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PLANNING
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MEANING :Planning is the function that determines in
advance what to do , how to do and who isto do it.
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STEPS IN PLANNINGIdentifying goalsDeveloping Planning Premises
Determine Alternative Courses of Action
Evaluate the AlternativesSelect a course of Action
Formulate derivative Plans
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NATUREGoal orientedPrimary function
Intellectual or rational process
Continuous ProcessForward looking
Involves choice
Directed towards goals efficiency
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IMPORTANCE :Focuses attention on objectives and resultsReduces uncertainty and risk
Provides sense of direction
Encourages innovation and creativityHelps in coordination of activities
Guides decision making
Basis for decentralisation
Provides efficiency in operations.
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ORGANISING
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CONCEPT OF ORGANISATIONOrganization as a Structure: refers to
network of relationships among jobs andpositions in the organization.
Organisation as a Process: refers toprocess of determining ,arranging,grouping and assigning the activities to
be performed.
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FACTORS AFFECTINGORGANISATION STRUCTUREEnvironmentStrategy
Technology
SizePeople
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IMPORTANCE OFORGANISATIONFacilitates administrationFacilitates growth and diversification
Provides for optimum use of
technological improvementsEncourages human use of human beings
Stimulates Creativity
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CONTROLLING
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CONCEPT
Process of ensuring that activitiesare producing desired results.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTROL
Guide to operationsPolicy verification
Managerial accountability
Employee morale
Psychological pressure
Coordination in action
Organizational efficiency
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STEPS/ELEMENTS INCONTROLEstablishment of standard: also includes level
of achievement of performance . This is basedon certain traits: output , expense, resources.Measurement of performance: some
techniques are personal observation, sample
checking,performance report etc.Comparing performance with standards: it
involves a) finding out the extent of deviationb) identifying the causes of such deviationsAnalysis of deviation: cases beyond the range
should be reported.Taking corrective action: some techniques
include revising,correcting the standards.
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SOME ESSENTIALS OFEFFECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMFocus on objectives and needsForward looking
Prompt
Strategic Point ControlFlexibility
Objectivity
Economical
MotivatingSuggestive
Simple
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ETHICS IN MANAGEMENT
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CONCEPT OF VALUEThey are a framework comprising of
convictions.
They are based on the ethical andunethical behaviour of the humans.
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FACTORS IN VALUEFORMATIONValue forming institutionsOrganisational values
Peers and colleagues
Work and careerProfessional code
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BENEFITS OF PROFESSIONALCODE
CustomersEmployees
Organization
IndustrySociety