Pre - SSUSH1 European Exploration and the Conquest of America
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Pre - SSUSH1
European Exploration and the Conquest of America
Causes of European Exploration
Exposed Europeans to various Luxury Goods.
• The Commercial Revolution
Allowed Italian Merchants to expand trade.
Introduced Europeans to new Technology.
• The Crusades
Growth of Trade created great City-States.
Establishment of Banking and Business.
Wealthy Patrons support the growth of Exploration.
Causes of European Exploration
Created a Rebirth of Classical Knowledge.
• The Reformation
Promoted a new Scientific view of the World.
Established a new Curiosity of the World.
• The Renaissance
Challenged Church view of the World.
Created Refugees desiring escape from Religious Persecution.
Motivated Missionaries to spread Christianity around the world.
Causes of European Exploration
Desired new Lands and Resources.
• Technological Advances
Promoted National Pride.
Attempted to create Colonial Empires.
• Absolute Monarchs
Growth of Trade created great City-States.
Establishment of Banking and Business.
Wealthy Patrons support the growth of Exploration.
Portugal Leads the Way
(1419 CE) Created a center to promote Navigational studies.
• Bartolomeu Dias
(1420 – 1456 CE) Sponsored numerous expeditions along the western coast of Africa.
• Prince Henry the Navigator
(1488 CE) The First European who sailed around the tip of Africa.
(1497 CE) Was the first European who sailed around Africa to the coast of India.
• Vasco de Gama
Spain Heads West
(1492 CE) He searched for a shorter route to the East Indies.
He landed on an island in the Caribbean that he named San Salvadore (The Savior).
• Christopher Columbus
He named the native people Indios.
(1492 - 1503 CE) He made four total voyages to the New World.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1493 CE)
• Spain and Portugal competed for lands in the Americas.
Pope Alexander VI was asked by the Spanish Monarch to come up with a solution and prevent war between the two countries.
• Amerigo Vespucci
The agreement granted most of the Americans to Spain.
(1499 - 1501 CE) He made two voyages along the coast of South America.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1493 CE)
(1507) A Mapmaker who named the continent America after the great Italian Explorer.
The Pope created a demarcation line dividing Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
It allowed Portugal to claim lands later known as Brazil.
Naming the New Continents
• Martin Waldseemuller
Spain Continued Exploring America
(1513) Discovered a land with many wildflowers he named Florida (Land of Flowers).
• Juan Ponce de Leon
• Vasco de Balboa
(1513) He crossed the Isthmus of Panama and became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.
• Ferdinand Magellan
(1520 - 1521) He was the first to attempt to Circumnavigate the World and named the new ocean Pacific (Peaceful Waters).
The Spanish Conquest of America
(1519 - 1521) He clashed with and conquered the Native Aztec Empire in modern day Mexico.
• Hernan Cortez
• Francisco Pizzaro
(1526 - 1532) He encountered and defeated the Native Incan Empire in modern day Peru.
• Hernando de Soto
(1539 - 1542) He led and expedition originating in Florida and eventually explored the Southeastern region of the modern U.S.
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
(1540 - 1542) He led and expedition in search of Cibola and eventually explored the Southwestern region of the modern U.S.
• Spanish military leaders and explorers became known as Conquistadores.
Spain Builds a Colonial Empire
Low ranking nobles called Hidalgos were granted lands to manage.
• The Viceroyalty of New Spain was created in 1521
Land Commissioners called ecomenderos controlled the local population through a system of tribute.
This new system was called the encomienda system.
The eventual transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Colonies and Europe became known as the Columbia Exchange.
Spain Builds a Colonial Empire
• A New Social Structure was Developed
Spanish born officials were known as Peninsulares.
Colonists born to Spanish Parents were called Criollos (Creoles).
Mixed blood Spanish and Native American people were called Mestizos.
• New Economic Endeavors Developed
The Discovery of Silver caused large mines to develop.
Huge ranches called Haciendas were developed to feed the large population of laborers.
Highly skilled horsemen known as Vaqueros herded the cattle on these ranches.
Spain Builds a Colonial Empire
• Spain Consolidates its Claim of Florida
The Spanish founded at temporary colony at Pensacola in 1559.
The Spanish founded a permanent colony at St Augustine in 1565.
• Spain Established a New Territory called New Mexico in 1598.
The Spanish Capital of Santa Fe was established in 1609.
The Spanish built forts called Presidios.
Franciscan Priests established key religious center called Missions.
France Sets its Sights on North America
• Giovanni da Verrazano
(1524) He explored the east coast of North America in search of the Northwest Passage to India.
(1534) He discovered and mapped the St. Lawrence River.
• Jacques Cartier
• Samuel de Champlain
(1608) He established the colony of Quebec, which became the capital of New France.
(1625) Jesuit Missionaries arrived to spread Christianity to the Native Americans.
France Sets its Sights on North America
• Louis Joilet and Jacques Marquette
(1673) They explored the Mississippi River south to the region of modern day Arkansas.
(1682) He followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico.
• Rene-Robert de La Salle
• The French Mississippi Company
(1718) Founded the colony of New Orleans to control the Fur Trade in the region.
(By 1666) Jesuit Missionaries arrived to spread Christianity to the Native Americans.
The Dutch and British Join the Search
• Sir Henry Hudson (1609) He sailed for the Dutch East Indies Company to North America, which led to the establishment of the Colony of Albany and New Netherlands.
(1610 - 1611) He sailed for the British East Indies Company to North America, eventually discovering Hudson Bay.
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