In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara, ecological sanitation planning and economics Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure Commissioned by: In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
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Planning for ecological sanitation In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara, 1 ecological sanitation planning and economics Deutsche.
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1In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
ecological sanitation planning and economics
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbHecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure
Commissioned by:
In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
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2In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
ecosan-project archetypes
user institution
public/private
service provider
household
public/private
service provider
household
public/private
service provider
household
4. Service provision for operation, transport, treatment and marketing
faeces + urine+ greywater+ stormwater- manage-ment plus
rainwater harvesting,
organic waste
faeces + urine+ greywater+ stormwater- manage-ment plus
3In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
The foundation of planning for ecological sanitation
Bellagio Principles:
•household centered
•participation of all stakeholders
•Waste to be considered as resource
•Level of problem solving
1. Human dignity, quality of life and environmental security at household level should be at the centre of the new approach, which should be responsive and accountable to needs and demands in the local and national setting.
2. In line with good governance principles, decision-making should involve participation of all stakeholders, especially the consumers and providers of services.
3. Waste should be considered a resource, and its management should be holistic and form part of integrated water resources, nutrient flows and waste management processes.
4. The domain in which environmental sanitation problems are resolved should be kept to the minimum practicable size (household, community, town, district, catchment, city) and wastes diluted as little as possible.
The Bellagio Principles were endorsed by the members of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative during its 5th Global Forum in November 2000 in Iguacu (Brasil).
The Bellagio-Principles of WSSCC:
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4In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities during an ecosan-project
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9In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
STEP 10: Implementation
STEP 1: Request for assistance
STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process
STEP 3: Assessment of current status
STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities
STEP 5: Identification of options
STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations
STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area
STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans
STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF)
STEP 0: Raising awareness
ST
EP
9: Mo
nito
ring
, evalu
ation
and
feedb
ack (M
EF
)
STEP 9: Implementation
• Formulation of request
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities during an ecosan-project
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10In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
STEP 10: Implementation
STEP 1: Request for assistance
STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process
STEP 3: Assessment of current status
STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities
STEP 5: Identification of options
STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations
STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area
STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans
STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF)
STEP 0: Raising awareness
ST
EP
9: Mo
nito
ring
, evalu
ation
and
feedb
ack (M
EF
)
STEP 9: Implementation
• Facilitation• Information on process
and ecosan• Active participation in
start-up workshop
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities
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11In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
STEP 10: Implementation
STEP 1: Request for assistance
STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process
STEP 3: Assessment of current status
STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities
STEP 5: Identification of options
STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations
STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area
STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans
STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF)
STEP 0: Raising awareness
ST
EP
9: Mo
nito
ring
, evalu
ation
and
feedb
ack (M
EF
)
STEP 9: Implementation
• Participatory development of TOR
• Investigation of status quo including WSS, socio-cultural, legal aspects, town planning, economies, reuse aspects, agricultural practises, fertiliser use etc.
• Elaboration of report
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities
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12In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
STEP 10: Implementation
STEP 1: Request for assistance
STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process
STEP 3: Assessment of current status
STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities
STEP 5: Identification of options
STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations
STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area
STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans
STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF)
STEP 0: Raising awareness
ST
EP
9: Mo
nito
ring
, evalu
ation
and
feedb
ack (M
EF
)
STEP 9: Implementation
• Presentation of findings of step 3
• Correction of possible factual errors
• Establish „ground rules“ for STEP 5, (decision on priorities, service levels, institutio-nal arrangements, cul-tural acceptability, etc.)
