Práctica No. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................2

FIRMA..................................................................................................................3

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................4

OBJECTIVE...........................................................................................................5

MATERIALS..........................................................................................................5

EQUIPMENT.........................................................................................................5

EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT...........................................................................6

TRANSFORMER.................................................................................................6

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER.....................................................................................6

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH INTEGRATOR FILTER..........................................7

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH 2 DIODES............................................................8

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH TWO DIODES TO FILTER INTEGRATION...............9

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER BRIDGE TYPE..............................................................10

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER BRIDGE INTEGRATION TYPE FILTER...........................11

SIMULATIONS....................................................................................................13

Part 1.............................................................................................................13

Part 2.............................................................................................................14

Part 3.............................................................................................................15

Part 4.............................................................................................................16

Part 5.............................................................................................................17

Part 6.............................................................................................................18

Part 7.............................................................................................................19

CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................21

Molina Delgado Estephania............................................................................21

Gutiérrez López Juan De Dios.........................................................................21

Guevara Medina Daniel..................................................................................21

Flores Villa Edgar...........................................................................................21

REFERENCES.....................................................................................................22

FIRMA

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INTRODUCTIONA rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector".

Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a flame.

Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the process of rectification alone produces a DC current that, though unidirectional, consists of pulses of current. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio, television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC current (as would be produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter (usually a capacitor) to produce a steady current.

A more complex circuitry device that performs the opposite function, converting DC to AC, is called an inverter.

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OBJECTIVE Analyze different rectifier’s functionality with diodes. Analyze different rectifier’s behavior with integrator filter. Interpret obtained values and compare them with theorical values.

MATERIALS 1 Proto Board 4 Diodes 1N4003 1 Transformer 12 V at 1 A center tapped. 1.5 m Cable duplex No. 14 1 Pin Duct tape 1 1 resistance of 100 ohms to 10 W 1 Resistance of 22 ohms to 25 W 1 electrolytic capacitor 470 uF 50 V 1 electrolytic capacitor 2200 uF 50 V

EQUIPMENT 1 Digital Multimeter 1 general purpose oscilloscope 2 Bits BNC - Cayman Oscilloscope 6 Tips Cayman - Cayman 1 Set of tips multimeter 1 Power Supply

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EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENTTRANSFORMER.

Build the following circuit:

Place charge resistance according to the table and measure voltage on the circuit terminals 1 and 2 in AC option.

RL Vrms

100 Ω 26 V22 Ω 23.45 V

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER.

Build the following circuit:

Place a charge resistance (RL) of 100 Ω

Measure output voltage of the transformer (VT) in AC option of the multimeter on circuit terminals 1 and 3, subsequently the charge resistance voltage (V0) in DC option of the multimeter in terminals 2 and 3.

VT=

26.59 VV

0=10.57 V

I0

=0.105 A

Then place the oscilloscope channel 1 at terminals 1 and 3 and Channel 2 in points 2 and 3 and draw signals obtained to enter and exit the rectifier. Both channels must be in the CD option.

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Channel 1 Channel 2

5v¿

10 ms

5v¿

10 ms

Obtain transformer peak voltage of the signal channel 1:VP = 38.18 V

Obtain peak voltage less diode voltage of channel 2:

VP - VD = 16.27 V

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH INTEGRATOR FILTER.

Build the following circuit:

Place a charge resistance of 100 Ω and a capacitor according to the table.

Measure charge resistance voltage (V0) in DC option of the multimeter on terminals 1 and 2 and measure output current (I0).

Then place channel 1 in the oscilloscope in terminals 1 and 2 in AC option and measure ripple of the rectifier (∆V0).

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Capacitor

V0 I0 ∆V0

470μF 21.38 V .2138 A 8.56 V2200 μF 31 V 31 mA 2 V

Channel 1 Channel 2

2v¿

10 ms

500v¿

10 ms

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH 2 DIODES.

Build the following circuit:

Place a charge resistance (RL) of 100 Ω.

Measure output transformer voltage (VT) in AC option in the multimeter on circuits terminals 1 and 3 y subsequently charge resistance voltage (V0) in DC option in the multimeter in terminals 2 and 3.

VT=

27.3 VV

0=11.33 V

I0

=0.1133 A

Then place the oscilloscope channel 1 at terminals 1 and 3 and Channel 2 in points 2 and 3 and draw signals obtained to enter and exit the rectifier. Both channels must be in the CD option.

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Channel 1 Channel 2

5v¿

10 ms

5v¿

10 ms

Obtain peak transformer voltage of the signal in channel 1:VP = 16.47 V

Obtain peak voltage less diode voltage in channel 2:

VP / 2 –VD = 7.785 V

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH TWO DIODES TO FILTER

INTEGRATION.

Build the following circuit:

Place a load resistor 100 y the capacitor according to the table.

Measure the voltage of the load resistance (V0) in the CD option multimeter terminals 1 and 2 and calculate the output current (I0).

Then place the oscilloscope channel 1 of Terminals 1 and 2 at the option of AC and measure the ripple voltage rectifier (∆V0).

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Capacitor

V0 I0 ∆V0

470μF 16.36 V .1636 A 6.58 V2200 μF 16.7 V .167 A 3 V

Channel 1 Channel 2

5v¿

10 ms

5v¿

10 ms

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER BRIDGE TYPE.

