180 168e 174e 156e 162e 150e 144e 132e 138e 120e 108e 96e 84e 72e 60e 48e 36e 24e 12e 6e 0 6w 12w 6w 12w 18e 30e 42e 54e 66e 78e 90e 102e 114e 126e 18w 24w 36w 48w 30w 42w 54w 66w 72w 84w 60w 78w 90w 96w 102w 108w 120w 132w 144w 156w 168w 114w 126w 138w 150w 162w 174w 180 180 168e 174e 156e 162e 150e 144e 132e 138e 120e 108e 96e 84e 72e 60e 48e 36e 24e 12e 6e 0 6w 12w 18e 30e 42e 54e 66e 78e 90e 102e 114e 126e 18w 24w 36w 48w 30w 42w 54w 66w 72w 84w 60w 78w 90w 96w 102w 108w 120w 132w 144w 156w 168w 114w 126w 138w 150w 162w 174w 180 84n 84n 0 0 72n 64n 56n 48n 40n 32n 24n 16n 8n 8s 16s 24s 32s 40s 48s 56s 64s 72s 80s 72n 64n 56n 48n 40n 32n 24n 16n 8n 8s 16s 24s 32s 40s 48s 56s 64s 72s 80s W V U T S R Q P M L K J H G F E D W V U T S R Q P M L K J H G F E D W V U T S R Q P M L K J H G F E D 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60X 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60X 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60N 1X 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29X 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 1C 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29C 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 1N 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29N 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 Zones e UTM system divides the Earth into 60 longitudinal projection zones numbered 1 to 60 starting at 180°W. Each of the zones is 6 degrees wide with a few exceptions around Norway and Svalbard. Each zone is based on its own Transverse Mercator projection. UTM uses a secant version of the Transverse Mercator with two standard lines located about180 km from the central meridian Latitudinal zones are not part of the UTM, they are part of the Military General Refernce System (MGRS). ey are oſten used in conjunction with the UTM. ey extend from 84°N to 80°S and are designated with the letters C to X (skipping I and O). Each latitudinal zone is 8 degrees, except for the 12 degree zone X. Beware of confusion between the standard N and S (indicating north and south of the Equator in the UTM system) and zone S in the MGRS with is in the northern hemisphere Coordinates A location referenced in the UTM system is denoted by the zone (north or south) and the easting and northing coordinate pair. e easting is the projected distance, in meters, from the central meridian and the northing is the projected distance, in meters, from the Equator. e point of origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of the Equator and the zone's central meridian. In order to avoid dealing with negative numbers for easting, the central meridian of each zone is given a "false easting" value of 500,000 meters. Northern hemisphere northings are measured from the Equator, which has an initial northing of 0 meters. In the southern hemisphere northings decrease as you go southward from the Equator, which is given a "false northing" of 10,000,000 meters so that no point within the zone has a negative northing value. Practical Cartographer’s Reference #01 UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System Practical Cartographer's Reference by Alex Tait is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
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�e UTM system divides the Earth into 60 longitudinal projection zones numbered 1 to 60 starting at 180°W. Each of the zones is 6 degrees wide with a few exceptions around Norway and Svalbard. Each zone is based on its own Transverse Mercator projection. UTM uses a secant version of the Transverse Mercator with two standard lines located about180 km from the central meridian
Latitudinal zones are not part of the UTM, they are part of the Military General Refernce System (MGRS). �ey are o�en used in conjunction with the UTM. �ey extend from 84°N to 80°S and are designated with the letters C to X (skipping I and O). Each latitudinal zone is 8 degrees, except for the 12 degree zone X.
Beware of confusion between the standard N and S (indicating north and south of the Equator in the UTM system) and zone S in the MGRS with is in the northern hemisphere
Coordinates
A location referenced in the UTM system is denoted by the zone (north or south) and the easting and northing coordinate pair. �e easting is the projected distance, in meters, from the central meridian and the northing is the projected distance, in meters, from the Equator.
�e point of origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of the Equator and the zone's central meridian. In order to avoid dealing with negative numbers for easting, the central meridian of each zone is given a "false easting" value of 500,000 meters.
Northern hemisphere northings are measured from the Equator, which has an initial northing of 0 meters. In the southern hemisphere northings decrease as you go southward from the Equator, which is given a "false northing" of 10,000,000 meters so that no point within the zone has a negative northing value.
Practical Cartographer’s Reference #01
UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System
Practical Cartographer's Reference by Alex Tait is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
For calculating scale
63,360 inches in one mile5,280 feet in one mile1,000,000 millimeters in one kilometer 100,000 centimeters in one kilometer
Between systems of measurement (* constants are exact)
You have multiply by to get You have multiply by to get
Centimeters 0.3937008 Inches 2.54* CentimetersMeters 3.2808399 Feet 0.3048* MetersKilometers 0.6213712 Miles 1.609344* KilometersNautical Miles 1.1507794 Miles 0.8689762 Nautical MilesNautical Miles 1.852* Kilometers 0.5399568 Nautical Miles
3-2-1 Red, green and blue visible light channels; closest to image as seen by human eye
4-3-2 Near infrared combined with red and green visible channels, as known as Color Infrared (CIR); vegetation analysis
7-4-2 Used by USGS in creating ETM+ Mosaics for the world; natural-ish color, cuts through atmospheric interference
Practical Cartographer’s Reference #03
LandSat Image Info for Mapping
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Additive color. Mixing with light.
