Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Jan 01, 2016
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Oldest Concrete Found To Date
dates around 7000 BC
— a lime concrete floor found during the construction of a road at Yiftah El in Galilee, Israel.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Beginning of the Industry
Portland cement was first patented in 1824
Named after the natural limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland in the English Channel
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland Cement First Produced North America
1871— Coplay, Pennsylvania
Canada
1889 — Hull, Quebec
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Primary Components of Raw Materials Necessary for Portland Cement Manufacture
Calcium Silica Alumina Iron
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Calcium Iron Silica Alumina Sulfate
Alkali waste
AragoniteCalciteCement-kiln dust
Cement rock
ChalkClayFuller’s earth
LimestoneMarbleMarlSeashellsShaleSlag
Blast-furnace flue dust
ClayIron oreMill scaleOre washings
Pyrite cinders
Shale
Calcium silicateCement rockClayFly ashFuller’s earthLimestoneLoessMarlOre washingsQuartziteRice-hull ashSandSandstoneShaleSlagTraprock
Aluminum-ore refuse
BauxiteCement rock
ClayCopper slagFly ashFuller’s earth
Granodiorite
LimestoneLoessOre washings
ShaleSlagStaurolite
Anhydrite
Calcium sulfate
Gypsum
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Quarry
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Traditional Manufacture of Portland Cement
1. Stone is first reduced to 125 mm (5 in.) size, then to 20 mm (3/4 in.), and stored.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
2. Raw materials are ground to powder and blended.
or
2. Raw materials are ground, mixed with water to form slurry, and blended.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
3. Burning changes raw mix chemically into cement clinker.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
4. Clinker with gypsum is ground into portland cement and shipped.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Dry Process Manufacture of Portland Cement
1. Stone is first reduced to 125 mm (5 in.) size, then to 20 mm (3/4 in.), and stored.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
2. Raw materials are ground, to powder and blended.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
3. Burning changes raw mix chemically into clinker. Note four stage preheater, flash furnaces, and shorter kiln.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
4. Clinker with gypsum is ground into portland cement and shipped
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Clinker
Gypsum
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Process of Clinker Production
(1)
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
(2)
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
(3)
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland Cement
By definition —
a hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, usually containing one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate as an interground addition.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Types of Portland Cement
I Normal
IA Normal, air-entraining
II Moderate sulfate resistance
IIA Moderate sulfate resistance, air-entraining
III High early strength
IIIA High early strength, air-entraining
IV Low heat of hydration
V High sulfate resistance
ASTM C 150 (AASHTO M 85)
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Performance of Concretes Made with Different Cements in Sulfate Soil
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Performance of Concretes Made with Different W/C-Ratios in Sulfate Soil
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Type II & Type V Sulfate Resistant Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Outdoor Sulfate Test
Type V CementW/C-ratio = 0.65
Type V CementW/C-ratio = 0.39
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Moderate and Low Heat Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Type IIIHigh Early Strength Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
White Portland Cement
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Blended Hydraulic Cement
ASTM C 595General —
a hydraulic cement consisting of two or more inorganic constituents, which contribute to the strength gaining properties of cement.
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Blended Cements
Clinker Gypsum Portland cement Fly ash Slag Silica Fume Calcined Clay
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Blended Hydraulic Cements
Type IS Portland blast-furnace slag cement
Type IP Portland-pozzolan cement
Type P Portland-pozzolan cement
Type I(PM) Pozzolan-modified portland cement
Type S Slag cement
Type I(SM) Slag-modified portland cement
ASTM C 595 (AASHTO M 240)
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Hydraulic Cements ASTM C 1157 First performance specification
for hydraulic cements Cements meet physical
performance test requirements rather than prescriptive restrictions on ingredients or cement chemistry as in other cement specifications.
