Physiology II

File: Chap024, Chapter 24: Digestive System

Chapter 24: Digestive System

Multiple Choice

1.Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?

A)cellular respiration

B)food selection

C)elimination of undigested food

D)regulation of blood pH

E)integration and coordination of other systems

Answer: c

Level: 1

2.Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?

A)salivary gland

B)liver

C)gallbladder

D)stomach

E)pancreas

Answer: d

Level: 1

3.In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the

A)lamina propria.

B)submucosa.

C)serosa.

D)mucosa.

E)lamina propria

Answer: c

Level: 1

4.The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is

A)skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.

B)the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries.

C)in direct contact with the food that is consumed.

D)composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

E)connective tissue and the peritoneum.

Answer: d

Level: 1

5.The enteric plexus

A)is found in the mucosa.

B)consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.

C)contains sympathetic neurons and fibers.

D)controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.

E)is a valve in the GI tract.

Answer: d

Level: 1

6.Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?

A)mucosa

B)muscularis

C)submucosa

D)serosa

E)peritoneum

Answer: a

Level: 1

7.Which of the following is correctly matched?

A)mucosa - controls peristalsis

B)serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels

C)submucosa - lamina propria

D)serosa - increased surface area

E)muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

Answer: e

Level: 1

8.The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall.

A)mucosa

B)serosa

C)submucosa

D)muscularis

E)adventitia

Answer: d

Level: 1

9.The intramural plexus

A)is found in the mucosa

B)consists of the myenteric plexus and the ciliac plexus

C)helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract

D)contains parasympathetic neurons

E)C and D

Answer: e

Level: 2

10.Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is

A)submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.

B)muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.

C)mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

D)peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria.

E)submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis

Answer: c

Level: 2

11.Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in

A)liquefying and digesting the food.

B)vitamin A and D production and storage.

C)distribution of nutrients throughout the body.

D)insulin production.

E)bile production.

Answer: a

Level: 1

12.Arrange the following in proper sequence:

1. digestion

2. elimination

3. ingestion

4. absorption

A)3, 4, 2, 1

B)1, 4, 3, 2

C)4, 1, 2, 3

D)3, 4, 1, 2

E)3, 1, 4, 2

Answer: e

Level: 2

13.Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?

A)chemical digestion

B)mass movements

C)mastication

D)mixing waves

E)neutralization

Answer: b

Level: 1

14.Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in

A)mastication of food.

B)absorption of food.

C)elimination of undigested food.

D)propulsion of food through the digestive tract.

E)mixing of food

Answer: b

Level: 1

15.The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during

A)the voluntary phase of swallowing.

B)the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.

C)the esophageal phase of swallowing.

D)the gastric phase of swallowing.

E)the oral phase of swallowing.

Answer: b

Level: 1

16.The abdominal cavity is lined with

A)the omental bursa.

B)mesenteries.

C)the greater omentum.

D)parietal peritoneum.

E)superficial fascia

Answer: d

Level: 1

17.Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?

A)pancreas

B)ascending colon

C)duodenum

D)descending colon

E)all of the above

Answer: e

Level: 1

18.Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be

A)retroperitoneal.

B)antiperitoneal.

C)falciperitoneal.

D)hyperperitoneal.

E)mesoperitoneal.

Answer: a

Level: 1

19.A large amount of fat accumulates in the

A)greater omentum.

B)lesser omentum.

C)coronary ligament.

D)sigmoid mesocolon.

E)visceral peritoneum.

Answer: a

Level: 1

20.A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. What layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location?

1. parietal peritoneum

2. visceral peritoneum

A)1, 2

B)1, 2, 1, 2

C)1, 2, 2, 1

D)1, 2, 2, 2

E)2, 1, 1, 1

Answer: d

Level: 3

21.Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A)greater omentum

B)lesser omentum

C)transverse mesocolon

D)falciform ligament

E)round ligament

Answer: d

Level: 1

22.Saliva

A)is produced only when there is food in the mouth.

B)increases ulceration in the mouth.

C)is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.

D)moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

E)does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.

Answer: d

Level: 2

23.The oral cavity

A)opens into the nasopharynx.

B)directly connects with the esophagus.

C)contains the parotid salivary glands.

D)has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.

E)is lined with cuboidal epithelium.

Answer: d

Level: 1

24.The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in

A)speech and swallowing.

B)mastication and speech.

C)mastication and swallowing.

D)mastication and sense of taste.

E)deglutition and peristalsis

Answer: b

Level: 1

25.The tongue

A)secretes saliva.

