Allow Access.......................................701725.8 Mechanical Execution of Work ...............................701725.11 Safety-Control Equipment.......................................702725.15 Circuit Requirements...............................................702
Part II. Class 1 Circuit Requirements ..................................702725.21 Class 1 Circuit Classifications and Power
Source Requirements...............................................702725.23 Class 1 Circuit Overcurrent Protection ...................703725.25 Class 1 Circuit Wiring Methods..............................703725.26 Conductors of Different Circuits in Same
Cable, Enclosure, or Raceway.................................703725.27 Class 1 Circuit Conductors......................................704725.28 Number of Conductors in a Raceway .....................704
xii
Table of Contents Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 2
Part III. Class 2 and Class 3 Circuit Requirements ............704725.41 Power Sources for Class 2 and
Class 3 Circuits........................................................704725.42 Equipment Marking.................................................704725.51 Wiring Methods on Supply Side of the
Class 2 or Class 3 Power Source.............................704725.52 Wiring Methods on Load Side of the
Class 2 or Class 3 Power Source.............................705725.55 Separation from Other Systems ..............................705725.56 Conductors of Different Circuits in
Same Cable, Enclosure, or Raceway.......................707725.57 Class 2 or Class 3 Cables Exposed to Lightning ....708725.58 Support ....................................................................708725.61 Applications of Class 2 and Class 3 Cables............709
Part VI. Listing Requirements ..............................................710725.82 Listing and Marking of Class 2 and
Class 3 Cables .........................................................710Article 725 Questions..............................................712
Part I. General .......................................................................713760.1 Scope .......................................................................713760.2 Definitions ...............................................................713760.3 Other Articles ..........................................................714760.7 Access to Electrical Equipment Behind Panels
Designed to Allow Access.......................................716760.8 Mechanical Execution of Work ...............................716760.9 Fire Alarm Circuit and Equipment Grounding
(Bonding).................................................................717760.10 Fire Alarm Circuit Identification.............................717760.11 Fire Alarm Circuit Cables Exposed to
Lightning .................................................................717760.15 Fire Alarm Circuit Requirements ............................717
Part II. Nonpower-Limited Fire Alarm (NPLFA) Circuits .....717760.21 GFCI and AFCI Protection......................................717760.23 NPLFA Circuit Overcurrent Protection...................717760.25 NPLFA Circuit Wiring Methods .............................717760.26 Conductors of Different Circuits in
Same Cable, Enclosure, or Raceway.......................718760.27 NPLFA Circuit Conductors .....................................718760.28 Number of Conductors in a Raceway .....................718
Part III. Power-Limited Fire Alarm (PLFA) Circuits .............718760.41 Power Sources for PLFA Circuits ...........................718760.42 Equipment Marking.................................................719760.52 Wiring Methods and Materials on Load Side
of the PLFA Power Source......................................719760.55 Separation from Other Circuit Conductors .............719760.56 PLFA Circuits, Class 2, Class 3, and
760.58 Support ....................................................................720760.61 Applications of Listed PLFA Cables.......................720
Part IV. Listing Requirements ..............................................721760.81 Listing and Marking of NPLFA Cables ..................721760.82 Listing and Marking of PLFA Cables .....................721
Article 770—Optical Fiber Cables and Raceways......725
Part I. General .......................................................................725770.1 Scope .......................................................................725770.2 Definitions ...............................................................725770.3 Locations and Other Articles...................................726770.6 Optical Fiber Cables................................................727770.9 Types........................................................................727770.12 Raceways for Optical Fiber Cables.........................728770.21 Access to Electrical Equipment Behind
Panels Designed to Allow Access ...........................728770.24 Mechanical Execution of Work ...............................729
Part III. Cables Within Buildings ..........................................729770.113 Listing of Optical Fiber Cables ...............................729770.133 Installation of Optical Fibers and Electrical
Conductors...............................................................729770.154 Applications of Listed Optical Fiber Cables
and Raceways ..........................................................730
Part IV. Listing Requirements ..............................................731770.179 Listing Requirements for Optical Fiber Cables ......731770.182 Listing Requirements for Optical Fiber
Part I. General .......................................................................737800.1 Scope .......................................................................737800.2 Definitions ...............................................................737800.3 Other Articles ..........................................................738800.18 Installation of Equipment ........................................739800.21 Access to Electrical Equipment Behind
Panels Designed to Allow Access ...........................739800.24 Mechanical Execution of Work ...............................740800.44 Overhead Communications Wires and Cables ........740
Part II. Conductors Outside and Entering Buildings...........741800.47 Underground Circuits Entering Buildings...............741800.53 Lightning Conductors..............................................741
Part III. Protection .................................................................741
Understanding the National Electrical Code, Volume 2 Table of Contents
Part IV. Grounding Methods .................................................741800.100 Cable and Primary Protector Grounding.................741
Part V. Communications Wires and Cables Within Buildings ................................................................................744800.110 Raceways for Communications Circuits .................744800.113 Listing of Communications Wires and Cables........744800.133 Installation of Communications Circuits and
