Project Management Body Of Knowledge Based on PMBOK 5 th Edition Ahmed Fekry Elshaboury, PMP [email protected] 1
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Project Management Body Of Knowledge
Based on PMBOK 5th Edition
Ahmed Fekry Elshaboury, PMP
Certification Test Eligibility Requirements
2
Category 1•Baccalaureate/equivalent degree
•Minimum of 4,500 hours of project
management experience within the five
process groups (Initiation, Planning,
Execution, Control, Closing)
• 3 years of project management
experience within the last 6 years (36
months of non-overlapping months of
PM experience).
• 35 contact hours of project management
education.
Category 2•High School diploma/equivalent degree
•Minimum of 7,500 hours of project
management experience within the five
process groups (Initiation, Planning,
Execution, Control, Closing)
• 5 years of project management
experience within the last 8 years (60
months of non-overlapping months of
PM experience).
• 35 contact hours of project management
education.
Project Management Institute Certificates
3
Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM)®
Project Management Professional (PMP)®
Program Management Professional (PgMP)®
PMI Agile Certified Practitioner (PMI-ACP)®
PMI Risk Management Professional (PMI-RMP)®
PMI Scheduling Professional (PMI-SP)®
OPM3® Professional Certification
5
• The Project Management Institute (PMI) is project management
professional institute with over 500,000 member. Established in 1969 and
located in USA.
• The PMBOK Guide contains the globally recognized standard and guide for
the project management profession describes established norms, methods,
processes, and practices.
• The first two sections of the PMBOK Guide provide an introduction to key
concepts in the project management field.
• Section 3 summarizes the Process Groups and provides an overview of
process interactions among the ten Knowledge Areas with the five Process
Groups.
• Sections 4 through 13 are the guide to the project management body of
knowledge.
6
• Chapter 1- Introduction
• Chapter 2- Project Life Cycle and Organizational structure.
• Chapter 3- Project Management Processes.
• Chapter 4- Project Integration Management.
• Chapter 5- Project Scope Management.
• Chapter 6- Project Time Management.
• Chapter 7- Project Cost Management.
• Chapter 8- Project Quality Management.
• Chapter 9- Project Human Resources Management.
• Chapter 10 – Project Communication Management.
• Chapter 11- Project Risk Management.
• Chapter 12- Project Procurement Management.
• Chapter 13- Project Stakeholder Management.
7
• Purpose of the PMBOK Guide.
• What is a Project?
• Portfolio Management / Program Management / Project Management /
Organizational Project Management
• What is Project Management ?
• PMO.
• Project Manager role.
• Business Value
• Project Selection
KEY TERMS
Purpose of the PMBOK Guide.
8
The PMBOK Guide identifies that subset of the project management body
of knowledge that is generally recognized as good practice.
“Generally recognized” means the knowledge and practices described
are applicable to most projects most of the time, and there is consensus
about their value and usefulness.
“Good practice” means there is general agreement that the application of
the knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques can enhance the chances of
success over many projects.
“Good practice” does not mean that the knowledge described should
always be applied uniformly to all projects. The organization and/or project
management team is responsible for determining what is appropriate for
any given project.
What is a project ?
• Project – temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique
product, service or result.
• Definite beginning and a definite end and interrelated activities.
• Progressively elaborated : Explore more details with the running
time. Each unique project will be progressively detailed as the project
is better understood.
• Does not mean short duration.
• A ability to perform a service, such as call center
• A result, such as research results or documents
• An improvement in an existing product or service.
• projects stop when declared objectives have been attained or
terminated when not achieving them.
Project / program / portfolio Management
Project Management:
the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities
in order to create a product, service or result to meet stakeholder needs and
expectations from a defined project – through the following:
Scope, time, cost, and quality
Requirements (needs) vs. unidentified requirements (expectations)
Program Management:Programs are groups of related projects have the same objectives and managed together to obtain benefits not available from managing the projects individually.
Portfolio Management:
portfolio refers to a collection of projects, programs, sub portfolios, and
operations managed as a group to achieve strategic objectives.
Portfolio management• Programs , projects , sub-projects
• Business objectives
• Programs and projects selection
11
Program management• Related projects
• Common benefits
• Coordinate projects with organization objectives.
• Comply with project management standards.
Business Value
Project management• Deliver product , service , result
• Responsible for deliverables quality
Stakeholder
Value
Quality
Deliverables
Organizational Project Management ( OPM ).
