Proceedings of the 7 th Iniernationol Workmg Conference on Stored-product Protection. - VOlume 2 Plesiocis Sp. (Coleoptera: Ciidae) - A pest insect infesting the Mount Tai gloosy ganoderma in Shandong province, China Yan jian", Guan Lianghua'", Xie Genfa 2 , Wang Shouguo", Zhang Chengbiao". Lu Lmg 1 and Lai Fan l Abstract The Mount Tal gloosy ganoderma (Ganoderrna lucidum) a pnceless Chinese medicine fungi, which can prevent people from decrepitude and some cancer, IS an Important economic product for export. Since 1994, the pest Plesiocis sp., genus species With no record m Chma, has been damaging these fungi and Its product so senously that some medicine quality reduced, pnce lowered, and some even became useless at all ThIS paper WIll focus on ItS morphology, biology and control, etc. Materials and Methods Preparing for observation of morphological characteristics The pest Insects were collected from the Mount Tal gloosy ganoderma in 1994 m Shandong Province, reared m these fungi m big beaker (500 ml ), covered WIth gauze, incubated at laboratory temperature. Size test with Irving specimen except the dry adult. Preparing for biological research Fresh eggs withm 12 hrs were put on wet filter paper in culture container at 25 ± O. 5°C in incubator. Every first instar larva within 12 hrs after hatching was put on a thm piece of the Ganoderma lucidum in the same condrnon for observation of development every day Results and Discussion The identification of Plesiocis The insect's body of this genus is shorter and broader. The ELIEW IS less than 1.5 and the prosternum in front of coxae is slIghtly longer than mtercoxal process Its outer apIcal angle of pro tIbia round 4 WIthout spmose, vesture 1 Qmgdao Annnal and Plant Quarantme Bureau, Qmgdao 266002, Chma 2 TlanJIll Ammal and Plant Quarantme Bureau, TlanJm 300457, ChIna consisting of short, stout bristles, apex of pronotum m male possessing 2 horns and 4 sharp teeth on the frontoclypeal bridge, antenna 9-segmented, metasternum suture present The updated information shows that there IS no other species but the new one recorded In this genus In Chma and a new species perhaps Morphological characteristics Adult (Fig. 1, 2, 3) female body was length 2 - 2.5 mm , WIdth 0 .9 - 1.0 mm, shorter cylmder shapes, dorsal hump, out of SIght of head in dorsal VIew, yellow brown to black colour, densely short-straight setae Pronotum semi-circle shape, WIdth longer than length; Arc antenor margin without any process there; small lateral margin. Black compound eyes and anteclypeus, yellow colour, scape smaller than the first flagellum than pedicel The first flagellum IS bigger, CIrcle shape, the second and third are thinner, the forth, the fifth and the SIxth are smallest, the same SIze; the club seventh, eighth and nmth, the biggest one WIth densely fine hairs Femur enlargement, tarsus are 4-4-4 type, tarsus 1 plus 2 plus 3 IS shorter than half-length of 4; five visible abdominal stermtes are free Elytra have densely short standing-up hairs, very small scrobes, and five stnps inside, but the third one reach only the middle of the elytra Its lund wing has stigma and other black spots In the apical angle and the outer top of remigrum area respectively. Male's body length is 2.35 - 2.75 mm, Width is 1.0 mm, Its colour IS black brown to very black colour except bright antenna and appendages, and two pairs of small angulus processes at the same base respectively locate on the anteclypeus. The pronotum front equipped with 2 big angulate processes. Other descriptions are the same as female Pupae (FIg. 6) IS white colour. Body length IS 1.8 mm and the Width is O. 7mm Male pupa has two angulate processes in the front margin of pronotum. Larvae (FIg 4): The first mstar IS white colour (the commg instars gradually blackened). Its body length IS 0.8 mm and Width IS 0.2 mm Every mstar WIth 3 black spots m hne near the poSItion of future compound eyes, of whIch the distance of outer two spots two times IS more than that of the mner two ones. Egg (FIg 5): WhIte colour and long-oval shape. 1807
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Proceedings of the 7 th Iniernationol Workmg Conference on Stored-product Protection. - VOlume 2
Plesiocis Sp. (Coleoptera: Ciidae) - A pest insect infesting theMount Tai gloosy ganoderma in Shandong province, China
Yan jian", Guan Lianghua'", Xie Genfa2, Wang Shouguo", Zhang Chengbiao". Lu Lmg1 and Lai Fanl
Abstract
The Mount Tal gloosy ganoderma (Ganoderrna lucidum) apnceless Chinese medicine fungi, which can prevent peoplefrom decrepitude and some cancer, IS an Important economicproduct for export. Since 1994, the pest Plesiocis sp.,genus species With no record m Chma, has been damagingthese fungi and Its product so senously that some medicinequality reduced, pnce lowered, and some even becameuseless at all ThIS paper WIll focus on ItS morphology,biology and control, etc.