Equipment................................................................744800.154 Applications of Listed Communications Wires,
Cables, and Raceways .............................................746
Part VI. Listing Requirements ..............................................747800.179 Communications Wires and Cables.........................747800.182 Communications Raceways.....................................748
Article 810—Radio and Television Equipment ............751
Part I. General .......................................................................751810.1 Scope .......................................................................751810.3 Other Articles ..........................................................752810.4 Community Television Antenna ..............................752
Part II. Receiving Equipment—Antenna Systems..............752810.12 Support of Lead-In Cables ......................................752810.13 Avoid Contact with Conductors of Other Systems....752810.15 Grounding................................................................753810.18 Clearances................................................................753810.20 Antenna Discharge Unit ..........................................754810.21 Grounding Conductors ............................................754
Article 820—Community Antenna Television (CATV) and Radio Distribution Systems.........................759
Part I. General .......................................................................759820.1 Scope .......................................................................759820.2 Definitions ...............................................................759820.3 Locations and Other Articles...................................760820.15 Energy Limitations ..................................................761820.21 Access to Electrical Equipment Behind Panels
Designed to Allow Access.......................................761820.24 Mechanical Execution of Work ...............................761
Part II. Cables Outside and Entering Buildings...................762820.44 Overhead Cables......................................................762820.47 Underground Circuits Entering Buildings...............762
Part III. Protection .................................................................763820.93 Grounding Cable .....................................................763
Part IV. Grounding Methods .................................................763820.100 Cable Grounding .....................................................763
Part V. Cables Within Buildings ...........................................765820.110 Raceways for Coaxial Cables..................................765820.113 Listing and Markings ..............................................766820.133 Installation of Cables and Equipment .....................766820.154 Applications of Listed CATV Cables and
Part I. General .......................................................................771830.1 Scope .......................................................................771830.2 Definitions ...............................................................772
PART A—ELECTRICIAN’S MATH ..............................................1Introduction .................................................................1
1.1 Whole Numbers...........................................................11.2 Decimal........................................................................11.3 Fractions ......................................................................11.4 Percentages ..................................................................21.5 Multiplier .....................................................................21.6 Percent Increase...........................................................21.7 Reciprocals ..................................................................31.8 Squaring a Number......................................................31.9 Square Root .................................................................41.10 Volume.........................................................................51.11 Kilo ..............................................................................51.12 Rounding Off...............................................................51.13 Parentheses ..................................................................61.14 Testing Your Answer for Reasonableness ...................6
PART B—BASIC ELECTRICAL FORMULAS ...............................7Introduction .................................................................7
1.15 Electrical Circuit..........................................................71.16 Power Source...............................................................71.17 Conductance ................................................................81.18 Circuit Resistance........................................................81.19 Ohm’s Law ..................................................................91.20 Ohm’s Law and Alternating Current ...........................91.21 Ohm’s Law Formula Circle.........................................91.22 PIE Formula Circle....................................................111.23 Formula Wheel .........................................................121.24 Using the Formula Wheel..........................................121.25 Power Losses of Conductors .....................................131.26 Cost of Power ............................................................141.27 Power Changes with the Square of the Voltage ........14
PART C—BASIC ELECTRIC METERS ......................................16Introduction ...............................................................16
1.29 DC Voltmeter .............................................................161.30 DC Ammeter..............................................................171.31 Clamp-on AC Ammeter.............................................171.32 Ohmmeters ................................................................181.33 Wheatstone Bridge ....................................................181.34 Megohmmeter............................................................18
UNIT 2—ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ...........................49Introduction ...............................................................49
PART A—SERIES CIRCUITS ....................................................49Introduction ...............................................................49
2.1 Practical Uses of the Series Circuit...........................492.2 Understanding Series Calculations............................512.3 Series Circuit Calculations ........................................532.4 Power Calculations....................................................532.5 Variations...................................................................532.6 Series Circuit Notes...................................................532.7 Series-Connected Power Supplies.............................54
PART B—PARALLEL CIRCUITS ...............................................54Introduction ...............................................................54
