The Atom Unexplored May 4 th , 2012 Politecnico di Torino, Facoltà di Ingegneria Sala del Consiglio Piezonuclear Piezonuclear Fission Fission Reactions Reactions in in Rocks Rocks : : Evidences Evidences from from Microchemical Microchemical Analysis Analysis , , Neutron Neutron Emission Emission , and , and Geological Geological Transformation Transformation Alberto Carpinteri Alberto Carpinteri Chair of Solid Mechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Italy President, National Research Institute of Metrology, Italy
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The Atom Unexplored May 4th, 2012
Politecnico di Torino, Facoltà di Ingegneria
Sala del Consiglio
PiezonuclearPiezonuclear FissionFission ReactionsReactions in in RocksRocks::
Neutron Neutron EmissionEmission, and , and GeologicalGeological
TransformationTransformation
Alberto CarpinteriAlberto Carpinteri
Chair of Solid Mechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
President, National Research Institute of Metrology, Italy
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Prof. G. Lacidogna, Dr. A. Manuello, Dr. O. Prof. G. Lacidogna, Dr. A. Manuello, Dr. O. BorlaBorla, Dr. S. Invernizzi, Dr. S. Invernizzi
Prof. R. SandroneProf. R. Sandrone
Dept. of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering
DeptDept. of . of EnvironmentEnvironment, Land and , Land and InfrastructureInfrastructure EngineeringEngineering
Prof. M. Ferraris, Dr. F. Prof. M. Ferraris, Dr. F. SmeacettoSmeacetto, Prof. C. , Prof. C. PirriPirri, ,
Dr. S. Dr. S. GuastellaGuastella
Prof. F. M. Prof. F. M. CurCuràà, Dr. R. Sesana, Dr. R. Sesana
DeptDept. of . of MechanicalMechanical and and AerospaceAerospace EngineeringEngineering
Dept. of Applied Science and Technology
(Continued)
National Institute of Nuclear Physics, INFN
Dr. G. Niccolini, Dr.Dr. G. Niccolini, Dr. A. A. TroiaTroia, Dr. M. , Dr. M. BergoglioBergoglio, ,
Dr. R. Dr. R. MalvanoMalvano, Dr. P.G. , Dr. P.G. SpazziniSpazzini, Dr. A. , Dr. A. PiccatoPiccato,,
Mr. F. AlasiaMr. F. Alasia
Prof. F. Prof. F. CardoneCardone
Prof. C. Prof. C. PirriPirri, Dr. A. Chiodoni, Dr. A. Chiodoni
Italian Institute of Technology, IITItalian Institute of Technology, IIT
National Research Institute of Metrology, INRIMNational Research Institute of Metrology, INRIM
National Research Council, CNRNational Research Council, CNR
Dr. A. Dr. A. ZaniniZanini, Dr. O. , Dr. O. BorlaBorla
Ing. M. Ing. M. SepielliSepielli
ItalianItalian National National AgencyAgency forfor New Technologies, New Technologies,
Energy and Energy and SustainableSustainable EconomicEconomic DevelopmentDevelopment, ,
ENEAENEA
•• DiebnerDiebner, K. , K. FusionsprozesseFusionsprozesse mitmit hilfehilfe konvergenterkonvergenter stosswellenstosswellen –– einigeeinige
aeltereaeltere und und neuereneuere versucheversuche und und ueberlegungenueberlegungen, , KerntechnikKerntechnik 3, 893, 89--93 (1962).93 (1962).
•• DerjaguinDerjaguin, B. V., et al., , B. V., et al., ““Titanium Titanium fracturefracture yields neutrons?yields neutrons?””, , NatureNature, 34, 492 , 34, 492
(1989).(1989).
•• PreparataPreparata, G., , G., ““A new look at solidA new look at solid--state state fracturesfractures, particle emissions and , particle emissions and
««coldcold»» nuclear fusionnuclear fusion””, , Il Il NuovoNuovo CimentoCimento, 104 A, 1259, 104 A, 1259--1263 (1991).1263 (1991).
•• FujiiFujii, M. F., et al., , M. F., et al., ““ Neutron emission from Neutron emission from fracturefracture of piezoelectric of piezoelectric
materials in deuterium atmospherematerials in deuterium atmosphere””, , JpnJpn. J. Appl. Phys.,. J. Appl. Phys., Pt.1, 41, 2115Pt.1, 41, 2115--2119 2119
•• Carpinteri, A., Carpinteri, A., CardoneCardone, F., Lacidogna, G. , F., Lacidogna, G. ““PiezonuclearPiezonuclear neutrons from brittle neutrons from brittle
fracture: Early results of mechanical compression testsfracture: Early results of mechanical compression tests””, , Strain, Strain, 45, 33245, 332––339, 339,
(2009).(2009).
