Planning Tools and Techniques BUS 206 Erlan Bakiev, Ph. D. Zirve University Spring 2012
Feb 10, 2016
Planning Tools and Techniques
BUS 206Erlan Bakiev, Ph. D.
Zirve University
Spring 2012
Assessing the Environment
Environmental scanning - the screening of large amounts of information to anticipate and interpret changes in the environment.
Competitor intelligence - an environmental scanning activity by which organizations gather information about competitors.
Forecasting Techniques
Forecasts - predictions of outcomes.
Quantitative forecasting - forecasting that applies a set of mathematical rules to a series of past data to predict outcomes.
Qualitative forecasting - forecasting that uses the judgment and opinions of knowledgeable individuals to predict outcomes.
Exhibit PM-1: Forecasting Techniques
Exhibit PM-1: Forecasting Techniques (cont.)
Benchmarking
Benchmarking - the search for the best practices among competitors or non-competitors that lead to their superior performance.
Exhibit PM-2: Steps in Benchmarking
Allocating Resources
Resources - the assets of the organization including financial, physical, human, intangible, and structural/cultural.
Budget - a numerical plan for allocating resources to specific activities.
Exhibit PM-3: Types of Budgets
Exhibit PM-4: How to Improve Budgeting
Scheduling
Scheduling - detailing what activities have to be done, the order in which they are to be completed, who is to do each, and when they are to be completed.
Gantt chart - a scheduling chart developed by Henry Gantt that shows actual and planned output over a period of time.
Exhibit PM-5: A Gantt Chart
Scheduling (cont.)
Load chart - a modified Gantt chart that schedules capacity by entire departments or specific resources.
Exhibit PM-6: A Load Chart
Scheduling (cont.)
PERT network - a flowchart diagram showing the sequence of activities needed to complete a project and the time or cost associated with each.
Events - end points that represent the completion of major activities in a PERT network.
Activities - the time or resources needed to progress from one event to another in a PERT network.
Scheduling (cont.)
Slack time - the amount of time an individual activity can be delayed without delaying the whole project.
Critical path - the longest sequence of activities in a PERT network.
Exhibit PM-7: Steps in Developing a PERT Network
Exhibit PM-7: Steps in Developing a PERT Network (cont.)
Exhibit PM-8: Events and Activities inConstructing an Office Building
Exhibit PM-9: PERT Network forConstructing an Office Building
Breakeven Analysis
Breakeven analysis - a technique for identifying the point at which total revenue is just sufficient to cover total costs.
Exhibit PM-10: Breakeven Analysis
Linear Programming
Linear programming - a mathematical technique that solves resource allocation problems.
Exhibit PM-11: Production Data forCinnamon-Scented Products
Exhibit PM-12: Graphical Solution to a Linear Programming Problem
Project Planning
Project - a one-time-only set of activities that has a definite beginning and ending point in time.
Project management - the task of getting a project’s activities done on time, within budget, and according to specifications.
Scenario - a consistent view of what the future is likely to be.
Exhibit PM-13: Project Planning Process
Terms to Know
Environmental scanning Competitor intelligence Forecasts Quantitative forecasting Qualitative forecasting Benchmarking Resources Budget Scheduling Gantt chart
Load chart PERT network Events Slack time Critical path Breakeven analysis Linear programming Project Project management Scenario
Review
Describe different approaches to assessing the environment?
Describe four techniques for allocating resources.
What is the project management, and what are the steps managers use in planning projects?