Policy measures for Renewables Nigeria

Gilbert Igwe Energy Policy, Politics, Business Structures and Finance.

What Policy Measures Are Needed To Promote The Widespread Adoption of Renewable

Electricity Generation In Nigeria & What Would Be Their Wider Impacts?

Energy Policy: Policy Measures for Driving Renewables Adoption in Nigeria - April 2016

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ABSTRACT Majority of Nigerian households meet their electricity needs through privately owned

generators, which costs more per kilowatt than grid electricity. Renewable energy could help to solve Nigeria's energy poverty, particularly by improving electricity access to rural areas lacking grid connection.

Well-designed policy measures could ameliorate the energy situation by enabling the

widespread adoption of renewable energy in Nigeria if such measures are robust enough to trigger investors' confidence and trust in the viability of the renewables market and the electricity industry.

This paper reflects the need for renewables in the Nigeria energy mix and highlights

key policy measures that are critical to the establishment of an effective renewable energy market in Nigeria.


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DECLARATION I, Gilbert Igwe, declare that this work is original and was completed by sole effort without any external assistance. The total word count of the main body including the

abstract is 4007.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................... 3

Chapter 1: Introduction ________________________________________________4

Chapter 2: Drivers For Supporting Renewables _____________________________5

2.1 Energy availability .................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Transportation Losses .......................................................................................................................... 6

2.3 Energy Affordability............................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Economic Development ....................................................................................................................... 6

2.5 Rural Electrification ............................................................................................................................... 7 2.6 Sustainability ............................................................................................................................................ 7

Chapter 3: EXISITING POLICY MEASURES IN NIGERIA _____________________________________9

3.1 The objectives of the FiT ...................................................................................................................... 9

Chapter 4:PROPOSED POLICY MEASURES__________________________________________________11

4.1 Long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) for renewable energy generators.11

4.1.1 Impact.....................................................................................................................................................11 4.2 Reducing Entry Barriers ....................................................................................................................11

4.2.1 Impact.....................................................................................................................................................11 4.3 Feed-in Tariffs ........................................................................................................................................11 4.3.1 Impact.....................................................................................................................................................12 4.4 Investment Risk Insurance ...............................................................................................................12

4.5 Solar PV Installment Credit ..............................................................................................................12 4.5.1 Impact.....................................................................................................................................................12 4.6 Off-grid and Mini-grid Schemes ......................................................................................................13

4.6.1 ESCO (Energy service Companies) ............................................................................................13 4.6.1.1 Impact.................................................................................................................................................13

4.6.2 Green Energy Microfinance Funds.............................................................................................14 4.6.2.1 Impact.................................................................................................................................................14 4.6.3 Subsidizing Renewables .................................................................................................................14 4.6.3.1 Impact.................................................................................................................................................15

Chapter 5:.POTENTIAL BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT_____________________________________16

5.1 Market Risks............................................................................................................................................16 5.2 Administrative Risks ...........................................................................................................................16 5.3 Infrastructure Risk ...............................................................................................................................16

CONCLUSION___________________________________________________17

TABLE OF FIGURES _____________________________________________18

BIBLIOGRAPHY_________________________________________________19

APPENDIX______________________________________________________21


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1. INTRODUCTION

Nigeria, the largest African economy and the most populated country in Africa, has

one of the world’s lowest electricity consumption per capita and electricity production per capita (Africa, n.d.) (Nations, n.d.) (Bank, n.d.). Since electricity is a vital enabler for economic growth, Nigeria's economic development is constrained by the lack of a

commensurate electricity supply. Consequently, most economic activities are driven by privately owned generating assets estimated to account for about 48% of industrial

energy demand (Govt, n.d.), with negative impacts on the cost of production. Nigeria's 12,522 MW installed capacity is constrained to a mere 3,879MW due to gas supply failures caused by gas pipeline vandalism, and technical breakdowns. The

generation portfolio comprises of gas and hydro with gas accounting for approximately 85% of total installed capacity (see figure 1 and table 1) (Govt, n.d.).

With cataclysmic energy poverty particularly in rural areas where 53% of the total population resides without access to the grid, the government desperately seeks to improve energy security by recalibrating the energy mix to reduce dependence on gas

and to incorporate renewable energy sources with a particular focus on solar power. Studies have shown that Nigeria has enormous renewable energy resources spread in

various parts of the country although there has been a partial deployment of hydro (Shaabana & Petinrin, n.d.). Renewable energy technologies have the potential of solving the energy challenges facing Nigeria: reducing dependence on gas, providing

clean and affordable energy in rural areas with and without grid access, and providing a cost competitive balance to the overall electricity industry. However, there exists a

problem with domestic financial and technical resources and a reputation of systemic inefficacy. These limitations may impede the inflow of foreign investments unless well-coordinated measures and policy support instruments are instituted to create an

enabling environment that will boost investors’ confidence and incentivize renewable energy deployments.