•• CardoneCardone, F., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G. , F., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G. ““PiezonuclearPiezonuclear neutrons from neutrons from
fracturing of inert solidsfracturing of inert solids””, , Physics Letters A, Physics Letters A, 373, 4158373, 4158––4163, (2009).4163, (2009).
•• Carpinteri, A., Carpinteri, A., BorlaBorla, O., Lacidogna, G., Manuello A. , O., Lacidogna, G., Manuello A. ““Neutron emissions in Neutron emissions in
brittle rocks during compression tests: brittle rocks during compression tests: MonoticMonotic vs. cyclic loadingvs. cyclic loading””, , Physical Physical
•• Carpinteri, A., Chiodoni, A., Manuello, A., Sandrone, R. Carpinteri, A., Chiodoni, A., Manuello, A., Sandrone, R. ““Compositional and Compositional and
microchemicalmicrochemical evidence of evidence of piezonuclearpiezonuclear fission reactions in rock specimens fission reactions in rock specimens
subjected to compression testssubjected to compression tests””, , StrainStrain, 47(2), 47(2), 267, 267––281, (281, (2011).2011).
FRACTURE OF INERT AND NON-RADIOACTIVE
SOLIDS
•• Carpinteri, A., Manuello, A. Carpinteri, A., Manuello, A. ““GeomechanicalGeomechanical and Geochemical evidence of and Geochemical evidence of
piezonuclearpiezonuclear fission reactions in the Earthfission reactions in the Earth’’s Crusts Crust””, , StrainStrain, 47(2), 47(2), 282, 282--292, 292,
((2011).2011).
•• Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G., Manuello, A., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G., Manuello, A., BorlaBorla O. O. ““Energy emissions from Energy emissions from
brittle fracture: Neutron measurements and geological evidences brittle fracture: Neutron measurements and geological evidences of of piezonuclearpiezonuclear
reactionsreactions””, , Strength, Fracture and Complexity, Strength, Fracture and Complexity, 7, 137, 13--31, (2011).31, (2011).
•• Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G., BorlaBorla, O., Manuello, A., Niccolini, G. , O., Manuello, A., Niccolini, G.
““Electromagnetic and neutron emissions from brittle rocks failureElectromagnetic and neutron emissions from brittle rocks failure: Experimental : Experimental
evidence and geological implicationsevidence and geological implications””, , SadhanaSadhana,, 37(1), 5937(1), 59––78, (2012).78, (2012).
•• Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna G., Manuello A., Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna G., Manuello A., BorlaBorla O. O. ““PiezonuclearPiezonuclear fission fission
reactions in rocks: Evidences from reactions in rocks: Evidences from microchemicalmicrochemical analysis, neutron emission, analysis, neutron emission,
and geological transformationand geological transformation””, , Rock Mech. and Rock Eng.Rock Mech. and Rock Eng. (2012), (2012), doidoi: :
Load vs. time and cps curve for P1 test specimen of Load vs. time and cps curve for P1 test specimen of CarraraCarrara marble.marble.
Brittle Fracture Experiment on Carrara Marble specimen
Load vs. time and cps curve for P3 test specimen of granite.Load vs. time and cps curve for P3 test specimen of granite.
Brittle Fracture Experiment on granite specimen
Granite (Fe Granite (Fe ∼∼ 1.5%)1.5%)
NEUTRON EMISSION FROM CAVITATION OF
LIQUIDS AND FRACTURE OF SOLIDS
BasaltsBasalts (Fe (Fe ∼∼ 15%)15%)
Magnetite Magnetite (Fe (Fe ∼∼ 75%)75%)
MarbleMarble
LIQUIDSLIQUIDS −−−−−−−− CavitationCavitation
NEUTRON NEUTRON
EMISSIONEMISSION
Iron chlorideIron chloride
SOLIDSSOLIDS −−−−−−−− FractureFracture
101011 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevel
2.52.5 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevel
up to up to
101022 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevelup to up to
101033 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevelup to up to
up to up to
Background LevelBackground Level
MATERIALMATERIAL
SteelSteel 2.52.5 timestimes the Background the Background LevelLevelup to up to
The equivalent neutron dose, at the end of the test on basaltic The equivalent neutron dose, at the end of the test on basaltic rock, was 2.62 rock, was 2.62 ±± 0,53 0,53 µµµµµµµµSv/hSv/h
Average Background DoseAverage Background Dose≅≅ 5050
Cyclic Loading Experiments on Basaltic Rocks
ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY:
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT
ELEMENTS
A quantitative analysis was performed on the collected spectra iA quantitative analysis was performed on the collected spectra in order to recognize n order to recognize
specific variations in each element between external and fracturspecific variations in each element between external and fracture surfaces.e surfaces.
