PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in Chishui River Basin (Final Report)

7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/prc-pda-public-private-partnership-pilot-development-of-a-mechanism-for-payment 1/94



7$%/(2)&217(176

([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\

,QWURGXFWLRQ

3URMHFW,GHQWLILFDWLRQ

2EMHFWLYHVRIWKH3'$

3:6LQ:XPDPLFURZDWHUVKHG

3LORWVLWHORFDWLRQ

7KHFRUHK\GURORJLFDOSUREOHP

/LYHOLKRRGDVVHVVPHQWLQSLORWVLWH

/DQGXVHSDWWHUQV

5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQSRYHUW\DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOGHJUDGDWLRQ

3:6 DV D SUREDEOH VROXWLRQ WR WKH FRUH K\GURORJLFDO SUREOHP DQG 8QVXVWDLQDEOH

/LYHOLKRRG

/DQGXVHFKDQJHWRDGGUHVVWKHFRUHK\GURORJLFDOSUREOHPDWSLORWVLWH

%X\HUVDQGVHOOHUV:LOOLQJQHVVFDSDFLW\WRSDUWLFLSDWHLQ3:6

6HUYLFH SURYLVLRQ DQG VHUYLFH GHPDQG 9DOXH RI WKH VHUYLFH FRQWLQJHQF\

SULQFLSOH

6FDOLQJXSWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQIURPSLORWVLWHV

3URMHFW2XWFRPHVDQG/HVVRQVOHDUQHG

$SSHQGL[:RUNVKRS



Executive Summary

::)LVFRQGXFWLQJD3LORWDQG'HPRQVWUDWLRQ$FWLYLW\3'$XQGHU$'%5(7$

FDOOHG3LORW'HYHORSPHQWRID0HFKDQLVPIRU3D\PHQWIRU:DWHUVKHG6HUYLFHV3:6

LQ &KLVKXL :DWHUVKHG IXQGHG E\ $VLDQ 'HYHORSPHQW %DQN δ$'%7KLV 3'$ ZDV

GHVLJQHGWRWHVWD3D\PHQWIRU:DWHUVKHG6HUYLFHVPHFKDQLVPLQ&KLVKXLZDWHUVKHGWR

DGGUHVV WKH SUREOHP RI GHWHULRUDWLQJ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ GRZQVWUHDP DQG LPSURYH WKH

OLYHOLKRRGRISRRUXSVWUHDPIDUPHUV7KHUHVXOWVZLOOEHIXUWKHUGHYHORSHGLQWRSUDFWLFDO

JXLGHOLQHV IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D SXEOLF3ULYDWH3DUWQHUVKLS DV DQ LPSRUWDQW DQG

LQQRYDWLYH ILQDQFH VWUDWHJ\ WR ERWK 35& VSHFLDOL]HG DJHQFLHV DV ZHOO DV WR $'%¶V

SODQQLQJVSHFLDOLVWV

Figure 1/RFDWLRQRI:XPD0LFUR%DVLQZLWKLQ&KLVKXLVXEZDWHUVKHG

7KLV3'$IRFXVRQ:XPDPLFURZDWHUVKHGZKLFKLVWKHPDLQEUDQFKRI&KLVKXL5LYHU

LQ5HQKXDLFLW\7KHOHQJWKRI:XPD5LYHULVDSSUR[LPDWHO\NLORPHWHUV7KHDUHDRI

WKH:XPDZDWHUVKHGLVHVWLPDWHGDWNP 8SVWUHDPIDUPLQJFRPPXQLWLHVOLYHDW

RUEHORZWKHSRYHUW\OLQH7KHLUODQGXVHSDWWHUQVDUHPRVWWKHPRVWSDUWXQVXVWDLQDEOH

DQG UHVXOW LQ D V\VWHPDWLF GHWHULRUDWLRQ RI WKH HFRV\VWHP DQG LWV VHUYLFH SURYLVLRQ

FDSDFLW\$VDFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHVHODQGXVHSUDFWLFHVGRZQVWUHDPZDWHUXVHUV±DERXW

RI WKHP OLTXRU SURGXFLQJ FRPSDQLHV IDFH D SUREOHP RI GHFUHDVLQJ ZDWHU IORZ

GXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQ7KHJRRGTXDOLW\DQGVWDEOHTXDQWLW\RIZDWHULQWKH:XPD5LYHU



DUHFUXFLDOIRUWKHHIILFLHQWDQGSURILWDEOHRSHUDWLRQRIOLTXRUPDQXIDFWXULQJHQWHUSULVHV

ORFDWHGGRZQVWUHDP

$OWKRXJK WKHUH DUH D PXOWLSOLFLW\ RI IDFWRUV ZKLFK PLJKW FRQFHLYDEO\ FRQWULEXWH WR

GHFUHDVLQJ ZDWHU YROXPH DW :XPD 5LYHU WKLV 3:6 PHFKDQLVP IRFXVHV RQ ODQG XVH

SDWWHUQV XSVWUHDP DV RWKHU DSSURDFKHV GLVFLSOLQHV RU SURJUDPPHV GHDO ZLWK RWKHU

SUREDEOHFDXVHVVXFKDVFOLPDWHFKDQJH

'DWDJDWKHUHGLQWKHHODERUDWLRQRIWKHK\GURORJLFDODVVHVVPHQWFRUURERUDWHVWKHYLHZRI

WKHFRUHK\GURORJLFDOSUREOHPDVGHFUHDVLQJZDWHUTXDQWLW\SDUWLFXODUO\GXULQJWKHGU\

VHDVRQ7KHOLYHOLKRRGDVVHVVPHQWSURYLGHVHYLGHQFHRIWKHOLQNVEHWZHHQSRYHUW\ODQG

XVHSUDFWLFHVDQGHFRV\VWHPGHWHULRUDWLRQUHVXOWLQJLQOLPLWHGVHUYLFHSURYLVLRQ

6RFLRHFRQRPLFDQGHFRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQVSUHYDLOLQJDW:XPDULYHUEDVLQUHSURGXFHDW

DUHGXFHGVFDOHWKHFRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWDQGQDWXUHFRQVHUYDWLRQ

*RYHUQPHQW DQG SULYDWH VHFWRU HIIRUWV WR DGGUHVV WKLV FRQWUDGLFWLRQ KDYH RQO\

H[DFHUEDWHG LW (IIHFWLYH FRQWURO RI ZDWHU SROOXWLRQ DW &KLVKXL ULYHU UHVXOWHG LQ DQ

LPSURYHPHQW RI LWV TXDOLW\ IURP FDWHJRU\ ,9WR FDWHJRU\ ,, 7KH VRFLDO FRVW KRZHYHU

ZDV YHU\ KLJK DV FRPPXQLWLHV XSVWUHDP ORVW D PDMRU VRXUFH RI HPSOR\PHQWLQFRPH

ZKHQDERXWSDSHUPLOOVZHUHVKXWGRZQE\*RYHUQPHQWGHFUHH:KDWZDVJRRGIRU

WKHHQYLURQPHQWZDVQRWJRRGIRUOLYHOLKRRG6RRQDIWHUOLTXRUFRPSDQLHVSURYLGHGDQ

DOWHUQDWLYHVRXUFHRILQFRPH

(TXLWDEOH3D\PHQWIRU:DWHUVKHG6HUYLFHVWKHPHFKDQLVPWHVWHGLQWKLV3'$DSSHDUV

WR EH XQGHU FXUUHQW ELRSK\VLFDO VRFLRHFRQRPLF DQG JRYHUQDQFH FRQGLWLRQV D

VXSHULRURSWLRQWRWKHEXVLQHVVDVXVXDODSSURDFK%DVHOLQHVWXGLHVDOVRVXSSRUWWKHYLHZ

RI 3:6 DV D PRUH HIIHFWLYH DQVZHU WR WKH FRUH K\GURORJLFDO SUREOHP DQGWR SRYHUW\

LVVXHV IDFH E\ IDUPLQJ FRPPXQLWLHV XSVWUHDP /DQG XVH FKDQJHV LQ SDUWLFLSDWLQJ

FRPPXQLWLHV DUH FUXFLDO WR FRQIURQW WKH SUREOHP RI GLPLQLVKLQJ ZDWHU YROXPHGRZQVWUHDPDJURZLQJFRQFHUQRIOLTXRUFRUSRUDWLRQV$EXVLQHVVSDUWQHUVKLSEHWZHHQ

XSVWUHDP FRPPXQLWLHV VHUYLFH SURYLGHUV RU VHOOHUV DQG GRZQVWUHDP OLTXRU

FRUSRUDWLRQVVHUYLFHXVHUVRUEX\HUVZLOODVVXUHDORQJWHUPVROXWLRQWRERWKWKHFRUH

K\GURORJLFDO SUREOHP DQGWR OLYHOLKRRGLVVXHV 3D\PHQW PHFKDQLVPV IURP WKHSDUW RI

EX\HUVLQFOXGHDYDULHW\RIRSWLRQVUDQJLQJIURP ILQDQFLQJWKHFRVWRIODQGXVHFKDQJHV

LH WHUUDFLQJ UHIRUHVWDWLRQ HWF WR FRYHULQJ RSSRUWXQLW\ FRVWV IRU XSVWUHDP

FRPPXQLWLHV7KHVHSD\PHQWVDUHVXEMHFWHGWRWKHFRQWLQJHQF\SULQFLSOH³EX\HUSD\V

DVORQJDVVHOOHUGHOLYHUV´



1. Introduction

7KLV UHSRUW KLJKOLJKWV DOO PDMRU DFWLYLWLHV XQGHUWDNHQ E\ D UHVHDUFK WHDP HQJDJHG E\

::)&KLQDZRUNLQJRQD3'$ILQDQFHGE\$'%7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVSURMHFWLVWR

GHPRQVWUDWHWKURXJKD3LORWWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIHVWDEOLVKLQJD3:6PHFKDQLVPDW:XPD

VXEZDWHUVKHGDPDMRUDIIOXHQWRI&KLVKXL5LYHU7KHPDLQDFWLYLWLHVSHUIRUPHGLQFOXGH

K\GURORJLFDO DVVHVVPHQWOLYHOLKRRGDVVHVVPHQWDQG WKHVXUYH\ RI WKHZLOOLQJQHVV DQG

FDSDFLW\ WR SDUWLFLSDWHLQ WKHPHFKDQLVP E\SRWHQWLDO VHUYLFHSURYLGHUVDQGEX\HUV $

ILQDO ZRUNVKRS KDV FRQGXFWHG VKDULQJ DOO WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH SURMHFW DQG WKH

UHVXOWVIRXQGZLWKWKHVWDNHKROGHUV

1.1 Project Identification

7KLV 3LORW DQG 'HPRQVWUDWLRQ $FWLYLWLHV 3'$ GHVLJQHG WR WHVW WKH YLDELOLW\ RI DQ

LQQRYDWLYH ILQDQFH PHFKDQLVP 3D\PHQW IRU :DWHUVKHG 6HUYLFHV 3:6 LQ &KLVKXL

:DWHUVKHG7KHSURMHFWVWDUWHGRQ$SULODQGZLOOILQLVKDWWKHHQGRI0DUFK

1.2 Objectives of the PDA

z 7RLGHQWLI\DQGDQDO\]HWKHFDXVHVRIXQVXVWDLQDEOHODQGXVHE\IDUPHUVXSVWUHDP

DQG WKHLU LPSDFW RQ GRZQVWUHDP VWDNHKROGHUV 7R WKLV HIIHFW K\GURORJLFDO DQG

OLYHOLKRRGDVVHVVPHQWVKDYHEHHQFRQGXFWHGz 7RLGHQWLI\TXDOLI\DQGHQJDJHSRWHQWLDOEX\HUVDQGVHOOHUVRIZDWHUVKHGVHUYLFHVLQ

DEXVLQHVVUHODWLRQVKLS

z 7R LQFUHDVH DZDUHQHVV RI WKH 3:6 VFKHPH DPRQJ UHOHYDQW SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH

VWDNHKROGHUVLQWKH&KLVKXL5LYHU%DVLQ

Expected Results

Outcome

,QQRYDWLYH PDUNHWRULHQWHG SD\PHQW PHFKDQLVP IRU ZDWHUVKHG FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQGOLYHOLKRRGLPSURYHPHQWHVWDEOLVKHGDQGUHSOLFDWHGLQRWKHUZDWHUVKHGV

Outputs

x :XPDSLORWHVWDEOLVKHGZLWKDOXFLGVWDWHPHQWRI3D\PHQWIRU:DWHUVKHG6HUYLFHV

DVDILQDQFHPHFKDQLVP

x 5HVHDUFK UHSRUWV RQ K\GURORJLFDO FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH :XPD ZDWHUVKHG RQ

OLYHOLKRRGLQIDUPLQJFRPPXQLWLHVDQGRQZDWHUTXDOLW\TXDQWLW\LVVXHVIDFHE\

WKHOLTXRULQGXVWU\LQ:XPDZDWHUVKHG

x $VRFLDOHFRQRPLFSURILOHRIXSVWUHDPSRRUIDUPLQJFRPPXQLWLHVVKRZLQJWKHWUDQVLWLRQIURPVXEVLVWHQFHDJULFXOWXUHWRVXVWDLQDEOHUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQW



x $ZRUNVKRSWRVKDUHUHVXOWVRIWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQDQGGHILQHIXWXUHVWHSVWRNH\

VWDNHKROGHUVLQFOXGLQJJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHV

2. PWS in Wuma micro-watershed

2.1 Pilot site location

Figure 2&KLVKXL6XE5LYHU%DVLQZLWKLQ<DQJW]H:DWHUVKHG

7KLV 3'$ IRFXV RQ :XPD ZDWHUVKHG ZKLFK LV WKHPDLQ EUDQFK RI &KLVKXL5LYHU LQ

5HQKXDL FLW\ 7KH :XPD 5LYHU RULJLQDWHV IURP WKHWRZQ RI &KDQJJDQJ VRXWKHDVW RI

5HQKXDLFLW\IORZVWKURXJK7DQFKDQJ:XPD/XEDQWRWKHZHVWLQWR&KLVKXL5LYHULQ

WKH WRZQ RI 0DRED 6HH )LJV DQG 7KH RYHUDOO OHQJWK RI :XPD 5LYHU LV

DSSUR[LPDWHO\ NLORPHWHUV 7KH DUHD RIWKH:XPDZDWHUVKHGLV HVWLPDWHGDW

NP



7DEOH7RZQVDQG9LOODJHVLQ:XPD5LYHU%DVLQ

Towns in Wuma

River Basin

Villages in Wuma

Town Village Groups in Xienong Village

Wuma (UKH

&KDQJJDQJ 6DQ\XDQ

/XEDQ +RQJMXQ

0DRED Xienong Long Tangba0D-LDSR

-LDRWRQJ*DR6KDQFKD&KHQ-LDJRX

%DL<DQJWXQ&KDQJ+XLWX6DQ

-LDRWDQJ;LHQRQJ<D=LWDL

/RQJOL

<XNRQJ7XQVKDQ7KHVLWHVHOHFWHGDVWKHSLORWDUHDVHOHFWHGLV/RQJ7DQJED9LOODJH*URXSRQHRIWKH

WZHOYHYLOODJHVLQ;LHQRQJ9LOODJHZKLFKLVSDUWRIWKH:XPD7RZQ6HH7DEOH

DERYH

2.2 The core hydrological problem

7KHK\GURORJLFDODVVHVVPHQWKDVLGHQWLILHGWKHFRUHSUREOHPIDFHGE\WKHGRZQVWUHDP

ZDWHUXVHUV7KLVLQLWLDOVWHSLVFUXFLDOWRSURSHUO\GHVLJQDFRXUVHRIDFWLRQDPHQDEOHWR

DGGUHVV WKH SUREOHP 7KLV H[SORUDWRU\ UHYLHZ DOORZV IRU WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI SRWHQWLDO

ZDWHUVKHGVHUYLFHVIRUZKLFKWKHGHPDQGVLGHLVZLOOLQJWRSD\7KHJHQHUDODLPRIWKHDVVHVVPHQW LV WR ORRN IRU WUHQGV DV ZHOO DV IRU FDXVDO UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ WKH FRUH

K\GURORJLFDO SUREOHP DQGODQGXVH SUDFWLFHV ZLWKLQWKHFDWFKPHQW 7KHLPSRUWDQFH RI

GHILQLQJWKHFRUHSUREOHPVKRXOGQRWEHXQGHUHVWLPDWHG

7KH FRUH K\GURORJLFDO SUREOHP RI WKH :XPD PLFUREDVLQ LV WKH GHFOLQH RI ZDWHU

TXDQWLW\ %HFDXVH RI WKH WLPHO\ LQWHUYHQWLRQ RI WKH 5HQKXDL JRYHUQPHQW LQ WKH

ZDWHU TXDOLW\ RI :XPD UHDFKHG&ODVV ,,VWDQGDUG $WSUHVHQW WKHTXDOLW\ RI ZDWHU LQ

:XPD5LYHULVQRWDPDMRUSUREOHPIRUWKHSRWHQWLDOVHUYLFHEX\HUV

2.2.1 Key Water Users: water supply and demand

7KHPDLQZDWHUXVHUVLQWKHGRZQVWUHDPDUHDRI:XPD5LYHUDUHOLTXRUHQWHUSULVHV7KH

WRWDO DQQXDO ZDWHU FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ ZDV DERXW PLOOLRQ P ZKLFK LQFOXGHG

PLOOLRQ P XVHG E\ 0DRWDL 'LVWLOOHU\ &2 /7' P XVHG E\ RWKHU OLTXRU

HQWHUSULVHV DQGPLOOLRQPZDVXVHGIRUGRPHVWLFFRQVXPSWLRQ DW:XPD7RZQ

1 'DWD VRXUFH IURP 7KH 5HSRUW RI WKH 3ROOXWLRQ 6RXUFH &HQVXV RI *XL]KRX 3URYLQFH *XL]KRX

(QYLURQPHQW3URWHFWLRQ%XUHDX&RPSUHKHQVLYHZDWHUFRQVXPSWLRQLQOLTXRUPDNLQJLVPWRQ

DQGWKHOLTXRUSURGXFLQJYROXPHUHDFKHVWLQ2 'RPHVWLF ZDWHU FRQVXPSWLRQ P

GD\SHUVRQ WKH SRSXODWLRQ RI :XPD LQ ZDV

5HQKXDL*RYHUQPHQW5HSRUW



GRPHVWLF FRQVXPSWLRQ WDNHV RI WKH WRWDO ZDWHU FRQVXPSWLRQ 7KH SRWHQWLDO

ZDWHUVKHGVHUYLFHVEX\HUVDUHOLTXRUHQWHUSULVHVORFDWHGGRZQVWUHDP

Figure 3:XPD:DWHUVKHG/LTXRU&RPSDQLHVDQGSLORWVLWH

2.2.2 Water Runoff and Flow

'HFUHDVLQJZDWHUTXDQWLW\GXULQJGU\SHULRGVLVHYLGHQFHGE\YDULDWLRQVLQZDWHUUXQRII

DQGIORZRI &KXLVKXL 5LYHUDW 0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQ LQUHFHQW GHFDGHV 'XULQJ

WKH GU\ VHDVRQV 2FWREHU WR 0DUFK WKH average flow GHFUHDVHG IURP PV LQ

VWRPVLQ6HH7DEOHDQG)LJ

Table 2-2Average Flow of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station (m3 /s)

Periods 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009

$YHUDJH)ORZ'U\6HDVRQ

/LTXRUHQWHUSULVHV

:XPD:DWHUVKHG



$YHUDJH)ORZ

:HW6HDVRQ

6RXUFH5HFRUGVIURP0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQ

'DWDVRXUFH5HFRUGVIURP0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQ

Fig 2-1Average Flow of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station

$VIDUDVRunoff DW0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQLVFRQFHUQHGWKHUHLVDGHFUHDVHGXULQJ