Materials and Methods
Preparing for observation of morphologicalcharacteristics
The pest Insects were collected from the Mount Talgloosy ganoderma in 1994 m Shandong Province, reared mthese fungi m big beaker (500 ml ), covered WIth gauze,incubated at laboratory temperature. Size test with Irvingspecimen except the dry adult.
Preparing for biological research
Fresh eggs withm 12 hrs were put on wet filter paper inculture container at 25 ± O. 5°C in incubator. Every firstinstar larva within 12 hrs after hatching was put on a thmpiece of the Ganoderma lucidum in the same condrnon forobservation of development every day
Results and Discussion
The identification of Plesiocis
The insect's body of this genus is shorter and broader.The ELIEW IS less than 1.5 and the prosternum in front ofcoxae is slIghtly longer than mtercoxal process Its outerapIcal angle of pro tIbia round 4 WIthout spmose, vesture
1 Qmgdao Annnal and Plant Quarantme Bureau, Qmgdao 266002,Chma
2 TlanJIll Ammal and Plant Quarantme Bureau, TlanJm 300457,ChIna
consisting of short, stout bristles, apex of pronotum m malepossessing 2 horns and 4 sharp teeth on the frontoclypealbridge, antenna 9-segmented, metasternum suture presentThe updated information shows that there IS no other speciesbut the new one recorded In this genus In Chma and a newspecies perhaps
Morphological characteristics
Adult (Fig. 1 , 2, 3) female body was length 2 - 2.5 mm ,WIdth 0 .9 - 1.0 mm, shorter cylmder shapes, dorsal hump,out of SIght of head in dorsal VIew, yellow brown to blackcolour, densely short-straight setae Pronotum semi-circleshape, WIdth longer than length; Arc antenor marginwithout any process there; small lateral margin. Blackcompound eyes and anteclypeus, yellow colour, scapesmaller than the first flagellum than pedicel The firstflagellum IS bigger, CIrcle shape, the second and third arethinner, the forth, the fifth and the SIxth are smallest, thesame SIze; the club seventh, eighth and nmth, the biggestone WIth densely fine hairs Femur enlargement, tarsus are4-4-4 type, tarsus 1 plus 2 plus 3 IS shorter than half-lengthof 4; five visible abdominal stermtes are free Elytra havedensely short standing-up hairs, very small scrobes, and fivestnps inside, but the third one reach only the middle of theelytra Its lund wing has stigma and other black spots In theapical angle and the outer top of remigrum area respectively.Male's body length is 2.35 - 2.75 mm, Width is 1.0 mm,
Its colour IS black brown to very black colour except brightantenna and appendages, and two pairs of small angulusprocesses at the same base respectively locate on theanteclypeus. The pronotum front equipped with 2 bigangulate processes. Other descriptions are the same asfemalePupae (FIg. 6) IS white colour. Body length IS 1.8 mm
and the Width is O. 7mm Male pupa has two angulateprocesses in the front margin of pronotum.Larvae (FIg 4): The first mstar IS white colour (the
commg instars gradually blackened). Its body length IS 0.8mm and Width IS 0.2 mm Every mstar WIth 3 black spots mhne near the poSItion of future compound eyes, of whIch thedistance of outer two spots two times IS more than that ofthe mner two ones.Egg (FIg 5): WhIte colour and long-oval shape.
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Proceedings oi the 7th Iniernaiionol War'king Conference an Stored-oroduct Protection - Volume 2
Fig.1. Plesiocis sp. Male, dosal view, and antenna.
Fig. 2. Plesiocis sp. Male, ventral vrew (Photo by Yanjian) .
Fig.3. Piesiocis sp. Female, ventral view (Photo by YanIian) .
Fig. 4. Plesiocis sp. Larvae, dosal view (Photo by Yanhan) .