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities
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13In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
STEP 10: Implementation
STEP 1: Request for assistance
STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process
STEP 3: Assessment of current status
STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities
STEP 5: Identification of options
STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations
STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area
STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans
STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF)
STEP 0: Raising awareness
ST
EP
9: Mo
nito
ring
, evalu
ation
and
feedb
ack (M
EF
)
STEP 9: Implementation
• Elaboration of adequate ecosan-solutions including technical, institutional, financial and social feasibility and environmental impact
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities
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14In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
STEP 10: Implementation
STEP 1: Request for assistance
STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process
STEP 3: Assessment of current status
STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities
STEP 5: Identification of options
STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations
STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area
STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans
STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF)
STEP 0: Raising awareness
ST
EP
9: Mo
nito
ring
, evalu
ation
and
feedb
ack (M
EF
)
STEP 9: Implementation
• Participatory determination of feasible service and reuse combinations
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities
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15In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
STEP 10: Implementation
STEP 1: Request for assistance
STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process
STEP 3: Assessment of current status
STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities
STEP 5: Identification of options
STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations
STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area
STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans
STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF)
STEP 0: Raising awareness
ST
EP
9: Mo
nito
ring
, evalu
ation
and
feedb
ack (M
EF
)
STEP 9: Implementation
• Assembling and integrating the service and reuse combinations into a broader water supply, sanitation, and reuse framework
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities
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16In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
STEP 10: Implementation
STEP 1: Request for assistance
STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process
STEP 3: Assessment of current status
STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities
STEP 5: Identification of options
STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations
STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area
STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans
STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF)
STEP 0: Raising awareness
ST
EP
9: Mo
nito
ring
, evalu
ation
and
feedb
ack (M
EF
)
STEP 9: Implementation
• Presentation of assembled plans to the stakeholders
• Achievement of a consensus on the consolidated plans
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities
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17In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
STEP 1: Request for assistance
STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process
STEP 3: Assessment of current status
STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities
STEP 5: Identification of options
STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations
STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area
STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans
STEP 0: Raising awareness
ST
EP
9: Mo
nito
ring
, evalu
ation
and
feedb
ack (M
EF
)
STEP 9: Implementation
• Decision on infrastructure• Elaborating working plans
• Tendering• Hardware investment• Grant of financial support/subsidies
• Provision of equipment• Construction• Training /advice to users, service providers etc
• Use of sanitary systems• Maintenance• Collection / treatment• Storage / transport• Marketing of recyclates• Reuse of recyclates
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
Main activities
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18In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects
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19In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
Step 0 – Raising awareness
Step 1 - Request for assistance
Step 2 - Launch of planning & consultation process
Step 3 - Assessment of current status
Step 4 - Assessment of priorities
Step 5 - Identification of options
Step 6 - Evaluate feasible service and reuse options
Step 7 - Consolidate ecosan plans for the study area
Step 8 - Finalise consolidated ecosan plans for study area
How does this fit into conventional planning approaches?
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20In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
the integration of reuse aspects in the assessment of the current situation and in all the planning activities and conceptual work
• the integration of aspects concerning water supply (rainwater harvesting, grey water treatment and reuse, …)
• the integration of aspects of urban planning (minimise transport, support urban agriculture, …)
• the integration of aspects of solid waste management
• the consideration of a much wider variety of sanitation solutions with respect to centralised or decentralised, conventional or closed-loop oriented, high tech or low tech, well-known or brand-new, split-stream or combined technical solutions and the corresponding institutional and management solutions
the application of new and wider ranging evaluation criteria for water supply and sanitation services
New aspects to be considered in the planning and implementation of ecosan projects
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21In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
• the adaptation to the information and output needs of the stepwise and participatory project preparation and implementation process, in order to supply the relevant information to enable the stakeholder to make an “informed choice”
• the necessity to focus on the assessment of the needs of the user of the sanitary facilities and other relevant stakeholders, particularly the service providers and the end users of the recyclates.
• the consideration of smaller planning units and a greater number of decentralised options and
• the integration of education, institution and capacity building aspects into planning instruments
New aspects to be considered in the planning and implementation of ecosan projects
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22In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
The future is to separate …
ecosan project
( II ) User of
recyclates
( IV ) NGOs
( IX ) Research Institutions
( I ) Users of Sanitation
facilities
( VIII ) Financial
Institutions
( V ) Local authorities,
governments
( VII )
Developers & Investors
( VI ) Service
providers
( III ) CBOs and self-
help groups
household in anurban flat
(peri )urban household
Tourists, students, employees, etc.