GREEN
BLUE
Yellow
CyanMagenta
RED MAGENTA
YELLOW
Blue
RedGreen
CYAN
Subtractive color. Mixing with pigment.
Practical Cartographer’s Reference #04
Making Colors
Practical Cartographer's Reference by Alex Tait is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Projection info for web map tiling (used by ArcGIS Online, Google Maps, OSM and Bing Maps among others)
Projection: Spherical Mercator, WGS 1984; EPSG:3857 (old EPSG 3785 and 900913)Coordinate system in ArcGIS: Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere (WKID 102100)Global Extent: 180° West to 180° East, approximately 85.05° South to 85.05° North Pixel density for scales below: 96 pixels per inch
Practical Cartographer's Reference by Alex Tait is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Globe characteristics:
Rotation: Counter-clockwise when viewed from above Tilt: 23.44° Line DMS Decimal Degrees Arctic Circle 66° 33′ 44″ N 66.562222 ° S Tropic of Cancer 23° 26′ 16″ N 23.437778° N Equator 0° 0° Tropic of Capricorn 23° 26′ 16″ S 23.437778° S Antarctic Circle 66° 33′ 44″ S 66.562222 ° S
Measurements: Metric Imperial Description 40,075 km 24,901 mi Circumference, Equatorial 40,008 km 24,860 mi Circumference, Meridianal 8,848 m 29,029 ft Highest Land Elevation -377m -1,237 ft Lowest Land Elevation -10,916 m -35,814 ft Deepest Ocean Depth 510,072,000 km2 196,939,900 mi2 Surface Area 148,940,000 km2 57,506,055 mi2 Land Area 361,132,000 km2 139,433,845 mi2 Water Area 29.2% Land as percentage of surface area 70.8% Water as percentage of surface area
Practical Cartographer’s Reference #06
Earth Information
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Continental United StatesProjection: Albers Equal AreaCoordinate System: NAD 1983Central Meridian -96.0° WStandard Parallel 1 29.5° NStandard Parallel 2 45.5° NLatitude of Origin 23.0° N
AlaskaProjection: Albers Equal AreaCoordinate System: NAD 1983Central Meridian -154.0° W (for all Aleutians, older = -140°W)Standard Parallel 1 55.0° N Standard Parallel 2 65.0° NLatitude of Origin 50.0° N
HawaiiProjection: Albers Equal AreaCoordinate System: NAD 1983Central Meridian -157.0° WStandard Parallel 1 8.0° NStandard Parallel 2 18.0° NLatitude of Origin 13.0° N
Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin IslandsProjection: Albers Equal AreaCoordinate System: NAD 1983Central Meridian -66.5.0° WStandard Parallel 1 8.0° NStandard Parallel 2 18.0° NLatitude of Origin 13.0° N
0 200 mi
Practical Cartographer’s Reference #07
U.S.Geological Survey Standard Conic Projections
Practical Cartographer's Reference by Alex Tait is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
0 200 mi
0 200 mi
0 200 mi
Parallel Kilometers Miles Parallel Kilometers Miles Parallel Kilometers Miles0 111.321 69.172 30 96.488 59.956 60 55.802 34.674
Lengths of a Degree of LatitudeMeasured along the meridian
Practical Cartographer's Reference by Alex Tait is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Digital Video Parameters Aspect Ratio 16:9 or 4:3; see below
Pixel Dimensions See below Frame Rates 15, 23.976, 25, 29.97, 30, 60; find out from your video production partner; otherwise use 30fps
Codec Save without codec if possible by using “Animation” or uncompressed setting; find out from you video production partner; otherwise use h264
File Format Find out from you video production partner; otherwise save as QuickTime or AVI as default Pixel Shape Create yours as square but remember that some video systems use rectangular
Most Common Pixel Dimensions for creating graphics for video Ratio Size Frame Rates Used by 16:9 1920 x 1080 various HD 1080p digital video systems, highest quality 16:9 1280 x 720 various HD 720p digital video systems, lower quality 4:3 768 x 576 various NTSC and PAL SD video systems 4:3 640 x 480 various VGA video systems
640 x 480
786 x 576
1280 x 720
16 x 9
16 x 9
4 x 3
4 x 3
1920 x 1080
Practical Cartographer’s Reference #09
Digital Video and Map Preparation
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The ISO A series
A0
A1
A2A3
A4A5
A6A7
A8
E
D
CB
Tabloid
ALetter
The ANSI series
Format A series B series C series
Size mm × mm in × in mm × mm in × in mm × mm in × in