Ppt-2 Modeling and Simulation Brief Idea

MODELING AND SIMULATION A BRIEF IDEA

MODELING• PROCESS OF PRODUCING A MODEL WHICH REPRESENTS THE

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF ACTUAL SYSTEM.• SIMILAR AND SIMPLER THAN THE ACTUAL SYSTEM.• MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS REPRESENTATION OF MODEL IN

TERMS OF MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS.• STARTING FROM CONCEPTUAL DESIGN COMPLETE DESIGN

PROBLEM IS FORMULATED COVERING DOMINANT ASPECTS OF THE SYSTEM NEGLECTING THE SMALLER EFFECTS.

• CONSERATION PRINCIPLES AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATIONS.

• MATHEMATICAL MODELING YIELDS ALGEBRIC, DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL EQUATIONS.

• EQUATIONS ARE DISCRETIZED USING FDM, FEM, FVM FOR THE DOMAIN TO BE MODELED.

• MODELING AND SIMULAION HELPS TO PREDICT THE BEHAVIOUR OF ACTUAL SYSTEM USING PRINCIPLE OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, GOVERNING DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS.

• COMPLEXITY OF ANALYSIS IS REDUCED BY REDUCING THE NUMBER OF PARMETERS THAT NEED TO BE VARIED TO CHARATERIZE THE GIVEN SYSTEM.

• MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS SOLVED NUMERICALLY OR ANALYTICALLY AND RESULTS OF THAT ARE COMPARED WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO SEE THE ACCURACY AND VALIDITY OF MODELING AND SIMULATION PROCESS.

• MODEL IS SUBJECTED TO RANGE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE SYSTEM AND THUS OBTAIN A SATISFACTORY OR THE OPTIMAL DESIGN.

EXAMPLE: STEAM POWER PLANT• BOILER, TURBINE, CONDENSER AND PUMP

ARE CONSIDERED INDIVIDUALLY AND THEN COORESPONDING MODELS ARE DEVELOPED.

• DIFFERENT SUBSYSTEMS ARE LINKED TO EACH OTHER THROUGH BC’S AND MASS, MOMENTUM AND ENERGY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THEM.

• AFTER OPTIMAL DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS THEY ARE FINALLY BROUGHT TOGETHER TO MAKE UP COMPLETE SYSTEM.

SIMULATION• THIS BASICALLY SUBJECTING THE THERMAL SYSTEM TO

VARIOUS INPUTS,OPERATING CONDITIONS AND TO DETERMINE HOW IT BEHAVES AND DETERMINE THE CHARATERISTICS OF ACTUAL PHYSICAL SYSTEM IN TOTALLY VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT FOR RANGE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS WITHOUT MAKING ANY PROTOTYPE.

• SIMULATION CAN BE CARRIED OUT ON PROTOTYPES ALSO, THE EXPENSE AND EFFORTS INVOLVED GENERALLY MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO USE THESE FOR DESIGN SINCE FOR DIFFERENT DESIGN MANY OPERATING CONDITIONS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AND EVALUATED.

• THEREFORE PROTOTYPE TESTING IS ALWAYS PERFORMED AFTER SIMULATION WITH MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS COMPLETE i.e. OPTIMAL DESIGN IS OBTAINED.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION• A COMPUTER PROGRAMME OF SOLUTION

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PROBLEM DERIVED IN TERMS OF COMPLEX GOVERNING EQUATIONS, COMPLICATED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IS KNOWN AS NUMERICAL MODEL OR CODE.

• MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND EXPERIMENTALLY AVAILABLE INPUT DATA IS INCORPORATED INTO NUMERICAL MODEL.

• THE PROCESS OF EXECUTING NUMERICAL MODEL OR CODE SUBJECTED TO OVERALL RANGE OF DESIGN VARIABLE WITHIN THE DOMAIN OF CONSTRAINTS KNOWN AS NUMERICAL SIMULATION OR NUMERICAL CODING OR NUMERICAL ALGORITHM.

VALIDATION OF MODELING AND SIMULATION

• HOW CLOSELY IT REPRESENTS THE REAL WORLD SYSTEM?

• HOW ACCURATE RESULTS AND BEHAVIOUR DOES IT PREDICT WITH THAT OF ACTUAL SYSTEM?

• COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ARE PERFORMED TO SEE THE ACCURACY.

• THE ACCURACY AND VALIDITY OF NUMERICAL CODE DEPENDS UPON THE QUALITY OF MODELING, MESHING AND SIMULATION.

CONTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION

• D1 = INNER TUBE DIA, D2 = OUTER TUBE DIA, • T1 = INNER TUBE THICKNESS, T2 = OUTER TUBE THICKNESS• M1=MASS FLOW RATE INNER TUBE, M2= MASS FLOW RATE OUTER TUBE• T1 (IT)= INLET TEMP FOR INNER TUBE, T1(OT)= INNER TEMP FOR OUTER

TUBE. L= LENGTH OF TUBE. • T2(IT)=OUTER TEMP FOR INNER TUBE. • T2(OT)= OUTER TEMP FOR OUTER TUBE. FIX: L AND D1 VARY D2 , MASS FLOW RATES AND INLET TEMPS. FIX: LAND D2 VARY D1, MASS FLOW RATES AND INLET TEMPS. ASSUME OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COFFICIENT IS CONSTANT DETERMINE THE HEAT TRANSFER RATE Q FOR EACH OF THE

COMBINATIONS OF DESIGNS. MANY ACCEPTABLES DESIGNS ARE OBTAINED USING MODELING AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUE. THOSE ACCEPTABLE DESIGNS CONSTITUES THE DOMAIN OF ACCEPTABLE DESIGNS ALONG WITH THE GIVEN CONSTRAINTS. OUT OF THAT DOMAIN AN OPTIMAL DESIGN MAY BE CHOSEN.

OPTIMAL DESIGN

• OPTIMIZATION IS SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO MINIMIZE OF MAXIMIZE A CHOSEN QUANTITY OR OBJECTIVE FUNCTION.

• OPTIMIZATION PROCESS IS APPLIED TO ACCEPTABLE DESIGNS.

• THERE EXIST A LARGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OPTIMIZED AND NON OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION, PRODUCT QUALITY, THERMAL EFFICIENCY, TOTAL COSTS.

SAFETY FEATURES, AUTOMATION AND CONTROLS

• SAFE OPERATION OF THE THERMAL SYSTEM AND WITHIN THE CONTROLLED OPEATIONAL LIMITS.

• SENSORS BASICALLY MONITORS TEMP, PRESSURE, FLOW RATES FOR THE SAFE WORKING ENVIRONMENT.

• IN CARS SENSORS INDICATE THE ENGINE OVERHEATING OR MALFUNCTIONING OF OTHER COMPONENTS.

• SIMILARLY BOILER OVERHEATING CAN BE AVOIDED BY INSTALLING THE FUSIBLE PLUG ABOVE THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.

• THE INPUT SIGNALS FROM THE SENSORS (THERMISTORS, THERMOCOUPLES, FLUX METERS, FLOWMETERS, PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS, ETC.), ARE ELECTRONICALLY PROCESSED AND FED INTO THE CONTROL SYSTEM.

• WHICH DETERMINES THE ACTION TO BE TAKEN. AN APPROPRIATE SIGNAL IS THEN GIVEN TO THE ACTUATORS, WHICH MAKE THE DESIRED CHANGES IN THE SYSTEM, SUCH AS REDUCING THE FLOW RATE, INCREASING THE HEAT INPUT, AND TURNING OFF THE POWER.

DESIGN COMMUNICATION• THE COMMUNICATION OF THE FINAL DESIGN TO THE CLIENT OR

CUSTOMER AND TO THOSE WHO WILL IMPLEMENT THE DESIGN IS AN IMPORTANT INGREDIENT IN THE OVERALL SUCCESS OF THE PROJECT.

• DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS• A LIST OF PARTS AND MATERIALS SELECTED• COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS

MAY BE MORE APPROPRIATE FOR PROTOTYPE TESTING• WORKING MODELS AND RESULTS ON IMPORTANT OUTPUTS FROM

THE SYSTEM UNDER DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS, OFTEN SHOWN AS CHARTS AND GRAPHS, ARE USEFUL FOR PRESENTATION TO THE CUSTOMER.

• THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE DESIGN GROUP AND OTHERS GENERALLY CONTINUES THROUGHOUT THE DURATION OF THE EFFORT TO ENSURE THAT ALL THE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS IN THE DESIGN ARE CONSIDERED.

MODES OF DESIGN COMMUNICATION

• TECHNICAL REPORTS• ORAL PRESENTATION• GRAPHIC AND VISUAL AIDS• ENGINEERING DRAWINGS• DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS• COMPUTER PROGRAM AND SIMULATION

RESULTS• WORKING MODELS

PATENTS AND COPYRIGHTS

• THE IDEAS AND INTELLECTUAL WORK DONE IN DEVELOPING THE RELEVANT TECHNOLOGY ARE COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. PATENTS AND COPYRIGHTS ARE THE MEANS USED FOR THE PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF A COMPANY OR AN INDIVIDUAL.