ERWKGU\VHDVRQVIURPELOOLRQPLQVWRELOOLRQPLQDVZHOODVLQ

WKHZHW VHDVRQ VKRZLQJ D GHFOLQHIURP ELOOLRQPWRELOOLRQP6HH7DEOH

DQG)LJ7KHGHFUHDVHGXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQLVLQWKHRUGHURIZKLOHLQWKH

ZHWVHDVRQLV7KHJDSEHWZHHQZHWDQGGU\VHDVRQVLQLVELOOLRQP DQG

LQWKHLQFUHDVHVWRELOOLRQP

Table 2-3 Average Runoff of Chishui River. Unit: billion m3

Period 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009

5XQRII5DLQ\6HDVRQ

5XQRII'U\6HDVRQ

'DWDVRXUFH 5HFRUGVIURP0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQ

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.0080.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

180.00

Change of Average Flow of Chishui

RiverBetween Every 10 Years (m3/s)

Average Flow in Dry

Season

Average Flow in Rainy

Season



Fig 2-2 Runoff of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station Unit: 10

8m

3

'DWDVRXUFH5HFRUGVIURP0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQ

7KH TXDQWLW\ RI ZDWHU RI &KLVKXL 5LYHU LQ WKH DUHD IURP 0DRWDL WR ;LMLX KDV EHHQ

GHFUHDVLQJLQWKHSHULRGIURPWRERWKGXULQJWKHUDLQ\DVZHOODVGXULQJWKH

GU\VHDVRQV7KLVGHFUHDVHKRZHYHULVSDUWLFXODUO\QRWLFHDEOHGXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQV

2.2.3 Water supply and demand for the liquor enterprises in the Watershed

$FFRUGLQJ WR VWDWLVWLFVIURP 5HQKXDL *RYHUQPHQW WKHOLTXRU \LHOGLQFUHDVHG IURP

WKRXVDQG WRQV LQ WR WKRXVDQG WRQV LQ :DWHU UHTXLUHG IRU OLTXRU

SURGXFLQJDOVRLQFUHDVHGIURPPLOOLRQPWRPLOOLRQPIRUWKHVDPHSHULRG

'DWDVRXUFH5HQKXL*RYHUQPHQW5HSRUW Fig 2-3 The Liquor Output and Water Consumption in Recent Years

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009

Change of Runoff of Chishui River Between

Every 10 Years( billion m3

)

Runoff of Chishuiin Rainy

Season

Runoff of Chishui in Dry

Season



:HFDQVHH)LJWKDWERWKZDWHUFRQVXPSWLRQDQGOLTXRURXWSXWLQFUHDVHGVKDUSO\IURPWRWKHSUHVHQW0RUHRYHUWKH7ZHOIWK3ODQRI5HQKXDL&LW\LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH

RXWSXW RI OLTXRU SURGXFWLRQ ZLOO UHDFK WKRXVDQG WRQV LQ :DWHU UHTXLUHG WR

SURGXFHWKLVDPRXQWRILVH[SHFWHGWRUHDFKPLOOLRQPLQ

2.2.4 The Deficit of Water in the Area of Maotai to Xijiu

'DWDPRQLWRUHGDW0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQVKRZVDGHILFLWLQZDWHUUHVRXUFHLQWKH

DUHDRI0DRWDLWR;LMLX7KHDQQXDO(FRORJLFDO:DWHU5HTXLUHPHQW IURP&KLVKXL5LYHU

DW 0DRWDL VHFWLRQ LV ELOOLRQ P ZKLFK LQFOXGHV ELOOLRQ P LQ IORRG VHDVRQ

$SULOWR6HSWHPEHUDQGELOOLRQP LQGU\VHDVRQ2FWREHUWR0DUFK%XWWKHGDWD

PHDVXUHGDW0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQUHYHDOVWKDWWKHDQQXDOUXQRIIRI0DRWDLULYHU

VHFWLRQLVELOOLRQPZKLFKLQFOXGHVELOOLRQPLQIORRGVHDVRQ$SULOWR

6HSWHPEHUDQGWKHELOOLRQPLQGU\VHDVRQ2FWREHUWR0DUFKVHH7DEOH

7KHGDWDIRUWKH\HDUVKRZVWKDWRQO\PLOOLRQPRIUXQRIILQ0DRWDLDUHDVLV

DYDLODEOHIRUDZKROH\HDU,QWKHGU\VHDVRQWKHGHILFLWRIZDWHULVPLOOLRQP

7able 2-4 Comparison between Ecological Water Requirement and Monitoring

Data of Maotai Hydrological Station (2011) Unit: billion m3

Whole

Year

Flood Season (April

to September)

Dry Season

(October to March)

:DWHU5HTXLUHPHQW

0RQLWRULQJ'DWDDW0DRWDL

+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQ

$YDLODEOH:DWHU4XDQWLW\RI

0DRWDL6HFWLRQ

-0.171

'DWD VRXUFH IURP &KLVKXL 5LYHU %DVLQ &RPSUHKHQVLYH 3ODQQLQJ HGLWHG E\

<DQJW]H5LYHU:DWHU5HVRXUFHV&RPPLWWHH

'DWDFROOHFWHGLQGLFDWHV

:DWHU TXDQWLW\ PHDVXUHG E\ FKDQJHV LQ UXQRII DQG IORRG LV GHFUHDVLQJ LQ

&KLVKXLULYHU

7KLV GHFUHDVH KDV EHHQ GRFXPHQWHG XVLQJ \HDUV RI UHFRUGHG HYLGHQFH DW3

Ecological Water Requirement includes the basic flow, water requirement for sediment transfer, fishes and waterconsumption by evaporation of lakes or everglades. And the data sourced from Chishui River Basin Comprehensive

Planning (2011) edited by Yangtze River Water Resources Committee.



0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQ

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH GDWD WKLV GHFUHDVH LV SDUWLFXODUO\ QRWLFHDEOH GXULQJ WKH GU\

VHDVRQ

:DWHU VXSSO\ LV WKHUHIRUH LQVXIILFLHQW WR PHHW FXUUHQW GHPDQGV E\ LQGXVWULDO

ZDWHUXVHUVGRZQVWUHDPOLTXRUFRPSDQLHVZKRDUHDOVRWKHPDLQZDWHUXVHUV

2.2.5 Impact of the water problem on Liquor Enterprises

7KH PDLQ ZDWHU XVHUV GRZQVWUHDP RI :XPD 5LYHU DUH OLTXRU HQWHUSULVHV 7KHVH

HQWHUSULVHVWDNHZDWHUGLUHFWO\IURP&KLVKXL5LYHULQWKHDUHDRI0DRWDLZKHUH:XPD

5LYHUKDVJUHDWLPSDFWRQWKHZDWHUXVHGE\OLTXRUPDQXIDFWXULQJHQWHUSULVHVORFDWHGLQ

WKDWDUHD$WWKHULJKWEDQNRI&KLVKXL5LYHUDQGFORVHWR0DRWDL7RZQ:XPD5LYHUVSULQJLQJ IURP -LQJED DQG 0XVKLZR 9LOODJH RI &KDQJJDQJ 7RZQ RI 5HQKXDL &LW\

IORZV WKURXJK :XPD 7RZQ DQG 0DRED 7RZQ DQG ILQDOO\ UXQV LQWR &KLVKXL 5LYHU DW

$RNRX9LOODJHUHIHUWR)LJXUH7KHHVWXDU\RI:XPD5LYHULVRQO\NPDZD\IURP

WKHZDWHULQWDNHRI0DRWDL'LVWLOOHU\&R/WGZKLFKPHDQVWKHTXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\RI

WKHULYHUZLOOGLUHFWO\DIIHFWWKHOLTXRUSURGXFWLRQRI0DRWDLDQGRWKHUOLTXRUHQWHUSULVHV

LQ 0DRWDL 7RZQ 7KHUHIRUH :XPD 5LYHU DSSHDUV WR EH WKH WULEXWDU\ ZLWK WKH ODUJHVW

LQIOXHQFHRQ WKHTXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\RI ZDWHU XVHGE\OLTXRUSURGXFLQJ HQWHUSULVHVLQ

0DRWDL7RZQ

Importance of Liquor Enterprises

5HQKXDLFLW\KRXVHVRIDOOIDPRXVOLTXRUSURGXFLQJFRPSDQLHVLQ&KLQD7KHUHDUH

DERXWFRPSDQLHVRSHUDWLQJGRZQVWUHDPRI:XPDULYHUEDVLQSURGXFLQJPRUHWKDQ

EUDQGV RI OLTXRU 7KHLU RXWSXW IRU ZDV WRQV ZLWK \HDUO\ VDOHV RI

ELOOLRQ50%7KHVHHQWHUSULVHVHPSOR\DERXWSHUVRQVIURPWKHDUHD7KH\

FRPSULVHRIWKHWRWDOORFDOLQGXVWULDORXWSXW5HSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURP5HQKXDLOLTXRU

LQGXVWU\HQWHUSULVHVVXFKDV0DRWDL*URXS*XRZXMLDQ<XQIHQJ*XRWDLDQG-LXJXLMLX

*URXSH[SUHVVHGWKHLUFRQFHUQDERXWGHFUHDVLQJZDWHUTXDQWLW\7KHOLTXRUHQWHUSULVHV

KDYHLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHORZHULQJRIZDWHUVXSSO\LVDOUHDG\LPSDFWLQJQRUPDOSURGXFWLRQ

7KHZDWHUVXSSO\LQWKHDUHDIURP0DRWDL7RZQWR;LMLX7RZQLVZRHIXOO\LQDGHTXDWH

GXULQJGU\VHDVRQ7KLVUHVXOWVLQWKHGHFUHDVHRIZDWHUVWRUDJHFDSDELOLW\ZKLFKOHDGV

LQWXUQWROLPLWDWLRQVLQWKHZDWHULQWDNLQJWKHOLTXRUHQWHUSULVHV



2.2.6 Cause of the problem: Land use upstream

&DXVHV IRU GHFUHDVLQJ ZDWHU UXQRII PD\ LQFOXGH D YDULHW\ RI IDFWRUV IURP QDWXUDO WR

DQWKURSRJHQLF )RU SXUSRVHV RI WKLV 3'$ WKH SLORW ZLOO IRFXV RQ KXPDQ DFWLYLWLHV

XQGHUWDNHQ XSVWUHDP LPSDFWLQJ QHJDWLYHO\ WKH HFRV\VWHP¶V VHUYLFH SURGXFWLRQ ZKLFK

EHQHILWV GRZQVWUHDP ZDWHU XVHUV 6SHFLILFDOO\ WKLV SLORW ZLOO IRFXV RQ WZR IDFWRUV

GHIRUHVWDWLRQDQGFXOWLYDWLRQLQVWHHSVORSHV7KHFRPELQHGDFFXPXODWHGHIIHFWRIWKHVH

SUDFWLFHV LVDQLQFUHDVH LQHURVLRQ DQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQ(URVLRQLPSDFWV WKHILOWHULQJ DQG

VWRUDJH FDSDFLW\ RI WKH VRLO ,QDGGLWLRQ LQ UHFHQWGHFDGHV UDSLG VRFLDO DQGHFRQRPLF

GHYHORSPHQW KDV VHULRXVO\ LPSDFWHG WKH HFRV\VWHP LQ WKH XSSHU VWUHDP ,Q &KLVKXL

5LYHU%DVLQIRUH[DPSOHWKHIRUHVWFRYHUDJHUDWHGHFUHDVHGIURPLQWR

WRGD\7KLVUHSUHVHQWVPVORVVRIDYHUDJHIORZGXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQ

7KH VL]H RI:XPD5LYHU%DVLQ 7DEOHLVKHFWDUHV RIZKLFK WKHDUHDRI

DUDEOH ODQG LV KHFWDUHV RI WKH WRWDO ODQG IRUHVW ODQG LV

KHFWDUHVRUDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQODQGLVKHFWDUHV)URPGDWDLQ

WKH7DEOHVWDEOH EHORZZH FDQGUDZWKHIROORZLQJREVHUYDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJ

ODQGXVHSDWWHUQVDORQJ:XPD5LYHU%DVLQ

7KH IDUPLQJ DUHD LQ VORSHV ZLWK RYHU GHJUHHV RI LQFOLQDWLRQ DFFRXQWV IRU RI WRWDO VORSLQJ DUHD DQG RI WRWDO DUHD RI GU\ ODQG 7KH

SURSRUWLRQ RI KLJK VWHHS VORSHV RU RYHU GHJUHHV RI LQFOLQDWLRQ E\ WRZQ DUH

&KDQJJDQJ7RZQ/XEDQ7RZQ:XPD7RZQDQG

0DRED 7RZQ UHVSHFWLYHO\ ,W FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW SURSRUWLRQV RI

FXOWLYDWLRQVLQVWHHSVORSHVRYHUGHJUHHVDUHKLJKHULQ:XPD7RZQWKDQLQ

WKHRWKHUWRZQV

7KH SHUFHQWDJH RI IRUHVW FRYHU ZLWKLQ WKH ULYHU EDVLQ LVORZ 7KH IRUHVW ODQG

FRYHUV +HFWDUHV LQ :XPD ULYHU EDVLQ WDNLQJ XS RI WKH

ZKROHODQG7KHIROORZLQJ7DEOHLQGLFDWHVWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIIRUHVWODQGLQ

HDFKFRXQW\

4 7KHSUHFLSLWDWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHGDWDIURP*XL]KRX0HWHRURORJLFDO%XUHDXGHFUHDVHGIURPPPLQ

WRPPLQV7KHDYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHGIURP ć LQVWRć LQV%RWKWKH

WHPSHUDWXUHDQGSUHFLSLWDWLRQFKDQJHGOLWWOHEHWZHHQGHFDGHLQWHUYDOV 'DWDVRXUFHGIURP&KLVKXL5LYHU%DVLQ&RPSUHKHQVLYH3ODQQLQJHGLWHGE\<DQJW]H5LYHU:DWHU5HVRXUFHV

&RPPLWWHH 7KHGDWDLVIURPWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHUHPRWHVHQVLQJLPDJHRI5HQKXDLZKLFKLVIURP1DWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ

RI6XUYH\LQJ0DSSLQJDQG*HRLQIRUPDWLRQ



Table 2-5 Current Land Use in Wuma River Watershed (2009)8QLW+HFWDUH

Soil types and PercentageChanggang

Town

Luban

Town

Wuma

Town

Maoba

Town

7RWDOODQG

$UDEOHODQG

)RUHVWODQG

7KH$UDEOHODQGSURSRUWLRQ

RIWKHWRWDOODQG

7KH)RUHVWODQGSURSRUWLRQRIWKHWRWDOODQG

6RXUFH2YHUDOO3ODQQLQJRI:XPDHGLWHGE\/DQGDQG5HVRXUFHV%XUHDX

RI5HQKXDL

Table 2-6 Slopes of Wuma River Watershed (2009) (Unit: Hectare)

ItemsChanggang

Town

Luban

Town

Wuma

Town

Maoba

Town7RWDOODQG

6ORSLQJDUDEOHODQG

DUDEOHODQG˚

7KHSURSRUWLRQRIVORSLQJ

DUDEOHODQGRIWKHWRWDOODQG

7KHSURSRUWLRQRIDUDEOHODQG

˚RIWKHVORSLQJODQG

6RXUFH2YHUDOO3ODQQLQJRI:XPDHGLWHGE\/DQGDQG5HVRXUFHV%XUHDX

RI5HQKXDL

Soil Erosion and Sedimentation8

$FFRUGLQJ WR UHVHDUFK FRQGXFWHG E\ 5HQKXDL &LW\ 5RFN\ 'HVHUWLILFDWLRQ &RQWURO

3ODQQLQJWKHYROXPH RIVRLOHURVLRQLQ &KLVKXL5LYHU ZDWHUVKHG LVRQH RIWKHKLJKHVW

DORQJ WKH <DQJW]H ULYHU 7KH YROXPH RI VRLO HURVLRQ DURXQG 5HQKXDL FLW\ LV

7KHIRUHVWODQGLQFOXGHVWKHVKUXEODQGVSDUVHODQGDQGHWFLQZKLFKVRPHFDQQRWEHXVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKHIRUHVW

FRYHUDJHUDWHVRWKHGDWDRIIRUHVWODQGLVELJJHUWKDQWKHIRUHVWFRYHUDJHUDWH 7KHGDWDRIVRLOHURVLRQDQGVHGLPHQWVDUHIURP0DRWDL+\GURORJLFDO6WDWLRQDQGWKH5HQKXDL&LW\5RFN\

'HVHUWLILFDWLRQ&RQWURO3ODQQLQJ /DQGDQG5HVRXUFHV%XUHDXRI5HQKXDL





ZDWHUVKHG &XOWLYDWLRQ LQ VWHHS VORSHV IRU VXEVLVWHQFH DJULFXOWXUH LV DQ ROG SUDFWLFH

DPRQJSRRUIDUPHUVLQWKHZDWHUEDVLQ:KHQOLTXRUFRPSDQLHVQHJRWLDWHGZLWKIDUPHUV

WKHSODQWLQJDQGEX\LQJRIVRUJKXPWKH\WKHIDUPHUVGLGQRWKHVLWDWHWRHQWHULQWRWKHDJUHHPHQW7KHSUREOHPZDVWKDWWKHRQO\DYDLODEOHODQGVWRSODQWVRUJKXPZHUHVWHHS

VORSHVVRPHZLWKDQLQFOLQDWLRQDERYHGHJUHHV7KLVODQGXVHDGGHGVLJQLILFDQWO\WR

WKHGHFUHDVH ZDWHU ILOWHULQJFDSDFLW\ RI WKH VRLO DV ZHOO DVWKH ORVV RI WKHVRLO QDWXUDO

ZDWHUVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\7KHVHSUDFWLFHVFRQWULEXWHGWRORZHUWKHZDWHUIORZGRZQVWUHDP

SDUWLFXODUO\GXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQ

Figure 5: Steep Slope farmland in Wuma River Basin



2.3 Livelihood assessment in pilot site

Figure 6: Xienong Village Diagram

2.3.1 Pilot Site: Long Tangba Village Group

/RQJ7DQJEDLVRQH RI 9LOODJH *URXSVZLWKLQ WKHMXULVGLFWLRQRI ;LH¶QRQJ 9LOODJH

ZKLFKLQWXUQLVRIYLOODJHVLQ:XPD7RZQVHH7DEOH7KLV9LOODJH*URXS

PHHWVWKHFRQGLWLRQVDVDVXLWDEOHORFDWLRQIRUWKHSLORWWHVWLQJRIWKH3:6PHFKDQLVP

$FFRUGLQJWR WKHK\GURORJLFDOVWXG\ WKH7RZQ RI:XPDLV WKHRQO\ RQHRXW RIWKH

WRZQV LQWKH ULYHU EDVLQ ZKRVH WHUULWRU\IDOOV HQWLUHO\ ZLWKLQWKH ERXQGDULHV RI:XPD

5LYHU ZDWHUVKHG ,W LV DOVR RQ WKH PLGVWUHDP RI :XPD 5LYHU 2WKHU WRZQV VXFK DV

&KDQJJDQJ 7RZQ ZKHUH :XPD 5LYHU RULJLQDWHV WDNHV RQO\ D VPDOO SRUWLRQ RI WKH

ZDWHUVKHG $VIRU0DRED7RZQDQG /XEDQ7RZQ:XPD5LYHU RQO\ UXQV WKURXJK WKH

ERXQGDU\RIWKHVHWZRWRZQVEHIRUHPHUJLQJLQWR&KLVKXL5LYHU



Figure 7 Farmland in slopes in Wuma River Basin

,Q DGGLWLRQ H[FHVVLYH UHFODPDWLRQ LQ ;LHQRQJ 9LOODJH RI :XPD 7RZQ LV PRUH

SURQRXQFHGWKDQLQRWKHUYLOODJHV%HFDXVHWKHIDUPODQG LVOLPLWHGWRVHUYHWKHQHHGVRI

DJURZLQJSRSXODWLRQPRUHWKDQRIWKH GU\ODQGRYHU GHJUHHV LVUHFODLPHGDV

IDUPODQG )RUHVW FRYHU LV GHVWUR\HG ORZHULQJ WKH ZDWHU FRQVHUYDWLRQ FDSDFLW\ DQG

OHDGLQJ WRIUHTXHQWGURXJKWVDQG IORRGVVHULRXVO\DIIHFWLQJ WKHVWDEOHIORZRI ZDWHULQ

:XPD5LYHUHVSHFLDOO\GXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQZKHQWKHGRZQVWUHDPOLTXRUHQWHUSULVHV

QHHGZDWHUWKHPRVW

2.3.2 Pilot site in context: addressing conservation and development issues

7KHDUHDVHOHFWHGDVDSLORWWRWHVWWKH3:6PHFKDQLVPLVDPLFURFRVPRVRIWKHSUHVHQW

GD\ 35& ,W FRQWDLQV LQ D VLJQLILFDQWO\ VPDOOHU VFDOH WKH FRQIOLFWV DQG WKH G\QDPLFV

JHQHUDWHG WR DGGUHVV WKHP DQG KRSHIXOO\ VROYH WKHP &KLQD LV WKH VHFRQG ODUJHVW

HFRQRP\LQWKHZRUOG,WLVDOVRWKHVHFRQGFRXQWU\DIWHU,QGLDZLWKWKHSRRUHVWSHRSOH

LQWKH ZRUOG 6LQFH DERXW PLOOLRQSHUVRQV KDYHEHHQ OLIWHG RXW RISRYHUW\

$FFRUGLQJWRWKHWKILYH\HDUVSODQWKHJRYHUQPHQWZLOOPDNHHYHU\HIIRUWWRDGGUHVV

GHHSVRFLDOLPEDODQFHVPRVWRIWKHPLQWKHUXUDOIDUPLQJDUHDVOLNHWKHVLWHVHOHFWHGIRU



WKLV3'$

Figure 8 :Xienong Village in Wuma Watershed

$WWKHWLPHZKHQWKLV5HSRUWZDVEHLQJZULWWHQWKH1DWLRQDO3HRSOH¶V&RQJUHVVPHWWR

HOHFWWKH QHZ+HDGRI6WDWH SUHPLHUWRS MXGJHDQG FKLHISURFXUDWRU 5HIOHFWLQJXSRQWKLVNH\HOHFWLRQ0R<XFKXDQDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHODZSURIHVVRUDW5HQPLQ8QLYHUVLW\RI