Two different kinds of samples were examined: (i) polished thin Two different kinds of samples were examined: (i) polished thin sections for the sections for the
external surface; (ii) small portions of the fracture surface.external surface; (ii) small portions of the fracture surface.
PhengitePhengite: Fe concentrations: Fe concentrations
External Surf.:
Fe content = 6.20%
Fracture Surf.:
Fe content = 4.00%
––2.20%2.20%
Fe content decrease
External Surf.:
Al content = 12.50%
Fracture Surf.:
Al content = 14.50%
++2.00%2.00%
Al content increase
PhengitePhengite: Al concentration: Al concentration
The Si, Mg, and K concentrations are reported for external and fThe Si, Mg, and K concentrations are reported for external and fracture surfaces. racture surfaces.
In this case, no appreciable variations can be recognized betweeIn this case, no appreciable variations can be recognized between the average n the average
values.values.
PhengitePhengite: Si, Mg and K concentrations: Si, Mg and K concentrations
Trends of the other chemical elements constituting the mineral cTrends of the other chemical elements constituting the mineral chemistry in hemistry in phengitephengite
are considered.are considered.
56 2726 13Fe 2Al 2 neutrons→ +
The results of these quantitative analysis represent a direct evThe results of these quantitative analysis represent a direct evidence that idence that
piezonuclearpiezonuclear reactionreaction
has occurred in the rock specimens.has occurred in the rock specimens.
PhengitePhengite
BiotiteBiotite: Fe concentrations: Fe concentrations
External Surf.:
Fe content = 21.20%
Fracture Surf.:
Fe content = 18.20%
––3.00%3.00%
Fe content decrease
Fracture Surf.:
Al content = 9.60%
++1.50%1.50%
Al content increase
External Surf.:
Al content = 8.10%
BiotiteBiotite: Al concentrations: Al concentrations
Fracture Surf.:
Si content = 19.60%
++1.20%1.20%
Si content increase
External Surf.:
Si content = 18.40%
BiotiteBiotite: Si concentrations: Si concentrations
Therefore, the Fe decrease (Therefore, the Fe decrease (−−3.00%) in 3.00%) in biotitebiotite is counterbalanced by an is counterbalanced by an
increase in Al (+1.50%), Si (+1.20%), and Mg (+0.70%). Consideriincrease in Al (+1.50%), Si (+1.20%), and Mg (+0.70%). Considering these ng these
evidences, in analogy to the previous results, it is possible toevidences, in analogy to the previous results, it is possible to conjecture that conjecture that
another another piezonuclearpiezonuclear reaction has been occurred in the reaction has been occurred in the biotitebiotite crystalline phase crystalline phase
during the tests:during the tests:
BiotiteBiotite
External Surf.: Fe content = 18.40%
Fracture Surf.: Fe content = 14.40%–– 4.00%4.00%
Fe content decrease
Basalt (Olivine): Fe concentrationsBasalt (Olivine): Fe concentrations
External Surf.: Fe content = 18.30%
Fracture Surf.: Fe content = 20.50%
+ 2.20%+ 2.20%
Si content increase
Basalt (Olivine):Basalt (Olivine): Si concentrationsSi concentrations
CarraraCarrara Marble: C concentrationsMarble: C concentrations
External Surf.:
C content = 40.10%
Fracture Surf.:
C content = 53.10%
+13.00+13.00
%%
C content increase
The Ca, Mg and O decreases (The Ca, Mg and O decreases (−−3.60%), (3.60%), (−−0.40%) and (0.40%) and (−−9.00%) in marble are 9.00%) in marble are
counterbalanced by an increase in C (+13.00%). It is possible tocounterbalanced by an increase in C (+13.00%). It is possible to conjecture that conjecture that
the following the following piezonuclearpiezonuclear reactions have been occurred:reactions have been occurred:
He3CCa42
126
4020 +→
2CMg12
6
24
12→
HeCO4
2
12
6
16
8+→
MarbleMarble
EARTH CRUST
EVOLUTION
• Volodichev, N.N., Kuzhevskij, B.M., Nechaev, O. Yu., Panasyuk M., and
Podorolsky M.I., “Lunar periodicity of the neutron radiation burst and seismic
activity on the Earth”, Proc. of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference,
Salt Lake City, 17-25 August, 1999.