Provides for six types
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Hydraulic Cement
Type GU General use
Type HE High early strength
Type MS Moderate sulfate resistance
Type HS High sulfate resistance
Type MH Moderate heat of hydration
Type LH Low heat of hydration
ASTM C 1157
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Cementspecificatio
n
Cement Applications
General
purpose
Moderate
heat of hydratio
n
High early
strength
Low
heat ofhydratio
n
Moderate
sulfateresistanc
e
High sulfate
resistance
Resistance to
alkali-silica
reactivity (ASR)
ASTM C 150(AASHTO M
85)portland cements
I
II (modera
teheat
option)
III IV II VLow
alkalioption
ASTM C 595(AASHTO M
240)blendedhydrauliccements
ISIP
I(PM)I(SM)S, P
IS(MH)IP(MH)I(PM)(MH)I(SM)(MH)
P(LH)
IS(MS)IP(MS)P(MS)I(PM)(MS)I(SM)(MS)
Low reactivity
option
ASTM C 1157
hydrauliccements
GU MH HE LH MS HS Option R
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Special cements Type ApplicationWhite portland cements, ASTM C 150
I, II, III, V White or colored concrete, masonry, mortar, grout, plaster, and stucco
White masonry cements, ASTM C 91
M, S, N White mortar between masonry units
Masonry cements, ASTM C 91
M, S, N Mortar between masonry units, plaster, and stucco
Mortar cements, ASTM C 1329
M, S, N Mortar between masonry units
Plastic cements, ASTM C 1328
M, S Plaster and stucco
Expansive cements, ASTM C 845
E-1(K), E-1(M), E-1(S)
Shrinkage compensating concrete
Oil-well cements, API-10
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
Grouting wells
Water-repellent cements
Tile grout, paint, and stucco finish coats
Regulated-set cements
Early strength and repair
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Special cements Type ApplicationCements with functional additions, ASTM C 595 (AASHTO M 240), ASTM C 1157
General concrete construction needing special characteristics such as; water-reducing, retarding, air entraining, set control, and accelerating properties
Finely ground (ultrafine) cement
Geotechnical grouting
Calcium aluminate cement
Repair, chemical resistance and high temperature exposures
Magnesium phosphate cement
Repair and chemical resistance
Geopolymer cementGeneral construction, repair, waste stabilization
Ettringite cements Waste stabilizationSulfur cements Repair and chemical resistance
Rapid hardening hydraulic cement
VH, MR, GC
General paving where very rapid(about 4 hours) strength developmentis required
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Masonry Cements
Type N — for Type O and Type N mortars and with portland cement for mortar Types S and M
Type S — for Type S mortar
Type M — for Type M mortar
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Stucco using Masonry or Plastic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Finely-Ground Cements
Grout penetration in soil
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Expansive Cement Concrete
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Drinking Water Applications
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Chemical Compounds of Portland Cement
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Hydration Products
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland Cement Compound Hydration Reactions (Oxide Notation)
2 (3CaO•SiO2)
Tricalcium silicate
+ 11 H2O
Water
= 3CaO•2SiO2•8H2O
Calcium silicate
hydrate (C-S-H)
+ 3 (CaO•H2O)
Calcium hydroxide
2 (2CaO•SiO2)
Dicalcium silicate
+ 9 H2O
Water
= 3CaO•2SiO2•8H2O
Calcium silicate
hydrate (C-S-H)
+ CaO•H2O
Calcium hydroxide
3CaO•Al2O3
Tricalcium aluminate
+ 3 (CaO•SO3•2H2O)
Gypsum
+ 26 H2O
Water
= 6CaO•Al2O3•3SO3•32H2O
Ettringite
2 (3CaO•Al2O3)
Tricalcium aluminate
+ 6CaO•Al2O3•3SO3•32H2O
Ettringite
+ 4 H2O
Water
= 3 (4CaO•Al2O3•SO3•12H2O)
Calcium monosulfoaluminate
3CaO•Al2O3
Tricalcium aluminate
+ CaO•H2O
Calcium hydroxide
+ 12 H2O
Water
= 4CaO•Al2O3•13H2O
Tetracalcium aluminate hydrate
4CaO• Al2O3•Fe2O3
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite
+ 10 H2O
Water
+ 2 (CaO•H2O)
Calcium hydroxide
= 6CaO•Al2O3•Fe2O3•12H2O
Calcium aluminoferrite hydrate
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
SEMs of Hardened Cement Paste
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Type ofportlandcement
Chemical composition, %
SiO2
Al2O
3
Fe2O
3
CaO MgO SO3 Na2Oeq