B)plays a major role in swallowing.

C)contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues.

D)is attached to the hard palate.

E)functions in deglutition apnea.

Answer: b

Level: 1

26.Which of the following is associated with the tongue?

A)uvula

B)constrictor muscles

C)papillae and taste buds

D)periodontal ligament

E)fauces

Answer: c

Level: 1

27.Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?

A)swollen lips

B)lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue

C)decrease in number of taste buds

D)loss of all teeth

E)swollen tonsils

Answer: b

Level: 2

28.Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue

A)are more easily swallowed.

B)can be detected by taste buds.

C)are quickly dissolved and absorbed.

D)are then easy to chew.

E)are not readily absorbed.

Answer: c

Level: 2

29.Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A)crown - enamel

B)root - root canal

C)alveoli - periodontal ligament

D)pulp cavity - cementum

E)apical foramen blood supply

Answer: d

Level: 1

30.Teeth in adults

A)are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted.

B)are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.

C)are all of the same type - molars.

D)are composed of living cells called enamel cells.

E)do not play a role in speech.

Answer: b

Level: 1

31.The ____ helps hold a tooth in its socket.

A)crown

B)cementum

C)periodontal ligament

D)dental arch

E)alveoli

Answer: c

Level: 1

32.Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the

A)epiglottis.

B)palatine tonsils.

C)tongue.

D)soft palate.

E)hard palate.

Answer: d

Level: 1

33.The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the

A)parotid glands.

B)sublingual glands.

C)buccal glands.

D)labial glands.

E)lacrimal glands.

Answer: b

Level: 1

34.The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the

A)parotid glands.

B)submandibular glands.

C)buccal glands.

D)labial glands.

E)sublingual glands.

Answer: a

Level: 1

35.Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?

A)mucin - lubricant

B)lysozyme - antibacterial properties

C)salivary amylase - digestive enzyme

D)IgA - increases ulceration in the mouth

E)salivary amylase - breaks covalent bonds in glucose

Answer: d

Level: 2

36.The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are

A)flushing and protein digestion.

B)swallowing and fat digestion.

C)peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion.

D)moistening and starch digestion.

E)none of the above

Answer: d

Level: 2

37.Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the

A)facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

B)vagus nerve.

C)taste centers of the medulla.

D)intercostal nerves.

E)trigeminal nerve.

Answer: a

Level: 1

38.Mastication

A)increases the surface area of food particles.

B)decreases the efficiency of digestion.

C)occurs in both the mouth and stomach.

D)is never under voluntary control.

E)decreases the surface area of food particles.

Answer: a

Level: 2

39.Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?

A)The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx.

B)In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.

C)The uvula rises during the esophageal phase.

D)Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing.

E)Breathing occurs during swallowing.

Answer: b

Level: 1

40.Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?

A)laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx

B)relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity

C)the tongue might be swallowed

D)nothing - swallowing will be normal

E)peristalsis will not begin

Answer: b

Level: 2

41.The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the

A)nasopharynx.

B)oropharynx.

C)laryngopharynx.

D)esophagus.

E)larynx.

Answer: b

Level: 1

42.The esophagus

A)extends from the fauces to the stomach.

B)has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing.

C)produces two enzymes that digest proteins.

D)has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

E)has thin walls of connective tissue.

Answer: d

Level: 1

43.Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?

A)mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor

B)parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid

C)chief cells - produce mucous

D)endocrine cells - produce enzymes

E)chief cells produce hormones

Answer: b

Level: 1

44.Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?

A)body - portion closest to the esophagus

B)pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach

C)fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum

D)cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach

E)pyloric opening - opening from the esophagus

Answer: b

Level: 1

45.When part of the stomach extends through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity, this condition is called

A)esophagitis.

B)an ulcer.

C)a hiatal hernia.

D)pyloric stenosis.

E)pyrosis

Answer: c

Level: 1

46.Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as

A)esophagitis.

B)a duodenal ulcer.

C)a hiatal hernia.

D)gastric ulcer.

E)indigestion.

Answer: d

Level: 2

47.Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of

A)relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.

B)contraction of the pyloric sphincter.

C)spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall.

D)increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells.

E)increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.

Answer: a

Level: 1

48.Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent

A)food from entering the stomach.

B)stomach acid from being released.

C)digestive enzymes from being released.

D)food from entering the small intestine.

E)the making of chyme.

Answer: d

Level: 1

49.Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?

A)amylase and lipase

B)pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

C)bile and lipase

D)trypsin and amylase

E)bicarbonate and secretin

Answer: b

Level: 1

50.Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?