• OPM is a strategy execution framework utilizing project, program, and
portfolio management as well as organizational enabling practices to
consistently and predictably deliver organizational strategy producing
better performance, better results, and a sustainable competitive
advantage.
• Portfolio, program, and project management are aligned with or driven
by organizational strategies. It aligns with organizational strategies by
selecting the right programs or projects. Prioritizing the work, and
providing the needed resources.
• program management harmonizes its projects and program components
and controls interdependencies in order to realize specified benefits.
• Project management develops and implements plans to achieve a
specific scope that is driven by the objectives of the program or portfolio
Projects and Strategic Planning
• Projects are typically authorized as a result of one or more of the
following strategic considerations:
• Market demand.
• Strategic opportunity/business need.
• Social need.
• Environmental consideration.
• Customer request.
• Technological advance.
• Legal requirement
What is Project Management ?
• The application of knowledge, skills, tools, & techniques to project
activities to meet project requirements
• Project management is accomplished through the appropriate
application and integration of the 47 logically.
• grouped project management processes categorized into 5
process groups:
• Initiation
• Planning
• Execution
• Monitoring and Controlling
• Closure
• Due to the nature of change, managing project is iterative and goes
through progressive elaboration throughout the project’s lifecycle
• The relationship among these factors is such that if any one factor
changes, at least one other factor is likely to be affected.
• For example, if the schedule is shortened, often the budget needs
to be increased to add additional resources to complete the same
amount of work in less time. If a budget increase is not possible, the
scope or targeted quality may be reduced to deliver the project’s end
result in less time within the same budget amount.
• Changing project requirements or objectives may create additional
risks.
• The project team needs to be able to assess the situation, balance
the demands, and maintain proactive communication with
stakeholders in order to deliver a successful project
Organizational Process Assets ( OPA )
Organizational process assets are the plans, processes, policies, procedures,
and knowledge bases specific to and used by the performing organization.
Organizational process assets may be grouped
into two categories:
1- Processes, Procedures, and Policies.
2- Corporate Knowledge Base which include :
Historical information as a record of the past
projects. It is used to plan and manage future
projects. It includes :Lesson learned….WBS….Benchmarks….Reports….Risks
and risk response plans….Estimates….Resources used
Project management plans….Correspondence
17
Lessons learned
recorded in
company OPA
Project Lessons learned
from project
Update OPA
Other current
projects
Refer to both internal & external environmental factors that surround or influence a project’s success
As an input in almost all project management process
May enhance or constrain project management options
May have positive or negative influence on the outcome
Examples:
Organizational culture, structure,
and processes
Government or industry
standards
Infrastructure
Existing human resources
Personnel administration
Company work authorization
systems
Marketplace conditions
Stakeholder risk tolerances
Political climate
Organization’s established
Communications channels
Commercial databases
Project management information
18
Enterprise Environmental Factors. ( EEF )
A department that centralizes the management of projects.
usually takes one of three roles:
• Supportive :
Supportive PMOs provide a consultative role to projects by supplying templates,
best
practices, training, access to information and lessons learned from other
projects. This type of PMO serves as a project repository. The degree of control
provided by the PMO is low.
• Controlling:
Controlling PMOs provide support and require compliance through various
means.
Compliance may involve adopting project management frameworks or
methodologies, using specific templates, forms and tools, or conformance to
governance. The degree of control provided by the PMO is moderate.
• Directive. Directive PMOs take control of the projects by directly managing
the projects. The degree of control provided by the PMO is high.20
PMO Structure
• The project manager focuses on the specified project objectives,
while the PMO manages major program scope changes, which may be
seen as potential opportunities to better achieve business objectives.
• The project manager controls the assigned project resources to best
meet project objectives, while the PMO optimizes the use of shared
organizational resources across all projects.
• The project manager manages the constraints (scope, schedule,
cost, quality, etc.) of the individual projects,
• PMO manages the methodologies, standards, overall
risks/opportunities, metrics, and interdependencies among projects
at the enterprise level.
22
PMO Structure
23
Exercise:
Description Type oF PMO
1 Manages all projects throughout the organization Directive
2 Provides support and guidance, requires all projects within the
organization to use designated project management software
and templates, but doesn't otherwise exert control over the
project.