NEUTRON EMISSIONS FROM EARTHQUAKES
• Kuzhevskij, M., Nechaev, O. Yu., Sigaeva, E. A. and Zakharov, V. A., “Neutron
flux variations near the Earth’s crust. A possible tectonic activity detection”,
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 3: 637-645 (2003).
• Sigaeva, E., Nechaev, O., Panasyuk, M., Bruns, A., Vladimirsky, B. and Kuzmin
Yu., “Thermal neutrons’ observations before the Sumatra earthquake”,
Geophysical Research Abstracts, 8: 00435 (2006).
•Kuzhevskij, M., Nechaev, O. Yu. and Sigaeva, E. A., “Distribution of neutrons
near the Earth’s surface”, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 3: 255-
262 (2003).
• Sobolev, G.A., Shestopalov, I.P., Kharin, E.P. “Implications of Solar Flares for the
Seismic Activity of the Earth”. Izvestiya, Phys. Solid Earth 34: 603-607 (1998).
As reported in the literature, an average thermal neutron flux up to 100 cm–2 s–1
(103 times the background level) was detected in correspondence to
earthquakes with a magnitude of the 4th degree in Richter Scale (Volodichev N.N.,
et al. (1999)).
Global seismic activity and neutron flux measurements in the period 1974-1988.
Laboratory of Geophysical Precursors, Oblast' Murmansk, Apatity, Kola Peninsula,
Russia (Sobolev et al. 1998).
(Continued)
•• Based on the disappearance of iron atoms (Based on the disappearance of iron atoms (−−25%)25%) and the appearance of and the appearance of
aluminium atoms after the experiments, our conjecture is that thaluminium atoms after the experiments, our conjecture is that the e
following nucleolysis or piezonuclear following nucleolysis or piezonuclear ““fissionfission”” reaction could have reaction could have
occurred:occurred:
•• The present natural abundance in the EarthThe present natural abundance in the Earth’’s Crust of s Crust of aluminumaluminum ((∼∼8%) 8%)
and iron and iron ((∼∼4%)4%) are possibly due to the above piezonuclear fission are possibly due to the above piezonuclear fission
reaction.reaction.
•• This reaction would be activated where the environment conditionThis reaction would be activated where the environment conditions s
(pressure and temperature) are particularly severe, and mechanic(pressure and temperature) are particularly severe, and mechanical al
phenomena of fracture, crushing, fragmentation, comminution, erophenomena of fracture, crushing, fragmentation, comminution, erosion, sion,
friction, etc., may occur.friction, etc., may occur.
56 2726 13Fe 2Al 2 neutrons→ +
EVOLUTION AND LOCALIZATION OF METAL
ABUNDANCES IN THE EARTH CRUST
•• If we consider the evolution of the percentages of the most abunIf we consider the evolution of the percentages of the most abundant dant
elements in the Earth Crust during the last 4 billion years, we elements in the Earth Crust during the last 4 billion years, we realize realize
that Iron and Nickel have drastically diminished, whereas that Iron and Nickel have drastically diminished, whereas AluminumAluminum
and Silicon have as much increased:and Silicon have as much increased:
•• It is also interesting to realize that such increases have develIt is also interesting to realize that such increases have developed oped
mainly in the tectonic regions, where frictional phenomena betwemainly in the tectonic regions, where frictional phenomena between en
the continental plates occurred. the continental plates occurred.
59 28
28 14Ni 2Si 3 neutrons→ +
56 28 24
26 14 12Fe Si +Mg 4 neutrons→ +
Most severe tectonic activity (Most severe tectonic activity (∼∼∼∼∼∼∼∼2.52.5××101099 years ago)years ago)
(*)(*) World Iron Ore producers. Available at World Iron Ore producers. Available at http://www.mapsofworld.com/minerals/worldhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/minerals/world--ironiron--oreore--
producers.html.producers.html.
(**) (**) World Mineral Resources Map. Available at World Mineral Resources Map. Available at http://www.mapsofworld.com/worldhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/world--mineralmineral--map.htmlmap.html. .
