Porifera and Cnidaria Student Guided Notes Characteristics of Animals There are approximately ___________________________ recognized by zoologists. We are going to spend the remainder of the course looking at the most common animal phyla. We will start with the simplest phyla and work our way to the most complex. Below is a list of animals you will learn more about. Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelmin thes flat worms Nematoda Roundwor ms Annelida Segmented Worms Mollusca Arthropoda Echinod erms Vertebrat es - Chordata Sponges Sea anemone Planarians Ascaris Oligochaeta : Earthworms Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels Spiders Sea urchin 10,000 known species Coral Flukes Hirudinea: Leeches Gastropo ds: Snails, nudibranc hs Crustaceans (crab, lobster) Sand dollars Calcareous, glass, coralline (tropical), demospong es (like the bath sponge) Jellyfish Tapeworms Polychaeta: Chitons Insects Sea star Hydra Cephalop ods: Squid, Octopus Sea cucumbe r How did Animals Evolve? Today it is thought that... The earliest animal probably _________________________________________ ___________________________________________ (700 mya) Hypothesis: ______________________________________________________ _____________________ and the early animals populated seas, fresh waters, and eventually land Use the following table to help make comparisons as you move through the rest of the course:
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Porifera and Cnidaria Student Guided Notes
Characteristics of Animals There are approximately ___________________________ recognized by zoologists. We are going to spend the remainder of the course looking at the most common animal phyla. We will start with the simplest phyla and work our way to the most complex. Below is a list of animals you will learn more about.
Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes flat worms
Nematoda Roundwor
ms
Annelida Segmented
Worms
Mollusca Arthropoda Echinoderms
Vertebrates -
Chordata
Sponges Sea anemone
Planarians Ascaris Oligochaeta: Earthworms
Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels
Spiders Sea urchin
10,000 known species
Coral Flukes Hirudinea: Leeches
Gastropods: Snails, nudibranchs
Crustaceans (crab, lobster)
Sand dollars
Calcareous, glass, coralline (tropical), demosponges (like the bath sponge)
Jellyfish Tapeworms Polychaeta: Chitons Insects Sea star
Hydra Cephalopods: Squid, Octopus
Sea cucumber
How did Animals Evolve? Today it is thought that...
The earliest animal probably _________________________________________ ___________________________________________ (700 mya) Hypothesis: ______________________________________________________ _____________________ and the early animals populated seas, fresh waters, and eventually land
Use the following table to help make comparisons as you move through the rest of the course:
Characteristics of Animals Animals are __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________. Animals can be large, have a stable controlled internal environment and ______________________________________. Animals have two unique types of tissues: ____________________________ for impulse conduction and _____________________________________ for movement (Tissue: several cells working together to do a job)(Organ: made up of several different tissues). As we go through this part of the course look for development of sensory organs and coordination of systems.
Animals are Multicellular and Heterotrophic
What does it mean to be multicellular? - ____________________________________. - usually have different cell types. - ____________________________________ _____________________________________ that benefits the whole animal. - cells work together by forming tissues (____ ____________________________________ ____________________________________). - ____________________________________ ___________________________________ (group of different types of cells working together to perform a common function - ex. heart is formed of muscle and nerve tissue working together). Having many cells allows ________________ _____________________________________. Because of cell specialization the animal can be large. They can also move. This size allow stabilization of the animals internal environment and relative independence from a harsh environment.
What does it mean to be heterotrophic?
Heterotrophs must ingest other organisms or organic material that is decomposing. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. This is the opposite of autotrophic organisms that make their own organic molecule.
Animal Development ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________. In most
species, small flagellated sperm fertilizes larger non-motile eggs. The zygote goes through
mitotic cell divisions and ____________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________.
During gastrulation,
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________(a
small dent). ____________________
_____________________. The ___________________ as the inner layer and the
________________ as the outer layer.
After gastrulation there are two patterns of development:
1. ____________________ - the blastopore develops into the _____________.
2. ____________________ - the blastopore develops into the ______________.
Classifying Animals ****This is very important***** As you learn about the various phylum you will be asked to compare them based on these criteria.
Animals, being such a diverse kingdom, are classified into phyla based on a variety of characteristics. Those characteristics include: ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Level of Organization, Body Cavity, and Body Plan Levels of organization from simplest to most complex is ______________________________
____________________________________. Although many animals have the highest level
of organization, ___________________________, some are only organized at the
__________________________. This means that __________________________________.
Those that do have tissues can be distinguished from those with organs _________________
__________________________________________________. If an animal develops with
The _____________________________________________ is referred to as segmentation.
This ____________________________________________________________ as different
segments can specialize for different roles.