&KLQD GHFODUHG ³7KH QHZ OHDGHUV PD\ KDYH WR OHDUQ WKH WHFKQLTXH RI EDODQFLQJ

developmentZLWKRWKHULVVXHVVXFKDVWKH environmentDQGSHRSOHVlivelihoods´&KLQD

'DLO\ )HEUXDU\ 7KLV YLHZ FRLQFLGHV IXOO\ ZLWK WKH FRQFHSWXDO IRXQGDWLRQ

XSRQ ZKLFK ZHSURSRVH WKH3D\PHQWV IRU:DWHUVKHG6HUYLFHVPHFKDQLVP 7KLV SLORW

RQH RI PDQ\ FRRUGLQDWHG E\ ::) LQ YDULRXV JOREDO VLWHV VHHNV WR KDUPRQL]H VRFLDO

FDSLWDO ZLWK QDWXUDO DQG ILQDQFH FDSLWDO 7R UHVWRUH WKH V\PPHWU\ LQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQ SROLFLHV GLUHFWHG DW DOOHYLDWLQJ SRYHUW\ DQG WKRVH DLPHG DW SURWHFWLQJ WKH

HQYLURQPHQW2XULQLWLDWLYHDLPVDWFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI&KLQD¶V³ 2XWOLQH



IRU'HYHORSPHQWRULHQWHG3RYHUW\5HGXFWLRQIRU&KLQD¶V5XUDO$UHDV ́$V

PRUH WKDQ RI LPSRYHULVKHG SHRSOH OLYH LQ UHPRWHPRXQWDLQRXV DUHDV DQG DERXW

RQH WKLUG RI WKH UXUDO SRSXODWLRQ RI *XL]KRX SURYLQFH FRQWLQXHV WR EH LQ SRYHUW\DFFRUGLQJ WR :X 7DQ 'HSXW\ 'LUHFWRU RI WKH 3RYHUW\ $OOHYLDWLRQ DQG 'HYHORSPHQW

2IILFHRI*XL]KRX3URYLQFH

7KHLQIRUPDWLRQSUHVHQWHGEHORZSURILOHVWKHOLYHOLKRRGRISRRUIDUPHUVZKLFKLVDOVR

WKHIRFXVRI&KLQD¶V*RYHUQPHQWDOHIIRUWV

2.3.3 Demographics in Long Tangba Village group

7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW IROORZV SUHVHQWHG LQ WDEXODU IRUP KDV EHHQ FROOHFWHG IURP

LQWHUYLHZVFRQGXFWHGZLWKDVDPSOHRIKHDGVRIKRXVHKROGVLQ/RQJ7DQJED9LOODJH*URXSSRSXODWLRQKRXVHKROGV

7DEOH/RQJ7DQJED9LOODJH*URXS3RSXODWLRQE\*HQGHUDQG$JH1KRXVHKROGV

*HQGHU $JH*URXSV

Male Female 0-7 8-18 19-30 31-45 46-60 Above 60

+HDG

6SRXVH

&KLOGUHQ

2WKHUV

Total 140 128 12 44 68 62 48 34

,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWR QRWLFHWKDWWKHDYHUDJHQXPEHU RIFKLOGUHQ LVKLJKHUWKDQWKH

RQHFKLOGSROLF\7KHDJHJURXSZLWKWKHKLJKHVWQXPEHURI SHRSOHLVWKHJURXS

ZLWKSHUVRQVDFFRXQWLQJIRURIWKHWRWDO7KLVLVIROORZHGE\WKHDJHJURXSWR

ZLWKSHUVRQVRURIWKHWRWDO7KHVHWZRJURXSVDJHVWRLQIDFWDFFRXQW

IRU DOPRVW KDOI RI WKH WRWDO SRSXODWLRQ LQ WKH VDPSOH :H DUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK D

UHODWLYHO\³\RXQJSRSXODWLRQ´

Educational Level

,Q*HQHUDOWHUPVWKHHGXFDWLRQDOOHYHOLVDGHTXDWHDV RQO\ IDOO XQGHUWKH FDWHJRU\

³LOOLWHUDWH´$PRQJWKHVHKRZHYHUZRPHQVSRXVHVUHSUHVHQWZKLOHWKHFDWHJRU\

³+HDGRIKRXVHKROG´UHSUHVHQWRQO\$WWKHRWKHUHQGRIWKHHGXFDWLRQFRQWLQXXP

KLJKHUHGXFDWLRQWKHUHDUHQRZRPHQLQWKLVFDWHJRU\ZKLOHPHQDUHLQFOXGHG7KH

RYHUDOO SLFWXUH LV FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK D UXUDO HGXFDWLRQDO SURILOH ZKHUHE\ ZRPHQ KDYH

VLJQLILFDQW OHVV IRUPDO HGXFDWLRQ WKDQ PHQ DQG FKLOGUHQ KDYH PRUH \HDUV RI IRUPDO



HGXFDWLRQ WKDQ SDUHQWV FKLOGUHQ ZLWK HGXFDWLRQ DERYH KLJK VFKRRO FRPSDUHG ZLWK

RQO\SDUHQWV

7DEOH/RQJ7DQJED9LOODJH(GXFDWLRQDO/HYHO1

,OOLWHUDWH 3ULPDU\VFKRRO -XQLRUKLJKVFKRRO $ERYHKLJKVFKRRO 7RWDO

+HDG

6SRXVH

&KLOGUHQ

2WKHUV

Total 24 112 102 30 268

1RWH&KLOGUHQIURPGRQRWJRWRVFKRRO

2.3.4 Social-economic profile

7DEOHV ³´ DQG ³ ́ VKRZ WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH VDPSOH DFFRUGLQJ WR PDLQ

RFFXSDWLRQ ,Q 7DEOH ZH KDYH RSWHG IRU D EDVLF GLFKRWRP\ ZLWK ³IDUPLQJ´ DQG

³QRQIDUPLQJ´ DVWKH PDLQ FDWHJRULHV7DEOH³ ́ VKRZV WKHGLVWULEXWLRQRI LQFRPH

DFFRUGLQJWRRFFXSDWLRQ

Table 2-9. Long Tangba Village Group Occupation 2013 (N=60)

Farming

Non-farming *

Labour Students Other

+HDG

6SRXVH

&KLOGUHQ

2WKHUV

7RWDO

1RQIDUPLQJLQFOXGHVORQJWHUPZRUNLQJRXWVLGHWKH9LOODJH6HDVRQDOZRUNLQJ

RXWVLGHWKHYLOODJHORFDOWHPSRUDU\ZRUNHUVDQGWRZQVKLSHQWHUSULVHVHPSOR\HH

$VLJQLILFDQWQXPEHURIPDOHV+HDG RIKRXVHKROGZRUN RXWVLGHIDUPLQJ :HGR QRW

KDYH DW WKLV PRPHQW PRUH GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ WKLV FDWHJRU\ WKXV ZH FDQ

SUHVHQW EXW WHQWDWLYH FRQFOXVLRQV :KHWKHU WKLV RFFXSDWLRQ LV IXOO WLPH RU SDUW WLPH

FRQWLQXRXV RU WHPSRUDU\ LW UHSUHVHQWV RI WKH VDPSOH $V IDU DV ZRPHQ DUH

FRQFHUQHG KRZHYHU D VLJQLILFDQW PDMRULW\ ZRUNV LQIDUPLQJ$PRQJ FKLOGUHQ

DOPRVWWKHWRWDOLW\GRHVQRWZRUNLQIDUPLQJDV WKH\ DUH HLWKHUVWXG\LQJRUZRUNLQJLQ³QRQIDUPLQJ´FDWHJRULHVRUERWK



Table 2-10 Long Tangba Village Group . Average Income 2013 (N=60)

Farming Non-farming Income per person

<HDUO\,QFRPH50%

GROODUV

GROODUVGROODUV

7KH DYHUDJH LQFRPH IRU ³QRQIDUPLQJ´ DFWLYLWLHV LV WZLFH DV PXFK WKH LQFRPH IRU

IDUPLQJDFWLYLWLHV7KLVGLVWULEXWLRQLVDOVRFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHUXUDOXUEDQGLYLGHDQGWKH

UHPXQHUDWLRQVFDOH+RZHYHUPRVWSHUVRQVZKRSHUIRUPQRQIDUPLQJZRUNRXWVLGHWKH

FRPPXQLW\GR QRWFRQWULEXWHVLJQLILFDQWO\WR WKHIDPLO\ LQFRPHEHFDXVH WKH\ KDYH WR

VXSSRUWWKHPVHOYHVRXWVLGHWKHFRPPXQLW\ZKLFKWDNHVPRVWRIWKHLULQFRPH

Table 2-11 Long Tangba Village Group Average expenses 2013 (N=60)

Expenses

Farming

Production

Expenses(RMB)

Non-production expenses(RMB)

Total

Daily

living

expenses Education

Medical

Expenses Others

Average

expenses perperson per year

86'

86'

86'

86'

86'

86'

1RWH

)DUPLQJSURGXFWLRQH[SHQVHVLQFOXGHVVHHGVIHUWLOL]HUDQGIDUPLQJWRROVSXUFKDVH

'DLO\OLYLQJH[SHQVHVLQFOXGHIRRGFORWKHVZDWHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQHWFFRVWV

&RPSDUHGZLWKWKHDYHUDJHLQFRPHLQ/RQJ7DQJED*URXSWKHWRWDODYHUDJHH[SHQVHV

SHUSHUVRQGROODUVLVKLJKHUWKDQWKHDYHUDJH\HDUO\LQFRPHSHUFDSLWD

GROODUV 7DEOH LQGLFDWHV WKDW SHRSOH VSHQG OHVV PRQH\ LQ IDUPLQJ SURGXFWLRQ

GROODUVWKDQRQ³QRQSURGXFWLRQ´H[SHQVHVLQFOXGLQJGDLO\H[SHQVHVHGXFDWLRQ

PHGLFDO H[SHQVHV DQG RWKHUV 7KLV FRXOG EH SDUWLDOO\ H[SODLQHG E\ WKH IDFW WKDW PRVW

IDUPHUVZKRVHOOVRUJKXPWROLTXRUHQWHUSULVHVDOVRUHFHLYHDJULFXOWXUDOLQSXWVDVSDUWRI

WKHFRPSHQVDWLRQSDFNDJHWKXVORZHULQJWKHFRVWRIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQ

$OO LQ DOO KRZHYHU ZH FDQ FOHDUO\ VHH WKH SLFWXUH RI SRYHUW\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH

OLYHOLKRRGRIWKHFRPPXQLW\



Some conclusions

1. 7KHSRSXODWLRQLQFOXGHGLQWKLV3'$LVUHODWLYHO\\RXQJ7KHDJHJURXS

UHSUHVHQWVDOPRVWKDOIWKHWRWDOSRSXODWLRQLQWKHVDPSOH2. 7KHDYHUDJH QXPEHURI FKLOGUHQSHU IDPLO\ LVPRUHWKDQWZLFH WKHHVWDEOLVKHG

SROLF\RIRQHFKLOGSHUFRXSOH

3. RI³KHDGVRIKRXVHKROGV´DUHPDOHV

4. <HDUVRIVFKRROLQJLVUHODWLYHO\KLJKZLWKDJRRGQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQXQGHUWKH

FDWHJRU\³DERYH´KLJKVFKRRO

5. 7KHLOOLWHUDF\UDWHLVORZVWLOOPXFKKLJKHUWKDQWKHQDWLRQDOUDWH

6. 7KHUHDUHKRZHYHUPRUHZRPHQLOOLWHUDWHWKDQPHQ

7. &RQFHUQLQJ LQFRPH JHQHUDWLQJ DFWLYLWLHV D VLJQLILFDQW QXPEHU RI PDOHV HLWKHU

GHULYHWKHLUHQWLUHLQFRPH±RUSDUWRILWIURPQRQIDUPLQJRFFXSDWLRQV

8. :RPHQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGZRUNPRVWO\LQIDUPLQJDFWLYLWLHV

9. ,QFRPH KRZHYHU LV VLJQLILFDQWO\ KLJKHU DOPRVW WZLFH DV PXFK DPRQJ

QRQIDUPLQJDFWLYLWLHVWKDQDPRQJIDUPLQJDFWLYLWLHV

10. ([SHQVHVDUHKLJKHUWKDQLQFRPHV

11. 7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQPXVWEHVHHQLQFRQWH[W Guizhou is the poorest ProvinceLQ

&KLQD ZLWK D *'3 SHU FDSLWD LQFRPH RI 86' UDQNHG RXW RI

3URYLQFHV 7KH ILJXUH IRU &KLQD LV 86 &KLQD 6WDWLVWLFDO 2IILFH

5HJDUGLQJ OLWHUDF\ *XL]KRX UDQNV RXW RI 3URYLQFHV ZLWK RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ RI \HDUV ROG DQG RYHU ZKR FDQQRW UHDG RU ZULWH 7KH UDWH IRU

&KLQDLV81(6&2

7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQZLOOEHYHU\XVHIXOZKHQHVWDEOLVKLQJQHJRWLDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJODQGXVH

FKDQJHV DV ZRPHQ DUH WKH RQHV ZKR ZRUN WKH ODQG DOWKRXJK KDYH IHZHU IRUPDO

TXDOLILFDWLRQV0HQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGZRUNDVLJQLILFDQWDPRXQWRIWLPHRXWVLGHIDUPLQJ

DQG SURGXFH WZLFH DV PXFK LQFRPH 7KH \RXWK DUH DOPRVW WRWDOO\ HLWKHU VWXG\LQJ RU

ZRUNLQJRQQRQIDUPLQJRFFXSDWLRQV

3D\PHQW IRU ZDWHUVKHG VHUYLFHV LV D PHFKDQLVP ZLWK D JRRG SRWHQWLDO WR DGGUHVV WKH

TXHVWLRQV RI UXUDO SRYHUW\ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI FXUUHQW

JRYHUQPHQWDO LQLWLDWLYHV SDUWLFXODUO\ UHJDUGLQJ UXUDO SRYHUW\ $JDLQVW WKLV FRQWH[WXDO

EDFNJURXQG WKLV SLORW WHVW DFTXLUHV DGGHG VLJQLILFDQFH DV DQ LQQRYDWLYH ILQDQFH

PHFKDQLVPZKLFKSODFHVDPDUNHWYDOXHLQFRQVHUYDWLRQ

2.4 Land use patterns

/RQJWDQJED &RPPXQLW\ LV VLWXDWHG DW WKH IORRG SODLQ EHWZHHQ WKH ILUVW WHUUDFH DQG

VHFRQGWHUUDFHDORQJWKHULYHU$OWKRXJKWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHVRLODURXQGWKHFRPPXQLW\LV



UHODWLYHO\ VXLWDEOH IRU DJULFXOWXUH WKH SURQRXQFHG PRXQWDLQ IHDWXUHV DQG WKH EURNHQ

WHUUDLQOLPLWWKHVL]HRIDUDEOHODQG$SULRULW\FURSIRUWKHFRPPXQLW\LVVRUJKXPZLWK

DVPDOODPRXQWRIFRUQDQGULFH

Table 2-12 Long Tangba Village Land use by area and crops

Arable land (ha) Non-Arable

land (ha)

Total

(ha)

Arable slope land˄ha˅

VRUJKXP FRUQ RWKHUV 7RWDO :RR

G

ODQG

7RWDO

GHJUHH

V

GHJUHHV

7RWDO

6HOIFRQVX

PSWLRQ DOO DOO

0DUNHW DOO

6RXUFH'DWDLVIURP;LHQRQJ9LOODJH&RPPLWWHH

2.5 Relationship between poverty and environmental degradation:

7KH PDMRULW\ RI ODQG LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ LV QRQDUDEOH RU XQVXLWHG IRU

DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQ

$VLJQLILFDQWSDUWRIWKHDUDEOHODQGLVXVHGWRSODQWVRUJKXPDVWKHRQO\FDVK

FURSWKHIDUPHUVFDQXVHWRJHQHUDWHLQFRPH

7KHWRWDOLW\RIWKHSURGXFWLRQRIVRUJKXPLVVROGLQWKHPDUNHWRUGHOLYHUHGWROLTXRU

FRPSDQLHV

$ERXWRIWKHDUDEOHODQGLVXVHGWRSURGXFHFURSVIRUVHOIFRQVXPSWLRQ)RRG

VHFXULW\RUIRRGDXWRQRP\LVTXHVWLRQDEOH

RIFURSVDUHLQVORSHWHUUDLQZLWKDQLQFOLQDWLRQJUHDWHUWKDQGHJUHHV7KLVLV

QRW RQO\ DQ LOOHJDO XVH RI ODQG EXW D VWURQJ FRQWULEXWRU WR ODQG GHJUDGDWLRQ ZLWK

GHFUHDVHGVRLOILOWHULQJVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\

)DUPHUVKDYHOLPLWHGRSWLRQVWRJHQHUDWHDOLYLQJOHWDORQJWRSURGXFHVXVWDLQDEOH

OLYHOLKRRGV ,QVXIILFLHQW ODQG PRVW RI LW XQVXLWDEOH IRU DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQ

IRUFHV IDUPHUV WR FRQWUDYHQH OHJDO UHJXODWLRQV DQG WR GDPDJH WKH HFRV\VWHP $



VLJQLILFDQWSRUWLRQRIWKHLULQFRPHJHQHUDWLQJFURSVDUHORFDWHGLQWHUUDLQVZLWKDQ

LQFOLQDWLRQRIGHJUHHVRUPRUH

/LIHDPRQJSRRUIDUPLQJFRPPXQLWLHVUHPDLQFDXJKWLQDYLFLRXVFLUFOHRISRYHUW\

DQGHFRV\VWHPGHWHULRUDWLRQRQHFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHRWKHU:LWKLQDV\VWHPRIVRFLDO

DQG HFRQRPLF H[FOXVLRQ WKHLU OLYHOLKRRG FDQ RQO\ EH UHDOL]HG E\ LPSDFWLQJ WKH

HQYLURQPHQW QHJDWLYHO\ DQG WKH PRUH GHJUDGHG WKH HFRV\VWHP LV WKH PRUH

SURQRXQFHGWKHLUSRYHUW\

/RQJ 7DQJED &RPPXQLW\ LV VXUURXQGHG E\ PRXQWDLQV ZLWK OLPLWHG DPRXQW RI

DUDEOHODQG$JULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQLVOLPLWHGDQGYLOODJHUVKDYHWRUHFODLPEDUUHQ

KLOOV ZKLFK OHDGV WR GHVWUXFWLRQ RI IRUHVW FRYHU $OWKRXJK WKH

³UHWXUQLQJIDUPODQGWREDPERRIRUHVWSROLF\´ZDVLPSOHPHQWHGIURPWR

SRRUEDPERRJURZWKDQGQR VKRUWWHUPHFRQRPLFEHQHILWV IRUFHGDERXWRI WKH

UHWXUQHG ODQG WRJR EDFNWR FURS SODQWDWLRQ UHVXOWLQJLQ GHIRUHVWDWLRQ VWHHS VORSH

FXOWLYDWLRQDQGIXUWKHUGHVWUXFWLRQRIIRUHVWFRYHU

2Q VORSHV DQG HYHQ VWHHS VORSHV IDUPHUV DUH GULYHQ E\ WKH HFRQRPLF EHQHILW

DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHVDOHRI VRUJKXPWR WKHOLTXRUSURGXFLQJFRPSDQLHV7KLVFURS

QHHGVSORZLQJWKHODQGHDFK\HDUZKLFKUHVXOWVLQDVLQJOHIDUPLQJVHDVRQDQGSRRUZDWHUFRQVHUYDWLRQFDSDFLW\%HFDXVHRIIDUPLQJLQVWHHSVORSHVLQFUHDVLQJUDLQIDOO