Build the following circuit:

Place a charge resistance (RL) of 100 Ω.

Measure output transformer voltage (VT) in AC option in the multimeter on circuits terminals 1 and 2 y subsequently charge resistance voltage (V0) in DC option in the multimeter in terminals 3 and 4.

VT=

24 VV

0=21.5 V

I0

=.215 A

Place the oscilloscope channel 1 at terminals 1 and 2, and draw the signal obtained, then disconnect and place channel 1 channel 2 of the oscilloscope at terminals 3 and 4 and draw the signal obtained. Both channels must be in the CD option.Note: Do not connect both channels simultaneously oscilloscope on this circuit, because it would create a short.

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Channel 1 and 2

5v¿

5v¿

10 ms

Obtain peak transformer voltage of the signal in channel 1:VP = 16.97 V

Obtain peak voltage less diode voltage in channel 2:

VP / 2 –VD = 14.17 V

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER BRIDGE INTEGRATION TYPE FILTER

Place a load resistor 100 Ω y the capacitor according to the table.

Measure the voltage of the load resistance (V0) in the CD option multimeter terminals 1 and 2 and calculate the output current (I0).

Then place the oscilloscope channel 1 of Terminals 1 and 2 at the option of AC and measure the ripple voltage rectifier (∆V0).

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Capacitor

V0 I0 ∆V0

470μF 32.3 32.3 mA 4 V2200 μF 32.6 32.6 mA 912 mV

Channel 1 Channel 2

1v¿

10 ms

500v¿

10 ms

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SIMULATIONSPart 1

13

Part 2

14

Part 3

15

Part 4

16

Part 5

17

Part 6

18

Part 7

19

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CONCLUSIONSMolina Delgado Estephania

Then main purpose of this practice was to analyze 7 different circuits which we already have learned in class, but this time we prove what we learned by building the circuits physically and demonstrating their correct values by simulating and obtaining their theorical measures. Taking everything in consideration what I would say:

Most countries in the world use AC or Alternating Current, most circuits these days use DC or Direct Current. To control a modern circuit with mains power means putting a control circuit containing a rectifier between the power source and what is being controlled. The rectifier changes AC power into DC power.

An advantage of a half wave rectifier is that one side of the AC input can be directly connected to the same ground as the DC output.

Gutiérrez López Juan De Dios

This practice demonstrated the importance of rectifying diodes in electrical circuits. For example, a half-wave rectifier circuit half the signal is removed to handle, whether only positive values or negative values only, depending on how we connect the rectifier diode. But making some necessary changes in the circuit we can configure it so that half of the signal is not deleted, if not perish, but all to semi - cycles are the same polarity, thus recovering the voltage of otherwise we would have lost. So that, having an AC input the output is us DC.

Guevara Medina Daniel

Through this practice we could understand how rectifiers both half-wave and full-wave , we saw graphically , thanks to the oscilloscope , what happens to a signal when it is rectified , and although we had some difficulties when build the circuit with the diode bridge , finally able to complete the practice and get both the measurements and the right signals .

Flores Villa Edgar

In sum, this practice give us the opportunity to apply what we already have learned at class, not only that but it let us confirm that our calculation were correct by doing the experiments. Also The device which converts alternating (bidirectional) voltage to pulsating (Unidirectional) voltage is called rectifier. As the name specifies it rectifies some portion of the alternating signal and provides a unidirectional signal at the output. This is achieved by the electronic element called semiconductor diode. The semiconductor diode is the element which allows the signal in one direction and blocks the signal in reverse direction i.e. converting bidirectional into unidirectional.

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QUESTIONNAIRE1. Mention the importance of voltage rectifiers.

Its importance in transform consisting allow ac voltage direct current one para its use in different circuits.

2. Explain the difference between half-wave rectifier and a full wave.

The half-wave rectifiers operate by passing half of the alternating current through the diode plus one or, turning in this step half such alternating current, direct current. The wave rectifier’s media son not very efficient because they convert only half of the alternating current (look for the positive, look for the negative) into direct current. By contrast, son wave rectifiers means much less complicated and require only un paragraph diode do operation.

3. What is the difference with full-wave rectifier bridge referral center and type?

In use one two diodes and a center-tapped transformer, it that of having a center-tapped transformer for because if you do not have it cannot rectify wave with two soloists diodes, un implications this extra expense. Now with a bridge they do use 4 diodes sin the need for center-tapped transformer, just a normal source neutral phase power needed.

4. How the rectifier output voltage is measured?

It is measured by placing the ends in parallel to the resistance L.

5. How is the ripple voltage rectifier measured?

Median Voltage Peak to Peak shows the oscilloscope.

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REFERENCES1. Tooley, Mike (2012). Electronic Circuits: Fundamentals and Applications, 3rd

Ed. Routlege. p. 81.

2. Lowe, Doug (2013). "Electronics Components” Electronics All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved January 4, 2013.

3. Crecraft, David; Stephen Gergely (2002). Analog Electronics: Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 110.

4. Horowitz, Paul; Winfield Hill (1989). The Art of Electronics, 2nd Ed. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 44.

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