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Prunus serotina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Black cherry" redirects here. For other uses, seeBlack Cherry
(disambiguation).
Prunus serotina
Flowers and leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
(unranked):Angiosperms
(unranked):Eudicots
(unranked):Rosids
Order:Rosales
Family:Rosaceae
Genus:Prunus
Subgenus:Padus[1]
Species:P. serotina
Binomial name
Prunus serotinaEhrh.
Natural range ofPrunus serotina
Prunus serotina, commonly calledblack cherry,wild black
cherry,rum cherry,[2]ormountain black cherry, is a woody plant
species belonging to the genusPrunus. Thischerryis native to
easternNorth America: fromeastern Canadathrough
southernQuebecandOntario; south through theeastern United
StatestoTexasand centralFlorida; with disjunct populations
inArizonaandNew Mexico; and in the mountains
ofMexicoandGuatemala.[3]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina" \l
"cite_note-usda-4" [4]
Immature fruit
Closeup of mature bark
Closeup of immature bark
A mature black cherry can easily be identified in a forest by
its very broken, dark grey to black bark, which has the appearance
of very thick, burnt cornflakes. However, for about the first
decade or so of its life, the bark is thin, smooth, and striped,
resembling that of abirch. It can also quickly be identified by its
long, shiny leaves resembling those of asourwood, and by an
almond-like odor released when a young twig is scratched and held
close to the nose.[5]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina" \l
"cite_note-6" [6]Contents
[hide] 1Subspecies 2Ecology and cultivation 3Biochemistry 4Uses
5See also 6ReferencesSubspecies[edit]The twosubspeciesofPrunus
serotina:[7] P. s.subsp.serotina- Canada, United States
P. s.subsp.capuli(Cav.) McVaugh Mexico, Guatemala
The typical subsp.P. s. serotinais sometimes further divided
into fourvarieties, var.serotinain the east of the range,
var.eximiain Texas, and vars.rufulaandvirensin Arizona, New Mexico
and Texas.[4]Black cherry is closely related to
thechokecherry(Prunus virginiana); chokecherry, however, is
classified as a shrub or small tree and has smaller, less glossy
leaves
Ecology and cultivation[edit]P. serotinais apioneer species. In
theMidwest, it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other
sunlight-loving species, such asblack walnut,black locust,
andhackberry. Gleason and Cronquist (1991) describeP. serotinaas
"[f]ormerly a forest tree, now abundant as a weed-tree of
roadsides, waste land, and forest-margins."[8]It is a moderately
long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is
prone to storm damage, with branches breaking easily; any decay
resulting, however, only progresses slowly. Seed production begins
around 10 years of age, but does not become heavy until 30 years
and continues up to 100 years. Germination rates are high, and the
seeds are widely dispersed by birds who eat the fruit and then
excrete them. Some seeds however may remain in thesoil bankand not
germinate for as long as three years. AllPrunusspecies have hard
seeds that benefit fromscarificationto germinate (which in nature
is produced by passing through an animal's digestive tract).[3]
Autumn foliage
P.serotinais also a host ofcaterpillarsof
variousLepidoptera(seeList of Lepidoptera which feed onPrunus).
Theeastern tent caterpillardefoliates entire groves some
springs.
Black knotinfection
P.serotinawas widely introduced into Western and Central Europe
as anornamental tree[9]in the mid 20th century,[10]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina" \l
"cite_note-EJPAU-11" [11]where it has become
locallynaturalized.[9]It has acted as aninvasive speciesthere,
negatively affecting forest communitybiodiversityand
regeneration.[12]P. s.subsp.capuliwas cultivated in Central and
South America well before European
contact.[13]Biochemistry[edit]Likeapricots, the seeds of black
cherries contain compounds that can be converted intocyanide, such
asamygdalin.[14]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina" \l
"cite_note-15" [15]These compounds releasehydrogen cyanidewhen the
seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down
the compounds. These enzymes includeamygdalin
beta-glucosidase,prunasin beta-glucosidaseandmandelonitrile
lyase.[16]In contrast, although the flesh of cherries also contain
these compounds, they do not contain the enzymes needed to produce
cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.[17]The foliage, particularly
when wilted, containscyanogenic glycosides, which convert
tohydrogen cyanideif eaten by animals.[18]Farmers are recommended
to remove any trees that fall in a field containing livestock,
because the wilted leaves could poison the animals. Removal is not
always practical, though, because they often grow in very large
numbers on farms, taking advantage of the light brought about by
mowing and grazing. Entire fencerows can be lined with this
poisonous tree, making it difficult to monitor all the branches
falling into the grazing area. Black cherry is a leading cause of
livestock illness, and grazing animals' access to it should be
limited.
Uses[edit]The fruit ofPrunus serotinais suitable for
makingjamandcherry pies,[19]and has some use in flavoringliqueurs;
they are also a popular flavoring forsodasandice creams. The black
cherry is commonly used instead of sweet cherries (Prunus avium) to
achieve a sharper taste. It is also used in cakes which include
dark chocolate, such as aBlack Forest gateauand as garnishes
forcocktails.[citation needed]The wood ofP.serotinais also used for
cooking andsmokingfoods, where it imparts a unique flavor.
P.serotinatimberis valuable; perhaps the premiercabinetrytimber
of the U.S., traded as "cherry". It is known for its strong red
color and high price. Its density when dried is around
580kg/m3(980lb/cuyd).[20]P.serotinatrees are sometimes planted
ornamentally.
See also[edit]
Trees portal
Cherry Grove, New York, named forP. serotina, which
isindigenousto the area
References[edit]1. Jump up^Rehder, A. 1940, reprinted
1977.Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America
exclusive of the subtropical and warmer temperate regions.
Macmillan publishing Co., Inc, New York.2. Jump up^"BSBI List
2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived fromthe
original(XLS)on 2015-02-25. Retrieved2014-10-17.3. ^Jump up
to:abMarquis, D. A. (undated). U.S. Forest Service Silvics
Manual:Prunus serotinaEhrh. - Black Cherry4. ^Jump up to:abUSDA
Plants Profile:NCRS:Prunus serotina5. Jump up^This odor is the
result of minute amounts ofcyanidecompounds produced and stored by
the plant as a defense mechanism againstherbivores.[1][dead link]6.
Jump up^"VT Forest Biology and Dendrology". Cnr.vt.edu.
Retrieved2012-10-22.7. Jump up^Germplasm Resources Information
Network:Prunus serotina8. Jump up^Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur
Cronquist. 1991. "Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United
States and Adjacent Canada, Second Edition." The New York Botanical
Garden. Bronx, New York. 910 pp.9. ^Jump up to:abFlora of NW
Europe:Prunus serotina10. Jump up^Starfinger U. 1997. Introduction
and naturalization of Prunus serotina in Central Europe. In: Plant
Invasions: Studies from North America and Europe (eds by J.H.
Brock, M. Wade, P.Pysek, D. Green). Backhuys Publ. Leiden:
161-171.11. Jump up^Kalina M. Nowakowska, Aleksandra Halarewicz
(2006)."Coleoptera found on neophytePrunus serotina(Ehrh.) within
forest community and open habitat"(PDF). Electronic Journal of
Polish Agricultural Universities, Biology, Volume 9, Issue 1.