A)muscularis - two layers; both circular

B)rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa

C)mucosa - gastric glands

D)gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa

E)lining - simple columnar epithelium

Answer: a

Level: 1

51.Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

A)The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it.

B)The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough.

C)The stomach lining is too tough to be digested.

D)The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

E)The stomach is protected by HCl.

Answer: d

Level: 2

52.Intrinsic factor

A)increases gastric motility.

B)causes the release of stomach acid.

C)facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.

D)protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid.

E)stimulates the synthesis of DNA.

Answer: c

Level: 2

53.Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?

A)activation of salivary amylase

B)enhanced carbohydrate digestion

C)proper environment for functioning of pepsin

D)protein synthesis

E)lipid digestion

Answer: c

Level: 2

54.The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the

A)active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.

B)exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process.

C)active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.

D)exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions.

E)the combination of carbon dioxide and water.

Answer: a

Level: 2

55.Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that?

1. decreased gastric acid secretion

2. increased bile production

3. increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion

4. increased secretin and cholecystokinin

A)1, 2, 3, 4

B)1, 2, 3

C)2, 3, 4

D)1, 3, 4

E)1, 2, 4

Answer: a

Level: 3

56.Pepsinogen

A)is secreted by parietal cells.

B)is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food.

C)is packaged in zymogen granules.

D)operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more.

E)helps to form peptide bonds.

Answer: c

Level: 1

57.Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase.

A)cephalic

B)gastric

C)intestinal

D)pancreatic

E)conscious

Answer: a

Level: 1

58.The gastric phase of gastric secretion

A)decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach.

B)is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food.

C)is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves.

D)leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.

E)leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.

Answer: d

Level: 2

59.The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the

A)cephalic phase of gastric secretion.

B)gastric phase of gastric secretion.

C)intestinal phase of gastric secretion.

D)cystic phase of gastric secretion.

E)hepatic phase of gastric secretion.

Answer: b

Level: 2

60.The intestinal phase of gastric secretion

A)is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.

B)leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2.

C)only stimulates gastric secretion.

D)will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum.

E)is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.

Answer: a

Level: 2

61.Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?

A)vagal stimulation and gastrin

B)chewing and swallowing food

C)gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

D)gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

E)large amounts of fiber in the diet

Answer: c

Level: 2

62.Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?

A)acidic chyme in duodenum

B)secretin

C)gastrin

D)cholecystokinin

E)pepsin

Answer: c

Level: 2

63.Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of

A)secretin and gastrin.

B)gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecystokinin (CCK).

C)gastrin and gastric inhibitory peptide.

D)somatomedin and GIP.

E)insulin and glucagon.

Answer: b

Level: 2

64.The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by

A)distention of the duodenal wall.

B)the presence of food in the stomach.

C)increased pH in the duodenum.

D)the cerebral cortex.

E)the hormone secretin.

Answer: a

Level: 1

65.Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called

A)bolusin.

B)chyme.

C)bile.

D)phlegm.

E)feces.

Answer: b

Level: 1

66.The pyloric pump

A)mixes stomach contents for digestion.

B)causes hunger contractions.

C)moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.

D)causes rugae to flatten.

E)opens the pyloric sphincter completely.

Answer: c

Level: 1

67.Duodenal gland secretion prevents

A)digestive enzyme release.

B)release of bile from the liver.

C)irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.

D)the release of insulin.

E)peristalsis.

Answer: c

Level: 1

68.Gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer can all be caused by

A)Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.

B)increased secretion of gastric bicarbonate.

C)pH of the stomach contents continuously greater than 4.

D)increased mucus production by the neck cells.

E)none of the above

Answer: a

Level: 1

69.Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include

A)disaccharidases.

B)secretin.

C)cholecystokinin.

D)bile.

E)histamine.

Answer: a

Level: 1

70.The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to

A)liberate hormones.

B)promote peristalsis.

C)produce bile.

D)increase surface area for absorption.

E)stimulate chemical digestion.

Answer: d

Level: 1

71.The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the

A)pancreatic duct with the lacteals.

B)greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla.

C)common bile duct and pancreatic duct.

D)cystic duct and interlobular duct.

E)hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.

Answer: c

Level: 1

72.Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?

A)submucosa

B)mucosa

C)muscularis

D)serosa

E)adventitia

Answer: b

Level: 1

73.What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?

A)jejunum

B)duodenum

C)ileum

D)common bile duct

E)hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer: c

Level: 1

74.Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?