LQUDLQ\VHDVRQFDXVHVPRUHVXUIDFHUXQRIIDQG PRUH VRLO HURVLRQ $OVRORQJWHUP

XVHRI FKHPLFDO IHUWLOL]HUVFDQFDXVHZDWHUSROOXWLRQ 6XFK XQVXVWDLQDEOH ODQG XVH

SDWWHUQV OHDG WR WKHGHVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH HFRV\VWHP OLPLW WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI HFRQRPLF

GHYHORSPHQWDQGLPSDFWQHJDWLYHO\GRZQVWUHDPDUHDV

&OHDUO\WKLVLVWKHODQGXVHSDWWHUQWKDWPXVWEH FKDQJHGLIWKHLVVXHRI GHFUHDVLQJ

ZDWHUYROXPHLVWREHDGGUHVVHGHIIHFWLYHO\,WLVDOVRWKHIUDPHZRUNZLWKLQZKLFK

3:6ZLOOEHWHVWHGLQWHUPVRILWVIHDVLELOLW\WRGHOLYHUZKDWLVUHTXLUHGWRWDFNOH

VLPXOWDQHRXVO\LVVXHVRISRYHUW\DQGHFRV\VWHPGHJUDGDWLRQ



3. PWS as a probable solution to the core hydrological problem and Unsustainable

Livelihood

3D\PHQWVIRU(FRV\VWHP6HUYLFHVDUHQRWDOZD\VWKHEHVWDYDLODEOHRSWLRQWRGHDOZLWKD

FRQVHUYDWLRQGHYHORSPHQWSUREOHP$QGZKHQWKH\DUHWKH\VHOGRPVROYHFRPSOHWHO\

WKHSUREOHPRQFHDQGIRUDOO7KHUHPLJKWEHEHWWHURSWLRQVDYDLODEOH7KLVLVWKHUHDVRQ

ZK\ ZH KDYH HVWDEOLVKHG D UREXVW EDVHOLQH ZKLFK DOORZHG IRU WKH WHVWLQJ RI WKH

VXLWDELOLW\DQGIHDVLELOLW\RIWKH3:6PHFKDQLVP%DVHGRQWKHZRUNFRQGXFWHGRQWKLV

3'$ZHPDNHWKHIROORZLQJILQGLQJV

%\ DQDO\]LQJ WKH FDXVH XSVWUHDP DQG LPSDFW GRZQVWUHDP RI WKH FRUH

K\GURORJLFDOSUREOHPZHFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH³EXVLQHVVDVXVXDOVFHQDULR´EDXLV

QRW GHVLUDEOH IRU HLWKHU XSVWUHDP IDUPHUV RU GRZQVWUHDP OLTXRU FRPSDQLHV 7KH

VWDWXVTXRPHDQVFRQWLQXRXVOLYHOLKRRGGHWHULRUDWLRQIRUSRRUIDUPLQJFRPPXQLWLHV

FRQWLQXRXV HFRV\VWHP GHJUDGDWLRQ DQG OHVV YROXPH RI ZDWHU WKDQ WKH UHTXLUHG

DPRXQWE\WKHOLTXRUFRPSDQLHV

5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV IURP /LTXRU HQWHUSULVHV LQFOXGLQJ 0RXWDL JURXS *XR :XMLDQ

<XQ )HQJ +XDQ ;LQJ 'LDR <XWDL *XR :HL +XDL =KXDQJ +HQJ ;LQJ /XR

*XR\DQ HWF UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ GHSDUWPHQW RI GLIIHUHQW

OLTXRU HQWHUSULVHV GRZQVWUHDP H[SUHVVHG WKHLU FRQFHUQ DERXW GHFUHDVLQJ ZDWHU

TXDQWLW\,WLVUHSRUWHGWKDWIURP2FWREHUWR6HSWHPEHUWKHGURXJKWRI

&KLVKXL5LYHUUHVXOWHGLQRYHURIWKHVPDOOOLTXRUFRPSDQLHVIDLOLQJWRFRQGXFW

SURGXFWLRQDVXVXDOZLWKORVVRIRYHU50%ELOOLRQPLOOLRQGROODUV7KHELJ

OLTXRU FRPSDQLHV KDG WR LQFUHDVH FRVWV WR HQVXUH QRUPDO SURGXFWLRQ 7KH ZDWHU

VXSSO\LQWKHDUHDIURP0DRWDL7RZQWR;LMLX7RZQLVZRHIXOO\LQDGHTXDWHGXULQJ

GU\ VHDVRQ $OO UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV DERYH IURP WKH OLTXRU HQWHUSULVHV KDYH H[SUHVVHGWKHLULQWHUHVWVLQILQGLQJZD\VWRLPSURYHWKHHQYLURQPHQWRI:XPDULYHUZDWHUVKHG

DQGWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHULYHU¶VFDSDFLW\WRSURGXFHDVWDEOHVXSSO\RIZDWHUGXULQJWKH

GU\VHDVRQ

9LOODJHUVLQ/RQJ7DQJEDFRPPXQLW\RI;LHQRQJ9LOODJHZRUNHGLQWKHSDSHUPLOOV

XQWLO $V SUHYLRXVO\ PHQWLRQHG WKH ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW EDQQHG DOO WKH SDSHU

PLOOV LQ LQ RUGHU WR FRQWURO WKH SROOXWLRQ WR :XPD 5LYHU 7KLV UHVXOWHG LQ

FXWWLQJRIIWKHPDLQVRXUFHRILQFRPHIRUWKHYLOODJHUV7KLVLQWXUQOHGWRFKDQJLQJ

HFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVWRFDVKFURSVVXFKDVVRUJKXPIRUWKHLUOLYHOLKRRG%HFDXVHWKH



DUDEOH ODQG LQ /RQJWDQJED FRPPXQLW\ RI ;LHQRQJ 9LOODJH LV OLPLWHG YLOODJHUV

FKRRVH WR SODQW PRUH DQG PRUH VRUJKXP RQ VORSH ODQG DERYH GHJUHHV RI

LQFOLQDWLRQDVDZD\WRLPSURYHWKHLULQFRPH

,WIROORZVWKDWFKDQJHVPXVWEHLQWURGXFHG$PRQJVHYHUDOFDXVHVIRUWKHSUREOHP

KXPDQDFWLRQKDVEHHQLGHQWLILHGDVWKHPRVWSUREDEOH8QVXVWDLQDEOHODQGSUDFWLFHV

GHIRUHVWDWLRQDQGVWHHSVORSHFXOWLYDWLRQDUHWKHUHIRUHWKHWDUJHWVIRUFKDQJH

(IILFLHQWRSWLRQVPXVWEHH[SORUHGWRFKDQJHODQGXVH*LYHQWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKH

WHUUDLQDQGWKHLPSDFWRIXQVXVWDLQDEOHODQGXVHUHIRUHVWDWLRQDQGHURVLRQVHGLPHQW

FRQWURODFWLRQVZLOOPRVWOLNHO\EHWKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHIRUPRILQWHUYHQWLRQV

$FFRUGLQJWR NQRZOHGJH JDLQHGDW RWKHU VLWHV XQGHU VLPLODUFLUFXPVWDQFHV::)

*OREDO(TXLWDEOH3D\PHQWIRU:DWHUVKHG6HUYLFHV(3:63URJUDPPHWKHPRVW

HIILFLHQW IRU RI LQWHUYHQWLRQ VKRXOG EH WHUUDFLQJ DQG DJURIRUHVWU\ 7KLV PRGDOLW\

QHHGVWREHVWXGLHGWKRURXJKO\DVSDUWRIWKHQH[WSKDVHRIWKLVSURMHFW

,QDGGLWLRQLGHQWLILHGSRWHQWLDOVHUYLFHSURYLGHUVVHOOHUVDQGVHUYLFHXVHUVEX\HUV

WKHLU ZLOOLQJQHVV DQG FDSDFLW\ WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ D 3:6 PHFKDQLVP PXVW EH

HVWDEOLVKHG

9DOXDWLRQ RI WKH VHUYLFH PXVW EH FRQGXFWHG DQG WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI VFDOLQJXS WKH

LQWHUYHQWLRQ PXVW DOVR EHDVFHUWDLQHG7KHVH DUHVWHSV WREH XQGHUWDNHQDV SDUW RI

WKHQH[WSKDVH

3.1 Land use change to address the core hydrological problem at pilot site.

)RUHVWFRYHUPXVWEHUHVWRUHGDQGHURVLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQPXVWEHFRQWUROOHG7KHVHPXVW

EH WKH RXWFRPHV UHTXLUHG WR DGGUHVV WKH K\GURORJLFDO SUREOHP 5HIRUHVWDWLRQ PXVW EH

H[SORUHGWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWVRPHEDVLFIDFWV

x 1DWLYHVSHFLHVPXVWEHXVHG

x 6HOHFWLRQRIVSHFLHVPXVWFRQVLGHUWKHW\SHRIVRLODQGWKHQHHGWRSURWHFWLWIURP

FRQWLQXRXVHURVLRQ6RLOZDWHUILOWHULQJVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\PXVWEHUHVWRUHG5RRW

FRQVLVWHQF\DQGOHDYHVKDSHPXVWEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW

7HUUDFLQJLVDQHIILFLHQWDOWKRXJKH[SHQVLYHRSWLRQWRFRQWUROHURVLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQ

7KLV VKRXOG EH XVHG LQLWLDOO\ LQ WHUUDLQ ZLWK QRW WRR SURQRXQFHG VORSHV EHORZ



GHJUHHV:KHQSRVVLEOHODQGZLWKLQFOLQDWLRQRIGHJUHHVRUPRUHVKRXOGQRWEHXVHG

IRU DJULFXOWXUH 6KRXOG WKHUH EH QR PRUH ODQG DYDLODEOH IRU DJULFXOWXUH DOWHUQDWLYH

LQFRPHJHQHUDWLRQVDFWLYLWLHVPXVWEHWKRURXJKO\H[SORUHG

3.2 Buyers and sellers: Willingness & capacity to participate in PWS

+DYLQJ VHOHFWHG WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH DQG IHDVLEOH PRGH RI LQWHUYHQWLRQ LWV FRVW DQG

ILQDQFLQJ PXVW EH HVWDEOLVKHG 7KLV UHTXLUHV WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ RID FRVWEHQHILW DQDO\VLV

IRU ERWK EX\HUVDQGVHOOHUV$W WKHHQG RIWKLVSURFHVV SDUWLFLSDWLQJ FRPPXQLWLHVGXO\

UHSUHVHQWHG DQG SDUWLFLSDWLQJ OLTXRU FRPSDQLHV VKRXOG EH LQ D FDSDFLW\ WR HQWHU LQWR

VRPHW\SHRIIRUPDODJUHHPHQWFRQVLVWHQWZLWK&KLQHVHOHJLVODWLRQWRWKLVHIIHFW

Identification of service providers and service users

)RU WKLV 3'$ SRWHQWLDO EX\HUV LQFOXGH WKH OLTXRU HQWHUSULVHV RI PLGVWUHDP

UHSUHVHQWHGE\0RXWDLGLVWLOOHU\DQGWKH$VVRFLDWLRQRI/LTXRU3URGXFLQJ&RPSDQLHV

$QG SRWHQWLDO VHOOHUV ;LHQRQJ 9LOODJH LQ :XPD 7RZQ XSVWUHDP 7KH K\GURORJLFDO

VHUYLFHLVGHILQHGDVWKHSURYLVLRQRIDVWDEOHIORZRIZDWHUSDUWLFXODUO\GXULQJWKHGU\

VHDVRQ,QRUGHUWRGHOLYHUVXFKVHUYLFHWKHHFRV\VWHPKDVWREHUHVWRUHGWKURXJKWKH

FKDQJLQJ RI XQVXVWDLQDEOH ODQG XVH SDWWHUQV XSVWUHDP :DWHU XVHUV GRZQVWUHDP LH

OLTXRU FRPSDQLHVZKR ZLOO EHQHILWIRU VXFK VHUYLFHZLOO SD\D PXWXDOO\ DJUHHGXSRQ

SULFHIRUDVORQJDVWKHVHUYLFHLVSURYLGHGWKHFRQWLQJHQF\SULQFLSOH

$UHSUHVHQWDWLYHJURXSLQFOXGLQJWKHYLOODJHKHDGDQGYLOODJHUVIURP9LOODJH&RPPLWWHH

LQ /RQJWDQJED JURXS RI ;LHQRQJ 9LOODJHV LQGLFDWHG GXULQJ WKH UHVHDUFK WKHLU

ZLOOLQJQHVVWRFKDQJHSUHVHQWODQGXVHSDWWHUQVWRLPSURYHZDWHUTXDQWLW\SURYLGHGVXFK

FKDQJHVJHQHUDWHGHFRQRPLFJDLQV

7KLVH[SUHVVLRQRILQWHUHVWKDVEHHQIRUPDOL]HGLQWRDGRFXPHQWDWDPHHWLQJGXULQJWKH

ODVW :RUNVKRS KHOG DW *XLORQJ +RWHO *XL\DQJ RQ 0DUFK VW ,Q GRFXPHQWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV IURP /LTXRU HQWHUSULVHV LQFOXGLQJ *8,=+28 -81)(1* -,8<(

&2/7' DQG *8,=+28 *82%$2 -,8<( &2/7' LQ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI VHUYLFH

EX\HUVDQGPHPEHUVRIWKH&RPPXQLW\LQ;LHQRQJ9LOODJHUHSUHVHQWLQJVHUYLFHVHOOHUV

PDQLIHVWHGWKHLULQWHUHVWVLQSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH3:6PHFKDQLVP,Q

DGGLWLRQ 7KH 5HQKXDL (QYLURQPHQWDO 3URWHFWLRQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI *XL]KRX 3URYLQFH D

*RYHUQPHQWHQWLW\LVZLOOLQJWRVXSHUYLVHDQGFRRUGLQDWHIXWXUHDFWLYLWLHVOHDGLQJWRWKH

HVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDSDUWQHUVKLSEHWZHHQSDUWLFLSDWLQJOLTXRUHQWHUSULVHVDQGFRPPXQLWLHV

7KHVLJQHGYHUVLRQRIWKH([SUHVVLRQRIWKH,QWHUHVWFDQEHIRXQGLQ$SSHQGL[



Assessing Awareness and Willingness to participate in PWS among farmers in

Long Tangba Community

,QLWLDOFRQVXOWDWLRQZLWKDVDPSOHRIIDUPHUVVKRZHGWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIWKRVH

VXUYH\HGKDGD³VWURQJ´ZLOOLQJQHVVRISDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKH3:6SURJUDPPH,QFRQWUDVW

WKHLUHQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVVZDV³DYHUDJH´

7DEOH/RQJ7DQJED9LOODJH$ZDUHQHVVDQG:LOOLQJQHVV1

6WURQJ $YHUDJH :HDN

(QYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVV

:LOOLQJQHVVRISDUWLFLSDWLQJLQ3:6

7KH YDULDEOHV HQWHUHG WR JDWKHU WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ KRZHYHU ZHUH QRW IXOO\ RU FOHDUO\

RSHUDWLRQDOL]HG5HFRUGHGDQVZHUVWKHQZHUHGHHPHGLQVXIILFLHQWWRSURYLGHYDOLGDQG

UHOLDEOHHYLGHQFHRIWKH IDUPHUV¶ZLOOLQJQHVVDQGFDSDFLW\WRHQWHULQWRWKHSURJUDPPH

7KXVIXUWKHUUHVHDUFK ZDVFRQGXFWHGLQ WKHFRPPXQLW\ LQRUGHUWR VXSSOHPHQWLQLWLDO

LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ ³ZLOOLQJQHVV´ DQG ³FDSDFLW\´ WR HQWHU LQWR WKH 3:6 PHFKDQLVP

$GGLWLRQDOGDWDZDVFROOHFWHGIURPDVXEVDPSOHRIIDUPHUVLQFOXGLQJIHPDOHVLQ/RQJ 7DQJED &RPPXQLW\ 7KH PDLQ ILQGLQJV DUH SUHVHQWHG EHORZ EXW JLYHQ WKDW

ZRPHQDUHXQGHUUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVVDPSOHWKHILQGLQJVPD\EHELDVHG

Economic Profile of Respondents

7DEOH3URSRUWLRQRIFURSVLQ6WHHSVORSHODQGDERYHGHJUHHV

$OO

/DQGLQVWHHSVORSHODQG

DERYHGHJUHHV

RXWRIRURIIDUPHUVLQWKHVDPSOHKDYHPRUHWKDQKDOIRIWKHLUFURSV

LQVWHHSVORSHWHUUDLQVODQGDERYHGHJUHHV6RUJKXPLVWKHSULQFLSDOFURSDQGPRVW

RILWLVSODQWHGLQWHUUDLQVZLWKDQLQFOLQDWLRQKLJKHUWKDQGHJUHHV7DEOH

9

Strong means people know environmental problems and know how to protect environment. Average means they

know the environmental problems and want to protect environment. Weak means people do not care

environmental protection.10Strong means people have will to change their land use. Average means people do not care whether change land

use or not. Weak means people do not want to change their land use.



