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بسم الله الرحمن بسم الله الرحمن الرحيمالرحيم
ورحمته ورحمته السالُم� َع�ليڪم السالُم� َع�ليڪم اللهالله
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Under Kind Supervision
Dr. K.B. MirbaharProfessor
Department of Animal Reproduction
By:Sajid Aziz Samo
2K8-AR-156
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Physiology
Dr. Sajid Aziz
OFPLACENTA
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PLACENTA
An organ characteristic of true mammals during pregnancy,Joining mother and offspring, providing endocrine secretionAnd selective exchange of soluble blood borne substances Through apposition of uterine and trophoblast vascularized
parts
HORMONE
A chemical substance produced in the body which has a specific regulatory effect on the activity of certain cells or a
certain organs
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PLACENTAL HORMONESPLACENTAL HORMONES
PROTEIN HORMONES
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin ( eCG)
Placental Lactogen
Protein B
STEROID HORMONES
Estrogen
Progesterone
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EQUINE CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN ( eCG)
COMPOSITION
Glycoprotein (α & β subunits) similar to LH and FSH, and higher carbohydrate contents
α have 92 amino acids and 2 carbohydrates β have 145 amino acids and 5 carbohydrates Higher sialic acid. Cups form 45th day of pregnancy until 85th day of
pregnancy. have a 40,000 Daltons molecular weight eCG synthesize from syncytotrophoblastic cells eCG found in both urine and blood
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EQUINE CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN ( eCG)
Endometrial cup’s of placenta which secrete equineChorionic Gonadotropin hormone
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Stimulate ovarian follicles ( some ovulate and some lutinize and produce progestogen which maintain pregnancy
Commercially use for super ovulation eCG has a primarily luteining and luteotropic and little
bit FSH activity Detection of Pregnancy will helps by eCG It detects in urine after 8 days of conception by sensitive immunoassay
FUNCTIONS
CONT…………..
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Most important function is to prevent the normal involution of the corpus luteum at the end of sexual cycle Instead, it causes the corpus luteum to secrete large
quantity of sexual hormones (progesterone and estrogen) These cause the Endometrium to continue
growing and to store large amount of nutrients
Exerts an interstitial cell stimulating effect on the fetus to produce testosterone in male fetus
Testosterone secretion during gestation that causes the fetus to grow male sex organs
Testosterone secrete by fetal testis also causes the tactical to descend into the scrotum
CONT…………..
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PLACENTAL LACTOGEN
Protein in nature with chemical properties similar to prolactin and growth hormone
22,000 to 23,000 Daltons molecular weight In the ovine with 192 amino acids Isolation from placental tissue, but can not detect in
serum of pregnant animal until the last trimester of pregnancy
More Important As Growth Hormone Not As Prolactin
Regulate and transport maternal nutrients to fetus and do growth
Play role in milk production. Large quantity present in dairy cow’s and lower in beef cow’s
FUNCTIONS
COMPOSITION
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PROTEIN B
Involved in preventing destruction of corpus luteum in early pregnancy
Secrete From Conceptus Maternal recognition of pregnancy
FUNCTION
COMPOSITION
Protein in nature
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ESTROGEN
Secrete from syncytial trophoblast cells Placental secretion of estrogen differentiate from ovarian
secretion of estrogen
During pregnancy causing enlargement of uterus, mammary glands, female external genitalia and growth of mammary ductal structure Relax various pelvic ligaments. (provide easier passage of the fetus through birth canal) In many species, the high levels of estrogen in late gestation induces myometrial oxytocin receptors, thereby preparing the uterus for parturition. Stimulate growth of the Myometrium and antagonize the myometrial-suppressing activity of progesterone
FUNCTIONS
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Like progestins, estrogens suppress Gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland.
Stimulate mammary gland development. Estrogens are one in a battery of hormones necessary for both ductal and alveolar growth in the mammary gland.
CONT…………..
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PROGESTERONE
Development of decidual cells into the uterine Endometrium (provide nutrition) Decreasing the contractility of gravid uterus to prevent
abortion Development of the conceptus before implantation Progesterone helps estrogen to prepare mammary glands for lactation Progesterone inhibit secretion of the pituitary Gonadotropin LH and FSH. To prevents ovulation during pregnancy. Suppression of contractility in uterine smooth muscle.
This is called the "progesterone block" on the Myometrium.
Support of the Endometrium to provide an environment conducive to fetal survival.
FUNCTIONS
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Placental Hormones
Estrogens Steroids Maintenance of pregnancy
Progestin's Steroids Mimic action of progesterone
Chorionic Gonadotropin
Glycoprotein: α is 96 amino
acids; β is 147Activity similar to LH
Placental Lactogen
Protein of 191 amino acids
Acts like prolactin and GH
Protein B ProteinsPrevent destruction of corpus luteum
in early pregnancy
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