This paper describes the need for policy support instruments and the necessary policy measures to promote the widespread adoption of renewable electricity in Nigeria

including the requisite impacts of such development. The paper also briefly covers the existing policy measures in Nigeria and potential

barriers to renewable deployments and recommends solutions for the observed obstacles.

Figure 1 - Installed Capacity

Gas; 10,592;

85%

Hydro; 1,930; 15%

Installed Capacity

Gas

Hydro

Available Total 7141 MW

Constraints Total 3262 MW

Constraints in MW Gas - 1,995 Water – 444

Grid - 179 Distribution- 84 Other - 560

Operational Total 3879 MW

Table 1 - Capacity Profile


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2. DRIVERS FOR SUPPORTING RENEWABLES

From the perspective of the current energy situation in Nigeria, the reasons for

promoting a widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies in the generation mix would be:

To ensure energy availability; To drive energy affordability;

To reduce transportation losses; To drive economic development; To promote sustainability;

To drive rural electrification, which is essential for integrating rural, agro-based non-grid connected communities to stimulate economic development;

When one considers the current energy scenario in Nigeria marred by fuel poverty and low grid penetration, it becomes imperative to appeal for the recalibration of the

existing energy system especially the power generation portfolio, to accommodate necessary modifications for achieving energy security through sustainable and reliable

sources, to drive economic development and improved standard of living especially in the hinterlands, and to address the global concerns for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Availability is defined by dictionary.com as "readily obtained; accessible". This implies that energy availability should translate into a sufficient supply of energy

sources required for the generation of electricity and a reliable infrastructural system for transporting the sources to the point of power generation. Therefore, the Nigerian

gas supply chain comprising of the processing plants and the pipelines (which the existing electricity generation structure is entirely dependent on) should always be reliable and available to supply gas to the power stations. This definition is

theoretically perfect, however, in reality, we must always accommodate uncertainties, and the energy supply chain is not an exception particularly in Nigeria where the gas

supply chain is susceptible to recurring vandalization. Therefore, a realistic definition of energy availability must imbibe diversity of sources and delivery pathways as a strategic concern to avoid even the minutest interruptions. The generation portfolio

must comprise of different energy sources and pathways to ensure a balanced risk exposure and to achieve parallel risk hedging.

A typical example of the urgent need for a widespread renewable deployment in Nigeria is the recent attack on the forcados gas pipeline which decimated national gas supply by about 50% and reduced operational generation capacity by about 51%,

causing significant disruptions to economic activities (ThisDay, n.d.). Had there been complementary renewable generation sources in other parts of the

country, the impact on the overall electricity system could have been lessened. Finally, it holds true that supporting renewable energy and generating a significant share of electricity from renewable energy technologies can supplement energy

availability, reduce the dependence on gas and ensure a reliable generation portfolio with a balanced risk exposure even though they are not the cheapest sources of

energy.


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The electricity grid infrastructure in Nigeria is obsolete and seriously ailing due to aging assets and a poor maintenance culture, with transmission and distribution losses

estimated at 7.4% and 12.5% respectively. (2) Adopting renewable technologies for distributed (captive) generation could reduce the need for long-distance transmission and consequently drive a reduction in

transmission losses. Also, considering the cost of augmenting the current wheeling capacity of 5,338MW, adopting a distributed generation model based on renewable

technologies can improve the economic efficiency of the existing electricity transportation infrastructure without necessarily increasing the wheeling capacity of the national grid network.

Having about 40% of grid electricity penetration, Nigeria requires massive

investments in the expansion of the grid infrastructure to absorb the 60% (mostly in rural areas) that are currently not connected to the grid. Non-grid connected

renewable energy technologies (like solar, wind and micro-hydro) can provide environmentally sustainable and more economically viable electricity than other sources that are dependent on fuel (like diesel and gas plants) for some of the 60%

that cannot be connected to the grid. For the 40% grid-connected consumers where the little available capacity is dependent on fossil fuel, which is susceptible to both

price volatility and price uncertainty, they incur the cost of volatility when there are large fluctuations in the prices of fuel. However, a balanced generating portfolio of both fossil and renewable technologies can reduce the impact of price volatility,

which can be absorbed by the lower operating costs of renewable technologies. Once again we see clearly the need to develop policy mechanisms that can promote the

widespread adoption of renewable technologies to ensure sustained affordability to consumers.