Iron reservoirs
More than 40 Mt/year
from 0 to 40 Mt/year
Iron reservoirs
More than 40 Mt/year
from 0 to 40 Mt/year
Localization of iron minesLocalization of iron mines
from 10 to 40 Mt/year
(*)(*) World Iron Ore producers. Available at World Iron Ore producers. Available at http://www.mapsofworld.com/minerals/worldhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/minerals/world--ironiron--oreore--
producers.html.producers.html.
(**) (**) World Mineral Resources Map. Available at World Mineral Resources Map. Available at http://www.mapsofworld.com/worldhttp://www.mapsofworld.com/world--mineralmineral--map.htmlmap.html. .
Localization of Localization of AluminumAluminum minesmines
3.8 3.8 BillionBillion yearsyears ago: ago:
Fe (Fe (−−−−−−−−7%) + Ni 7%) + Ni ((−−−−−−−−0.2%) = 0.2%) =
=Al=Al (+3%) + Si (+2.2%) + Mg (+2%)(+3%) + Si (+2.2%) + Mg (+2%)
2.5 2.5 BillionBillion yearsyears ago: ago:
Fe (Fe (−−−−−−−−4%) + Ni 4%) + Ni ((−−−−−−−−0.8%) =0.8%) =
=Al=Al (+1%) + Si (+2.3%) + Mg (+1.5%)(+1%) + Si (+2.3%) + Mg (+1.5%)
Tectonic plate formation (Tectonic plate formation (∼∼∼∼∼∼∼∼3.83.8××101099 years ago)years ago)
56 27
26 13Fe 2Al 2 neutrons→ +
56 28 24
26 14 12Fe Si + Mg + 4 neutrons→
59 28 27
27 14 13Co Si + Al + 4 neutrons→
(1)
(2)
(3)
EarthEarth’’s Crust evolutions Crust evolution
59 28
28 14Ni 2 Si + 3 neutrons→
59 23 35
28 11 17Ni Na + Cl + 1 neutron→
(5)
(4)
56 40 12
26 20 6Fe Ca + C + 4 neutrons→
(6)
Map of the salinity level in the Mediterranean Sea expressed in Map of the salinity level in the Mediterranean Sea expressed in p.s.up.s.u. .
The Mediterranean basin is characterized by the highest sea saliThe Mediterranean basin is characterized by the highest sea salinity level in the nity level in the
World.World.
Nickel depletionNickel depletion and salinity level increase in the and salinity level increase in the
Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea
Seismic map of the major earthquakes that have occurred over Seismic map of the major earthquakes that have occurred over
the last fifteen years in the Mediterranean Fault area.the last fifteen years in the Mediterranean Fault area.
59 23 35
28 11 17Ni Na + Cl + 1 neutron→
3.8 3.8 BillionBillion yearsyears ago: ago:
Ca (Ca (−−−−−−−−2.5%) + Mg(2.5%) + Mg(−−−−−−−−3.2%) = 3.2%) =
= K (+1.4%) + = K (+1.4%) + NaNa (+2.1%) + O (+2.2%)(+2.1%) + O (+2.2%)
2.5 2.5 BillionBillion yearsyears ago: ago:
Ca (Ca (−−−−−−−−1.5%) + Mg(1.5%) + Mg(−−−−−−−−1.5%) = 1.5%) =
=K=K (+1.3%) + (+1.3%) + NaNa (+0.6%) + O (+1.1%)(+0.6%) + O (+1.1%)
Magnesium depletionMagnesium depletion in the Earth Crust and in the Earth Crust and
Carbon concentration in the primordial Carbon concentration in the primordial
atmosphereatmosphereThe assumed virtual Mg increase (∼∼∼∼3.5%) can be confirmed by the Carbon content in the
primordial atmosphere:
Assuming a mean density of the Earth Crust equal to 3.6 g/cm3 and a thickness of ~60 km,
the mass increase in Mg (∼∼∼∼3.5×1021 kg) implies a very high atmospheric pressure due to
the transformed carbon.
Primordial atmospheric
pressure due to
piezonuclear C content =
∼∼∼∼650 atm
Primordial atmospheric
pressure reported by
other authors = ∼∼∼∼650 atm
(Liu, 2004)
24 12
12 6Mg 2C →
56 24 28
26 12 14Fe Mg + Si + 4 neutrons→
Liu, L., Liu, L., ““The inception of the oceans and COThe inception of the oceans and CO22--atmosphere in the early history of the Earthatmosphere in the early history of the Earth””.. Earth Earth