A)endocrine cells - produce mucus

B)absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes

C)granular cells - absorb nutrients

D)goblet cells - produce hormones

E)granular cells produce granules

Answer: b

Level: 1

75.Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

A)pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum.

B)bile from entering the duodenum.

C)lymph from entering the jejunum.

D)chyme from entering the ileum.

E)chyme from entering the large intestine.

Answer: e

Level: 1

76.The gallbladder

A)produces bile.

B)is attached to the pancreas.

C)stores bile.

D)produces secretin.

E)breaks down red blood cells.

Answer: c

Level: 1

77.The pancreatic islets

A)are found in the wall of the stomach.

B)excrete mucus.

C)produce digestive enzymes.

D)are exocrine glands.

E)are endocrine glands.

Answer: e

Level: 1

78.Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?

A)The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum.

B)The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones.

C)The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.

D)The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food.

E)The pancreas digests sugar.

Answer: c

Level: 1

79.Bile would flow directly from the

A)gallbladder into the hepatic duct.

B)hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.

C)bile canaliculus into the cystic duct.

D)common bile duct into the gallbladder.

E)cystic duct into the hepatic ducts

Answer: b

Level: 2

80.Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder.

1. common bile duct

2. common hepatic duct

3. cystic duct

4. left and right hepatic ducts

A)3, 4, 2

B)3, 2, 1

C)4, 2, 1

D)4, 1, 2

E)1, 4, 2

Answer: c

Level: 2

81.The liver

A)has two major lobes - caudate and quadrate.

B)is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm.

C)is not vascular.

D)is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.

E)consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.

Answer: e

Level: 1

82.Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the

A)hepatic artery.

B)hepatic portal vein.

C)hepatic vein.

D)inferior vena cava.

E)celiac trunk.

Answer: b

Level: 1

83.Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?

A)produce digestive enzymes

B)synthesize hormones

C)produce hydrochloric acid

D)synthesize bile

E)regulate pH

Answer: d

Level: 1

84.An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the

A)pancreas.

B)spleen.

C)liver.

D)stomach.

E)gall bladder

Answer: c

Level: 2

85.The hepatic sinusoids

A)transport bile.

B)have phagocytic cells in their lining.

C)are part of the portal triad.

D)connect to the gallbladder.

E)do not have a function.

Answer: b

Level: 1

86.Bile is produced by cells of the

A)duodenum.

B)liver.

C)gallbladder.

D)pancreas.

E)hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer: b

Level: 1

87.Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of

A)carbohydrates.

B)lipids.

C)proteins.

D)disaccharides.

E)all of the above

Answer: b

Level: 2

88.The liver

A)produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.

B)produces several digestive enzymes.

C)stores vitamin C.

D)receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein.

E)can not synthesize new molecules.

Answer: a

Level: 1

89.Bile secretion is

A)performed continuously by the liver..

B)is stimulated by sympathetic nerves.

C)is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts.

D)stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage.

E)controlled by the gallbladder.

Answer: a

Level: 1

90.Bile

A)digests proteins in the small intestine.

B)emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

C)is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver.

D)activates trypsin in the small intestine.

E)activates the pancreas.

Answer: b

Level: 1

91.Functions of the liver include

A)production of many blood proteins.

B)interconversion of nutrients.

C)detoxification of harmful chemicals.

D)bile production.

E)all of the above

Answer: e

Level: 2

92.Hepatocytes

A)phagocytize cells.

B)form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D.

C)convert ammonia to urea.

D)remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen.

E)all of the above

Answer: e

Level: 2

93.Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?

A)colon

B)liver

C)pancreas

D)gallbladder

E)spleen

Answer: c

Level: 1

94.Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.

1. ascending colon

2. descending colon

3. sigmoid colon

4. transverse colon

A)1, 2, 3, 4

B)1, 4, 2, 3

C)2, 3, 1, 4

D)2, 4, 1, 3

E)1, 4, 3, 2

Answer: b

Level: 2

95.Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?

A)ascending colon

B)descending colon

C)transverse colon

D)sigmoid colon

E)cecum

Answer: d

Level: 1

96.A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the

A)ileocecal valve.

B)hepatic flexure.

C)splenic flexure.

D)cardiac sphincter.

E)gastric flexure.

Answer: b

Level: 2

97.The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the

A)teniae coli.

B)haustra.

C)coli longitudini.

D)epiploic appendages.

E)rugae.

Answer: a

Level: 1

98.The major secretion of the large intestine is

A)bile.

B)hormones.

C)mucus.

D)vitamins.