2.8 Practical Uses of the Parallel Circuit ........................552.9 Understanding Parallel Calculations .........................562.10 Circuit Resistance......................................................572.11 Parallel Circuit Notes ................................................592.12 Parallel-Connected Power Supplies ..........................59
PART C—SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS .................................59Introduction ...............................................................59
2.13 Review of Series and Parallel Circuits ......................602.14 Working Series-Parallel Circuits ...............................602.15 Voltage .......................................................................61
PART D—MULTIWIRE BRANCH CIRCUITS .............................62Introduction ...............................................................62
PART A—UNDERSTANDING ALTERNATING CURRENT..........97Introduction ...............................................................97
3.1 Current Flow..............................................................973.2 Why Alternating Current is Used..............................983.3 How Alternating Current is Produced .......................983.4 AC Generator.............................................................983.5 Waveform ..................................................................993.6 Sine Wave ..................................................................993.7 Nonsymmetrical Waveform.....................................1003.8 Frequency ................................................................1003.9 Phase........................................................................1013.10 Degrees ....................................................................1013.11 Lead or Lag .............................................................1013.12 Values of Alternating Current..................................101
PART B—CAPACITANCE .......................................................102Introduction .............................................................102
3.13 Charged Capacitor ...................................................1023.14 Electrical Field ........................................................1033.15 Discharging a Capacitor ..........................................1033.16 Determining Capacitance ........................................1033.17 Uses of Capacitors...................................................1043.18 Phase Relationship ..................................................105
PART C—INDUCTION ............................................................105Introduction .............................................................105
3.19 Self-Induction ..........................................................1063.20 Induced Voltage and Applied Current .....................1063.21 Conductor AC Resistance........................................1063.22 Impedance................................................................1073.23 Conductor Shape .....................................................1073.24 Magnetic Cores........................................................1083.25 Self-Induced and Applied Voltage...........................1093.26 Current Flow............................................................1093.27 Phase Relationship ..................................................1093.28 Uses of Induction ....................................................110
PART D—POWER FACTOR....................................................110Introduction .............................................................110
3.29 Apparent Power (Volt-Amperes) .............................1103.30 True Power (Watts)..................................................1113.31 Power Factor............................................................1113.32 Unity Power Factor..................................................1123.33 Power Factor Formulas............................................1123.34 Cost of True Power..................................................1133.35 Effects of Power Factor ...........................................113
PART E—EFFICIENCY ...........................................................114Introduction .............................................................114
UNIT 4—MOTORS AND TRANSFORMERS......151Introduction .............................................................151
PART A—MOTORS ................................................................151Introduction .............................................................151
4.1 Motor Principles ......................................................1524.2 Dual-Voltage AC Motors .........................................1524.3 Motor Horsepower Rating.......................................1524.4 Motor Current Ratings ............................................1534.5 Calculating Motor FLA...........................................1534.6 Motor-Starting Current............................................1544.7 Motor-Running Current...........................................1554.8 Motor Locked-Rotor Current (LRC).......................1554.9 Motor Overload Protection......................................1554.10 Direct-Current Motor Principles .............................1554.11 Direct-Current Motor Types ....................................1564.12 Reversing the Rotation of a DC Motor ...................1564.13 AC Induction Motor ................................................1564.14 Alternating-Current Motor Types............................1574.15 Reversing the Rotation of an AC Motor .................157
PART B—TRANSFORMERS ..................................................158Introduction .............................................................158
4.16 Transformer Basics .................................................1584.17 Secondary Induced Voltage .....................................1584.18 Autotransformers.....................................................1594.19 Power Losses ...........................................................1594.20 Harmonic Current....................................................1614.21 Efficiency.................................................................1614.22 Transformer Turns Ratio .........................................1614.23 Transformer kVA Rating .........................................1634.24 Current Flow............................................................1634.25 Current Rating .........................................................163
PART A—RACEWAY FILL ......................................................1935.1 Understanding the NEC, Chapter 9 Tables .............1935.2 Raceway and Nipple Calculations...........................1985.3 Existing Raceway Calculations ...............................1995.4 Tips for Raceway Calculations................................201
PART B—OUTLET BOX FILL CALCULATIONS [314.16] .......2015.5 Sizing Box—Conductors All the Same Size
PART C—PULL BOXES, JUNCTION BOXES,AND CONDUIT BODIES ..........................................................2065.8 Pull and Junction Box Size Calculations ................2075.9 Depth of Box and Conduit Body Sizing