$OO UHVSRQGHQWV NQRZ DERXW WKH OLTXRU HQWHUSULVHV DV WKH WRWDOLW\ RI WKHLU VRUJKXP

SURGXFWLRQLVVROGWRWKHP7DEOH

7DEOH0DLQFURSVSODQWHGLQVWHHSVORSHODQGDERYHGHJUHHV

6RUJKXP &RUQ

3ODQWLQJ LQ VWHHS VORSH ODQG

DERYHGHJUHHV0RVWO\

7DEOH3URGXFWLRQVDOHV

.QRZOLTXRUHQWHUSULVHV 6HOOVRUJKXP

<HV

1R

Environmental Awareness

7DEOH.QRZOHGJHRIHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRISODQWLQJVWHHSVORSH

DERYHGHJUHHV

.QRZOHGJHRI

HQYLURQPHQWDO

LPSDFWRISODQWLQJ

LQVWHHSVORSHDERYH

GHJUHHV

<HV 12

.QRZ

YHU\ZHOO

3DUWLDOO\

NQRZQ+DUGWRVD\ 7RWDO

5HVSRQGV ZRPHQ ZRPDQ

1RWH

7KHHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRISODQWLQJLQVORSLQJWHUUDLQLQFOXGHVRLOHURVLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQ

SRWHQWLDOSROOXWLRQFDXVHGE\FKHPLFDOVDQGVRLOIHUWLOLW\GHFUHDVH

³.QRZYHU\ZHOO´PHDQVSHRSOHFDQLGHQWLI\PRUHWKDQWZRFRQVHTXHQFHV³3DUWLDOO\NQRZQ´

PHDQVSHRSOHFDQLGHQWLW\RQHFRQVHTXHQFH



7DEOH$ZDUHQHVVRIODQGXVHDQGZDWHUTXDQWLW\

:DWHU

4XDQWLW\

,QFUHDVH

:DWHU

4XDQWLW\

GHFUHDVH

1R&KDQJH 'RQW

NQRZ

$ZDUHQHVV RI LPSDFW RI VWHHS

VORSH FXOWLYDWLRQ DQG ZDWHU

TXDQWLW\

ZRPDQ ZRPDQ ZRPHQ ZRPHQ

RXWRISDUWLFLSDQWVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKH\NQRZWKDWSODQWLQJLQVORSLQJWHUUDLQ

FDQ KDYH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQVHTXHQFHV $PRQJ WKRVH UHVSRQGHQWV FDQ

LGHQWLI\DWOHDVWRQHQHJDWLYHHQYLURQPHQWFRQVHTXHQFHVVXFKDVHURVLRQVHGLPHQWDWLRQ

SRWHQWLDOSROOXWLRQFDXVHGE\FKHPLFDOVDQGVRLOIHUWLOLW\GHFUHDVH7DEOH+RZHYHU

LQWHUPVRI WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQKDYLQJFURSV LQVORSLQJWHUUDLQ DERYH GHJUHHV

DQGTXDQWLW\RIZDWHUGRZQVWUHDPRQO\UHVSRQGHQWVUHDOL]HGWKDWWKLVSUDFWLFH

FDQFDXVHDGHFUHDVHLQZDWHUTXDQWLW\7DEOH

'DWD FROOHFWHG VXJJHVWWKDW IDUPHUVKDYH D ³JHQHUDO´ NQRZOHGJH DERXW HQYLURQPHQWDO

LPSDFWRIDVVRFLDWHGZLWKODQGXVH7KH\ODFNKRZHYHUNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHVSHFLILF

UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHLUODQGXVHVDQGLWVLPSDFWRQTXDQWLW\RIZDWHU

7DEOH.QRZOHGJHRIHFRFRPSHQVDWLRQDQG3D\PHQWRI:DWHUVKHG6HUYLFH

+HDUGRI

(FRFRPSHQVDWLRQ

+HDUGRI3D\PHQWIRU

:DWHUVKHG6HUYLFHV

<HVNQRZWKHFRQWHQWV

<HVGRQWNQRZWKHUHDO

FRQWHQWV

1R ZRPHQ

5HJDUGLQJ NQRZOHGJH DERXW 3:6 RQO\ RQH UHVSRQGHQW LQGLFDWHG KDYLQJ KHDUG DERXW

3:6EXWODFNVNQRZOHGJHDERXWLWVUHDOPHDQLQJ,QFRQWUDVWRXWRIUHVSRQGHQWV

NQRZ DERXW ³(FRFRPSHQVDWLRQ´ *RYHUQPHQW (QYLURQPHQWDO &RQVHUYDWLRQ

3URJUDPPH IURP ZDWFKLQJ 79 RU IURP ZRUG RI PRXWK 7KH\ KDYH KRZHYHU QR

NQRZOHGJHDVWRLWVFRQWHQWV$OOWKHZRPHQLQWKHVDPSOHKDGQRNQRZOHGJHRIHLWKHU



HFRFRPSHQVDWLRQRU3:67DEOH

Attitude and willingness toward land use change

$OOUHVSRQGHQWVZRXOGOLNHWRFKDQJHWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHLUFURSVDZD\IURPVWHHSVORSH

ODQG RYHU GHJUHHV 3UDFWLFDOO\ DOO RI WKHP KRZHYHU RXW RI UHVSRQGHQWV

TXDOLILHG WKHLU DQVZHU LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKHUH DUH QR RWKHU VSDFHV IRU WKHP WR PRYH WR

7KXVPRYLQJDZD\IURPFXOWLYDWLRQLQVXFKWHUUDLQVWHHSVORSHVPHDQVQRFXOWLYDWLRQ

DWDOO7KHILQDQFLDOLPSDFWRIWKLVFKDQJHLVDVHYHUHXQDFFHSWDEOHUHGXFWLRQRILQFRPH

RXW RI SDUWLFLSDQWV ZRXOGOLNHWKH OLTXRUHQWHUSULVHVWR JLYH WKHP FRPSHQVDWLRQ

IRU DQ HYHQWXDO FKDQJH LQ WKH XVH RI ODQG &RPSHQVDWLRQ LQFOXGHV HLWKHU DOWHUQDWLYH

LQFRPHJHQHUDWLQJ RFFXSDWLRQVRU WKHOLTXRU FRPSDQLHVSD\LQJWKH HTXLYDOHQWRI WKHLU

RSSRUWXQLW\ FRVWV 9LOODJHUV KDYH LQGLFDWHG UHSHDWHGO\ GXULQJ WKH VXUYH\ WKHLU

ZLOOLQJQHVV WR FKDQJH WKHLU FXUUHQW ODQG XVH LQ IDYRU RI IRUHVW IUXLWV DV ZHOO DV

QRQIDUPLQJ LQFRPH JHQHUDWLQJ DFWLYLWLHV VXFK DV FRQVWUXFWLQJ DQ DTXDWLF DPXVHPHQW

SDUN DTXDFXOWXUH RU HFRWRXULVP 7KH\ UHDOL]H KRZHYHU KRZ DUH KDUG ZLOO EH WR

LPSOHPHQWWKHVHSRVVLELOLWLHVJLYHQWKHDEVHQFHRIERWKWHFKQLFDODQGILQDQFLDOVXSSRUW

3.3 Service provision and service demand: Value of the service: contingency

principle

6KRXOG WKLV SLORW EH FRQFOXGHG VXFFHVVIXOO\ VXEVHTXHQW SKDVHV VKRXOG LQFOXGH WKH

YDOXDWLRQRIWKHVHUYLFH7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOPHWKRGRORJLHVWRWKLVHIIHFW%DVHGRQWKH

FRVWEHQHILW DQDO\VLVDQG LQFOXGLQJILJXUHV SHUWDLQLQJWR WKHRSSRUWXQLW\ FRVWVVHYHUDO

VFHQDULRV DUHSURGXFHGDQGSUHVHQWHGWR UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RIEX\HUV DQGVHOOHUVIRUWKHLU

UHYLHZDQGHYHQWXDODJUHHPHQWDVWRWKHFRVWRIWKHVHUYLFHDVZHOODVFRQGLWLRQVIRU

VHUYLFHGHOLYHU\DQGSD\PHQW

3.4 Scaling up the intervention from pilot sites

7KLV 3'$ LV D SLORW WHVW $ GHOLEHUDWH VHOHFWLRQ KDV EHHQ PDGH RI D ORFDWLRQ ZKLFK

UHSUHVHQWVFRQGLWLRQVSUHYDLOLQJLQWKHODUJHUZDWHUVKHGLQDVLJQLILFDQWVPDOOHUVFDOH,Q

RUGHUWRUXQDIXOO3:6PHFKDQLVPWKHSLORWLQWHUYHQWLRQPXVWEHVFDOHGXS7KHDFWXDO

GLPHQVLRQV RI D QHZ LQWHUYHQWLRQ DUH WR EH HVWDEOLVKHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH QHHGV RI WKH

SRWHQWLDOEX\HUIRUERWKYROXPHRIZDWHUDQGVRUJKXPDQGWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHVHOOHU

$QHZFRVWEHQHILWDQDO\VLVPXVWEHFRQGXFWHGWRYHULI\WKHILQDQFLDOIHDVLELOLW\RIWKH

LQWHUYHQWLRQXQGHUDODUJHUVFDOH



4. Project Outcomes and Lessons learned

Project outcomes

7KH SURMHFWUHVXOWHG LQ WZRDVVHVVPHQWV D OLYHOLKRRGVDVVHVVPHQWDQG D K\GURORJLFDO

DVVHVVPHQW D VXUYH\RI ZLOOLQJQHVVFDSDFLW\WR SDUWLFLSDWHLQ D 3:6 VFKHPH DQGDQ

([SUHVVLRQRI,QWHUHVWIURPWKHORFDOJRYHUQPHQWSRWHQWLDOEX\HUVDQGSRWHQWLDOVHOOHUV

WRSDUWLFLSDWHLQD3:6

%DVHGRQWKHVHUHVXOWV::)ZLOOFRQWLQXHLWV3:6DFWLYLWLHVLQWKH:XPDZDWHUVKHG

1H[WVWHSVLQFOXGHDYDOXDWLRQRIVHUYLFHV

Lessons Learnt

*DWKHULQJ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG UDLVLQJ DZDUHQHVV RIWHQ UHTXLUHV PRUH WLPH WKDQ

RULJLQDOO\DOORFDWHG

3URSRVHG VWDII VKRXOG KDYH WKH QHFHVVDU\ VNLOO VHWV WR SHUIRUP WKH DVVLJQHG WDVNV

UHTXLUHGXQGHUDFRQWUDFW

,WLVEHWWHUWRSURSRVHWDVNVDQGUHVXOWVWKDWFDQGHILQLWHO\EHDFKLHYHGDQGWKHQRYHU

GHOLYHU

$ 3:6 LV LPSDFWHG E\ PRUH WKDQ DQWKURSRORJLFDO YDULDEOHV DQG WKHVH H[WHUQDO

IRUFHVVXFKDVFOLPDWHFKDQJHQHHGWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQGHYHORSLQJD3:6

*HQGHU QHHGV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ VXUYH\ GHVLJQ DQG GDWD FROOHFWLRQ SDUWLFXODUO\

ZKHQWKHPDMRULW\RIDFWRUVLQYROYHGLQWKHSURSRVHGDFWLYLW\DUHIHPDOH



5. Appendix: Workshop

1. Agenda

Workshop on Payment of Watershed

Service Pilot Project in Chishui River Basin

Organizers: WWF, Environmental Protection Department

of Guizhou

Sponsor: Asian Development Bank

1st

Mar. 2013

Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China



Agenda of the Workshop on Payment of Watershed Service Pilot Project in

Chishui River Basin

'DWH0DUVW

9HQXH*XLORQJ+RWHO*XL\DQJ5XLMLQJ6RXWKURDG12*XL\DQJ*XL]KRX3URYLQFH

Time Activity Facilitator

)HEWK 5HJLVWUDWLRQ

VW0DU

AM

:RUNVKRS NLFNRII DQG SDUWLFLSDQWV

LQWURGXFWLRQ

=KHQJ0LQJMLH

2SHQLQJ6SHHFK

=KDL &KXQEDR +HDG RI 3URWHFWLRQ

'HSDUWPHQWRI*XL]KRX

,QWURGXFWLRQRI3(6ZRUNVLQ&KLQD

/HL *DQJ 'LUHFWRU RI ::) )UHVKZDWHU

3URJUDPPH

7($&2))((%UHDN3KRWRV

/HVVRQV /HDUQHG IURP WKH (3:6 *OREDO

3URJUDPPH

-XOLR7UHVLHUUD(3:6*OREDOFRRUGLQDWRU

=KHQJ0LQJMLH

,QWURGXFWLRQ RI (FRORJLFDO &RPSHQVDWLRQ

3ROLF\RI5HQKXDL*RYHUQPHQW

0D ;LDRELQ 'LUHFWRU RI 5HQKXDL

(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ%XUHDX

4$

/81&+%5($.

VW0DU

PM

5HVHDUFK5HVXOW+\GURORJLFDO6XUYH\

'DQ:HQKRQJ*XL]KRX1RUPDO8QLYHUVLW\

/HL*DQJ

5HVHDUFK5HVXOW&RPPXQLW\6XUYH\

5HQ;LDRGRQJ*XL]KRX1RUPDO8QLYHUVLW\

3UREOHPV IDFHG DQG :LOOLQJQHVV RI

&RQGXFWLQJ 3:6 3URJUDPPH E\ 0RXWDL

&RPSDQ\

7KHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH/LTXRU(QWHUSULVH

3UREOHPV IDFHG DQG :LOOLQJQHVV RI

&RQGXFWLQJ3:63URJUDPPH

7KHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH&RPPXQLW\ 4$



7($&2))((%5($.

([SUHVVLRQRI,QWHUHVWVLJQLQJFHUHPRQ\

/HL*DQJ &ORVLQJDQGIROORZXSGLVFXVVLRQ

',11(5

0DUQG /HDYLQJ*XL\DQJ



2 Expression of Interest

5HSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURP /LTXRUHQWHUSULVHVLQFOXGLQJ *8,=+28-81)(1* -,8<( &2/7'

DQG *8,=+28 *82%$2 -,8<( &2/7' DQG WKH &RPPXQLW\ LQ ;LHQRQJ 9LOODJH ERWK

H[SUHVVHG WKHLU LQWHUHVWV RI SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ WKH 3:6 SURMHFW 5HQKXDL (QYLURQPHQWDO

3URWHFWLRQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI*XL]KRX3URYLQFHLVZLOOLQJWRVXSHUYLVHDQGFRRUGLQDWHWKHIXUWKHU

ZRUNV RI OLTXRU HQWHUSULVHV DQG FRPPXQLWLHV LQ WKH QH[W VWDJHV DV WKH WKLUG SDUW\ 7KH

([SUHVVLRQRI,QWHUHVWFDQEHVHHQDVIROORZV



Scanned copy of the original Expression of Interest









Translate Version

Expression of Interest

3DUW\ $ &R /WGZKRVH UHJLVWHUHG RIILFH LV LQ 5HQKXDL &LW\

*XL]KRX3URYLQFH

3DUW\%;LHQRQJ9LOODJH:XPD7RZQVKLS5HQKXDL&LW\*XL]KRX3URYLQFH

:LWQHVV5HQKXDL(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI*XL]KRX

:LWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKH0HPRUDQGXPIRU&RRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQ:RUOG:LOG)XQG

IRU1DWXUH::)DQG*XL]KRX3URYLQFLDO(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ'HSDUWPHQWDQG

XQGHU WKH JXLGDQFH DQG VXSHUYLVLRQ RI WKH 5HQKXDL (QYLURQPHQWDO 3URWHFWLRQ

$VVRFLDWLRQ RI *XL]KRX WKH WZR SDUWLHV KDYH UHDFKHG DQ DJUHHPHQW IRU HQJDJLQJ LQ

3D\PHQW IRU :DWHUVKHG 6HUYLFHV PHFKDQLVP DW &KLVKXL 5LYHU %DVLQ 7KLV DJUHHPHQW

DLPV DW ZRUNLQJ WRJHWKHU IRU WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI WKH HQYLURQPHQW RI WKH &KLVKXL 5LYHU

%DVLQ SURPRWLQJ WKH VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH :XPD 5LYHU D EUDQFK RI WKH

&KLVKXL5LYHUDQGVXUURXQGLQJFRPPXQLWLHV¶DVZHOODVSURYLGLQJDVWHDG\YROXPHRI

KLJKTXDOLW\ZDWHUIRUOLTXRUHQWHUSULVHVORFDWHGLQ5HQKXDL&LW\&KLVKXL5LYHUEDVLQ

$V DQ HFRORJLFDO EUDQFK RI WKH <DQJW]H 5LYHU WKH &KLVKXL 5LYHU LV RI JUHDW

VLJQLILFDQFH IRUWKH SURWHFWLRQ RI ELRGLYHUVLW\ DORQJ WKH XSSHU UHDFKHV RI WKH<DQJW]H

5LYHU $W WKHVDPH WLPH LW LV FORVHO\ UHODWHGWR WKH VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW RI OLTXRU

HQWHUSULVHVZLWKWKHLULQGXVWULDOFKDLQVDQGFRPPXQLWLHVSOD\LQJDQLPSRUWDQWUROHRQ

WKHFRRUGLQDWHGGHYHORSPHQWRIXUEDQDQGUXUDODUHDVDQGDFKLHYLQJFRPPRQSURVSHULW\

%HFDXVH :XPD 5LYHU LV D PDMRU WULEXWDU\ RI WKH &KLVKXL 5LYHU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI

FRPPXQLWLHVDORQJWKH:XPD5LYHUKDVDVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQWKHRYHUDOOHFRORJLFDO

LQWHJULW\RI&KLVKXL5LYHU

)RFXVLQJRQWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRIWKH:XPD5LYHU%DVLQJRYHUQPHQWVDWDOOOHYHOVKDYH



FDUULHGRXWDVHULHVRIUHVWRUDWLRQSURMHFWVWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHFRPPXQLWLHVDQGHQWHUSULVHV

7KHVHSURMHFWVKDYHKDGPDMRULPSDFWVE\HOLPLQDWLQJWKHVHULRXVSRLQWVRXUFHSROOXWLRQ

DQG SRSXODUL]LQJ RUJDQLF IDUPLQJ VR DV WR GHFUHDVH WKH HIIHFW RI QRQSRLQW VRXUFH

SROOXWLRQ 7RIXUWKHU SURPRWHWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\ DQG ZDWHUUHVRXUFHV UHVHUYH FDSDFLW\ LQ

WKH :XPD 5LYHU %DVLQ WR LPSURYH WKH EDVLQ¶V DELOLW\ WR FRQVHUYH VRLO DQG ZDWHU

HVSHFLDOO\DGYDQFHZDWHUFRQVHUYDWLRQFDSDFLW\GXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQWKHWZRVLGHVDUH

ZLOOLQJ DQG UHDG\ WR WDFNOH WKH XSFRPLQJ FKDOOHQJHV ZDWHU KDQG LQ KDQG DQG DGRSW

HIIHFWLYH PHDVXUHV WR VXSSRUW WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSURYHPHQW

SURMHFWLQWKHEDVLQ

%RWK SDUWLHV DJUHH XQGHU WKH VXSHUYLVLRQ DQG FRRUGLQDWLRQ RI WKH 5HQKXDL

(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI*XL]KRXDQGWKHVXSSRUWRI::)WRVXSSRUW

WKHSLORW SURMHFW RI 3D\PHQW IRU:DWHUVKHG 6HUYLFH VXSSRUWHG E\ $VLDQ 'HYHORSPHQW

%DQN $'% DQG YLJRURXVO\ SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH IXUWKHU DVVHVVPHQW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

FROODERUDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV LQ WKH SUDFWLFH DQG SURPRWLRQ RI WKH

SURMHFW

5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRI3DUW\$ 5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRI3DUW\%

:LWQHVVIURP5HQKXDL(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI*XL]KRX

0DUFKVW



3 Workshop Photos

All the participants in the workshop

Presentation by Julio for sharing lesson learnt of global EPWS



Communication Materials shared with stakeholders



Hydrological Assessment of Wuma River

WWF CHINA

Guizhou Normal University

March, 2013



Contents

1. The Background of the Program ................................................................................ 3 2. The Core Hydrological Problem ................................................................................ 3

2.1 Key Water Users : water supply and demand ................................................... 3 2.2 Causes of the Key Hydrological Problem ......................................................... 7

3. PWS Pilot Project in Wuma River Watershed ........................................................... 8 3.1 Relationship between Wuma River and Liquor Enterprises ............................. 8 3.2 Importance of Liquor Enterprises ..................................................................... 9

4. Introduction to Wuma River Watershed: Geographic Location ................................. 9 4.1 Land Use Patterns in Wuma River Watershed ................................................ 10

5. Hydrological Analysis of Wuma River .................................................................... 12 5.1 Total Volume of Water Resources ................................................................... 12 5.2 Changing Runoff Trends ................................................................................. 13 5.3 Water Consumption and the Available Volume ............................................... 14 5.4 Causes of the Decreased Volume .................................................................... 14

6. Selection of Xienong Village of Wuma Town as the PWS pilot site ....................... 15 6.1 Land Use Patterns and the Impacts on Water quantity ................................... 15 6.2 PWS as Possible Solution to the Problem....................................................... 16

7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 16 Appendix: ..................................................................................................................... 18



1. The Background of the Program

The overall goal of the PDA under ADB RETA 6498 is to test the viability of a Payment for

Watershed Services (PWS) mechanism in Chishui watershed designed so as to address deteriorating

ecosystems and improve the livelihood of poor upstream residents. At present, both Wuma and

Chishui River show problems of runoff decreasing during the dry season. Unsustainable land use by

upstream farmers is a key anthropogenic factor influencing a decrease in the volume of water.

2. The Core Hydrological Problem

The core hydrological problem of the basin is the decline of water quantity. Because of the timely

interventionŚ of the Renhuai government in 2009, the water quality of Wuma reached Class II

standard. This level of water quality can be used in liquor production.