Nigeria currently faces the risk of economic recession because of dwindling revenue from crude oil sales, which accounts for 95% of export earnings (Uni, n.d.). There

exists an imperative necessity to diversify the economy and to reduce the current account dependence on fossil commodities. A major export opportunity exists for

Nigeria in the West African electricity market if the existing interconnectors are utilized to transport power to Benin, Togo, and Ghana where the electric ity demand significantly exceeds supply (Operator, n.d.). However, tapping into this latent market

will require significantly increasing available capacity. Nigeria has good untapped solar, wind and hydro resources that can support the desired expansion if an enabling

policy is designed to promote the exploitation of these sources of natural capital. The benefit of promoting green technologies will be evident in the development of " green industry" which could lead to positive net employment effects. A United Nations

Environment Program report found that the renewable energy industry employs more human capital than the fossil fuel industry. It also found that that the renewable

energy industry provides more jobs per unit of installed capacity, per unit of power


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produced and per unit of money invested when compared with fossil fuel-based generation (UNEP, n.d.).

Many Nigerians reside in isolated rural areas with no grid infrastructure and with little

or no future connection plans because of the huge infrastructural costs. Areas like the Niger Delta surrounded by massive bodies of water, the hilly areas in the East

surrounded by mountains and the forest surrounded settlements in the Northern part of the country have existed without electricity since the inception of Nigeria while some are fortunate to have diesel generating sets donated to them by development

agencies. For these rural localities, off-grid renewable technologies can provide cost-effective

and sustainable electricity, even as an alternative to the diesel plants donated to some. Providing power for them through renewable energy sources can displace the use of harmful archaic technologies like kerosene lamps and lanterns (figure 2), and wood

stoves. Other African countries like Kenya and Tanzania have successfully adopted similar initiatives (AIChe, n.d.). Renewable energy deployment in rural areas can

foster economic activities through the development and growth of agro-based cottage industries.

Figure 2 - Reading with a Kerosene Lamp

The gas resources that currently power Nigeria's electricity industry will be exhausted

some day, maybe not now but one day in the future. The replenishment of the extracted resources occurs through a process that takes millions of years to culminate


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into fossil resources. This means that we cannot replace what is being depleted in this lifetime and therefore must create alternatives that can help us reduce the rate of fossil

energy depletion. Although generating electricity from fossil fuel is relatively cheaper than some renewable sources, we cannot depend on an energy system that cannot

assure us of uninterrupted future supplies. Going back to my initial definition of energy availability (which is a fundamental component of energy security), sufficiency is a keyword for including an energy source in the generation portfolio.

Therefore, an energy source whose long-term availability cannot be sustained should not be entirely relied upon. In the light of the above, fossil fuels cannot be completely

depended on because their continuous availability is unsustainable, whereas renewable sources like wind, solar and water are inexhaustible, and their continuous availability is sustainable.

From an environmental perspective, the current national pattern of fossil fuel production and consumption will lead to increase in global greenhouse gas emissions,

and consequently, a rise in temperature levels, which may result in climatic changes detrimental to the agricultural industry and marine habitats that drive fishing activities - two key employment sources in Nigeria (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, n.d.).

In conclusion, when the future of the nation with regards to the security of energy supply and environmental changes are considered, the long-term benefits of

renewable electricity generation become evident as it provides a secure energy system.


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3. EXISTING POLICY MEASURES IN NIGERIA

In 2015, Nigeria enacted the National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

Policy (NREEEP), which outlined renewable energy targets and instruments to achieve the targets. Under this policy, the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) is mandated to promote a Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) guaranteed by

the Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading Company (NBET). The FiT came into effect in February 2016.

Establishing a guaranteed fixed income from electricity produced from

renewables for a defined period to ensure an adequate return on investment.

Providing renewable electricity generators access to the grid and an obligation

to purchase power generated.

Providing a fair competition between renewable and conventional electricity

generation; attracting private sector investment to fulcrum the establishment of a progressive renewables market.

The tables and figures below outline highlights of the policy and the policy measures. (NERC, n.d.) (Govt, n.d.)