Rural household
Providers forcollection
treatment and transport
Educationalinstitutions
Consultantcompanies
Supplier of watergas and electricity
Construction companiesmaintenance companies
Producers/provider of equipment
Distributors and marketers of recyclates
Stakeholders in an ecosan project
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23In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
Principal stakeholders – what are their motivations and concerns:
Principal Stakeholders Examples of Motivating Factors Examples of Constraints I. Users of sanitation
water level, rocky ground…), - reduced costs, - increased comfort, - improvement of quality of life, - greater security, - interest in recyclates, - prestige, - ecological reasons, - water scarcity, - unreliable water supply - …
- habits, taboos, - hygiene concerns, - unfamiliarity, - fear of loss of comfort, - unavailability of structural elements, - legislative restrictions, - economic factors (e.g. for start up …) - …
II. User of recyclates - economic reasons, - local and reliable availability of
agricultural inputs (water, nutrients, organics)
- increase of crop yields for either the market or family needs
- improvement of self sufficiency - ecological reasons - …
- habits, taboos - lack of logistics - fear of negative consumer perception - fear of negative long term effects on
soil
III. CBOs and self-help groups
- failure of conventional / existing sanitation system
- local improvement of quality of life - Agenda 21 - interest in recyclates - reduced costs - local physical constraints factors (high
groundwater level, rocky ground…)
- habits, taboos - lack of information - insufficient financing - inappropriate legislation - fear of negative consumer perception - fear of negative long term effects on
soil
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24In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
Tables “Tasks and roles of stakeholders” - example:
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25In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
Tables “Tasks and roles of stakeholders” - example:
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26In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
Economic aspects of ecological sanitation systems
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27In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
• Conventional concept: - Flush toilets, gravity sewer, pumping station operated by the public supplier
• Source separation concept I (gravity, composting of faeces): - separation toilets and storage of urine, transport and
agricultural use on a nearby farm - faeces transported in gravity sewer and composted, used in horticulture - transport of greywater in gravity sewer system, treatment in a constructed wetland, transport to the receiving water
• Source separation concept II (vacuum, digestion of faeces): - Vacuum separation toilets, gravity urine transport, storage and use on farm - Faeces by vacuum, common treatment with organic waste in biogas plant, - Transport of greywater in gravity sewer. treatment in a constructed wetland, transport to the receiving water
cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional
Germany
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28In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
Projected costs for sanitation service for 5000 inhabitants, Germany
Vacuum urine-diversion
toilet
sour
ce:
Ber
liner
Was
serb
etrie
be
Conventional toilet (WC)
Composting urine diversion toilet
Time (year)
Cos
t
cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional
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29In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
1 - Source separation concept: - dry urine diversion toilets- sewer line for greywater - horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. - products from the toilets are to be used in gardening within the school grounds.
2 - Conventional concept: - flush toilets - separate sewer system for black water, - mechanical pre-treatment- pumping station and a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland.
Uganda
cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional
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30In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
Projected costs for sanitation service for girls school, Uganda
conventional
alternative
cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional
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31In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
Conventional sanitation Safe use orientedsanitation
Private householdexpenditure
Public expenditure
Inve
stm
ent c
osts
- Lower overall costs
- Costs to be covered by private household may increase as a result of having to replace domestic sanitary facilities (for example by installing a urine diversion toilet)
- Innovative financing alternatives needed
cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional
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32In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional
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33In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional
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34In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,
• Difficulty of traditional economic appraisals for sanitation is that the setting of the boundaries for the system often leads to many important external costs or benefits being overlooked completely
• Examples conventional systems:
- Effect on drinking water treatment, degradation of soils, the costs of using high quality drinking water to flush the system, the environmental problems arising in the receiving water must be considered, loss of a recreational area, loss of natural habitats and effects on coastal areas, the effect of medical residues which pass through the treatment works virtually intact, eventual rehabilitation costs
- Secured drinking water supply, improved soil structure and fertility, increased access to fertiliser and harvest, reduced energy consumption and possible energy production, resource conservation
cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional
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35In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,