2.1 Key Water Users: water supply and demand

Research has shown that the main water users in the downstream area of Wuma River are liquor

enterprises. The total annual water consumption in 2010 was about 99.78 million m3, which included

29.2 million m3 used by Maotai Distillery CO., LTD, 66.8 m3 used by other liquor enterprisesĸ and

3.78 million m3 was used for domestic consumptionĹ at Wuma Town (the domestic consumption

takes 3.8% of the total water consumption). The major water users are liquor enterprises in

downstream.

2.1.1 Water Runoff and Flow

Decreasing water quantity during dry periods is evidenced by variations in water runoff and flow of

Chuishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station in recent decades. During the dry seasons (October to

March), the average flow decreased from 78.17m3/s in 1960s to 49.96 m3/s in 2009 (See Table 2-1,

and Fig 2-1).

Table 2-1 Average Flow of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station (Unit: m3/s)

Periods 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009

Average Flow in

Dry Season78.17 58.64 60.23 56.78 49.96

Average Flow in

Rainy Season151.71 155.94 151.95 156.69 137.34

Data source: Records from Maotai Hydrological Station

ķ The Renhuai government shut down the coal mines and paper mills along Wuma River.ĸ Data source: from The Report of the Pollution Source Census of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Environment Protection Bureau, 2010.

Comprehensive water consumption in liquor making is 480m3/ton; and the liquor producing volume reaches 200,000 t in 2010.

Ĺ Domestic water consumption: 0.30m3/day/person; the population of Wuma in 2010 was 35155 (Renhuai Government Report

2011).



Figure 2-1Average Flow of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station (Unit: m3/s)


Runoff at Maotai Hydrological Station in dry seasons decreased from 1.23 billion m 3 in 1960s to

0.79 billion m3 in 2009 (See Table 2-2and Fig 2-2).

Table 2-2 Average Runoff of Chishui River. Unit: billion m3

Period 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009

Runoff of Chishuii Rainy Season 2.39 2.46 2.40 2.47 2.17

Runoff of Chishui in Dry Season 1.23 0.92 0.95 0.90 0.79





Figure 2-2 Runoff of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station Unit billion m3

The data shows that the quantity of water of Chishui River in the area from Maotai to Xijiu has been

decreasing in the period from 1960 to 2009, especially during the dry seasons.

2.1.2 Water supply and demand for the liquor enterprises in the Watershed

According to statistics from Renhuai Government, the liquor yield increased from 80 thousand tons

in 2004 to 200 thousand tons in 2011. Water required for liquor producing also increased d from 38.4

million m3 to 96 million m3 for the same period (See Fig 2-3).

Data source: Renhui Government Report, 2012.

Figure 2-3 The Liquor Output and Water Consumption in Recent years

We can see (Fig.2-3) that both water consumption and liquor output increased sharply from 2009 to

the present. Moreover, the Twelfth Plan of Renhuai City indicates that the output of liquor

production will reach 500 thousand tons in 2015. Water required to produce this amount of is

expected to reach 240 million m3 in 2015.



2.1.3 The Deficit of Water in the Area of Maotai to Xijiu

Data monitored at Maotai Hydrological Station, shows a deficit in water resource in the area of

Maotai to Xijiu. The annual Ecological Water Requirementŝ from Chishui River at Maotai section is

2.99 billion m3

, which includes 1.73 billion m3

in flood season (April to September) and 1.26 billionm3 in dry season (October to March). But the data measured at Maotai Hydrological Station reveals

that: the annual runoff of Maotai river section is 3.251 billion m3, which includes 2.162 billion m3 in

flood season (April to September) and the 1.089 billion m3 in dry season (October to March) (refer to

Table 2-3). The data shows that: only 261 million m3 of runoff in Maotai areas is available for a

whole year. In the dry season, the deficit of water is 171 million m3 in 2011.

Table 2-3 Comparison between Ecological Water Requirement and Monitoring Data of Maotai Hydrological

Station Unit: billion m3 (2011)

Whole

Year

Flood Season (April to

September)

Dry Season (October to

March)

Ecological Water Requirement 2.99 1.73 1.26

Monitoring Data at Maotai Hydrological

Station(2011)

3.251 2.162 1.089

Available Water Quantity of Maotai

Section

0.261 0.432 -0.171

Data source: from Chishui River Basin Comprehensive Planning (2011) edited by Yangtze River Water Resources

Committee.

2.1.4 Soil Erosion and SedimentsĻ

According to the research from Renhuai City Rocky Desertification Control Planning, the volume of

soil erosion in Chishui River is one of the highest along the Yangtze river. The volume of soil

erosion around Renhuai city is 3000 t/km2·per year. The volume of erosion area reaches 8000

t/km2·per year in sloping farmland, which is higher than the average level of Guizhou province.

According to the monitoring data of Maotai, Erlangba and Chishui hydrologic station, the average

sediment concentration is 0.9 kg/m3, with annual sediment discharge of over 200,000 tons with over

98% of the discharge occurring during flood season (April to September).

Although soil erosion is a serious problem in the Chishui River Basin, it has nevertheless little

impacts on liquor enterprises. This is because liquor producing companies use water mostly during

the dry season (September to April) according to the producing technique requirements of Maotai

flavour liquor, when the volume of of sediments is rather low (2%). Furthermore, the volume of

sediments produced in this period can be easily filtrated by simple processing. Thus for the purposes

ĺ Ecological Water Requirement includes the basic flow, water requirement for sediment transfer, fishes and water consumption byevaporation of lakes or everglades. And the data sourced from Chishui River Basin Comprehensive Planning (2011) edited by Yangtze

River Water Resources Committee.Ļ The data of soil erosion and sediments are from Maotai Hydrological Station and the Renhuai City Rocky Desertification Control

Planning. Land and Resources Bureau of Renhuai, 2005



of this PDA sedimentation deposits have limited and/or manageable consequences for potential water

buyers, the liquor companies. Soil erosion and sediments pose a serious environmental problem but

are of limited consequence for liquor enterprises.

2.2 Causes of the Key Hydrological Problem

Causes for decreasing water runoff may include a variety of factors from naturalļ (precipitation

refer to Table 2-4) to anthropogenic. For purposes of this PDA the pilot will focus on human

activities undertaken upstream impacting negatively the ecosystem’s service production which

benefits downstream water users. Although partially anthropogenic, it will not include climate

change assessments. In recent decades, rapid social and economic development have seriously

impacted the ecosystem in the upper stream. This has resulted in a loss of the natural filtering

capacity of the soil and a decreased water soil-storage/conservation capacity. In Chishui River Basin

for example, the forest coverage rate decreased from 35% in 1950 to 21% to day. This represents

10.09 m3/s loss of average flow during the dry seasonŠ. At the end of 1990s, the governments from

provincial to local began to implement the policy of “Returning Farmland to Forest”. The

environment showed some improvement. However, because of limited financial support, and the

single plant (bamboos) with low short term economic benefits, farmers did not take proper care of

these plants. And even under proper care, it takes a long period of time (about 10-15 years) to

become a mature forest with adequate water conservation capacity. Some of the newly planted trees

were cut down to plant other crops with higher and faster economic returns for the poor farmers.

Understandably short term economic benefits prevailed over long term water conservation practices.

Unconfirmed reports from local villagers indicated as the main reason for this failure the inadequacy

of soil to grow bamboo successfully in the area. Finally there was poor planning from the part of the

government agencies in charge. Bamboo was planted to provide a source of income to farmers who

could sell bamboo as raw material for paper production to the local paper mills. However, shortly

after the bamboo programme was launched the government shut down all paper mills in order to cut

down chemical contamination of the water of Wuma river.

In addition to these problems, there is the fact that there are still large amounts of farming in slopes

over 25°, which need to be returned to forestry in the watershed. Cultivation in steep slopes for

subsistence agriculture is an old practice among poor farmers in the water basin. When liquor companies negotiated with farmers the planting and buying of sorghum they (the farmers) did not

hesitate to enter into the agreement. The problem was that the only available lands to plant sorghum

were steep slopes, some with an inclination above 25 degrees. This land use contributed significantly

to the decrease water filtering capacity of the soil as well as the loss of the soil natural water storage

capacity. These practices contributed to lower the water flow downstream particularly during the dry

season.

ş The precipitation, according to the data from Guizhou Meteorological Bureau, decreased from 274.73mm in 1970 to 262.95 mm in

2000s. The average temperature changed from 9.5đ in 1970s to 10.1đ in 2000s. Both the temperature and precipitation changed little between decade-intervals.Š Data sourced from Chishui River Basin Comprehensive Planning (2011) edited by Yangtze River Water Resources Committee.



Table2-4 Precipitation during 1970-2009 in dry seasons (mm)

Periods 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009

Precipitation 274.73 212.73 219.97 262.95

Data source: Guizhou Meteorological Bureau

3. PWS Pilot Project in Wuma River Watershed

3.1 Relationship between Wuma River and Liquor Enterprises

The liquor enterprises take water directly from Chishui River in the area of Maotai, where Wuma

River has great impact on the water used by liquor-manufacturing enterprises in that area. As it is on

the right bank of Chishui River and close to Maotai Town, Wuma River, springing from Jingba and

Mushiwo Village of Changgang Town of Renhuai City, flows through Wuma Town and Maoba

Town and finally runs into Chishui River at Aokou Village (refer to Figure3-1). The estuary of

Wuma River is only 13 km away from the water intake of Maotai Distillery Co., Ltd., which means

the quality and quantity of the river will directly affect the liquor production of Maotai and other

liquor enterprises in Maotai Town. Therefore, Wuma River is the tributary with the largest influence

on the quality and quantity of water used by liquor-producing enterprises in Maotai Town.

According to the Medium and Long Term Developing Plan of Guizhou Maotai, the water intake of

Maotai distillery will be moved 3km closer to the upstream. The water intake therefore will be closer

to the estuary of Wuma River, and the influence of the river’s water quantity and quality will be

much more visible.

Figure 3-1 Location of Wuma River Watershed



3.2 Importance of Liquor Enterprises

Renhuai city houses 60% of all famous liquor producing companies in China. There are about 143

companies operating downstream of Wuma river basin producing more than 2000 brands of liquor.

Their output for 2009 was 100.000 tons with yearly sales of 12.70 billion RMB. These enterprises

employ about 40.000 persons from the area. They comprise 90% of the total local industrial output.

Representatives from Renhuai liquor industry enterprises such as Maotai Group, Guowujian,

Yunfeng, Guotai and Jiuguijiu Group, expressed their concerns about decreasing of water quantity.

The liquor enterprises have indicated that the lowering of water supply is already impacting normal

production. The water supply in the area from Maotai Town to Xijiu Town is woefully inadequate

during dry season. This results in the decrease of water storage capability, which leads in turn to

limitations in the water in-taking the liquor enterprises. Representatives from the liquor enterprises

have expressed their interest in finding ways to improve the environment of Wuma river watershed

so as to strengthen the river’s capacity to produce a stable supply of water during the dry season.

4. Introduction to Wuma River Watershed: Geographic Location

Wuma River is one of the 27 main level tributaries of Chishui River, and the most important

tributary in Renhuai. Wuma River originates in Jingba, town of Changgang, runs through four towns,

Changgang, Wuma and the boundary of Luban and Maoba, meets Chishui River at Aokou. The

geographic coordinates are ranging within 106°11′16″-106°21′-106°30′E, and 27°38′55″-

27°43′08″N. The total area of the watershed is 510.29 km2, which accounts for 4.5% of the area of

Chishui River basin. The watershed is close to Zhunyi City at the east, faces to Longjing Township

and Jiucang Town of Renhuai City at the west, adjacent to Jinsha County at the south and Gulin

County of Sichuan Province at the north (See Figure 4-1).

Figure 4-1 the map of Xienong Village



Wuma town in turn is divided into 7 Villages: The Village selected for this PDA is Xienong Village

which includes 12 Village Groups. Among these Longtangba has been chosen as the pilot site for

this PDA. (See Table 4-1)

Table 4-1 villages and village groups of WumaTowns in

Wuma River

Basin

Villages in

Wuma Town

Village Groups in

Xienong Village

Wuma Erhe

Changgang Sanyuan

Luban Hongjun

Maoba Xienong Long Tangba

Longli Jiaotong

Yukong Bai YangtunTunshan Ma Jiapo

Gao Shancha

Suo Luoping

Chang Huitu

Chen Jiagou

Huang Shiwo

Xienong

San Jiaotang

Ya Zitai

4.1 Land Use Patterns in Wuma River Watershed

The total size Wuma River Basin (Table 4-2) is 51029.14 hectares, of which the area of arable land is

14056.4 hectares, (27.55% of the total land); forest land is 22062.08 hectares, or 43.23%; and

construction land is 1090.99 hectares, (2.14%.) From data in the Table below we can draw the

following observations regarding land use patterns along Wuma River Basin:

1. The farming area in slopes with over 25° of inclination accounts for 53.49% of total sloping area,

and 35.07% of total area of dry land. The proportion of high steep slopes or over 25 degrees of

inclination by town are: Changgang Town: 43.19%; Luban Town: 55.80%; Wuma Town: 82.27%

and, Maoba Town 45.33% respectively; It can be seen that proportions of cultivations in steep slopes

(over 25 degrees) are higher in Wuma Town than in the other towns.

2. The percentage of forest cover within the river basin is low. The forest land covers 16,678.25

Hectaresľ in Wuma river basin, taking up 32.68% of the whole land. The following Table (4-3)

indicates the percentage of forest land in each county.

ľ The data is from the interpretation of the remote sensing image of Renhuai, which is from National Administration of Surveying,

Mapping and Geoinformation.



Table 4-2 Current Land Use in Wuma River Watershed (2009) Unit: Hectare

Soil types and Percentage Changgang Town Luban Town Wuma Town Maoba Town

Total land 11424.59 12437.11 12821.52 14256.52

Arable land 3110.63 3841.74 4394.48 3445.63

Forest land Ŀ 5547.17 6349.24 6281.38 8186.01

The Arable land proportion of the total land (%) 27.23 30.89 34.27 24.17

The Forest land proportion of the total land (%) 48.55 51.05 48.99 57.42

Source: Overall Planning of Wuma(2006-2020), edited by Land and Resources Bureau of Renhuai, 2010.

Table 4-3 Slopes of Wuma River Watershed (2009) Unit: Hectare

Items Changgang Town Luban Town Wuma Town Maoba Town

Total land 11424.59 12437.11 12821.52 14256.52

Sloping arable land 1876.06 2492.37 1090.46 2178.55

arable land ̊ 25° 810.20 1390.74 897.07 987.55

The proportion of sloping arable land of the total land (%) 16.42 20.04 8.50 15.28

The proportion of arable land ̊ 25°of the sloping land (%) 43.19 55.80 82.27 45.33

Source: Overall Land Use Planning of Wuma(2006-2020), edited by Land and Resources Bureau of

Renhuai, 2010.

Situated in the midstream of Wuma River, Wuma town enjoys better natural conditions, such as

water supply, than other three towns along the watershed. With prominent agricultural reclamation

and cultivation, a large number of lands that are unfit for cultivation are reclaimed (see Figure

4-2&5-1). According to table 4-2, the slope fields of over 25° occupy 82.27% of the sloping fields,

far higher than the percentage of other towns (43.19% of Changgang, 55.80% of Luban and 45.33%

of Maoba). Additionally, a slope field of over 25 degrees takes up 41.07% of the dry lands which is

higher than the average level 35.07% of Wuma river basin. Thus, it can be seen that the problem of

irrational reclamation of sloping farmland over 25 degrees in Wuma river basin is most prominent in

Wuma Town.

Ŀ The forest land includes the shrub land, sparse land and etc, in which some cannot be used to calculate the forest coverage rate, so,

the data of forest land is bigger than the forest coverage rate.



Figure 4-2 sloping farmland in Wuma River Basin

5. Hydrological Analysis of Wuma River

5.1 Total Volume of Water Resources

Wuma River is a typical rain-source river basin, which means the water quantity is closely related to

the amount of precipitation. Because there is no hydrological station on Wuma River, the data of

Wuma River are estimated from unstructured interviews in Wuma watershed and secondary analysis

of Chishui River data at Maotai Hydrological Station. Based on the enquiry at the community of

Xienong and, calculating from the hydrological observations of Tongming River (which is about the

same in size as Wuma river), the average amount of runoff per month can be estimated. The

whole-year runoff of Wuma River is estimated at 151.1 million m3, of which 107.2 million m3 is in

the flood season (April to September) and 43.9 million m3 is in the dry season (October to March),

refer to Table 5-1. The average flow of Wuma River shows significant difference between dry and

flood seasons. The average flow in the flood season (April to September) is 6.77 m 3/s, and only 2.78

m3/s during the dry season (October to March), refer to Table 5-2.



Figure 5-1 Sloping farmland in Wuma Town

Table 5-1 Average Amount of Runoff UnitφMillion m3

These data estimated using from the size of the watershed, runoff depth of Wuma River precipitation of Renhuai,

and data of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station. (rainy season is from April to Oct)

Table 5-2 Average Flow of Wuma River (2009) Flow φm3/s

Periods Apr May Jun July Aug. Sep. Average amount in rain season

Flow 4.58 7.33 9.72 8.28 5.91 4.81 6.77

Periods Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Average amount in dry season

Flow 4.42 3.27 2.35 2.08 2.15 2.43 2.78

These data are estimated from the size of the watershed, runoff depth of Wuma River precipitation of Renhuai, and

data of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station.

These figures show that the quantity of water in Wuma River is low in dry season, which means less

water contribution to Chishui River which aggravates the deficit in the area of Maotai to Xijiu. Given

that most of the water from Wuma to Chishui is used by the liquor producing enterprises, the

increase of the water volume of Wuma River could help the liquor enterprises to alleviate the

pressure of water shortage.

5.2 Changing Runoff Trends

Integrating the field study with secondary data analysis of Chishui River at Maotai HydrologicalStation, we can estimate the changing trend of the runoff of Wuma: the average runoff of Wuma

Time Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Whole

year

Amount of

runoff

5.6 5.2 6.5 11.9 19.6 25.2 22.2 15.8 12.5 11.8 8.5 6.3 151.1

(%) 3.7 3.4 4.3 7.9 13.0 16.7 14.7 10.5 8.3 7.8 5.6 4.2 100.0



River in the dry seasons decreased from 68.7 million m3 in 1960s to 43.9 million m3 in 2009 (refer to

table 5-3 and Fig 5-2).

Table 5-3 Change of Runoff of Wuma River Unit million m3

Period 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009

Runoff of Wuma

in Dry Season68.70 51.53 52.93 49.89 43.90

Runoff of Wuma

in Rainy Season118.41 121.72 118.60 122.30 107.20

These data estimated using from the size of the watershed, runoff depth of Wuma River precipitation of Renhuai,

and data of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station.

Figure 5-2 Change of Runoff of Wuma River Unit: million m3

These data are estimated from the size of the watershed, runoff depth of Wuma River precipitation of Renhuai,

and data of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station.

5.3 Water Consumption and the Available Volume

The pattern of decreasing water volume at Wuma River is quite similar to that of Chishui River (See

Table 2-1 and Fig 2-1). Water consumption, on the other hand, keeps on increasing (see Fig 2-3).

The figures in Table 2-3 show that the available water in Chishui River for the whole year in the area

of Maotai to Xijiu was 261 million m3, but it was 171 million m3 short in the dry season. In other

words the water requirements by liquor enterprises in this area are higher than the bearing capacity of

Chishui River.

5.4 Causes of the Decreased Volume

The area of farming land in slopes over 25 degrees was 4,085.56 hectares in Wuma watershed (2009),

of which 897.07 hectares were in Wuma Town.



Driven by a steady increase in the market price of local red sorghum in Wuma River basin, it is

common to see deforestation to allow for cultivation of sorghum on steep and extremely steep slopes

in the river basin. The situation is particularly severe in upstream Xienong village in Wuma Town

which enjoys superior natural conditions and infra-structure advantages. In order to obtain higher

yields, farmers choose extensive cultivation and large-scale reclamation of steep and extremely steepslopes to grow red sorghum, winter wheat, and corn. The extensive planting mode has greatly

devastated woodland and reduced the water storage (conservation) capacity of the soil which impacts

the contribution rate of Wuma River to Chishui River runoff.