Controlling
3 Coordinates all projects within the organization Controlling or
Directive
4 Recommends common terminology, templates, and
reporting and other procedures to be used on projects
throughout the organization to promote consistency and
streamline effort
Supportive
5 Appoints project manager Directive
6 Prioritizes projects Directive
7 Has the highest level of control over projects Directive
24
Project vs Operation.
Projects
• To attain its objectives and
terminate
• Create own character,
organization, and goals
• Temporary endeavor
• Unique product or services
• Heterogeneous teams
• Start and end date
Operations
• To sustain the business
• Semi permanent charter,
organization, and goals
• Iterative
• Standard product or services
• Homogeneous teams
• Ongoing
Triple Constraints.
25
•The triple constraint
• time, cost, and scope describe the
project.
•Changing one constraint will affect one
or both of the other constraints.
•Quality is affected by all
three constraints and is, therefore, a
central theme. Quality is also defined by
the project scope and is an output of the
scope definition.
•The project constraints include
Scope, time, cost, quality,
risk, resources, and customer
Satisfaction.
• The project manager is the person assigned by the performing
organization to lead the team that is responsible for achieving the project
objectives.
• Project managers strive to meet the triple constraint by balancing
project scope, time, and cost goals.
• effective project management requires that the project manager possess
the following
competencies:
• Knowledge—Refers to what the project manager knows about project
management.
• Performance—Refers to what the project manager is able to do or accomplish.
• Personal—Refers to how the project manager behaves when performing the
project or related activity. Personal effectiveness encompasses attitudes, core
personality characteristics, and leadership.
Role of Project Manager
Business Value.
• Business value is a concept that is unique to each organization. Business
value is defined as the entire value of the business.
• It is the total sum of all tangible and intangible elements.
• Tangible elements include monetary assets, fixtures, stockholder equity, and
utility.
• Intangible elements include recognition, public benefit, and trademarks.
27
• Project Expeditor who acts primarily as a staff assistant and
communications coordinator. The expediter cannot personally make or
enforce decisions.
• Project Coordinator This position is similar to the project expediter, except
the coordinator has some power to make decisions, some authority, and
reports to a higher-level manager.
Stakeholders are persons or organizations who are actively involved in the project or whose interests may positively or negatively affected by the performance or completion of the project.
Stakeholders have varying levels of responsibility and authority and can change over the project life cycle
Project management team must continuously identify both external and internal stakeholders
Project manager must manage the influence of various stakeholders in relation to the requirements and balance stakeholders’ interest
Stakeholders.
Project governance enables organizations to consistently manage projects and maximize the value of project outcomes and align the projects with business strategy. It provides a frame work in which the project manager and sponsors can make decisions that satisfy both stakeholder needs and expectations and organizational strategic objectives or address circumstances where these may not be in alignment.
Project Stakeholders and Governance
shareholdersshareholdersshareholders
General meeting
Board of directors
CEO
Departmental
HeadDepartmental
Head
Departmental
Head
Employees [email protected]
Sponsor. A sponsor is the person or group who provides resources and support for the project and is accountable for enabling success. The sponsor may be external or internal to the project manager’s organization.
Customers and users. Customers are the persons or organizations who will approve and manage the project’s product, service, or result. Users are the persons or organizations who will use the project’s product, service, or result.
Sellers. Sellers, also called vendors, suppliers, or contractors, are external companies that enter into a contractual agreement to provide components or services necessary for the project.
Business partners.
Functional Managers.
Governmental Authorities.
Subject Matter Expert.
Stakeholders examples.
32
Project Management Framework
Chapter 2
Project Life Cycle and Organizational structure
33
• Organizational Influences on Project Management.
• Project Stakeholders and Governance.
• Project Team.
• Project Life Cycle.
KEY TERMS
Functional Organization
35
Is grouped by areas of specialization. Project generally occur within a single department
36
Advantages Disadvantages
Easier management of
specialists.
The project manager has little or
no authority.
Team members report only to one
superior.
No career path in project
management.
Similar resources are centralized,
as the company is grouped by
specialists.
People focus more on their original
tasks than their tasks in the
project.
Clearly defined career paths in
areas of work specialization.
Communications is complex.
Functional Organization
38
Advantages Disadvantages
Efficient project organization Lack of specialization in disciplines
Team loyalty to the project No "home" for team members when
project is completed
More effective communications
than functional
May result in less efficient use of
resources
The project manager has full power
on project.
