DISTRIBUTION LOSSES IN DISTRIBUTION LOSSES IN POWER SYSTEM POWER SYSTEM
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
DISTRIBUTION LOSSES DISTRIBUTION LOSSES IN POWER SYSTEMIN POWER SYSTEM
SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATIONSEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION POWER SYSTEM ENERGY LOSS WHAT IS ENERGY LOSS
TECHNICAL LOSSES ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES
TECHNICAL LINE LOSSES SINGLE PHASE CONDUCTOR = I2R 3 PHASE CONDUCTOR = 3I2R
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Energy is a basic need of mankind. Demand increasing at rate of 8.46%
per annum. Expansion of distribution system. Per capita electricity consumption-
parameters of development. Quality of supply Line Losses
POWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEM
“The interconnected facilities of an electrical utility of power system
includes generation, transmission, distribution, transformation and
productive components necessary to provide service.”
ENERGY LOSSENERGY LOSS
“It is defined as difference between energy generated in power house and billed on
the basis of reconsumption by the consumer connected to that particular
power system.”
Mathematically,E.Loss= E.Generated-E.Billed
TYPES OF ENERGY LOSSESTYPES OF ENERGY LOSSES
Energy Losses
Transmission Losses(loss in 66kV and above )
Distribution Losses(loss in 11kV and below )
Technical LossesAdministrative
LossesTechnical Losses
DISTRIBUTION LOSSESDISTRIBUTION LOSSES
“Distribution losses refers to the losses occurring during the process of
delivering electrical energy from 11 kV feeder to the specific locations like residential street or commercial park.”
TECHNICAL LOSSESTECHNICAL LOSSES
“Technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors and equipment used for transmission,
transformation, sub transmission and distribution of power.”
CATEGORIES OF TECHNICAL LOSSESCATEGORIES OF TECHNICAL LOSSES
TRANSMISION LOSSES
TRANSFORMATION LOSSES
LOSSES IN 11 KV FEEDER
LOSSES IN L.T DISTRIBUTION LINES
LOSSES IN CONSUMER SERVICES
THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TECNICAL THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TECNICAL LOSSES AND VOLTAGE DROP IN LOSSES AND VOLTAGE DROP IN
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMDISTRIBUTION SYSTEMDESCRIPTION URBAN RURAL
Line Losses
Voltage Drop
Line Losses
Voltage Drop
H.T LINE 2.5% 3% 3.5% 5%
DISTRIBUTION T/F
3.5% 4% 3.5% 4%
L.T LINE 2.5% 3% 2.5% 3%
SERVICE 0.5% 1% 0.5% 1%
TOTAL 9% 11% 10% 13%
CAUSES OF TECHNICAL LOSSESCAUSES OF TECHNICAL LOSSES Sub standard and under size conductor
Low power factor
Transformation
Over loading of transformers
Over loading of the conductor and the cable
Lengthy lines
Unplanned and substandard system
Low frequency
Low voltage
Weather effect
In-adequate preventive maintenance
Poor work man ship
Substandard repair of distribution transformers
REMEDIAL MEASURES–CONTROLLING REMEDIAL MEASURES–CONTROLLING OF TECHNICAL LOSSESOF TECHNICAL LOSSES
Reconductoring Bifurcation of feeders Installation of shunt capacitors Addition of new grid stations and area
planning Extensive energy loss reduction
programme Conversion of L.T line into 11 kV line and
providing additional transformers
Adopting distribution system
Balancing of transformers
Adequate preventive maintenance
Improvement of workman ship
Standard repair of transformers
Voltage regulation
Mapping of distribution system
ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSESADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES
“Administrative losses are caused by lack of administration, financial
constraints, pilferage, theft, defective meter and error in meter reading and
in estimating un metered supply of energy.”
CAUSES OF ADMINISTRATIVE CAUSES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSESLOSSES
On the Part of Organization
On the Part of Customers
Due to External Elements
Metering equipment Sub standard energy meters
Defective energy meters
Non replacement / calibration of energy
meters
Un-secured energy meters
Meter reading and billing
ON THE PART OF ORGANIZATIONON THE PART OF ORGANIZATION
Lack of administration Heavy work load in sub divisions and
divisions Shortage of testing equipment Untrained manpower and inefficient staff Labor problem Involvement of staff
Financial constraints Low pay-outs
Shortage of staff
Un-realistic tariff
Standards of living Socio-economic conditions Pilferage of energy Status symbolism Immorality
ON THE PART OF CUSTOMERSON THE PART OF CUSTOMERS
EXTERNAL FACTOREXTERNAL FACTOR
In-effective laws
Un-even implementation of law
Political reasons
Geo graphical reasons
In-efficient judicial system
Less budget grant to offices
Stealing by administrative offices and
law enforcing agencies
REMEDIAL MEASURES TO CONTROLL REMEDIAL MEASURES TO CONTROLL ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSESADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES
Metering equipment
Meter reading and billing
Administrative improvements
Realistic tariff
Monitoring of consumption
Surveillance / checking of energy meters
Detection bills / penal action
Judicial powers
Mass media campaign
Integrity of staff
VIP culture discouragement
Incentive to honest employees
Shift to pre-paid card system
Related Documents