E)bacteria.

Answer: c

Level: 1

99.The anal canal

A)begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum.

B)has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.

C)contains many goblet cells.

D)contains tubular glands called crypts.

E)has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.

Answer: b

Level: 1

100.Which of the following apply to the small intestine?

A)Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ.

B)Segmentation contractions occur in this organ.

C)Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ.

D)Mixing and propulsion of chyme.

E)All of the above apply to the small intestine.

Answer: e

Level: 2

101.Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the

A)stomach.

B)small intestine.

C)pancreas.

D)large intestine.

E)liver.

Answer: b

Level: 1

102.Which of the following is mismatched?

A)segmental contractions - mix intestinal contents

B)peristaltic contractions - propel intestinal contents along G.I. tract

C)sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility

D)distention of intestinal wall - increases intestinal motility

E)parasympathetic nerve fibers stimulate secretion of pancreatic juices

Answer: c

Level: 2

103.Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter?

A)Cecal distention enhances relaxation of this sphincter.

B)Closure of this sphincter inhibits absorption in the small intestine.

C)Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.

D)This sphincter is usually relaxed.

E)This sphincter stays contracted.

Answer: c

Level: 1

104.The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone

A)secretin.

B)cholecystokinin.

C)gastrin.

D)enterokinin.

E)insulin.

Answer: b

Level: 1

105.When chyme enters the duodenum, ____ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates.

A)gastrin

B)secretin

C)insulin

D)cholecystokinin

E)glucagon.

Answer: b

Level: 2

106.The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is

A)gastric.

B)biliary.

C)salivary.

D)pancreatic.

E)hepatic.

Answer: d

Level: 1

107.Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice?

A)bile

B)trypsin

C)sucrase

D)pepsin

E)lipase

Answer: b

Level: 1

108.Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate?

A)pepsin - protein

B)amylase - starch

C)trypsin - nucleic acids

D)lipase - fat

E)deoxyribonucleases - DNA

Answer: c

Level: 1

109.Enterokinase

A)is a hormone.

B)triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder.

C)activates trypsinogen.

D)increases duodenal motility.

E)digests proteins.

Answer: c

Level: 2

110.Trypsin can activate

A)pepsinogen.

B)chymotrypsinogen.

C)angiotensinogen.

D)endopeptidase.

E)lipase.

Answer: b

Level: 1

111.A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is

A)ribonuclease.

B)chymotrypsin.

C)amylase.

D)enterogastrone.

E)pancreatic lipase.

Answer: b

Level: 1

112.Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?

A)Cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder.

B)Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands.

C)Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution.

D)Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin.

E)Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions.

Answer: a

Level: 1

113.The major stimulus for the release of cholecystokinin is the presence of ______ in the intestine.

A)bile

B)pancreatic juice

C)fatty acids and other lipids

D)sugars

E)proteins

Answer: c

Level: 1

114.The mucosa of the colon

A)contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.

B)exchanges sodium ions for chloride ions.

C)actively secretes sodium and chloride ions.

D)produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion.

E)consists of stratified columnar epithelium.

Answer: a

Level: 1

115.One of the major functions of the large intestine is to

A)produce vitamin C.

B)regulate the release of bile.

C)break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin.

D)convert chyme to feces.

E)absorb nutrients.

Answer: d

Level: 1

116.Feces consist of

A)water.

B)undigestible food.

C)bacteria.

D)sloughed-off epithelial cells.

E)all of these

Answer: e

Level: 2

117.Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that

A)empty the stomach.

B)release gastric secretions into the stomach.

C)cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.

D)lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum.

E)stop movement in the colon.

Answer: c

Level: 2

118.Flatus is

A)an enzyme produced by the colon.

B)gas produced by bacteria in the colon.

C)the solid portion of fecal material.

D)a colic reflex.

E)gas produced by goblet cells.

Answer: b

Level: 1

119.Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called

A)segmental contractions.

B)churning contractions.

C)mass movements.

D)rectal propulsions.

E)defecation.

Answer: c

Level: 1

120.The defecation reflex

A)is stimulated by distention of the rectum.

B)inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon.

C)constricts the internal anal sphincter.

D)lasts several hours.

E)none of the above

Answer: a

Level: 1

121.Which of the following does not illustrate digestion?

A)polysaccharides ( disaccharides

B)fat ( fatty acids and glycerol

C)CO2 and H2O ( carbohydrates

D)protein ( amino acids

E)disaccharides ( monosaccharides

Answer: c

Level: 2

122.Enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the

A)mouth.

B)stomach.