6. Selection of Xienong Village of Wuma Town as the PWS pilot site

The rationale for selecting Xienong Village as the point for the development of the pilot includes the

following: the Town of Wuma is the only one whose entire territory is totally within the watershed of

Wuma River, and it is on the midstream of Wuma River. Other town such as Changgang Town,

where Wuma River originates, takes up a small portion of the watershed. As for Maoba Town and

Luban Town, Wuma River only runs through the boundary of these two towns and merges into

Chishui River. Moreover, there are no villages in this area.

Because the farmland must serve the needs of a growing population, more than 70% of the dry land

in slopes over 25 degrees is reclaimed as farmland. Forest cover is destroyed lowering the soil

filtering capacity as well as the water conservation capacity and, leading to frequent droughts and

floods, seriously affecting the stable flow of water in Wuma River especially during the dry season

when the downstream liquor enterprises need water the most.6.1 Land Use Patterns and the Impacts on Water quantity

Wuma town occupies an area of 124.2km2 (Fig 6-1) in the middle stream of Wuma River with a

population of 35,155. (2010) After the banning of paper factories and mills along Wuma River in

2009, the source of income of local people shifted toward traditional farming and activities outside

their community (migrating workforce). At present, the crops in dry land are mainly sorghum, corn,

wheat, potato and vegetables etc, the crops in paddy fields are rice and vegetables. Due to the local

residents’ financial needs, a large portion of land that is inadequate for cultivation is reclaimed as

farmlands to plant sorghum to be sold to liquor producing companies. That means these lands must be ploughed every year and thus they are less able to conserve water when it rains. The continuity of

water supply during the dry season under normal/natural conditions is severely disrupted.



Figure 6-1 Location of Wuma Town

6.2 PWS as Possible Solution to the Problem

Among possible answers to the core hydrological problem (e.g.,alternate livelihoods development,

enact and apply legislation regarding cultivation on slopes with 25 degrees, etc.), PWS is regarded as

the most efficient under circumstances prevailing at Wuma watershed. Changes in land use patterns

influence eco-transpiration amount; impact runoff, as well as the volume of water in the dry season.

According to the water conservation norm defined in Eco Function of Forest Evaluation Standard

δLY/T1721-2008,) and considering the conditions prevalent in Wuma water basin, the water

conservation capacity of natural forest is estimated at 1300m3/hm2; for artificial forest it is 1000

m3/hm2 and for bush it is 800 m3/hm2.

A proposed PWS mechanism would include the change of farmland of Wuma watershed in slopes

over 25 degrees to forests. This will result in the production of at least 5 million m3 water per year,

which will contribute to alleviating the water shortage problem downstream. In addition, returned

farmland changed into forestry will help restore and maintain the water conservation capacity of the

soil upstream allowing for the release of stores water during the dry season. The provision of these

services will help liquor companies to maintain levels of production. It may also improve the

livelihood among participating communities who benefit from changes in land use (introducing for

example cash crops) as well as from the water service provision to downstream users.

7. Conclusion

The hydrological assessment of Wuma River watershed shows that the core water problem faced by

downstream liquor enterprises is the decreasing volume of water during the dry season. A major

cause of this problem is unsustainable human activities, especially deforestation after 1950s and

cultivation in plots above 25 degrees in slope. Although in recent years, there was some

improvement in the ecosystem due to the implementation of the “Returning Farmland to Forestry” policy, the limited volume of water remains a crucial problem for the liquor enterprises. This is so



because farmers seek to improve their livelihood by planting cash crops such as sorghum, thus

contributing to lower the water conservation capacity of the soil.

Establishing a Payment for Watershed Services (PWS) mechanism can be an effective way,

(combined with the policy of “Returning Farmland to Forestry” ) to improve the ecosystem capacityto provide hydrological services (control soil erosion and increase water conservation capacity)

thus alleviating the water problem downstream while improving the livelihood of poor farming

communities upstream. “Sellers” and “buyers” benefit and the environment is restored and protected

through the working association of services providers and service users.



Appendix:

Appendix I. Methodology

Primary data collection to establish changes in water quantity require a period of time much

longer than the duration of this study (5-8 months) This is so because patterns of water

changes become visible, measurable and evident over a long period of systematic monitoring

under various conditions, for example during the wet and dry seasons. We have therefore

relied on existing records (Records at Maotai Water Station) documenting changes over a

long period of time (40 years).This secondary analysis has provided reliable and valid data in

support of our definition of the core hydrological problem. This data has been supplemented

with data gathered in the field through several visits to the participating communities where

the team has interviewed several individuals. Finally extensive desk research has been

conducted particularly reviewing official research documents from different spheres of

Government.

1 Field work

Adopting a multidisciplinary methodology, the research team has conducted several types of

field work in Wuma River basin. Among these, we include visits and informal conversations

with local residents and authorities; review in situ of land use patterns and soil erosion.

Research techniques included community unstructured interviews. These techniques

permitted an overview of the hydrological conditions in the watershed and an understanding

of the livelihood at the community. This information is used as a foundation to plan next steps

into this PDA.

2 Data collection

In order to analyze the hydrological condition of Wuma River Basin, we collected secondary

data of water yield during the flood and dry seasons. These data was supplemented with

information from other research centers and from relevant hydrological statistical yearbooks.

3 Review of the relevant literature

Information was gathered from recent journals, documents, government work reports and

statistics yearbook relevant to Wuma River and Chishui River. Besides, a large number of

data and main points in original research papers, journals and reports were also reviewed to

collect materials useful to our research.

4 Unstructured interviews

We conducted Unstructured interviews (three people in Xienong, 2 people in Longli, 2 people

in Sanyuan and 1 person in town of Wuma) ’The following themes were discussed “ water

seasonal quantity changes in recent years.; “ water quality changes in recent years ”;

“reasons for changes”. The answers given are consistent with the secondary data collected

from Maotai Hydrological Station.



Appendix II. List of Acronyms

mm: millimeter

m

3

: cubic meter m

3/s: cubic meter per second kg/m

3

km2: square kilometer

t/km2: ton per square kilometer

t/km2·a: ton per square kilometer annual





2

Contents

1. Project Context .......................................................................................................... 3 2. Location and economic profile of Wuma Town ........................................................ 3 3. Selection of Pilot Site ................................................................................................ 5

3.1 Xienong Village ................................................................................................ 5 3.2 Long Tangba community as pilot site ............................................................... 6

4. General Description and Livelihood Assessment of Pilot Site .................................. 8 4.1 A Geographic Note ............................................................................................ 8 4.2 Socio-Economic Profile of the Community ...................................................... 8 4.3 Income Generating Activities ......................................................................... 10 4.4 Land-use Status ............................................................................................... 13 4.5 Relationship between poverty and environmental degradation: ..................... 14

5. Relationship between land use and Wuma River’s Water Shortage ....................... 14 6. Land Use Change as a Proposed Solution to the Water/Livelihood Problem ......... 16

6.1 Relationship between Community and Liquor Enterprises ............................ 16 6.2 Land use change to address the core hydrological problem at pilot site. ....... 16 6.3 Awareness and Willingness to participate in PWS .......................................... 17

7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 20 8. Appendix .................................................................................................................. 21



3

1. Project Context

WWF China is conducting a Pilot Demonstration Activity (PDA) under ADB RETA 6498 in

Chishui Watershed in order to explore the conditions under which a Mechanism for Payment

for Watershed Services (PWS) could best operate. This PDA is designed as a pilot PWS toaddress the problem of deteriorating water quality/quantity downstream and improve the

livelihood of poor upstream farmers. In the hydrological assessment, the core hydrological

problem faced by water users (i.e. liquor enterprises) has been defined as well as the

anthropogenic cause of such problems. Following the findings of the hydrological assessment,

this Livelihood Report focuses on Xienong Village in Wuma town as the most suitable area

for intervention. In this study, we aim to identify and profile the people potentially involve in

the pilot, how they use the land, how this land use is evolving, how these practices contribute

to the core hydrological problem and what actions might be required, including

compensations to change the current land use. This report includes a basic social & economic

profile of Long Tangba community of Xienong Village in Wuma River Basin.

2. Location and economic profile of Wuma Town

Wuma Town (see Figs. 1 and 2 below), is located about 30 km away from Renhuai City. It

borders with Luban and Changgang Town on the east; Maoba Town on the west; Jinsha and

Zunyi City on the south and joins Chishui River on the north, with a total area of 124.2 km 2.

Wuma Town enjoys the convenience of road infrastructure with (208) Provincial Highway,

Qing-Zhong San-Hong and Ren-Jin Road through the center of Wuma Town.

Figure 1 Location of Wuma Town



4

Figure 2 Location of Wuma Town and Liquor Enterprises

Under the jurisdiction of Wuma Town there are seven administrative villages (communities)

including Erhe, Sanyuan, Hongjun, Xienong, Longli, Yukong and Tunshan with a total

population of 35,155 (2010). The permanent resident population is 31,296, of which 1,143 arenon-agricultural population and 30,153 are agricultural population. In 2008, the combined

gross output value of industry and agriculture was RMB 672 million (108.4 million dollars),

including the gross industrial output value of RMB 528 million (85.2 million dollars) and

agricultural output value of RMB 144 million (23.2 million dollars); the annual per capita

income was RMB 3245 (523.4 dollars). However, since the Renhuai City Government shut

down paper mills and restructured the coal mine enterprises along Wuma River in 2009 1,

agriculture has become the main economic activity in Wuma Town, with sorghum being the

main crop produced.

1 There are 11 coal mine in Wuma Town including two in Xienong Village. Currently, they are all shut down by thegovernment for environmental protection.

Liquor enterprises

Wuma Town



5

Wuma River Valley features vast ravines and gullies, high mountains and steep slopes with

great disparity of elevation. The arable area is 4,394.48 hectares, accounting for 34.27% of the

total land area, In addition to sorghum, agriculture production includes conventional crops,

such as rice and corn.

3. Selection of Pilot Site

3.1 Xienong Village

Figure 3 Xienong Village Diagram

Xienong Villege includes twelve village groups which are Long Tangba, Jiaotong, Bai

Yangtun, Ma Jiapo, Gao Shancha, Suo Luoping, Chang Huitu, Chen Jiagou, Huang Shiwo,

Xienong, San Jiaotang and Ya Zitai with area of 22km2 (2,200 ha). There are 1073 households

with a total population of 4617 (See Fig. 3)

Table 3-1 Basic information of Xienong Village

Village

group

-1-

Number of

households

-2-

Population

-3-

Arable

land (ha.)

-4-

Arable

Sloping

land

(ha.)

-5-

Sloping

land

above 25

degrees

(ha.)

-6-

Proportion

of Slope

land over

25

degrees in

Arable

slope land

(%)

-7-

Proportionof Slope

land over

25

degrees in

Arable

land (%)

8-

Long

Tangba

116 504 48.67 30.00 24.00 80.00% 49.32%

Jiaotong 51 258 12.00 5.33 4.00 75.00% 33.33%



6

Bai

Yangtun76 316 28.27 18.20 9.10 50.00% 32.19%

Ma Jiapo 58 239 14.00 7.33 5.87 80.00% 41.90%

Gao

Shancha 77 258 37.73 37.73 37.73 100.00% 100.00%

Suo

Luoping64 320 14.00 6.67 5.33 80.00% 38.10%

Chang

Huitu143 617 21.27 10.00 9.60 96.00% 45.14%

Chen

Jiagou105 508 13.87 2.53 2.53 100.00% 18.27%

Huang

Shiwo 128 516 32.07 13.47 10.77 80.00% 33.60%

Xienong 116 480 86.67 50.00 40.00 80.00% 46.15%

San

Jiaotang58 225 11.40 10.00 8.00 80.00% 70.18%

Ya Zitai 81 376 28.64 20.53 16.43 80.00% 57.36%

Total 1073 4617 348.57 211.80 173.37 81.85% 49.74%

Average 89 385 29.05 17.65 14.45 - -

Data sources: Xienong Committee

3.2 Long Tangba community as pilot site

Long Tangba Community of Xienong Village, Wuma Town has been selected as the site for

the development of the PWS pilot. The rationale for this selection is twofold:

First, the population of Long Tangba Community is distributed along the bank of the Wuma

River. The population size and extension of arable land in Long Tangba community are

relative higher than in the other groups. The proportion of crops in slope land with an

inclination over 25 degrees in Long tangba is 49.32%. Although there are higher proportions

in Gao Shancha (100%), San Jiaotang (70.18%) and Ya Zitai (57.36%), these communities

are either far from the Wuma riverbank or have small areas of arable land in slopes above 25

degrees, and do not contribute as significantly to the core hydrological problem.

Second, unsustainable land-use is high. An increasing number of sorghum crops have been

planted since 2007 in Long Tangba Community in terrains with an inclination over 25 degrees.

From table 3-1, it can be seen that, in Long Tangba, the farming area in slope land above 25



7

degrees account for 80% of the total arable slope land (Col.7). These steep slopes are

unsuitable for sustainable agriculture. Farmers, however, have been forced to use this land as

a result of the economic failure of the “returning the land for bamboos plantation”

government policy. Long Tangba community faces therefore a contradiction whereby their

livelihood impacts the ecosystem negatively more significantly than in the other communities.

The hydrological study has demonstrated the relationship between unsustainable land use

(crops in steep slopes) and lower volume of water during the dry season. Thus, current land

use associated with livelihood patterns in Long Tangba Community has a direct negative

impact on e water flow in Wuma River . The relationship “livelihood/water flow” in Long

Tanba makes this community a suitable location to test a PWS as a financing conservation

mechanism which addresses conservation and poverty alleviation at the same time.

Figure 4: The project area of Xienong Village



8

4. General Description and Livelihood Assessment of Pilot Site

4.1 A Geographic Note

The Community is located in a sloping zone on the east bank of Chishui River and to the westof Dalou Mountain, belonging to the transition mountainous area from the north edge of

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to Sichuan Basin. It has a mid-subtropical humid monsoon climate,

with rain and high temperatures during the rainy season, and relatively less sunshine, high

humidity, moderate rainfall and frequent summer droughts. The land mainly consists of

intermixed carbonatite and silty mudstone. The rock texture is relatively soft, due to its

geographic location (middle subtropical monsoon climate) as well as the absence of forest. It

is vulnerable to weather conditions such as fluvial processes which results often in landforms

with steep slopes and deep valleys. This fractured landform is extremely prone to loss of soil

& water in the rainy season, causing increasing sediment concentration in Wuma River with

significant impact on water quality and water quantity.

There are six categories of soil types in this area. Namely paddy soil, yellow soil, lime soil,

purple soil, yellow-brown soil and mountain meadow soil. Geology, geomorphology and type

of cultivation impact the soil distribution in the area creating a great variation. This diversified

soil shows significant differences vertically. The ridges with an altitude of over 1400m

include are sporadic distribution of mountain yellow-brown soil; the area with an altitude of

700 to 1400 m is composed mainly of lime soil and zonal yellow soil while the synclinevalleys below 700m include pieces of purple soil. Farming activities are conducted mostly in

areas below 1400 meters.

This soil analysis is critical to understand the patterns of land use, the productivity of

agricultural practices and most importantly to establish the level of congruency between land

aptitude and actual land use. The lack of congruency is quite often the cause of environmental

degradation as evidenced in Long Tangba community where farmers are left with no option

but to use a land whose composition, structure and location are unsuitable for sustainable

agriculture.

4.2 Socio-Economic Profile of the Community

This Community has a total of 116 households and 504 people, all of whom belong to the Han

ethnicity. The existing arable area is 48.67 hectares. Most of the cultivated area is planted

with sorghum as a supply of raw material to Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd. and other liquor

enterprises.; The forest area is 53.33 hectares including the area of bamboo returned from the

cultivation land.

There is only a temporary clinic with two medical doctors available in Xienong Village. They



9

provide basic diagnostics and treat common respiratory and digestive problems. For more

complicated health issues villagers have to see doctors at the town hospital or the county

hospital. Most villagers get water directly from Wuma River either by pumping or manually.

According to the baseline survey conducted by WWF research team, most household use

4000-6000L water per month.

Table 4-1 Long Tangba Village Group: Population by Gender and Age 2013 (N=60)

Gender Age Groups

Male Female 0-7 8-18 19-30 31-45 46-60 Above 60

Head 60 0 0 0 0 21 22 17

Spouse 0 57 0 0 0 24 22 11

Children

1-2 60 45 6 22 34 7 0 0

3-4 15 6 6 22 22 5 2 0Others 5 20 0 0 12 5 2 6

Total 140 128 12 44 68 62 48 34

It is interesting to notice that the average number of children (2.12) is higher than the one

child policy. The age group with the highest number of people is the 19-30 group with 68

persons accounting for 25% of the total. This is followed by the age group 31 to 45 with 62

persons or 23% of the total. These two groups ages 19 to 45 in fact account for 48% almost

half of the total population in the sample. We are dealing with a relatively “young

population”.

Education Level

There is no school in this community. Two adjacent primary schools belong to Xienong

Village: Primary School has 13 teachers and 283 students and Hongguang Primary School has

8 teachers and 104 students. In General terms, the educational level is adequate as only 5%

fall under the category “illiterate”. Among these however, women (spouses) represent 73%,

while the categor y “Head of household” (males) represent only 13%. At the other end of the

education continuum (higher education), there are no women under this category while 3 men

are included. The overall picture is consistent with a rural educational profile whereby women

have significant less formal education than men and children have more years of formal

education than their parents (26 children with education above high school compared with

only 3 parents).

Table 4-2 Long Tangba Village: Educational Level 2013 (N =60)

Illiterate Primary school Junior high school Above high school Total

Head 2 29 26 3 60

Spouse 11 36 10 0 57



10

Children 8* 41 51 26 126

Others 3 6 15 1 25

Total 24 112 102 30 268

Note: * Children from 0-7 do not go to school

4.3 Income Generating Activities

The main source of income of villagers in Long Tangba Community comes from the sales of

sorghum. As Maotai Distillery Co., Ltd. and other liquor enterprises purchases sorghum as

raw material, most farmers are willing to plant sorghum. In addition seeds and fertilizer are

provided by Maotai Distillery Co., Ltd. Thus, a guaranteed buyer, convenient market prices

and free agricultural inputs create a most appealing economic offer for the farmers.

Production of sorghum varies from 3750kg/ha. to 6000kg/ha. According to the current

purchasing price, income per hectare can reach up to between RMB 24,000 to 43,200 (3871.0to 6967.7 dollars). Income of households varies according to the size of arable area devoted to

planting sorghum. Under these favorable conditions, it is not difficult to understand why

farmers will use any available land to plant sorghum regardless of the impact on the

ecosystem. There are additional sources of income from migrant work or temporary

performance of some unskilled tasks during the non-farming season.

Table 4-3 Crops and income generated Long Tangba Community

Variety % of

plantation

% of

income

Changes over past 5

years

Foreseeable

Future developmentsSorghum 80 percent of

all crops

More than 80

percent

Plantation area is

determined according

to the demands of

Maotai Distillery Co.,

Ltd and other liquor

enterprises. More

slope lands over 25

degrees are used for

planting sorghum

compared with the

sorghum in past five

years.

1. The planting area of

sorghum and corn is

closely related to the

future Government

policy of returning

farmland to forest

(Ecological Function

Protected Areas

Conservation Planning

of Chishui River).

2. Sorghum plantation

is determined by the

demands of Maotai

Distillery Co., Ltd and

other liquor

enterprises. 3. Should

farmland be returned to

Corn About 10 per

cent of all

crops

No income, it

is for

self-consump

tion

No significant

changes

Rice About 10 per No income, it No significant



11

cent of all

crops

is for

self-consump

tion

changes forest, alternative crops

may include some fruit

forest with short term

economic benefits

(cash crops)

Fruit,

vegetables,

etc

Less than 1

percent of all

crops

No income, it

is just for

self-consump

tion

No significant

changes

Migrant workers from this village are young people seeking work principally in Guangdong,

Zhejiang and Fujian Province, etc. Most of them began to migrate soon after they graduated

from middle school or senior high school. Our survey shows that these migrant workers can

perform only unskilled work and consequently earn low wages which are not always paid

regularly. Thus their contribution to the family income is minimal or null.

Another source of family income is livestock farming (e.g., pig, cattle and chicken, etc.).

There is only one in 116 households processing over 100 livestock at present. Among

domestic animals, pigs are preferred for livestock farming. However, with the decreasing

prices of livestock sales in recent years and the limited area for household captive breeding,

most households choose not to rely on livestock farming as their main source of income.