Projectized Organization
42
Advantages Disadvantages
Improved project manager control
over resources.
Extra administration is required.
More support from functional areas. Project team members have more
than one boss.
Maximum utilization of scarce
resources.
More complex to monitor and
control.
Better horizontal and vertical
dissemination of information.
Resource allocation is more
complex.
Team members maintain a "home“. Functional managers may have
different priorities than project
managers.
Matrix Organization
Project Life Cycle
45
Project life cycle
types
Adaptive life
cycle
Iterative &
incremental life
cycle
Predictive life
cycle
• A project life cycle is the series of phases that a project passes through from its
initiation to its closure.
• Project life cycle is what you want to do to execute the project.
• A product has a life cycle (from its conception to its withdrawal from the
marketplace)
Predictive life cycle ( plan driven )
46
• Plan-driven projects have predictive life cycles (sometimes referred to
as waterfall or traditional life cycles) that require scope, schedule, and
cost to be determined in detail early in the life of the project.
• The planning can be done for the entire project at a detailed level from
the beginning of the project or one can do rolling wave planning
(progressive elaboration) with high level details.
Iterative & Incremental Life Cycle.
47
• The project is split up into phases which can be either sequential or overlapping.
• Early planning of high-level scope sufficient enough to allow for preliminary
estimates of time and cost; scope is developed a little more with each iteration.
Incremental delivers a complete, usable portion of the product for each
iteration. With iterative, the complete concept is built in successive levels of
detail to create the end result.
•. Compared to waterfall, iterative development allows flexibility in
accommodating new requirements or changes thereof.
Iteration 0 iteration 1 iteration as needed iteration
Project setup
planPlan Dev. & test
feedbackPlan Dev. & test
feedback
Plan Dev. & test
Adaptive Life Cycle ( change driven / agile ).
48
• The project is split up into phases or iterations which can be sequential or
overlapping.
• Adaptive life cycles are used in applications areas such as IT where there is
a rapid change, sometimes the processes within the iterations can even go in
parallel.
• Involves fixed time and cost, and scope is broadly defined with the
understanding that it will be refined as the project progresses. The customer's
requirements are documented and prioritized in what's known as a backlog,
which can be adjusted as the project progresses
InitiateAccepted build
Iteration
project
Daily build
49
Topic Predictive Iterative Adaptive (agile)
Phases Sequential, overlapping Sequential, overlappingSequential, overlapping,
parallel
High-Level Scope Yes Yes Yes
Detailed Scope At beginning of project Only for each phaseOnly for each phase or
iteration
High-Level Planning Yes Yes Yes
Detailed PlanningAt beginning of project
OR rolling waveOnly for each phase
Only for each phase or
iteration
Changes
At initial phases can be
accommodated. Cost overruns
as late it comes up during
project Lifecycle .
Taken care with less cost
impact during the planning of
the next iteration .
Taken care even more rapid
changes every 2-4 weeks with
less cost impact during
planning of next iteration .
Risk The risk of change/ feedback
is huge at later stages/ phases
.
The risk of change/ feedback
is less as iterations reduce it
naturally .
The risk of change/ feedback
is least as iterations are too
small and reduces it naturally .
When Used Product is well understood Large and complex projects
Product is not well
understood, rapidly changing
environments
Delivery At the end of the project At the end of each iteration
Delivery happens very rapidly
after each 2-4 weeks and
customer get the value
delivered very frequently .
Customer involvementBeginning, when scope
changes, and project endPeriodic Continuous
Characteristics of Project Life Cycle
• Cost and staffing levels are low
at the start, peak as the work is
carried out, and drop rapidly as the
project draws to a close.
• Stakeholder influences, risk, and
uncertainty, are greatest at the
start of the project.
• The cost of changes and
correcting errors typically
increases substantially as the
project approaches completion.
Project Phases
51
• A project may be divided into any number of phases. A project phase is a collection of
logically related project activities that culminates in the completion of one or more
deliverables.
• Project phases are used when the nature of the work to be performed is unique to a portion
of the project.
Project Management Process Groups
54
• Initiating Process Group
Defines and authorizes the project or a project phase.
• Planning Process Group
Defines and refines objectives, and plans the course of action required to attain the
objectives and scope that the project was undertaken to address.
• Executing Process Group
Integrates people and other resources to carry out the project management plan for the
project.