C)pancreas.

D)small intestine.

E)liver.

Answer: d

Level: 1

123.Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells.

A)sucrose

B)fructose

C)glucose

D)galactose

E)lactose

Answer: c

Level: 2

124.Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

A)stomach and esophagus.

B)duodenum and jejunum.

C)ascending colon and cecum.

D)pancreatic duct and gall bladder.

E)ileum and transverse colon

Answer: b

Level: 2

125.Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include

A)peptidases.

B)amylase, maltase, and sucrase.

C)lipase.

D)maltase and lipase.

E)trypsin, and chymotrypsin.

Answer: b

Level: 1

126.Monosaccharides

A)are emulsified before absorption.

B)are absorbed into lacteals.

C)use a cotransport process in their absorption.

D)need vitamin C to be absorbed.

E)can not be absorbed.

Answer: c

Level: 2

127.If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?

A)amino acids

B)glucose

C)lipids

D)disaccharides

E)monosaccharides

Answer: c

Level: 2

128.Emulsification

A)converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets.

B)occurs in the gallbladder.

C)chemically digests lipids.

D)increases surface area for lipid digestion.

E)involves enzymes.

Answer: d

Level: 2

129.Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called

A)chylomicrons.

B)micelles.

C)monoglycerides.

D)diglycerides.

E)lacteals.

Answer: b

Level: 1

130.Chylomicrons

A)are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.

B)enter capillaries in the small intestine.

C)help emulsify fats.

D)are a rich source of carbohydrate.

E)are synthesized in the lumen of the small intestines.

Answer: a

Level: 2

131.Arrange the following events in the correct order:

1. absorption of lipids

2. emulsification

3. micelle formation

4. digestion of lipids

A)1, 2, 3, 4

B)3, 4, 2, 1

C)4, 1, 2, 3

D)2, 4, 1, 3

E)2, 4, 3, 1

Answer: e

Level: 2

132.In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains

A)less lipid.

B)less protein.

C)more cholesterol.

D)more carbohydrate.

E)more amino acids.

Answer: a

Level: 1

133.Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

A)LDL

B)HDL

C)VLDL

D)chylomicron

E)CDL

Answer: a

Level: 2

134.Serum cholesterol levels are solely dependent on a person's dietary intake of cholesterol.

A)true

B)false

Answer: b

Level: 1

135.LDL's are taken into a cell by the process of

A)simple diffusion.

B)osmosis.

C)receptor mediated endocytosis.

D)HDL carrier molecules.

E)facilitated diffusion.

Answer: c

Level: 1

136.A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDL's. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would

A)increase serum cholesterol levels.

B)decrease serum cholesterol levels.

C)halt endocytosis.

D)promote endocytosis

E)have no effect on serum cholesterol or endocytosis.

Answer: a

Level: 3

137.Which of the following enzymes digests protein?

A)bile

B)pepsin

C)isomaltose

D)sucrase

E)lipase

Answer: b

Level: 1

138.Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest:

1. dipeptide

2. protein

3. amino acid

4. polypeptide

A)3, 1, 4, 2

B)4, 1, 2, 3

C)2, 4, 1, 3

D)1, 2, 3, 4

E)2, 4, 3, 1

Answer: c

Level: 2

139.Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion?

A)glucose

B)amino acids

C)LDL molecules

D)micelles

E)nucleic acids

Answer: b

Level: 1

140.Which of the following is true?

A)Peptidases are made in the large intestine.

B)Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.

C)The hepatic artery transports amino acids from the small intestine to the liver.

D)Amino acids leave intestinal epithelial cells and enter the lacteals.

E)Protein digestion starts in the duodenum.

Answer: b

Level: 2

141.When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated

A)water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.

B)water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood.

C)water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces.

D)water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach.

E)water does not move.

Answer: a

Level: 2

142.Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?

A)blood supply decreases

B)more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers

C)enamel on teeth becomes thinner

D)A and B

E)A, B, C

Answer: e

Level: 1

Refer to the figure below for questions 143-147.

143.What does A represent on the diagram?

A)small intestine

B)large intestine

C)esophagus

D)stomach

E)pancreas

Answer: c

Level: 1

144.What does B represent on the diagram?

A)small intestine

B)large intestine

C)esophagus

D)stomach

E)pancreas

Answer: d

Level: 1

145.What does C represent on the diagram?

A)small intestine

B)large intestine

C)esophagus

D)stomach

E)pancreas

Answer: e

Level: 1

146.What does D represent on the diagram?