I (mean) 20.5 5.4 2.6 63.9 2.1 3.0 0.61
II (mean) 21.2 4.6 3.5 63.8 2.1 2.7 0.51
III (mean) 20.6 4.9 2.8 63.4 2.2 3.5 0.56
IV (mean) 22.2 4.6 5.0 62.5 1.9 2.2 0.36
V (mean) 21.9 3.9 4.2 63.8 2.2 2.3 0.48
White (mean)
22.7 4.1 0.3 66.7 0.9 2.7 0.18
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Type ofportlandcement
Potential compound composition,%
Blaine fineness
m2/kgC3S C2S C3A C4AF
I (mean) 54 18 10 8 369
II (mean) 55 19 6 11 377
III (mean) 55 17 9 8 548
IV (mean) 42 32 4 15 340
V (mean) 54 22 4 13 373
White (mean) 63 18 10 1 482
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Reactivity of Cement Compounds
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Nonevaporable Water Contents
Hydrated cement
compound
Nonevaporable(combined) water
content(g water/g cement
compound)
C3S hydrate 0.24
C2S hydrate 0.21
C3A hydrate 0.40
C4AF hydrate 0.37
Free lime (CaO)
0.33
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Scanning-Electron Micrograph of Powdered Cement
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Fineness of Cement
ASTM C 204
ASTM C 115
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Cement Fineness
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Particle Size Distribution
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Soundness Test
ASTM C 151 ASTM C 151 (AASHTO T 107 )(AASHTO T 107 )
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Consistency of Cement PasteASTM C 187 ASTM C 187
(AASHTO T 129)(AASHTO T 129)
Vicat plungerVicat plunger
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Consistency of Mortar
ASTM C 230 ASTM C 230 (AASHTO M 152) (AASHTO M 152)
and ASTM C 1437and ASTM C 1437
Flow tableFlow table
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Setting TimeASTM C 191 ASTM C 191 (AASHTO M 131) (AASHTO M 131)
Vicat apparatusVicat apparatus
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Setting TimeASTM C 266 ASTM C 266 (AASHTO M 154) (AASHTO M 154)
Gillmore needleGillmore needle
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Setting Times for Portland Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Mortar Cubes
ASTM C 109 ASTM C 109 (AASHTO T 106) (AASHTO T 106)
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Strength Development of Mortar Cubes
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Strength Development Type I and II Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Strength Development Type III, IV, and V Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Heat of Hydration at 7 Days
Type I cement
Type II cement
Type II Moderate heat cement
Type III cement
Type IV cement
Type V cement
% of Type I
100 99 75 106 67 89
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Heat Evolution
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Density of CementLe Chatelier flask ( ASTM C 188 or Le Chatelier flask ( ASTM C 188 or AASHTO T 133) AASHTO T 133)
Helium Helium pycnometerpycnometer
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Bulk Density
Bulk density of cement Bulk density of cement varies betweenvaries between
830 kg/m830 kg/m3 3 (52 lb/ft(52 lb/ft33))
andand
1650 kg/m1650 kg/m3 3 (103 lb/ft(103 lb/ft33).).
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Thermal Analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Differential Scanning Calorimetry Thermogram of a Cement Paste after (a) 15 min and (b) 24 h of Hydration
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Virtual Cement Testing
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Transporting Cement
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Packaging and Storage
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Videos 1/7
Cement TypesManufacturing Cement
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Videos 2/7
Cement Hydration I Cement Hydration II
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Videos 3/7
Cement Hydration Soundness
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Videos 4/7
False SetSetting Time
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Videos 5/7
Cement Fineness Cement Strength
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Videos 6/7
Cement Hydration Simulation
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Videos 7/7
Storage Cement Delivery