• Monitoring and Controlling Process Group
Regularly measures and monitors progress to identify variances from the project
management plan so that corrective action can be taken when necessary to meet
project objectives
• Closing Process Group
Formalizes acceptance of the product and brings the project / project phase to an end
Questions .
57
1. Understanding the culture, and procedures of the organization in which
the project is being performed is MOST challenging in:
A. Global organizations.
B. Manufacturing organizations.
C. Small organizations.
D. Agile organizations.
Questions .
58
1. Understanding the culture, and procedures of the organization in which
the project is being performed is MOST challenging in:
A. Global organizations.
B. Manufacturing organizations.
C. Small organizations.
D. Agile organizations.
Answer : A
Questions .
59
2. In a projectized organization, the project team:
A. Reports to many bosses.
B. Has no loyalty to the project.
C. Reports to the functional manager.
D. Will not always have a home.
Questions .
60
2. In a projectized organization, the project team:
A. Reports to many bosses.
B. Has no loyalty to the project.
C. Reports to the functional manager.
D. Will not always have a home.
Answer : D
Questions .
61
3. A project manager is trying to complete a software development project,
but cannot get enough attention for the project. Resources are focused on
completing process-related work, and the project manager has little authority
to assign resources. What form of organization must the project manager be
working in?
A. Functional
B. Matrix
C. Expediter
D. Coordinator
Questions .
62
3. A project manager is trying to complete a software development project,
but cannot get enough attention for the project. Resources are focused on
completing process-related work, and the project manager has little authority
to assign resources. What form of organization must the project manager be
working in?
A. Functional
B. Matrix
C. Expediter
D. Coordinator
Answer : A
Questions .
63
4. A project manager has very little project experience, but he has been
assigned as the project manager of a new project. Because he will be
working in a matrix organization to complete his project, he can expect
communications to be:
A. Simple.
B. Open and accurate.
C. Complex.
D. Hard to automate.
Questions .
64
4. A project manager has very little project experience, but he has been
assigned as the project manager of a new project. Because he will be
working in a matrix organization to complete his project, he can expect
communications to be:
A. Simple.
B. Open and accurate.
C. Complex.
D. Hard to automate.
Answer : C
Explanation Because a project done in a matrix organization involves people
from across the organization, communications are more [email protected]
Questions .
65
5. A project team member is talking to another team member and
complaining that many people are asking him to do things. If he works in a
functional organization, who has the power to give direction to the team
member?
A. The project manager.
B. The functional manager.
C. The team.
D. The PMO
Questions .
66
5. A project team member is talking to another team member and
complaining that many people are asking him to do things. If he works in a
functional organization, who has the power to give direction to the team
member?
A. The project manager.
B. The functional manager.
C. The team.
D. The PMO
Answer : B
Questions .
67
6. Two project managers have just realized that they are in a weak matrix
organization and that their power as project managers is quite limited. One
figures out that he is really a project expediter, and the other realizes he is
really a project coordinator.
How is a project expediter different from a project coordinator?
A. The project expediter cannot make decisions.
B. The project expediter can make more decisions.
C. The project expediter reports to a higher-level manager.
D. The project expediter has some authority.
Questions .
68
6. Two project managers have just realized that they are in a weak matrix
organization and that their power as project managers is quite limited. One
figures out that he is really a project expediter, and the other realizes he is
really a project coordinator.
How is a project expediter different from a project coordinator?
A. The project expediter cannot make decisions.
B. The project expediter can make more decisions.
C. The project expediter reports to a higher-level manager.
D. The project expediter has some authority.
Answer : A
Questions .
69
7. All of the following are characteristics of a project EXCEPT:
A. It is temporary.
B. It has a definite beginning and end.
C. It has interrelated activities.
D. It repeats itself every month.
Questions .
70
7. All of the following are characteristics of a project EXCEPT:
A. It is temporary.
B. It has a definite beginning and end.
C. It has interrelated activities.
D. It repeats itself every month.
Answer : D
Questions .
71
8. A framework for keeping an organization focused on its overall strategy is:
A. Organizational project management.
B. The PMBOK Guide.
C. Project governance.
D. Portfolio management.
Questions .
72
8. A framework for keeping an organization focused on its overall strategy is:
A. Organizational project management.
B. The PMBOK Guide.
C. Project governance.
D. Portfolio management.
Answer : A
Questions .