A)small intestine

B)large intestine

C)esophagus

D)stomach

E)pancreas

Answer: a

Level: 1

147.What does E represent on the diagram?

A)small intestine

B)large intestine

C)esophagus

D)stomach

E)pancreas

Answer: b

Level: 1

For questions 148 to 150 use the following key to choose the best answer.

A)Choose this if the first item is greater than the second item.

B)Choose this if the first item is less than the second item.

C)Choose this if the first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

148.1. pH in the stomach during digestion;

2. pH in the duodenum during digestion

Answer: b

Level: 2

149.1. number of villi in small intestine;

2. number of villi in large intestine

Answer: a

Level: 2

150.1. amount of bicarbonate in the aqueous component of pancreatic juice;

2. amount of bicarbonate in the enzymatic portion of pancreatic juice

Answer: a

Level: 2

For questions 151 to 155 match the following organs with the appropriate function.

A)secretion of saliva

B)manipulation of food

C)swallowing

D)storage of bile

E)protection of small intestinal wall

151.pharynx

Answer: c

Level: 1

152.lips and cheeks

Answer: b

Level: 1

153.gallbladder

Answer: d

Level: 1

154.duodenal glands

Answer: e

Level: 1

155.parotid gland

Answer: a

Level: 1

For questions 156 to 160 match the following secretion with the correct cell type.

A)endocrine cells

B)hepatocyte

C)parietal cells

D)acinar cells

E)goblet cells

156.hydrochloric acid

Answer: c

Level: 1

157.bile

Answer: b

Level: 1

158.gastrin

Answer: a

Level: 1

159.trypsin

Answer: d

Level: 1

160.mucus

Answer: e

Level: 1

For questions 161 to 165 match the function with its appropriate description.

A)movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood

B)chewing of food

C)muscular contractions that propel food

D)removal of undigested wastes from body

E)breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes

161.mastication

Answer: b

Level: 1

162.peristalsis

Answer: c

Level: 1

163.elimination

Answer: d

Level: 1

164.chemical digestion

Answer: e

Level: 1

165.absorption

Answer: a

Level: 1

For questions 166 to 170 match the cell types with their functions.

A)produce hormones

B)produce mucus

C)may protect intestinal epithelium

D)synthesize bile

E)produce digestive enzymes

166.absorptive cells

Answer: e

Level: 1

167.goblet cells

Answer: b

Level: 1

168.granular cells

Answer: c

Level: 1

169.endocrine cells

Answer: a

Level: 1

170.hepatocytes

Answer: d

Level: 1

For questions 171 to 175 match each of the mesenteries or membranes with its appropriate description.

A)mesentery of the small intestine

B)serous membrane that covers organs

C)attaches the liver to the diaphragm

D)connects lesser curvature of stomach to the liver

E)mesentery of the colon

171.lesser omentum

Answer: d

Level: 1

172.transverse mesocolon

Answer: e

Level: 1

173.coronary ligament

Answer: c

Level: 1

174.mesentery proper

Answer: a

Level: 1

175.visceral peritoneum

Answer: b

Level: 1

For questions 176 to 185 match the following enzymes or hormones with the organ that produces them.

A)salivary glands

B)stomach

C)liver

D)small intestine

E)pancreas

176.gastric gastrin

Answer: b

Level: 1

177.trypsin

Answer: e

Level: 1

178.pepsinogen

Answer: b

Level: 1

179.lactase

Answer: d

Level: 1

180.salivary amylase

Answer: a

Level: 1

181.carboxypeptidase

Answer: e

Level: 1

182.peptidases

Answer: d

Level: 1

183.gastric inhibitory peptide

Answer: d

Level: 1

184.cholecystokinin

Answer: d

Level: 1

185.disaccharidase

Answer: d

Level: 1

For questions 186 to 190 match the following enzymes with the products of their digestive activity.

A)glucose and galactose

B)amino acids

C)fatty acids and glycerol

D)maltose and isomaltose

E)cholesterol and free fatty acids

186.pancreatic lipase

Answer: c

Level: 1

187.cholesterol esterase

Answer: e

Level: 1

188.lactase

Answer: a

Level: 1

189.amylase

Answer: d

Level: 1

190.carboxypeptidase

Answer: b

Level: 1

Fill in the Blank

191.Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the _________.

Answer: salivary glands

Level: 1

192.The _________ contains the blood vessels and nerves of a tooth.

Answer: pulp cavity

Level: 1

193.Parietal cells produce _________.

Answer: hydrochloric acid

Level: 1

194.Lymph nodules in the submucosa of the ileum are called _________.

