Ppt chapter 10

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Chapter 10

Asepsis

Chapter 10

Asepsis


• Living animals or plants visible only with a microscope; also commonly called germs

– The body’s immune defense mechanisms eliminate them

– They reside within the body without causing disease

– They cause an infection or infectious disease

Microorganisms Microorganisms


Types of MicroorganismsTypes of Microorganisms

• Bacteria

• Protozoans

• Viruses

• Mycoplasmas

• Fungi

• Helminths

• Rickettsiae

• Prions


Categorization of Microorganisms Categorization of Microorganisms

Nonpathogens: harmless, beneficial

Pathogens: cause illness

Resident nonpathogens constantly present on the skin

Transient pathogens picked up during contamination

Aerobic: require oxygen to live

Anaerobic: exist without oxygen


Survival of Microorganisms Survival of Microorganisms

• Spores

– Temporarily inactive microbial life form; can resist heat and destructive chemicals and survive without moisture; reactivate and reproduce when conditions are favorable

• Antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains

– No longer respond to drugs that once were effective against them


QuestionQuestion

•Is the following statement true or false?

Transient pathogens are present constantly on the skin.


AnswerAnswer

False.

Transient pathogens are picked up during contamination.


Chain of InfectionChain of Infection

• An infectious agent

• A reservoir for growth and reproduction

• An exit route from the reservoir

• A means of transmission

• A portal of entry

• A susceptible host


Chain of Infection (cont’d)Chain of Infection (cont’d)


Biologic Defense MechanismsBiologic Defense Mechanisms

• Anatomic or physiologic methods that stop microorganisms from causing an infectious disorder

– Mechanical: physical barriers that prevent microorganisms from entering the body or expel them before they multiply

– Chemical: destroy or incapacitate microorganisms through natural biologic substances


Nosocomial InfectionsNosocomial Infections

• Nosocomial infections are infections acquired while a person is receiving care in a health care agency


QuestionQuestion


Mechanical defense mechanisms destroy or incapacitate microorganisms through natural biologic substances.


AnswerAnswer

False.

Chemical defense mechanisms destroy or incapacitate microorganisms through natural biologic substances.


Asepsis Asepsis

• Practices that decrease or eliminate infectious agents, their reservoirs, and vehicles for transmission

• A major method for controlling infection

• Health care professionals use medical and surgical asepsis to prevent spread of infections


Medical Asepsis Medical Asepsis

• Confines or reduces the numbers of microorganisms

• Involves measures that interfere with the chain of infection in various ways

• Examples:

– Performing hand hygiene

– Wearing hospital garments


Surgical Asepsis Surgical Asepsis

• Measures that render supplies and equipment totally free of microorganisms

• Practices that avoid contaminating microbe-free items

• Examples:

– Physical sterilization

– Chemical sterilization


Principles of Medical AsepsisPrinciples of Medical Asepsis

• Microorganisms exist everywhere except on sterilized equipment

• Frequent hand washing and maintaining intact skin reduces transmission of microorganisms

• Blood, body fluids, cells, and tissues are major reservoirs of microorganisms

• Personal protective equipments serve as barriers to microbial transmission


Principles of Medical Asepsis (cont’d)Principles of Medical Asepsis (cont’d)

• A clean environment reduces microorganisms

• Cleaning should be done from cleaner to dirtier areas


QuestionQuestion


Surgical asepsis involves measures that interfere with the chain of infection in various ways.


AnswerAnswer

False.

Medical asepsis involves measures that interfere with the chain of infection in various ways.


Practicing Hand AntisepsisPracticing Hand Antisepsis

• Apply about a nickel- to quarter-sized volume of the product to the palm of one hand or the amount recommended by the manufacturer

• Distribute the product to cover all surfaces of the hands and fingers

• Rub the product between the hands for 15 to 25 seconds until they are dry


Hand AntisepsisHand Antisepsis


QuestionQuestion

•Which of the following is a method of surgical asepsis?

a. Donning a sterile gown

b. Using antimicrobial agents

c. Performing hand antisepsis

d. Performing hand washing


AnswerAnswer

a. Donning a sterile gown

Donning a sterile gown is a method of surgical asepsis. Using antimicrobial agents, performing hand antisepsis, and hand washing are methods of medical asepsis.


Types of Hospital GarmentsTypes of Hospital Garments

• Gloves

• Scrub suits and gowns

• Masks; Respirators

• Uniforms

• Hair and shoe covers

• Protective eyewear


Hospital GarmentsHospital Garments


Utility RoomsUtility Rooms

• Health care agencies: at least 2 utility rooms (clean and dirty); personnel must not place soiled articles in the clean utility room

• The utility room contains:

– Covered waste receptacles and laundry hampers

– Flushable hopper and a sink– Equipment for testing stool or urine


Concurrent DisinfectionConcurrent Disinfection

• Clean less-soiled areas before grossly dirty ones

• Wet-mop floors and damp-dust furniture to avoid distributing microorganisms on dust and air currents

• Frequently discard solutions used for mopping in a flushable hopper

• Never place clean items on the floor


Terminal DisinfectionTerminal Disinfection

• More thorough than concurrent disinfection and consists of measures used to clean the client environment after discharge

• Includes scrubbing the mattress and the insides of drawers and bedside stands


SterilizationSterilization

• Consists of physical and chemical techniques that destroy all microorganisms including spores

– Physical sterilization: radiation, boiling water, free-flowing steam, dry heat, steam under pressure

– Chemical sterilization: peracetic acid, ethylene oxide gas


Principles of Surgical AsepsisPrinciples of Surgical Asepsis

• Once equipment and areas are free of microorganisms, they remain in that state if contamination is prevented

• Sterility preserved: touching one sterile item with another that is sterile

• Once a sterile item touches something that is not sterile, it is considered contaminated

• Any partially unwrapped sterile package is considered contaminated


Principles of Surgical Asepsis (cont’d)

Principles of Surgical Asepsis (cont’d)

• Question the sterility of an item considered unsterile

• Longer the time since sterilization, the more likely that the item is no longer sterile

• Commercially packaged sterile item is not considered sterile past its recommended expiration date

• Opened sterile item or area, left unattended, is considered contaminated


Principles of Surgical Asepsis (cont’d)Principles of Surgical Asepsis (cont’d)

• Once a sterile item is opened or uncovered, it becomes contaminated

• The outer 1-inch margin of a sterile area is considered a zone of contamination

• A wet sterile wrapper wicks microorganisms from its supporting surface, causing contamination


Principles of Surgical Asepsis (cont’d)Principles of Surgical Asepsis (cont’d)

• Coughing, sneezing, or excessive talking over a sterile field causes contamination

• Reaching across an area that contains sterile equipment may cause contamination

• Sterile items located or lowered below waist level are considered contaminated


Adding an Agency-Sterilized ItemAdding an Agency-Sterilized Item


Adding Sterile GauzeAdding Sterile Gauze


Adding Sterile SolutionAdding Sterile Solution


General Gerontologic Considerations General Gerontologic Considerations

• Older clients more susceptible to infections

• Maintain intact skin, proper aseptic techniques, perineal hygiene, thorough hand washing; indwelling catheters should be avoided

• Bladder training, annual immunizations

• Ill health care workers should take sick leave rather than expose susceptible clients to infectious organisms

Ppt chapter 10

Health & Medicine

health care agency

microorganisms cleaning

numbers of microorganisms

chemical defense mechanisms

mechanical defense mechanisms

skin transient pathogens

natural biologic substances

following statement