Planning

Organization & ManagementOrganization & Management

Planning & Strategic Management

PlanningPlanning““The successful establishment and The successful establishment and

attainment of attainment of GOALGOAL coordinated coordinated with the successful modification of with the successful modification of

the organization’s structure”the organization’s structure”

PlanningPlanning

• Basic process we use to select our goals and determine how to achieve them.

• Process of establishing objectives and suitable courses of action before taking action.

PlanningPlanning

• Every manager’s job

• Before manager’s can organize, lead, or control, they must make the PLANS that give purpose and direction to the organization – deciding what needs to be done, when and how it needs to be done, and who has to do it.

PlanningPlanning

• The need for planning exists at all levels and actually increases at higher levels, where it has the greatest potential impact on the organization’s success.

• Variation in planning responsibilities depend on the organization’s size, purpose and on the manager’s specific function or activity

Decision MakingDecision Making

• An important aspect of planning

• Process of developing and selecting a course of action to solve a specific problem.

• May be made at any point in the planning process

Four basic Steps in PlanningFour basic Steps in Planning

Develop a set of Actions

1. a Goal or set of goals1. a Goal or set of goals

• Indespensable part of planning

• What the organization or subunit wants or needs

• Identify priorities and being specific about aims

Reasons why some managers hesitate to Reasons why some managers hesitate to set goalsset goals

Lack of knowledge of the environment

Lack of Confidence

2. Define the present situation2. Define the present situation

• How far is the organization falling short of its goal?

• What resources are available for closing the gap?

• Open lines of communication – necessity for this stage

3. Identify Aids and Barriers3. Identify Aids and Barriers

• What factors in the internal and external environments can help the organization reach its goals?

• What factors might create problems?

• Essential part of planning – anticipating situations, problems and opportunities

4. Develop a Course of action4. Develop a Course of action

• Step in which decisions about future action are made and during which the guidelines for effective decision making are most relevant

Planning & ControllingPlanning & Controlling• Plans are implemented through detailed

actions aimed at realizing specified objectives. It is at this action-taking stage that planning moves into another function – controlling

• Controlling – process of ensuring that actions conform to plans. It cannot take place unless a plan exists and a plan has little chance of success unless some efforts are made to monitor its progress

BudgetingBudgeting

• Most common link between Planning and Controlling

• A budget is almost always a key part of the planning process because it guides decision about allocating resources toward the attainment of goal;

Although the planning and controlling are linked, there are advantages in keeping the two functions formally separated. It emphasizes the importance of each; it encourages employees to take control seriously and to ensure that relevant activities are not neglected or performed haphazardly

Two main types of planTwo main types of plan

• Strategic Plans – focuses on the right thing( effectiveness)

• Operational Plans – focuses on doing those thing right

(efficiency)

• EFFECTIVENESS

ability to determine the appropriate objective

“doing the right thing”

• EFFICIENCY

ability to minimize the use of resources in achieving organizational objectives

“doing things right”

Strategic PlanningStrategic Planning

• Designed to meet the broad objectives of the organization – to implement the mission that provides the unique reason for the organization’s existence

• Planning activity of an organization in which top management’s role is most crucial because coordination of the organization’s functional areas become crucial

Operational PlanOperational Plan• Provide details as to how the strategic

plans will be accomplished

• Planning done at lower level

2 main type of Operational Plan2 main type of Operational Plan

• Single-use plans are developed to achieve specific purposes and to be dissolved when these have been accomplished

• Standing plans are standardized approaches for handling recurrent and predictable situation

Single-Use PlanSingle-Use Plan

• Detailed courses of action that probably will not be repeated in the same forms in the future

• Major types: program, project and budget

Types of single-use plansTypes of single-use plans

1. program – covers a relatively large set of activities; shows (1) the major steps required to reach an objective, (2) the organization unit or member responsible for each steps, and (3) the order and timing of each step

Types of single-use plansTypes of single-use plans

2. Projects – are smaller, separate portions of programs of limited scopes and distinct directives concerning assignments and time

Types of single-use plansTypes of single-use plans

3. Budget – formal quantitative statement of resources allocated to specific programs or projects for a given period; statement of financial resources set aside for specific activities in a given period of time

- primarily devices to control an organization’s acts and are thus important components of programs and projects

Standing PlansStanding Plans

• An established set of decisions used by managers to deal with recurring or organizational activities

• Once established , it allows managers to conserve time used for planning and decision making because similar situations are handles in a predetermined, consistent manner

Types of Standing PlanTypes of Standing Plan1. Policies – general guidelines for decision

making; sets up boundaries around decisions, including those that can be made and eliminating those that cannot.

2. Procedure – a standing plan of detailed guidelines for handling organizational actions that occur regularly; provides a detailed set of instructions for performing a sequence of action that occurs often or regularly

Types of Standing PlanTypes of Standing Plan

3. Rules – standing plans that detail specific actions to be taken in a given situation; are statement that a specific action must or must not be taken in a given situation.

- most explicit of standing plans and are not guides to thinking or decision making, rather, they are substitute for them.

Presented by:Presented by:

Rinalyn G. MagtibayRinalyn G. MagtibayBatangas State UniversityBatangas State University

MAED EMMAED EM