Information Data

Cap 2000MW

Capacity Coverage 1MW - 30MW

Connection Type Grid Connected or Distributed Generation

Technologies Covered Wind (onshore), Small hydro (<30MW), Biomas (+MSW), Solar PV

Target 1000MW (2018) and 2000MW (2020)

Review Period 1st five years, then 3 years Regulator NERC

Contrat Method Power Purchase Agreement

Duration of PPA 15 years, with possibility of 5 years extension. Table 2 - Feed-in Tariff Highlights

Technology Capacity Limit (MW)

Solar 387

Wind 412

Small Hydro Power 675

Biomass 526 Table 3 - Technology Specific Targets


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Technology Capital Cost US$/kW

Fixed Cost US$/kW

Capacity Utilization Factor

Auxiliary Power Requirement

Useful Life (years)

Wind 1165 1823 32% 1% 20 Small

Hydro 1560 5064 45% 1% 20 Solar PV 2025 2228 19% 1% 20

Biomass 901 4861 60% 10% 20 Table 4 - Feed-in Tariff Computation Assumptions

Figure 3 - FiT Target Limit by Technology

Figure 4 - FiT Cost Assumptions

387412

675

526

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Solar Wind Small HydroPower

Biomass

Capacity Limit (MW)

Solar

Wind

Small Hydro Power

Biomass

1165

1560

2025

901

1823

5064

2228

4861

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Wind Small Hydro Solar PV Biomass

Capital Cost US$/kW

Fixed Cost US$/kW


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4. PROPOSED POLICY MEASURES

In this section, I will provide an overview of policy measures that can promote the

establishment of the renewable energy industry in Nigeria. Some of these measures (or tools) are either already in practice or still in the planning phase.

The current PPA available to feed in tariff generators is valid for 15 years with the possibility of a 5-year extension. However, extending the PPA up to 30 years may

even be more attractive to potential investors. This is because it allows the investor to spread his payback time and asset amortization over a longer period thereby reducing

the upward pressure on the feed-in tariff rate and the cost to electricity consumers.

This measure will improve investors' confidence in the viability of the renewables industry because returns are guaranteed over a time sufficient to recoup investments.

Reducing regulatory requirements for market entry in sustainable energy investments can drive investments in the renewable energy sectors. Currently, the feed- in tariff

regulation requires that an investor must procure electricity-generating license to qualify for the scheme. This will cost the investor money and time, and may discourage some. However, if the regulator waives the need for power generating

licenses for small-scale generators below a threshold (say <5MW) it can encourage investors to enter into the renewables industry.

Ease of entry will improve competition, drive cost-cutting innovations, help to reduce

government expenditure through feed-in tariff readjustments, and increase the value delivered to consumers by reduced price.

Feed-in tariffs assure the renewable electricity generator a defined price per unit of electricity. The tariff is designed to cover the period of support, which is usually 15 to

20 years. Some regulations cap the annual, or entire amount of capacity that can benefit from the feed- in tariff scheme. The sense of revenue assurance it creates

provides the investor a security of his investments and thus drives deployments. Nigeria enacted its first feed-in tariff program in February 2016.


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In addition to risk insurance and long-term PPAs, this initiative should create revenue assurance and a sense of investment security to investors. It would drive deployments.

With the imminent economic recession and a raging currency crisis, investors and foreign lenders currently view Nigeria as a high-risk destination for foreign direct

investments and project financing. Therefore, there is a need to develop policy measures for abating investors’ risk in renewable energy projects through an

insurance product specifically designed for renewables, to attract foreign investors and to improve credit conditions.

The poor supply of electricity in urban centers compels households to purchase generators, which produce electricity at a cost higher than grid electricity with even

consequences that outweigh the benefits they provide. According to reports, over 10,000 deaths were attributed to generator fumes between 2008 and 2014 (Vanguard,

n.d.). Creating a long-term credit finance modeled after a conventional installment loan system can promote private adoption of solar energy for residential use. The scheme will provide citizens the opportunity to acquire solar energy assets on credit

with the payment spread over an extended period, say five to six years. Government or official development assistance from development agencies may fund the project.

This is essential because the public lacks information on the usefulness of renewable products and may not be willing to make purchase investments directly on their own. This initiative will become even more attractive to the public and can draw huge

followership if the feed- in tariff scheme is restructured to accommodate and compensate small-scale generators in the region of 1kw to 30kw. For example, the

feed-in tariff in the United Kingdom pays small renewable energy producers with capacity less than 10kW (Ofgem, n.d.).