UNIT 7—MOTOR CALCULATIONS .......................285Introduction .............................................................285
7.1 Single Motor Conductors [430.22(A)] ....................2857.2 Motor Overcurrent Protection .................................2867.3 Overload Protection [430.6(2) and 430.32(A)].......2877.4 Branch-Circuit Short-Circuit Ground-Fault
Protection [430.51] ..................................................2897.5 Feeder Conductor Size [430.24] .............................2917.6 Feeder Protection [430.61] ......................................2917.7 Highest-Rated Motor [430.17] ................................2927.8 Motor Calculations Steps ........................................2937.9 Motor Calculation Review ......................................2937.10 Motor VA Calculations............................................296
PART B—VOLTAGE-DROP CALCULATIONS..........................3298.6 Voltage-Drop Considerations ..................................3298.7 NEC Voltage-Drop Recommendations....................3298.8 Determining Circuit Conductors’ Voltage Drop......3308.9 Sizing Conductors to Prevent Excessive
Voltage Drop............................................................3328.10 Limiting Conductor Length to Minimize
Voltage Drop............................................................3338.11 Limiting Current to Limit Voltage Drop .................3348.12 Extending Circuits ...................................................335
PART C—EXAMPLES ............................................................46911.20 Bank (120/240V, single-phase) ..............................46911.21 Marina [555.12].......................................................47011.22 Mobile/Manufactured Home Park [550.31] ............47111.23 Office Building (277/480V, Three-phase) ...............47211.24 Recreational Vehicle Park [551.73].........................47411.25 Restaurant—Standard Load Calculation
12.1 Current Flow............................................................515
PART A—DELTA/DELTA TRANSFORMERS ..........................51612.2 Delta Transformer Voltage.......................................51612.3 Delta High-Leg........................................................51612.4 Delta Line Currents .................................................51712.5 Delta Phase Currents ...............................................51712.6 Delta Phase versus Line Current .............................51812.7 Delta Current Triangle.............................................51912.8 Delta Transformer Balancing ..................................52012.9 Delta Transformer Sizing ........................................52112.10 Delta Panel Balancing .............................................52112.11 Delta Panelboard and Conductor Sizing .................52112.12 Delta Neutral Current ..............................................52212.13 Delta Maximum Unbalanced Load .........................52312.14 Delta/Delta Example ...............................................523
PART B—DELTA/WYE TRANSFORMERS..............................52612.15 Wye Transformer Voltage ........................................52612.16 Wye Voltage Triangle ..............................................52612.17 Wye Transformers Current ......................................52612.18 Wye Line Current ....................................................52712.19 Wye Phase Current ..................................................52712.20 Wye Phase versus Line Current ..............................52812.21 Wye Transformer Balancing....................................52912.22 Wye Transformer Sizing..........................................53012.23 Wye Panel Balancing...............................................53012.24 Wye Panelboard and Conductor Sizing...................53112.25 Wye Neutral Current ...............................................53112.26 Wye Maximum Unbalanced Load...........................53212.27 Delta/Wye Example.................................................53212.28 Delta versus Wye.....................................................536
Passing the Exam ..................................................................viii
The National Electrical Code...................................................xi
About the Author ....................................................................xvi
Unit 1Review Quiz—Articles 90 through 200 ....................................1Practice Quiz—Articles 80 through 110 .................................14Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C......................21
Unit 2Review Quiz—Articles 200 through 230 ................................28Practice Quiz—Articles 200 through 230 ...............................41Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C......................48
Unit 3Review Quiz—Articles 230 through 250 ................................55Practice Quiz—Articles 230 through 250 ...............................68Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C......................75
Unit 4Review Quiz—Articles 250 through 310 ................................82Practice Quiz—Articles 250 through 310 ...............................96Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C....................103
Unit 5Review Quiz—Articles 310 through 342 ..............................110Practice Quiz—Articles 310 through 342 .............................124Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C....................130
Unit 6Review Quiz—Articles 342 through 386 ..............................139Practice Quiz—Articles 344 through 386 .............................154Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C....................161
Unit 7Review Quiz—Articles 386 through 410 ..............................168Practice Quiz—Articles 386 through 410 .............................182Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C....................188
Unit 8Review Quiz—Articles 410 through 500 ..............................195Practice Quiz—Articles 410 through 480 .............................209Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C....................216
Unit 9Review Quiz—Articles 500 through 517 ..............................222Practice Quiz—Articles 500 through 517 .............................236Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C....................245
Unit 10Review Quiz—Articles 517 through 645 ..............................251Practice Quiz—Articles 517 through 640 .............................267Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C....................274
Unit 11Review Quiz—Articles 645 through 701 ..............................281Practice Quiz—Articles 645 through 701 .............................295Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C....................302
Unit 12Review Quiz—Articles 702 through Annex C ......................308Practice Quiz—Articles 702 through Chapter 9....................322Challenge Quiz—Articles 90 through Annex C....................328