Pollution contributed by older motorcycles in Singapore A motorcycle registered before 1 July 2003 emits 10 times more Carbon Monoxide (CO) compared to a new motorcycle. A motorcycle registered before 1 July 2003 emits 30 times more Hydrocarbons (HC) compared to a new motorcycle. Health effects of air pollution: A motorcycle registered before 1 July 2003 emits 12 times more Carbon Monoxide (CO) compared to a Euro VI car. While motorcycles form 15% of our local vehicle population, they contribute to 53% of CO emissions from vehicles. While motorcycles registered before 1 July 2003 form around 20% of the motorcycle fleet, they contribute to 40% of CO emissions from motorcycles. A motorcycle registered before 1 July 2003 emits 50 times more Hydrocarbons (HC) compared to a Euro VI car. HC HC HC HC CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO HC HC HC HC Contribution of CO by vehicle population Other vehicle population Motorcycles 85% 47% 15% 53% Contribution of CO Vehicle population Percentage 0 20 40 60 80 100 Motorcycles < 15 years old Motorcycles ≥ 15 years old Contribution of CO by motorcycle population 79% 60% 21% 40% Contribution of CO Motorcycle population Percentage 0 20 40 60 80 100 • The World Health Organization (WHO) deems air pollution to be the single largest environment health risk. 1 • Motorcycle emissions contain CO and HC. They react with other chemicals to form Ozone. • CO and Ozone are known to impair respiratory functions. At high concentrations, CO is toxic. 1 www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ CO HC CO HC