Porifera
Introduction to Sponges "... the subject is actually repulsive in its difficulties'' - Carter (1875) on the study of sponges
Phylum Porifera The simplicity of this group led to the frustration of scientists such as Carter for many years. Being ____________________________ and __________________________________________________ are __________________________________________________ _________________________. For these reasons they were often classified as plants. However, upon examination of their _____________________________ _________________________________it was determined that _______________________ ___________________________. The term ________________________________________. The "pore bearers" are the sponges and are thought to be one of the oldest multicellular species. Fossils of sponge spicules have been found in the precambrian era rock layers dating to 600 million years ago.
It is the sponges with a spongin skeleton that are dried and used commercially. The skeleton of these animals was used as a washing sponge before synthetic sponges became common. They can still sometimes be purchased as a "sea sponge" for sponge painting or you may find that the sponge that you have been bathing with is really an animal. Did you know that the bath sponge actually received its name from the animal and not the other way around.
The are about 9000 different species of Sponges.
SIZE
Sponges range in size from as small as 0.5 cm tall to as large as 2 meters tall.
Characteristics of Sponges BODY ORGANIZATION Sponges have _______________________________________ because they have no true mesoderm. ________________________________________________________________. In addition, they _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. . Sponges have many pores on their surface that are both _____________________________ ______________________________________. These multicellular sponges ____________________________________. 1. Endoderm – inside skin. 2. Ectoderm – outside skin, protective.
The “middle area” contains ______________________________
____________________________________.
______________________________________ in the middle
Sponge Reefs were thought to be abundant during the Jurassic period 200 million years ago.
These reefs were thought to be extinct until 4 reefs
were found in the early 1990s. Sponge reefs are
restricted to temperate
Pacific coastal waters.
Such reefs exist in
Hecate Strait and
Queen Charlotte
Sound.
Feeding in Sponges A sponge that is 10cm tall must filter more then 100L of water a day to stay alive!! In feeding, __________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ______________________. The sponge is a _____________________ and ___________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________. The food particles are then either digested by the collar cell or passed to an amoeboid-like cell for digestion and circulation.
Review of Feeding in Sponges
Not a true digestive system.
_______________________ – food enters with water.
Water enters via tiny pores (ostia) = incurrent.
Water exits via massive pore (osculum) = excurrent.
Collar cells (choanocytes) engulf and digest food.
Reproduction in Sponges Both _________________________________________________________ occur in
The size of cnidarians ranges from as small as a 0.5 cm tall bell up to a 2.4 m diameter with
tentacles ranging upwards of 50 meters.
FACT: Cnidarians have a single external opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus!
Characteristics of Cnidarians Cnidarians are a _______________________________ animal. They can be ____________ ______________________ and some species will have life cycle stages of each. They have an _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. These _____________________________ lead to a tissue level of organization. _______________ _____________________________________________________________. The gastrodermis surrounds the center of the body which is called the ______________________ ____________________________________________________________. That is, food enters the same opening that waste is excreted through. Tentacles are arranged to surround the mouth. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ are examples of polyps. The difference being that corals have a calcium carbonate skeleton while sea anemones _______ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
Stinging Cells For capturing prey and for defence _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ which contains a coiled hollow thread. These nematocysts are triggered to discharge by direct contact or other external stimulus. The thread will uncoil when the cnidarian is touched and spear the prey or predator. The spines help anchor the stinging thread into the prey. In some species these threads _______________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________. This is why handling jellyfish can cause the skin to numb or in more severe cases cause muscle paralysis and heart failure. In some areas of the globe large numbers of jellyfish cause beach closures. The sting of a Box jellyfish may cause death in as little as 3 to 20 minutes.
Classes of Cnidarians: There are four Classes of Cnidarians;
Class Hydrozoa: Examples are Hydroids. Class Scyphozoa: Example is the Floppy jellyfish. Class Cubozoa: Examples are the Box jellyfish. Class Anthozoa: Examples are Sea anemones and Corals.
Class Hydrozoa
This class of cnidarian includes approxiamtely 3,700 species. Most live in colonial organizations in the oceans. Example: Physalia – __________________________________. Its gas filled float keeps the colony at the surface of ocean. Tentacles can be up to 20m long and the nematocysts poison can be fatal.
Colonialism in Hydroids Hydroids live in finely-branched colonies. Individual hydroid polyps are connected to each other by their gastrovascular cavity. There are different kinds of polyps in the colony. Gastrozooid feeding polyps have many tentacles for catching plankton. Dactylozooid defense polyps use nematocysts to catch prey or deter predators. Gonozooid reproductive polyps produce medusoids (tiny jellyfish like structures). Ex. ___________ _____________________________________________________
_____________ exist only as polyps and are not colonial. They live in fresh water such as quiet ponds, lakes, and streams. Hydra range from 1-4 cm in length and are white or brown in color. They attach themselves to rocks or water plants by means of a sticky secretion produced by cells in the hydra’s base. __________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ when low temperatures trigger the development of eggs and sperm.
Draw one here:
More on the Hydra
As previously stated, __________________________________________________________
____________________________ in most lakes and ponds. __________________________