Ppt ch11 parenting_socialization

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Agenda

Check in– Next week’s reflection is the final reflection

Parenting Roles and Child Socialization

Get out early and go observe socialization


Final Reflection

Page Length: 5.5 to 6 pages

Sources: Make sure to use at least 10-15 key terms or topics used in the book.

Readings: All course readings.

Question: How can knowledge acquired in this course be applied to personal and professional development? Specifically address the following questions:


Final Reflection

Defining “Family” How has the course content informed how you look at families and your

understanding of your family of origin? Definitions of “families” are influence by cultural, social and religious values and

theoretical paradigms. How do you define family and what theoretical paradigms and values inform your definition of family? How do diversity issues influence definitions of “family”?

Challenges Impacting Families What do you think are the most perplexing problems facing families in

2010/2011 and what strengths do you think families possess to help address these problems? Are there particular kinds of problems and strengths that are unique to particular kinds of families? If so, please describe and discuss.

Future Expectations As you look to your future, imagine it is 2015, that you have graduated from

school and that you are working in your profession. What will you be doing and how can the knowledge acquired in this course be applied in your personal and professional life?


Chapter 11: Parenting Roles and Child

Socialization


Good Parenting

Varies according to context. Is often based on white, middle-class,

Western norms. Is shaped by family strategies for survival.


Motherhood and Fatherhood

Parental Investment Theory-reproductive strategies that best increase the likelihood that genetic material will be passed on through offspring varies according to sex.

Ethological Perspective-women bond more closely with children because they are the early providers of satisfaction for infants’ basic physical needs.


Critiques of these Theories Men can perform expressive roles and women

instrumental ones.

Animal behavior shows that males and females use both strategies.

Full-time care-giving fathers raise children who have strong and healthy attachments to both parents.


Parent-Child Attachment Secure-comfort with a mix of proximity and

distance, little exposure to risk. Insecure-resistant-parents distance themselves

from children, exposing child to risk. Insecure-avoidant-parents are overly close to their

children, and the child is angry when separation occurs.

Disorganized-do not desire closeness; are not distressed by distance.


Parenting Styles

Authoritative

Permissive Indifferent

Authoritarian

Permissive Indulgent

ResponsivenessDemandingnessHigh Low

Lo

w

Hig

h


Corporal Punishment

Is the use of physical force to correct behavior.

Must be viewed in a socio-cultural context, including:– Culturally prescribed meanings– Social structural variations


Theories of Socialization Processes

Learning/Behaviorist

Psychoanalytic

Child Development

Symbolic Interaction


Learning/BehavioristFrame of Reference

Assumes that the same principles of learning apply to humans as to other animals.

Both classical conditioning (Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Skinner) explain learning as a conditioned response to external stimuli.


Psychoanalytic Frameof Reference

Stresses the importance of biological drives and unconscious psychic processes to personality formation.

Freud Identified 5 Stages of Human Development:1. Oral2. Anal3. Phallic4. Latency5. Genital


Child DevelopmentFrames of Reference

Erik Erikson viewed socialization as a lifelong process.

He identified 8 stages of development.

At each stage the individual must resolve a crisis brought on by physiological changes and a constantly changing social situation.

Jean Piaget focused on the importance of cognition.

He identified 4 stages of development.

He argued that development is an ability to reason abstractly, think logically, and organize rules into complex structures.


Erikson’s Eight Stagesof Development

Infancy–trust versus mistrust Early Childhood–autonomy versus shame and doubt Young Childhood–initiative versus guilt School Age–industry versus inferiority Adolescence–identity versus role confusion Young Adulthood–intimacy versus isolation Adulthood and Middle Age–generativity versus stagnation Old Age–integrity versus despair


Piaget’s Four Stages ofIntellectual Development

Sensorimotor (birth to 18 months)–based on physical understandings of self and world.

Preoperational (18 months to 7 years)–language acquisition and treatment of objects as symbolic.

Concrete operational (7 to 12 years)–learns cause and effect, can manipulate tools and classify objects, understands permanence, considers others’ views.

Formal operational (12 years and up)–develops ability to think abstractly, can develop alternative solutions to problems.


Symbolic InteractionFrame of Reference

This sociological perspective focuses on:– Symbols– Language– Internalized meanings

It sees socialization as a lifelong process, developed through interaction.


Symbolic Interaction Stryker Identified Four Basic

Assumptions:1. Humans must be studied on their own level.

2. The most fruitful approach to social behavior is through analyzing society.

3. The human infant at birth is asocial.

4. A socialized human being is both an actor and a reactor.


Symbolic Interaction Development of a social self occurs through

interaction with others. Significant others and reference groups are those

that we psychologically identify with and seek acceptance from.

Socialization stages and interaction processes provide us with a sense of self, others, and social relationships.


Symbolic Interaction

Very early experiences provide infants with their first sense of self, others, and social relationships.

For most infants, the mother is the first, primary, and most significant other.

The infant internalizes a sense of self-worth and self-image through repetitive interactions.


Symbolic Interaction Mead asserted that individuals develop a mental

construct, the generalized other, which allows people to see themselves from the standpoints of others.

His model includes three Stages of Observation:1. Preparatory stage–Children imitate others;2. Play stage–Children take roles of others; and3. Game stage–Children participate in games

involving rules.


Socialization in Adolescence Adolescence is a period of active engagement in:

– Sex role identification– Interaction with the opposite sex– Participation in new social activities– Acquisition of vocational skills– Increasing independence from parents– A new sense of self-reliance

For teens, school and peer groups are central sources of reference, interaction, and identity.


Gender Identity andSex-Role Socialization

Sex refers to the biological condition of being male or female.

Sex Roles refer to social expectations associated with biological sex.

Gender is the totality of being male or female. Gender Roles are social expectations associated with

being masculine or feminine (and may not correspond with one’s sex).

Gender Identity refers to the way one perceives or defines oneself.


Gender Identity andSex Role Socialization

Sexual and gender identity formation are developmental processes.

These processes do not always involve an orderly sequence of stages.

Identities change as a result of:– Available social constructs;– The socio-political landscape; and– One’s own position in that landscape.


Gender Identity can include…

Membership Knowledge– “I’m a girl”

Gender Typicality– “Im just like other girls”

Gender Contentedness– “I like being a girl”

Pressure for gender conformity– “I ought to act like a girl”

Intergroup Bias– “Girls are better than boys”


Female–Male Differences Males and Females Differ:

– Normatively– Attitudinally– Behaviorally– Physically

The belief that sex differences are innate provides ideological justification for a system of sex stratification.


Sex Role Socialization Children learn appropriate sex roles early in life

through interaction with others.

Sex-typing persists in adulthood.

Gender Roles are Reinforced in:– Home– School– Workplace– Religious organizations– Mass media


Ethnic/Racial Socialization Transmission from adults to children of information

regarding race and ethnicity

Parents focus on 4 general areas– cultural socialization

• heritage and history; cultural customs and traditions; ethnic pride

– preparation for bias• promote their children’s awareness of discrimination and prepare them to cope

with it

– promotion of mistrust• need for wariness and distrust in interracial interactions

– Egalitarianism• encourage their children to value individual qualities over racial group

membership or avoid any mention of race in discussions

Parental conversations increase with age, vary by gender & class


Observation for the long weekend Go observe families at home or at the mall…

– socialization patterns of families • Behavior management• Sex/ Gender role• Ethnic

– Parent-child attachment• Closeness• Warmth• Responsiveness• Demandingness

We will talk about your observations at the beginning of our next class

Ppt ch11 parenting_socialization

Self Improvement