• PATENTS COVER A WIDE VARIETY OF INVENTIONS IN THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: PROCESSES, MACHINES, MANUFACTURED ITEMS, MATERIALS, AND HUMAN-MADE MICROORGANISMS. COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE GENERALLY NOT PATENTED, THOUGH THESE ARE COPYRIGHTED, AS MENTIONED BELOW, AND PROCESSES BASED ON COMPUTER USAGE MAY BE PATENTED.

• TO OBTAIN A PATENT, IT MUST BE ESTABLISHED THAT THE INVENTION IS NEW, FEASIBLE, USEFUL, AND NOT SOMETHING COMMONLY USED IN THE RELEVANT AREA. THUS, NATURAL LAWS, MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS, COMMONLY USED PROCEDURES, AND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS CANNOT BE PATENTED. A THOROUGH SEARCH IS FIRST CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE IF THE IDEA IS NEW. IF IT HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN THE LITERATURE MORE THAN A YEAR BEFORE APPLYING FOR A PATENT, IT IS NOT TREATED AS NEW.

• MANY INVENTIONS THAT VIOLATE BASIC LAWS, SUCH AS THE FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN THE PAST AND TURNED DOWN.

COPYRIGHTING• COPYRIGHTS ARE USED FOR A VARIETY OF ITEMS THAT REPRESENT

CREATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. THESE INCLUDE BOOKS, COMPUTER SOFTWARE, MUSIC, AUDIO AND VIDEO RECORDINGS, DRAWINGS, PAINTINGS, AND SO ON. THE TERM OF THE COPYRIGHT IS 50 YEARS BEYOND THE LIFE OF THE WRITER OR COMPOSER. FOR A COMPANY, IT IS 75 YEARS FROM THE PUBLICATION OF THE MATERIAL.

• TRADEMARKS ARE SYMBOLS, NAMES, WORDS, PATTERNS, ETC., USED BY A COMPANY TO INDICATE ITS PRODUCTS, AND THEY MAY BE USED AND PROTECTED INDEFINITELY. TRADEMARKS TEND TO BE SIMPLE AND EASY TO REMEMBER SO THAT THEIR APPEARANCE IN A MAGAZINE, NEWSPAPER, OR TELEVISION WILL IMMEDIATELY REVEAL THE ASSOCIATION WITH A GIVEN COMPANY OR PRODUCT. A TRADEMARK IS A COMPANY PROPERTY AND THE SYMBOL R IS USED TO INDICATE THAT IT HAS BEEN REGISTERED. APPLE, NIKE, FORD, GM, AND MICROSOFT HAVE WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS, AS DO MOST OTHER PROMINENT COMPANIES. FORMULAS, PROCEDURES, AND INFORMATION THAT A COMPANY WANTS TO MAINTAIN AS SECRET ARE NOT PATENTED, BUT KEPT AS TRADE SECRETS. THE FORMULA FOR COCA-COLA IS A WELL-KNOWN EXAMPLE OF A TRADE SECRET. THERE IS NO LEGAL PROTECTION AND THE COMPANY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR KEEPING IT A SECRET.

LICENSING• LICENSING OF A PATENTED INVENTION MAY BE UNDERTAKEN

BY A COMPANY OR AN INDIVIDUAL BY GIVING EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO ANOTHER COMPANY TO MANUFACTURE, USE, AND SELL THE ITEM OVER A SPECIFIED REGION. SEVERAL COMPANIES MAY BE LICENSED OR A SINGLE COMPANY MAY BE CHOSEN. ROYALTIES ARE PAID, USUALLY AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE PROFIT, TO THE HOLDERS OF THE PATENT.

• THUS, THE PATENTS CAN BECOME A SOURCE OF REVENUE, BEING QUITE SUBSTANTIAL IN MANY CASES. COMPUTER SOFTWARE HAS BECOME VERY IMPORTANT IN THE LAST TWO DECADES, WITH MANY COMPANIES SUCH AS MICROSOFT CORPORATION ENGAGED IN DEVELOPING, SELLING, AND LEASING SOFTWARE. APPROPRIATE PRICING AND SALE OF THE SOFTWARE RECOVER THE EXPENSES BORNE BY THE COMPANY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOFTWARE.

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON MATERIALS

SELECTION OF MATERIALS• DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL

REQUIREMENTS.• CONSIDERATION OF AVAILABLE

MATERIALS.• SELECTING A GROUP OF POSSIBLE

MATERIALS.• STUDY OF MATERIAL PERFORMANCE.• SELECTION OF BEST MATERIAL.

PROBLEM BASED UPON MATERIAL SELECTION