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A Presentation ONNON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Submitted to: Submitted by: * Rahul Yadav * Irshad Ahmad * Md. Khalid * Ashish kr. Chaurasiya * Rohit Roshan* Mukesh Singh * Manoj Pandey * Himanshu Gautam
Session 2013-2014.Mechanical Engineering
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IntroductionSolar energyWind energyBio-gas energyTidal energyFuel-cell energyConclusion
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Energy is basically the capacity of a body to do work. It is measured the total amount of work that the body can do.
The different forms of energy are: Mechanical energy, Thermal energy, Chemical energy, Electrical energy, Nuclear energy, Electromagnetic energy, Gravitational energy.
The S.I unit of energy is Joule.
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There are 2 types of energy sources:- conventional energy sources non conventional energy sources.
Conventional energy sources include -fossil fuel energy nuclear energy.
It is a non renewable source of energy.
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Non conventional energy sources include- solar energy, wind energy, bio-gas energy, Tidal energy & fuel cell energy.
It is renewable source of energy
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The energy that is produced from sun is known as solar energy.
The Suns energy comes from nuclear fusion reaction that takes place deep in the sun, where hydrogen nucleus fuse into helium nucleus.
When such a reaction takes place then tremendous amount of energy is produced which is escaped into the space.
About 15% of suns energy is absorbed by earths atmosphere, some part is absorbed by earths surface and rest is reflected back to space.
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Fig.(a) Internal structure of sun
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Use of solar energy for domestic purposes:-Fig (1) solar cooker
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Solar energy as a source of power generation:-Photovoltaic Solar Power
Fig (2) working of PV Cell
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Solar water heaterSolar energy as a source for heat energy:sunCapacity: 125L, 250L, 375L, 500L, 750L, 1000L Collector Type: Black-chrome Coated Max. Temperature of hot water: 60C Life of system: 15 20 years
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Pollution free.Available in plenty.
Disadvantages:
High initial cost.It requires a large area for the system to be efficient in providing a source of electricity.Advantages:Tata Power, asubsidiaryof the famous Tata Group, is planning to set up Indias largest solar PV power plant with a generation capacity of 50 MW. The company will set up this plant in Mithapur, Gujarat.
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Winds are caused because of two factors.
The absorption of solar energy on the earths surface and in the atmosphere.
The rotation of the earth about its axis and its motion around the sun.
Because of these factors, alternate heating and cooling cycles occur, differences in pressure are obtained, and the air is caused to move.
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Wind energy has potential to be used as a source of power.
This can be judged from the fact that energy available in the wind over the earths surface is estimated to be 1.6x107 K.W
And the energy available is free and clean.
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Classification of wind millsWind mills(a) Horizontal Windmills- (1)Single bladed (2)Double bladed (3) Multi bladed
(b) Vertical Windmills (1) Darrieus rotor (2) Savonius rotor
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Single blade wind millDouble blade wind millMulti bladed Wind Mills
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Darrieus rotor Savonius rotor
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Electricity generation from wind energy:
Fig (a) internal structure of windmill
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Advantages:freeInexhaustibleNo pollution Wind mills will be highly desirable and economical to the rural areaswhich are far from existing grids.
DisadvantagesWind power is not consistent.High costCareful survey is necessary for plant location.
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Bio gas is generated through a process of anaerobic degradation of Bio Mass.
Bio Mass is organic matter produced by plants, both terrestrial (those grown on land) and aquatic (those grown in water) and their derivatives.
It includes forest crops and residues, crops grown especially for their energy content on energy farms and animal manure.
Unlike coal, oil and natural gas, which takes Millions of years to form, bio mass can be considered as a renewable energy source
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It can also be considered a form of solar energy as the latter is used indirectly to grow these plants by photosynthesis.Hence, solar energy >Photosynthesis > Bio Mass->energy generation
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Fig (a) fixed dome type bio gas plant
Use of bio gas energy for domestic purposes:-
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Content of Methane in Bio-gas produced from different feed stocks
S.No. Feed Stock Content of Methane in Bio gas in Percentage1. Cattle Manure 54-56 2. Pig Manure 573. Poultry Manure 554. Farm yard Manure 555. Straw 556. Grass 607. Leaves 588. Kitchen Waste 50-529. Human excreta 60
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It burns without any smoke so it is eco friendly.It is a renewable source of energy.The technology is very suitable for rural areas.Biogas is locally generated and can be easily distributed for domestic use.The raw material utilization also helps to keep the villages clean.It provides a better and cheaper fuel cooking, lighting and for power generation
Advantages of bio energy:
Disadvantages of bio energy:
Low production Not economical for large scale use.
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Tide is periodic rise and fall of the water level of the sea.
This rise and fall of water level occurs due to the attraction of sea water by the moon.
When the water is above the mean sea level, it is called flood tide and when the level is below the mean level, it is called ebb tide.
These tides can be used to produce electrical power which is known as tidal power.
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Classification of tidal Power Plants
a). Single basin systems 1) One-way system 2) Two-way 3) Two-way with pump storage
b) Double basin systems 1) Simple double basic 2) Double basin with pumping
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Tidal energy as a source of electricity generation:-
Recently A Canadian Tidal Energy Technology Company has signed an Agreement with Alstom Hydro for production of electricity through tidal energy.
Fig (a)Fig (b)
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It is pollution free.Renewable source of energy.It can meet high demand of electricity.As in every form of water power, this will also not produce any unhealthy waste like gases, ash, atomic refuse which entails heavy removal costs.
Disadvantages:The supply of power is not continuous as it depends upon the timing of tides. Therefore some arrangements (double basin or double basin with pump storage) must be made to supply the continuous power.High installation cost.Advantages:
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Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that combines hydrocarbon fuel with oxygen to produce electricity and heat.
The fuel cell consist of cathode, anode and an electrolyte. Nickel is used as a catalyst in fuel cells.
The cathode side receives oxygen from the surrounding air and hydrogen is formed by the reforming process.
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Working of Fuel Cell The working of the fuel cell is explained here with reference to the Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell using aqueous electrolyte.
The fuel cell consists of an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte Hydrogen fuel is fed into the anode side of the cell.
Positive H2 ions move from the anode-side and enter the electrolyte through porous cell walls.
The anode is left with a negative charge. Air is fed into the cathode side.
O2 ions enter the electrolyte leaving the cathode side with a positive charge.
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Excess anode electrons flow to the cathode creating a current flow H2 and O2 ions combine in the electrolyte to from water which leaves the cell as steam.
The reaction taking place at the electrodes are given below- (1) Hydrogen electrode (anode) 2H2 4H 4H + 4OH 4H2O + 4e (2) Oxygen electrode (cathode) O2 20 2O + 2H2O + 4e 4 OH (3) Overall cell reaction 2H2 + O2 2H2O
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Electricity generation from fuel Cell energy:
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Advantages:Better than other conventional sources of energy as it is always available.
Negligible amounts of pollutants, such as NOx and SOx are produced.
Disadvantages:Takes larger space.
The hydrogen evaporates as the insulation is not that perfect.
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Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds work by human beings and nature.
Every thing what happens the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms.
Non conventional source of energy is valuable as it will meet the energy needs in future.
conventional sources of energy is going to exhaust in future.
Both conventional and non- conventional sources of energy are also harming the environment directly or indirectly.