Two key direct results of this initiative will be a sharp reduction in noise and air pollutions from generators and death from generator fumes. Also, it will reduce

households' cost of gasoline purchases, reduce government expenditure on fuel subsidy because of reduced demand as 60 million Nigerians are estimated to self-

generate electricity with petrol (and some diesel) generators (Nigeria, n.d.) (Vanguard, n.d.); and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.


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To support the rapid deployment of clean and reliable energy in rural Nigeria, off-grid and mini-grid initiatives must be adopted to ensure cost effectiveness. This is because

installing renewable energy assets come with a one-off capital cost and negligible running costs whereas grid connection will require investment in grid infrastructure, the generating assets, and fossil fuel for running the generating assets. This is a

problem because the consumers cannot afford to buy electricity hence studies have shown that most rural inhabitants earn less than $2 per day (Development, n.d.).

Setting up the renewable electricity system requires huge upfront capital investments, and securing the finance for such projects often seem difficult because of huge risks

associated with project size, the market profile (lowest income earning class), lack of local expertise in the renewables, and lack of subsidy or government support. The

opposite is the case for grid connected electricity because financial institutions are readily willing to provide funds to generating companies with power purchase agreements. Therefore, solutions should be developed into policy measures to provide

financing succor, technical training, and cash grants for local entrepreneurs to establish small-scale off-grid or mini-grid applications.

It is my resolve to treat off-grid and mini-grid schemes as a sub-subject in this section. The policy measures that can drive the development of off-grid and mini-grid

based renewables are explained below.

An idea that originated in Zambia in 1998 and financed by Swedish International Development Corporation Agency (Institute, n.d.), generation facilities, usually solar

PV systems, are loaned to service companies with a repayment window up to 20 years, who then rents them to users at a fixed monthly price. The ESCO installs solar equipment such as PV cells and a battery storage system in households and small

business locations for a monthly service fee. This concept is identical to the broadband Internet industry where subscribers pay an installation fee and then a fixed

monthly rate as subscription fee. The ESCO earn a monthly fee for energy services delivered to their clients while they retain ownership of the solar PV and battery installed at consumer's site. Replicating this project in Nigeria will require the

partnership of the government and development agencies or microfinance institutions.

As proven by the Zambian project, this will increase energy access in remote locations, create local entrepreneurs and improve the standard of living in rural

places. This measure is most suitable to isolated communities in the Niger Delta and northern areas (see fig 3 and 4).


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The role of microfinance, a crucial rural development tool, cannot be ignored if rural electrification is a top priority. Developing a microfinance fund for mini-grid or

micro-grid projects will impact the deployment of renewable energy technologies like solar PV, micro-hydro and biomass-based plants (in areas with relatively high population density and potentials for grid expansion), and biomass cooking stoves.

The fund can be designed to finance mass projects rather than single household procurements like a modular solar PV system. For example, funding the development

of a solar irrigation pump for the entire village, or solar lamps and transistor radios distributed to the entire villagers. This is essential because individual households might have difficulties with repaying secured debts (single household procurement) to

the microfinance as their income levels are low, and the installations will not improve their earnings.

This initiative can replicate results similar to Grameen Shakti's Green Microcredit

Scheme (Shakti, n.d.) (world, n.d.). It will reduce the villagers’ expenditures on kerosene, improve the standard of living; create local technical expertise and increased access to energy in rural Nigeria.

Although there exists a subsidy program for gasoline in Nigeria, reports have suggested that the intended beneficiaries (the poor and vulnerable) do not benefit so

much from it because of corruption and mismanagement (IISD, n.d.). Therefore, it becomes imperative to redirect, at least, some of the fossil fuel subsidy funds to programs that will directly impact the poor and vulnerable in the society. Energy

poverty in Nigeria mostly affects rural inhabitants who cannot afford self-generation and therefore depend on traditional biomass, which they utilize in an unsafe and

unsustainable manner. Providing grid electricity for these rural settlers may be uneconomical because of huge infrastructural costs and a homogenous 1 load profile that can undermine returns. The most appropriate solution, therefore, is decentralized

renewable electricity with capital costs either wholly or partially subsidized by government grants (redirected from fossil fuel subsidies) or rural electrification

donors. The grant will reduce the capital cost of establishing the generating asset thereby increasing returns on investment, as the operating cost is negligible. So the issue of load homogeneity will have little impact on the overall operating profit of the

asset because renewable energy does not operate on fuel, except for biomass-based systems. Several East African countries have successfully developed the framework

for driving rural electrification through subsidy programs allocated as partial or whole grants to entrepreneurs investing in renewable energy systems, and this initiative is stimulating investments in new renewables-based generation. For example, the

1 Homogenous in this context implies a uniform consumption pattern of a short peak period and very

small demand for the rest of the day, which will require a generator to charge high prices to cover

dormant capacity.