Answer: Peyer's patches

Level: 1

195.The largest internal organ of the body is the _________.

Answer: liver

Level: 1

196.Organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by connective tissue sheets called ___________.

Answer: mesenteries

Level: 1

197.Cranial nerves _________ and _________ control salivary glands secretions.

Answer: facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

Level: 1

198.When stomach acids digest the wall of the stomach, you have a condition called an _____________.

Answer: ulcer

Level: 2

199.Detoxification of harmful substances in the body takes place in the _________.

Answer: liver

Level: 1

Essay Questions

200.Explain how secretin and cholecystokinin work together to create a proper environment in the small intestine for the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and protein fragments.

Answer: Secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a watery solution that contains a large amount of bicarbonate. The bicarbonate acts as a buffer to the acidic chyme from the stomach. Secretin also reduces gastric motility to prevent overloading of the small intestine. Cholecystokinin stimulates the secretion of bile by the liver and the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes. The bile will assist in the digestion of fats by emulsification. Bile also neutralizes the acidic chyme. The pancreatic enzymes digest all food groups and function best in an alkaline environment.

Level: 3

201.Explain why many people have a bowel movement shortly after a meal.

Answer: Mass movements in the colon are very common after meals because the presence of food in the stomach initiates strong peristaltic contractions (gastrocolic reflexes) in the colon. This is a very common response about 15 minutes after breakfast. These mass movements persist for 10 to 30 minutes and then stop for about half a day.

Level: 3

202.What symptoms might you expect if gallstones completely filled the gallbladder?

Answer: If gallstones completely fill the gallbladder, then the gallbladder can no longer be used as a reservoir for bile. Should a very fatty meal be eaten, the fatty chyme would stimulate the release of cholecystokinin, which would cause the gallbladder to contract. Because of the gallstones in the gall bladder, this could cause a great deal of pain. The main symptoms of cholelithiasis (gallstones) are abdominal pain and jaundice. Heartburn, flatulence, epigastric discomfort, and food intolerances may also be present.

Level: 3

203.Explain the role of gastrin in providing a proper digestive environment in the stomach.

Answer: Gastrin, during the cephalic phase of stomach secretion, prepares the stomach for the reception of food by stimulating parietal cells to increase hydrochloric acid secretion, and chief cells to increase pepsinogen production. During the gastric phase of stomach secretion, gastrin production increases, and the increased gastrin stimulates both chief and parietal cells to increase gastric secretions. Gastrin also increases stomach motility and relaxes the pyloric sphincter. (Should stomach pH fall too low, gastrin production is slowed down.) Finally, in the intestinal phase, some gastrin is produced by the intestine. This enteric gastrin travels back to the stomach to continue stomach secretions even as the stomach in emptying.

Level: 3

204.Explain why neither rapid emptying of the stomach nor slow emptying of the stomach is desirable.

Answer: Rapid emptying reduces the efficiency of digestion and absorption. If the rate of emptying is too slow, the highly acidic contents of the stomach may damage the stomach wall and reduce the rate of digestion and absorption.

Level: 3

205.Relate the importance of mechanical and chemical digestion to absorption of food.

Answer: The large food molecules must be reduced to smaller components in order for the nutrients to be easily absorbed by the GI tract. Both mechanical and chemical digestion reduce the size of food molecules.

Level: 3

206.What role does each of the following play in normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract?

a. parietal cells

b. constrictor muscles of pharynx)

c. lower esophageal sphincter)

d. gallbladder

e. gastrin

f. bile

g. trypsin

h. hepatocytes

i. gastric inhibitory peptide

j. mucus in the small intestine

Answer: A)produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

B)move bolus down pharynx

C)regulates entrance of food into stomach

D)stores bile

E)stimulates parietal and chief cells to increase gastric secretions

F)emulsifies fats, neutralizes and dilutes acidic chyme

G)proteolytic enzyme; activates trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

H)produce bile; store glycogen, copper, iron, vitamins A, B12, D, E, and K; interconvert nutrients; hydroxylate vitamin D; detoxify substances; synthesize blood proteins

I)inhibits gastric secretion

J)protects intestinal wall from irritating effects of acidic chyme and digestive enzymes

Level: 1

207.Why might cutting the vagus nerve help someone with a peptic ulcer?

Answer: Peptic ulcers are frequently caused by oversecretion of gastric juice relative to the protection provided by mucus. Stimulation of the vagus nerve causes secretion of gastric juice. Cutting the vagus nerve should reduce gastric juice secretion.

Level: 3