73
9. A project manager is managing his second project. It started one month
after the first, and both are in process. Though his first project is small, this
one seems to be growing in size every day. As each day passes, the project
manager is beginning to feel more and more in need of help. The project
manager has recently heard that there was another project in the company
last year that is similar to his second project. What should he do?
A. Contact the other project manager and ask for assistance.
B. Obtain historical records and guidance from the project management
office (PMO).
C. Wait to see if the project is impacted by the growth in scope.
D. Make sure the scope of the project is agreed to by all the stakeholders.
Questions .
74
9. A project manager is managing his second project. It started one month
after the first, and both are in process. Though his first project is small, this
one seems to be growing in size every day. As each day passes, the project
manager is beginning to feel more and more in need of help. The project
manager has recently heard that there was another project in the company
last year that is similar to his second project. What should he do?
A. Contact the other project manager and ask for assistance.
B. Obtain historical records and guidance from the project management
office (PMO).
C. Wait to see if the project is impacted by the growth in scope.
D. Make sure the scope of the project is agreed to by all the stakeholders.
Answer : [email protected]
Questions .
75
10-To obtain support for the project throughout the performing organization,
it's BEST if the project manager:
A. Ensures there is a communications management plan.
B. Correlates the need for the project to the organization's strategic plan.
C. Connects the project to the personal objectives of the sponsor.
D. Ensures that the management plan includes the management of team
members.
Questions .
76
10-To obtain support for the project throughout the performing organization,
it's BEST if the project manager:
A. Ensures there is a communications management plan.
B. Correlates the need for the project to the organization's strategic plan.
C. Connects the project to the personal objectives of the sponsor.
D. Ensures that the management plan includes the management of team
members.
Answer : B
Questions .
77
11. Your management has decided that all orders will be treated as
"projects" and that project managers will be used to update orders daily, to
resolve issues, and to ensure the customer formally accepts the product
within 30 days of completion. Revenue from the individual orders can vary
from US $100 to US $150,000. The project manager will not be required to
perform planning or provide documentation other than daily status. How
would you define this situation?
A. Because each individual order is a "temporary endeavor;' each order is a
project.
B. This is program management since there are multiple projects involved.
C. This is a recurring process.
D. Orders incurring revenue over $100,000 would be considered projects
and would involve project management.
Questions .
78
11. Your management has decided that all orders will be treated as
"projects" and that project managers will be used to update orders daily, to
resolve issues, and to ensure the customer formally accepts the product
within 30 days of completion. Revenue from the individual orders can vary
from US $100 to US $150,000. The project manager will not be required to
perform planning or provide documentation other than daily status. How
would you define this situation?
A. Because each individual order is a "temporary endeavor;' each order is a
project.
B. This is program management since there are multiple projects involved.
C. This is a recurring process.
D. Orders incurring revenue over $100,000 would be considered projects
and would involve project management.
Answer : C
Explanation: Because orders are numerous and of short duration, this
situation is a recurring process, not a [email protected]
Questions .
79
12. What is a program?
A. An initiative set up by management.
B. A means to gain benefits and control of related projects.
C. A group of unrelated projects managed in a coordinated way.
D. A government regulation.
Questions .
80
12. What is a program?
A. An initiative set up by management.
B. A means to gain benefits and control of related projects.
C. A group of unrelated projects managed in a coordinated way.
D. A government regulation.
Answer : B
Questions .
81
13- Lessons learned are best completed by :
A. The project manager.
B. The project team.
C. The sponsor.
D. The stakeholders.
Questions .
82
13- Lessons learned are best completed by :
A. The project manager.
B. The project team.
C. The sponsor.
D. The stakeholders.
Answer : D
Questions .
83
14- What type of organization is BEST for managing complex projects
involving cross disciplinary efforts?
A. Projectized.
B. Functional.
C. Line.
D. Matrix.
Questions .
84
14- What type of organization is BEST for managing complex projects
involving cross disciplinary efforts?
A. Projectized.
B. Functional.
C. Line.
D. Matrix.
Answer : D
Questions .
85
15- In which project management process group is the detailed project
budget created?
A. Initiating.
B. Before the project management process.
C. Planning.
D. Executing
Questions .
86
15- In which project management process group is the detailed project
budget created?
A. Initiating.
B. Before the project management process.
C. Planning.
D. Executing
Answer : C
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