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Energy for Rural Transformation (ERT) Project in Uganda provides business and development services to rural electrification investors and entrepreneurs and enables

market entry through cost-sharing grants (Agency, n.d.).

Drawing inferences from the ERT post- implementation impact assessment, this initiative is expected to improve access to energy for rural communities, create a

conducive academic environment as village based institutions can utilize computers, there will be an improvement in security as common areas become illuminated. Overall this should improve the standard of living and enable the development of

cottage industries in rural centers. This programme is expected to improve energy access to 53% of the Nigerian population as empirical data estimates the rural

population at approximately 53% (bank, n.d.).


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5. POTENTIAL BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT

When potential investors begin to consider investment opportunities in the Nigerian

renewables industry, the purview of their analysis may cover considerations beyond policy enablers (measures). They’ll instead be more concerned with the risk profile of the Nigerian renewables market and overall economy. Therefore, it is crucial to

discuss some of the potential risks that pose a threat to market entry and proffer solutions where necessary.

The government must ensure that outstanding debts owed to generating companies are

settled (Hub, n.d.), and effective measures are established to guarantee prompt payment to renewable electricity generators. The fear of bad debts could impede the attractiveness of well-structured policy enablers.

The lead-time for procuring permits and licenses must be cut down considerably by

establishing a one-stop-shop agency. One licensing body should handle all documentations

The Transmission Company of Nigeria should be allowed to raise capital from initial

public offering (capital market) to extend the grid network, as its current wheeling capacity of 5338MW might disincentivize investments in renewable electricity.


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6. CONCLUSION

Nigeria currently finds itself in an energy quagmire that has endured for decades. With a population of 180 million and only 40% grid electricity access, 3879MW of operational capacity constrained by gas supply bottlenecks, and a current account

balance that cannot sustain ambitious expansion projects, there is an urgent need to develop a cost-competitive alternative for reducing energy poverty, providing energy

security, and improving its citizens' access to electricity. Renewable energy technologies have the potential to serve this purpose as they have low operating costs and are best suited to decentralized electricity applications. However, since

renewables are less developed than conventional electricity generation technologies, the use of policy measures as support mechanisms is necessary for driving

deployments. Renewable energy technologies have the potential for providing sustainable and reliable electricity to 53% (bank, n.d.) of people living in rural Nigeria without access to electricity grid through off-grid and mini-grid projects, and

balancing the energy portfolio to dilute reliance on gas through the deployment of diverse applications in different areas of the country where renewable resources

abound.


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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 - Installed Capacity .......................................................................................... 4 Figure 2 - Reading with a Kerosene Lamp .................................................................... 7 Figure 3 - FiT Target Limit by Technology................................................................. 10 Figure 4 - FiT Cost Assumptions ................................................................................. 10 Figure 5 - Map of Niger Delta Area............................................................................. 21 Figure 6 - Isolated Village in the North ....................................................................... 22 Table 1 - Capacity Profile .............................................................................................. 4 Table 2 - Feed- in Tariff Highlights................................................................................ 9 Table 3 - Technology Specific Targets .......................................................................... 9 Table 4 - Feed- in Tariff Computation Assumptions .................................................... 10


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http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/01/nigeria-spends-n3-5trn-annually-on-power-generators/

http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16022IIED.pdf

https://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Projects/Climate/PV_ESCOs_phase_I_final_report_high.pdf



http://www.gshakti.org/

http://www.microworld.org/en/news-from-the-field/article/grameen-shakti-green-microcredit-success

http://www.microworld.org/en/news-from-the-field/article/grameen-shakti-green-microcredit-success

https://www.iisd.org/blog/fuel-subsidies-nigeria-there-are-better-ways-help-poor-and-economy-and-environment

https://www.iisd.org/blog/fuel-subsidies-nigeria-there-are-better-ways-help-poor-and-economy-and-environment

http://rea.or.ug/phocadownload/psf%20pip%20%20.pdf

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS

http://www.nigeriaelectricityhub.com/?p=6075


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APPENDIX

Figure 5 - Map of Niger Delta Area


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Figure 6 - Isolated Village in the North


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Policy measures for Renewables Nigeria

Documents