Therefore, farmers gave up engaging in livestock breeding, and the overall livestock breeding

scale is in the smaller size in the community

A number of villagers from Long Tangba community of Xienong Village used to work in the

paper mills which provided their main source of income. However, in 2009 the local

government shut down all paper mills in order to improve the water quality of Wuma River.

Thus the main source of income of the villagers in Long Tangba community was cut off.

Although the workers from the mills were eligible for compensation of about RMB 165 (26.6

dollars) per month this was not only insufficient but only for a short period of time (ended in

2011). As an alternative source of income, few people in Long Tangba with specific skills

worked at the local coal mines. However, these coal mines were also shut down by the

government due to serious pollution problems. This further eroded the income source of

workers in the community2. Commerce in Long Tangba Community is limited to some small

business such as small stores which sell a very small volume of daily groceries and food.

2 The information is from Xienong Community



12

Occupation

Table 4-4 Long Tangba Village Group. Occupation 2013 (n=60)

Farming

Non-farming *

Labour Students Other

Head 34 24 0 2

Spouse 51 4 0 2

Children 7 54 52 13

Others 6 14 0 5

Total 98 96 52 22

* Non-farming includes long-term working outside the Village, Seasonal working outside the village,

local temporary workers and township enterprises employment.

A significant number of males (Head of household) work outside farming. We do not have at

this moment more detailed information regarding this category thus we can present but

tentative conclusions. Whether this occupation is full time or part time, continuous or

temporary, it represents 40% of the sample. As far as women are concerned however a

significant majority (92.7%) works in farming. Among children almost the totality does not

work in farming as they are either studying or working in “non-farming” categories or both.

Income

Table 4-5 Long Tangba Village Group . Average Income 2013 (N=60)

Farming Non-farming Income per person

Yearly Income (RMB)1601(258.23

dollars)

3312(534.2

dollars)

4913(792.42 dollars) this is

unclear. It is more than the

total of farming and

non-farming income

The average income for “non-farming” activities is twice as much as the income for farmingactivities. This distribution is also consistent with the rural-urban divide and the remuneration

scale. However, as mentioned before, most persons who conduct non-farming works

contribute seldom income to their family because they have to support their daily livings

outside of the community.

Expenditures

Table 4-6 Long Tangba Village Group Average expenses 2013 (N=60)

Expenses Farming Non-production expenses(RMB) Total



13

Production

Expenses

(RMB)

Daily living

expenses Education

Medical

Expenses Others

Average

expenses per

person per year

211.32(34.1 dollars)

2316.98

(373.70

dollars)

1124.91

(181.44

dollars)

901.51

(145.40

dollars)

382.64

(61.72

dollars)

4937.36

(796.35

dollars)

Note: 1. Farming production expenses includes farming inputs (seeds, fertilizer and farming tools)

2. Daily living expenses include food, clothes, water, communication, etc costs.

Compared with the average income of the Long Tangba Group shown in Table 4-5, the total

average expenses per person (796.35 dollars) is higher than the average yearly income per

capita (792.42 dollars), Table 4-6 indicates that people spend less money in farming

production (34.10 dollars) than on non-production expenses including daily expenses,

education, medical expenses and others. This could be partially explained by the fact that

most farmers who sell sorghum to the liquor enterprises also receive agricultural inputs as part

of the compensation package.

All in all however we can clearly see the picture of poverty associated with the livelihood of

the community.

4.4 Land-use Status

Long Tangba Community is situated at the flood plain, between the first terrace and second terrace along the river. Although the quality of the soil around the community is relatively

suitable for plantation, the pronounced mountain features and the broken terrain limit the size

of arable land. The Community primarily focuses on sorghum, with a small amount of corn

and rice.

Table 4-7Long Tangba Village Land use by area and crops

Arable land (ha) Non-Arable

land (ha)

Total

(ha)

Arable slope land˄ha˅

sorghum corn others Total Woo

d

land

Total <25

degre

es

≥25

degree

s

Total

38.93

(79.99%

)

4.87

(10.01

%)

4.87

(10.01

%)

48.67

(47.72%

)

53.3

3

53.33

(52.28

%)

102 6

(20%)

24

(80%)

30(61.64%)

Self-cons

umption - all all - - - - - - -

Market all - - - - - - - - -

Source: Data is from Xienong Village Committee



14

4.5 Relationship between poverty and environmental degradation:

1. The majority of land in the community is non-arable or unsuited for agricultural

production.2. A significant part of the arable land is used to plant sorghum as the only cash crop the

farmers can use to generate income.

3. The totality of the production of sorghum is sold in the market or delivered to liquor

companies.

4. Less than 20% of the arable land is used to produce crops for self-consumption. Food

security or food autonomy is questionable.

5. More than 60% of the crops are in slope land

6. More than 50% of crops are in terrain with an inclination greater than 25 degrees. Not

only an illegal use of land but a strong contributor to land degradation with decreased soil

filtering/storage capacity.

5. Relationship between land use and Wuma River’s Water Shortage

Long Tangba Community is surrounded by mountains with limited amount of arable land.

Agricultural production is limited and villagers have to reclaim barren hills, which leads to

destruction of forest cover. Although the “returning-farmland-to-bamboo-forest policy” was

implemented from 2003 to 2005, poor bamboo growth and no short term economic benefitsforced about 20% of the returned land to go back to crop plantation, resulting in deforestation,

steep slope cultivation and further destruction of forest cover.

On slopes and even steep slopes, farmers are driven by the economic benefit associated with

the sale of sorghum to the liquor producing company Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd. This crop

needs plowing the land each year, which results in single farming season and poor water

conservation capacity. Because of farming in steep slopes, increasing rainfall in rainy season

causes more surface runoff and more soil erosion. Also long-term use of chemical fertilizers

can cause water pollution. Such unsustainable land use patterns lead to the destruction of theecosystem, limit the possibility of local economic development and impact negatively

downstream areas.

Clearly this is the land use pattern that must be changed if the issue of decreasing water

volume is to be addressed effectively. It is also the framework within which PWS will be

tested in terms of its feasibility to deliver what is required to tackle issues of poverty and

ecosystem degradation.



15

Figure 5 Unsustainable Land Use

The hydrological assessment indicated that the core problem for water users downstream is

the limited volume of water during the dry season. We have so far shown in this livelihood

assessment the historical evolution of conditions leading to unsustainable farming practices by

poor members of the community. The link between upstream land use and downstream

shortage of water has been clearly established.

On the floodplains, influenced by both floods and drought caused by rain season and dry

season respectively, and driven by the economic benefits of sorghum plantation, the local

farmers do not plant rice any longer, instead they plant sorghum the main source of income of

the community.

The result of this complex evolution of factors is a degraded ecosystem with limited service

production capacity; poor soil productivity and limited options for the poor farmers. This is

the big challenge facing Long Tangba Community in Wuma River Basin.



16

Figure 6 Reclaimed Slope Farmland

6. Land Use Change as a Proposed Solution to the Water/Livelihood Problem

6.1 Relationship between Community and Liquor Enterprises

Land use practices upstream directly impact on the quality of water required for liquor

production downstream. For instance, during the drought of 2011, production at most liquor

enterprises in Maotai Town was discontinued. A stable flow of quality water is closely related

to the integrity of the ecosystem in Wuma River Basin. Restoration of the degraded ecosystemalong Wuma River Basin is not only beneficial to the local communities’ livelihood but also

important to the continuous production of quality national-level Maotai liquor.

6.2 Land use change to address the core hydrological problem at pilot site.

Forest cover must be restored and erosion/sedimentation must be controlled. These must be

the outcomes required to address the hydrological problem. Among priority actions to achieve

such outcomes there is reforestation. This however must be explored taking into account some

basic facts:

x Native species must be used

x Selection of species must consider the type of soil and the need to protect it from

continuous erosion. Soil water filtering/storage capacity must be restored. Root

consistency and leave shape must be taken into account.

Another priority action is Terracing. This is an efficient- although expensive- option to

control erosion- sedimentation. This should be essayed initially in terrain with not too

pronounced slopes (below 25 degrees). Terrains with an inclination of 25 degrees or more

should – when possible- not be used for agriculture. Should there be no more land available

for agriculture, alternative income generations activities must be thoroughly explored.



17

Information gathered around the pilot site indicated as a feasible land use change option,

agro-forestry, return farmland to forest (natural forest) and terracing.

These are the actions to be undertaken should this pilot progress to the next stage. A carefulselection of areas for intervention should be conducted within Long Tangba community.

6.3 Awareness and Willingness to participate in PWS

Table 6-1 (below) shows that the majority of the 60 persons surveyed early February

indicated a “strong” willingness of participating in the PWS programme. In contrast, their

environmental awareness is “average”

Table 6-1 Long Tangba Village Awareness and Willingness 2013 (N=60)

Strong Average Weak Environmental awareness3 4 48 8

Willingness of participating in PWS4 58 2 0

Further research was conducted in the community in order to supplement initial information

on “willingness” and “capacity” to enter into the PWS mechanism. Additional data was

collected from a sub-sample of 25 farmers including 8 females in Long Tangba Community.

The main findings are presented below, but given that women are under-represented in this

sample, the findings may be biased.

Economic Profile of Respondents

Table 6-2 Proportion of crops in Steep slope land above 25 degrees

All 3/4 1/2 1/4

Land in steep slope land

above 25 degrees 0 10 (40%) 13 (52%) 2 (8%)

23 out of 25 or 92% of farmers in the sample have more than half of their crops (52%) in

steep slope terrains (land above 25 degrees). Sorghum is the principal crop and most of it

(84%) is planted in terrains with an inclination higher than 25 degrees (Table 6-3) All

respondents know about the liquor enterprises as the totality of their sorghum production is

sold to them (Table 6-4).

3 Strong means people know environmental problems and know how to protect environment. Average means they know the

environmental problems and want to protect environment. Weak means people do not care environmental protection.4 Strong means people have will to change their land use. Average means people do not care whether change land use or not.Weak means people do not want to change their land use.



18

Table 6-3 Main crops planted in steep slope land above 25 degrees

Sorghum Corn

Planting in steep slope land above

25 degrees(Mostly)21 (84%) 4 (16%)

Table 6-4 Production sales

Know liquor enterprises Sell sorghum

Yes 25 25

No 0 0

Environmental Awareness

Table 6-5 Knowledge of environmental consequences of planting steep slope above 25 degrees

Knowledge of

environmental impact

of planting in steep

slope above 25 degrees

Yes NO

Totally

knowPartially know Hard to say Total

Responds 1 18 (7 women) 2 21 4 (1 woman)

Note:

1. The environmental consequences of planting in sloping terrain include soil erosion, sedimentation, potential

pollution caused by chemicals and soil fertility decrease.

2. Totally know means people can tell more than two consequences, Partially know means people know one

consequences.

Table 6-6 Awareness of land use and water quantity

Water

Quantity

Increase

Water Quantity

decrease No Change Don't know

Awareness of impact of steep slope

cultivation and water quantity2(1woman) 6 (1 woman) 8 (2 women) 9(4 women)

21 out of 25 participants (84%) indicated that they know that planting in sloping terrain can

have environmental consequences. Among those 21 respondents, 19 (90%) can tell at least



19

one negative environment consequences such as erosion, sedimentation, potential pollution

caused by chemicals and soil fertility decrease (Table 6-5). However, in terms of the

relationship between having crops in sloping terrain above 25 degrees and quantity of water

downstream, only 6 respondents (24%) realized that this practice can cause a decrease in

water quantity (Table 6-6).

Data collected suggest that farmers have a “general” knowledge about environmental impact

of associated with land use. They lack however knowledge about the specific relationships

between their land use and the quantity of water.

Table 6-7 Knowledge of eco-compensation and Payment of Watershed Service

Heard of :

Eco-compensation

Heard of Payment for

Watershed Services

Yes-know the contents 0 0

Yes- don't know the real contents 14 1

No 11 (8 women) 24

Regarding knowledge about PWS only one respondent indicated having heard about PWS but

lacks knowledge about its real meaning. In contrast, 14 out of 25 respondents (56%) know

about “eco-compensation” from watching TV or from word of mouth. They have however no

knowledge as to its contents. All women in the sample have no knowledge of either

eco-compensation or PWS (Table 6-7).

Attitude and willingness toward land use change

When asking the respondents whether they want to change their location of their crops from

steep slope land over 25 degrees, all the 25 participants would like to change the location.

Most of the participants however (24 persons) qualified their answer indicating that there are

no other spaces for them to move to. Thus stopping cultivation in such terrain means no

cultivation at all. The financial impact of this change is a sever reduction of income.

24 out of 25 participants would like the liquor enterprises to give them compensation for an

eventual change in the use of land. Compensation includes either alternative income

generating occupations or the liquor companies paying the equivalent of their opportunity

costs. Villagers have indicated repeatedly during the survey their willingness to change their

current land use in favor of forest (fruits) as well as non-farming income generating activities

such as constructing an aquatic amusement park, aquaculture or eco-tourism. They realize

however how are hard will be to implement these possibilities given the absence of bothtechnical financial support.



20

7. Conclusion

The inhabitants of Long Tangba Community are at or below the poverty level relative to both

national and international standards. The main source of income of the villagers in LongTangba Community comes from the sales of sorghum to the liquor companies who facilitate

seeds and inputs to the farmers and assure prices above market value. Because of these

opportunities farmers use as much as possible of their limited areas of arable land, encouraged

by high profits. These include new arable lands on steep slopes above 25 degrees. This

practice leads to serious water loss and soil erosion and even stony desertification in some

regions.

Analysis of the relationship between the community’s present livelihood and water shortage

of the Wuma River, shows water loss resulting from present land use patterns. Possiblesolutions to the water problem faced by liquor-enterprises include: returning farmlands to

forests (including the fruit forestry and natural forestry); agro-forestry and terracing. These

changes in land use could alleviate the problem of water shortage and, additionally help

reduce the volume of soil erosion. Alternative non-agricultural activities such as construction

of water amusement parks and the development of freshwater aquaculture may also help the

community to avoid their dependence on sorghum plantation on sloping farmland over 25

degrees.

These opportunities are all embedded in the testing of the PWS pilot, the purpose of which is

to test the viability of this mechanism as a finance tool to restore degraded ecosystems,

alleviate poverty and assist private corporations in the profitable use of ecosystems required

for their production.



21

8. Appendix

Appendix1: Date gathering techniques and information collected for livelihood assessment:

Data Gathering

technique

Source of information

Respondents

Themes Relevance of

Information

Desk Research

Document

review

x Renhui County

office

x Wuma River Basin

office

x Environmental

Protection Agency

Historical background of

community.

Maps

Institutional Governance

To define the

Institutional

parameters of site

selected.

To identify and assess

Governance systems in

relation to

conservation

Field Research: Visit to the site Geomorphology

Forest Cover Land use patterns

Basic knowledge of

bio-physicalcharacteristics of site

selected

Interview with

key Informers

x Director of the

Environmental

Protection Department

of Renhuai County

x Chief of Ecology

Section, Environmental

Protection Department

of Renhuai Countyx Mayor of Wuma

River Town

x Head of the

Environmental

protection Station of

Wuma River Town

x Chief of the Office

of Corporation of Wuma

River Town

Status and functions of the

environmental protection

office of Wuma River Basin

Current plans for the

protection of the upper

reaches of Chishui River and

the Ecological Function Area

Socio-economic conditionsof upstream communities.

Environmental protection

and pollution control of the

Wuma River Basin

Mining industry impact’s on

Chishui river. ( Especially

the Dazhu Coal Mine)

Views of key decision

makers are gathered

and interpreted.

Policies on

conservation and

development are

known and analyzed

In depth groupdiscussions

x Representatives of Wuma River Township

x Leaders of Xienong

Village

Government’s initiatives for the protection of Wuma

River Basin and

government’s Development

plans in the near future.

Local leadershipdebates conservation

vs. development

issues.



22

Participatory

Rural

Assessment

(PRA)

Groups of local

villagers in Xienong

Village.

Wuma River’s impact on

local communities.

Environmental protection of

Wuma River by local

communities.

Impact of communitydevelopment on the

environment of river basin.

Possible scenarios for

treatment protection Wuma

River basin.

Local participation in

environmental protection

Local farmers share

their views on

community problems

regarding the

environment and their

livelihood.Share their views as to

possible solutions and

their feasibility under

current political and

economic conditions.

Survey 60 families in Xienong

Village with differenteconomic background.

Socio economic status

Systems of communitystratification.

Willingness

Assessment

Random select 25

persons (including 8

females) from 60

families to further

assess the willingness of

the participation of thePWS

Assessment of Willingness

and Awareness

Field work



23

Forum Discussion

Participatory Rural Assessment



24

Questionnaire

Share the communication documents including project introduction and results with Villagers



25

Appendix 2 Questionnaire sample

Questionnaire (N=60) Investigator ̟ Date˖ Survey site˖

I. Information of family members

Persons in Household A B C D E F

Relationship with head of the

household 5

Age

Gender Male

Female

EthnicHan

Other

Education

level

Illiterate

Primary school

Junior high school

High school

Above high school

Occupatio

n

Farmers

Non-f

armin

g

Long-term

working

outside the

county

Seasonal

working

outside the

county

Township

enterprises

employees

5 Relationship with head of the household includes: Head, spouse, son, daughter, daughter in law and so on.



26

Local

temporary

workers

II. Information of Land use

Arable land (ha) Non-Arable land (ha)

Total

(ha)

Arable slope land

sorghum corn others Woodland

<25

degrees

≥25

degrees

Total

Production

Self-

consumption

Market

III Information of agriculture production

Type Area (ha.) Output (Kg/ha.)

Crops

Rice

Corn

Sorghum

Potato

Sweet Potato

Pepper

Chinese red pepper

Chinese chestnut

Beans

Melons

Fruits

Others

Livestock

Chicken

Duck

Goose

Pig



27

Cow

Sheep

Other

IV. Information of income and expenses

Income per year (yuan)

Total Farming Non-farming

Livestock breeding Work Others

Expenses per year (yuan)

Total Education ProductionDaily

expenses

Medical

expenses

Others

V. Information of living environment

House condition (tick)

Brick and timber Timber Brick Others

Energy consumption (%)

Coal Wood Methane Electricity Charcoal

Domestic waste discharge (%)6

Arbitrary discharge Reasonable discharge

Water in use

Water

source

Water consumption (L/per

family)Water quality(good/average/poor)

Environmental awareness (tick)7

Strong Average Weak

6 Arbitrary discharge means people who discharge domestic water without any restriction. The discharges may go to the river

directly without any treatment. Reasonable discharge means that people discharge the domestic water to certain places with

some treatments.7 Strong means people know environmental problems and know how to protect environment. Average means they know theenvironmental problems and want to protect environment. Weak means people do not care environmental protection.



28

Capacity and Willingness to participate in PES (tick)

Strong Average Weak



29

Appendix 3: Questionnaire on Environmental Awareness and Willingness

Time: Investigator ̟ Gender of Interviewee Age of Interviewee

1. How much of their land is in steep slope terrain (>25 degrees)?

A. All B. 3/4 C. 1/2 D .1/4 E. No steep slope land

2. What do you plant (mostly) in steep slope terrain (>25 degrees)?

A. Sorghum B. Corn C. Sweet Potato D. Others

3. Do you know the consequences for the environment of planting in such terrain? 8What is

it?

A. Totally know B. Partially know C. Don’t know

4. Do you know the liquor companies? (If the respond answer no, then go to the question 6. )

A. Yes B. No

5. Do you sell sorghum to liquor companies?

A. Yes B. No

6 Do you know the relationship between having crops in sloping terrain and quantity of water

downstream in dry season?

A Water quantity increase B. Water quantity decrease C. No change

7. Would you like to change the location of their crops? Where? How?

8. What would it take to change the location of your crops?

9. Would you enter in negotiations with the liquor companies to improve/change their land

use practices?

10. What kind of arrangements would you like to have with the liquor companies?

8 Environment consequences includes erosion, sedimentation, potential pollution caused by

chemicals and soil fertility decrease, etc.



11. Have you heard (known) Eco-compensation?

A Yes (Specify) B. No

12. Have you heard (known) Payment of Watershed Service?

A. Yes (Specify) B. No

PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in Chishui River Basin (Final Report)

Documents