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Proceedinqs of the 7th International Working Conference on Stored-proluct. Protection - Vol1tme 2
Fig.5. Plesiocis sp. Egg (Photo by Yan Iian) ,
Fig. 6. Plesiocis sp. Pupea, ventral view (Photo by Yan[ian) ,
Biological habits
Life cycle of Plesiocis sp. consists of four stages includingegg, larvae (first instar, second instar and third instar),pupae and adult. Both larvae and adult can bore and eat.Individual observation sbows the larvae can grow into adultin its single boring channel, or ccme out of the channel afteremergence and then bore into another channel for eatingcontinuously. Eggs were found scattering or gathering onthe surface of or inside the ganoderma. The larvae tend tospread into their own channel and secret a lot of excrement.Adults like to bore and feed together and fail to fly.At the constant temperature of 2YC in the incubator, the
mean hatching period is 6.5 days, the larvae period is 30.5days and the pupae period is 6 days. Adult begins to lay eggs25 days after mating. Egg peak comes after the 10th day andthen decreases. About 12 eggs or so collected per female.Eggs were broken when relative humidity 60% below whileeggs were parasitized hy mould when 85% RH above.The updated information suggests only gloosy ganoderma
as its hosts.
Damage (Fig. 7, 8 and 9)
The pest insects were found infesting the weak gloosyganoderma in the field, especially the roots and stems. Afterharvest, they transfer to damage the good host. Larvae andthe adults always feed together on the host until nothing leftexcept the skin in the end. Sometimes more than 50 insectscrowded in the bored cave of a stem top. Larvae likes tospread out to ccnsume the host and secret excrement in theirchannel, so that the higher moisture foster the mouldgrowing quickly, with the other factors the ganoderrnaeither reduces its medicine quality or even fails to utilizethoroughly.
Control strategy
The above information leads to a control strategy todepress the field population to a limit level as the first step,tben harvest selection, dry and sanitary condition, check ontime and protection by phosphine in storage period.Fumigation treatment by methyl-bromide (CH3Br) should becarried out before being exported.
Discussion
This species is similar to Cis milwgensis (with 10antenna segments) but different with a bigger body and 9antenna segments, also similar to Ennearthran sp. (with 2angulatus processes) but different. with a bigger body and 2pairs of angulate processes on anteclypeus. The singlespecies P. cribru:m remained in this genus hy John F.Lawrence in 1971 is also similar to this one but differentwith a smaller body and metasternal suture.
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Proceedings of the 7th International Working Conference on Siored-proiuct: Protection - Volume 2
Fig. 7. Damage by populated Plesiocis sp. (Photo by Yanjian) .
Fig. 8. The boring channel of Plesiocis sp. (Photo by Yanjian) .
Fig. 9. Only rubbish left after damage by Plesiocis sp.(Photo by Yan .lian).
Because of the important medical value for its protectingpeople from decrepitude and cancer. it refers to thisnecessary research. Effective control over the fieldpopulation, pre-harvest selection, sanitary measures andprotection by phosphine in stored period can be applied inpractice. Of course, obvious lack of enough informationabout this pest, such as their hosts, spread accesses, yearlyincrease model of field population, and efficient manage-means, it is needed to conduct more research in the future.
Acknowledgement
Our sincere thanks should be extended to Mr. DengShanying, the director of plant quarantine department, forhis warm-hearted support; Professor Zhang Shengfang, thePlant Quarantine Institute, Beijing, for his help onclassification; Mr. Hu Laizhong and Mrs. Li Cuifang for thegloosy ganoderma samples; Mr. Yan Shiguo for his Internetservice.
References
China Medical Materials Company, 1990. Alta of storedproduct insects in Chinese medical (in Chinese). TianjinScience and Technology Press.Charles T. Bruce et al., 1954. Classification of Insects.Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoologyat Harvard
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Proceedmqe of the 7th Internatumal Working Conference on Stored-prcduci Protection - Yolume 2
College Vol 108Guan Lianghua , Chen Lanfen and Yang Shaojun , 1994.Some stored-product insects of mcreasmg Importance inChma Ed by E. HIghley et al. Proceedings of the 6thInternational Working Conference on Stored-ProductionProtection Vol 1, pp 523 - 524John F Lawrence, 1971. Revision of the North Amencan
Cudae (Coleoptera). Bull Mus. Comp Zoology, 142, 5,419 - 522 Harvard Unrversrty. 5 B. H. Tsai, 1973Entomology. SCIence PressMutsuo Miyatake , 1954 Studies on the Japanese Cudae(Coleoptera). Published by the Matsuyama AgriculturalCollege, Matsuyama , Japan.
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